Intraspecific genetic variation is critical to robust toxicological predictions of aquatic contaminants

Environmental risk assessment is a critical tool for protecting aquatic life and its effectiveness is predicated on predicting how natural populations respond to contaminants. Yet, routine toxicity testing typically examines only one genotype, which may render risk assessments inaccurate as populations are most often composed of genetically distinct individuals. To determine the importance of intraspecific variation in the translation of toxicity testing to populations, we quantified the magnitude of genetic variation within 20 Daphnia magna clones derived from one lake using whole genome sequencing and phenotypic assays. We repeated these assays across two exposure levels of microcystins, a cosmopolitan and lethal aquatic contaminant produced by harmful algal blooms. We found considerable intraspecific genetic variation in survival, growth, and reproduction, which was amplified by microcystins exposure. Finally, using simulations we demonstrate that the common practice of employing a single genotype to calculate toxicity tolerance failed to produce an estimate within the 95% confidence interval over half of the time. These results illuminate the importance of incorporating intraspecific genetic variation into toxicity testing to reliably predict how natural populations will respond to aquatic contaminants.