Comparison of Computerized Dynamic Posturography and Functional Head Impulse Test Scores Obtained after 30 Minutes of Hatha Yoga Practice and Resistance-Based Aerobic Exercise in Adult Female Yoga Practitioners

Comparison of Computerized Dynamic Posturography and Functional Head Impulse Test Scores Obtained after 30 Minutes of Hatha Yoga Practice and Resistance-Based Aerobic Exercise in Adult Female Yoga Practitioners | Research Square window.SnipcartSettings = { analytics: { enabled: false } }; (function() { var accessVector = localStorage.getItem('access_vector') || ''; window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; if (accessVector) { window.dataLayer.push({ user: { profile: { profileInfo: { snid: accessVector } } } }); } })(); (function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start':new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0],j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src='https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f);})(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-K279D39R'); Browse Preprints In Review Journals COVID-19 Preprints AJE Video Bytes Research Tools Research Promotion AJE Professional Editing AJE Rubriq About Preprint Platform In Review Editorial Policies Our Team Advisory Board Help Center Sign In Submit a Preprint Cite Share Download PDF Research Article Comparison of Computerized Dynamic Posturography and Functional Head Impulse Test Scores Obtained after 30 Minutes of Hatha Yoga Practice and Resistance-Based Aerobic Exercise in Adult Female Yoga Practitioners Çağla Aras, Kübra Binay Bolat, Aysberg Şamil Önlü, Mine Baydan Aran, and 1 more This is a preprint; it has not been peer reviewed by a journal. https://doi.org/ 10.21203/rs.3.rs-5873566/v1 This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License Status: Published Journal Publication published 29 May, 2025 Read the published version in Sport Sciences for Health → Version 1 posted 11 You are reading this latest preprint version Abstract Objective; The purpose of this study was to investigate the immediate effects of a thirty-minute session of Hatha yoga and a thirty-minute session of resistance-based aerobic exercise on balance and vestibulo-ocular reflex in adult female yoga practitioners. Equipment and Methods; Ten participants underwent balance and vestibulo-ocular reflex assessments at rest, after Hatha yoga, and after resistance-based aerobic exercise. Balance was measured using computerized dynamic posturography, and vestibulo-ocular reflex was evaluated with a functional head impulse test. The Hatha yoga session included twenty-five minutes of yoga poses followed by five minutes of relaxation. The aerobic exercise session was performed at an intensity of seventy to seventy-five percent of heart rate reserve. Results; No significant changes were observed in vestibulo-ocular reflex parameters across conditions. However, balance scores showed significant improvements following resistance-based aerobic exercise compared to both resting and post-yoga conditions. The somatosensory and visual system scores increased significantly after resistance-based aerobic exercise, as did the overall balance score. Lower body weight, lean body mass, and total body water were positively associated with better balance outcomes. Conclusion; While neither Hatha yoga nor resistance-based aerobic exercise acutely influenced vestibulo-ocular reflex, resistance-based aerobic exercise had immediate positive effects on balance and postural stability. computerized dynamic posturography vestibular system postural stability and balance yoga 1. Introduction Postural stability, in other words balance, which actively affects daily life and constitutes one of the basic building blocks of movement, is defined as the ability to control the body's center of gravity on the surface of support against gravity[1]. Balance is affected by different processes. Systems that create balance and/or postural control are vestibular, visual and proprioceptive systems and afferent pathways between these systems and the central nervous system[2,3]. A weakness or deficit in any of these systems that affect balance also negatively affects postural stability[3]. An advanced balance ability is an effective component not only for performing routine activities in daily life, but also for the continuity of fluid and dynamic movements that are frequently seen in exercise activities, and therefore it is defined as one of the skill-related parameters of physical fitness[4]. For this reason, decreases and deteriorations in balance level cause musculoskeletal injuries and functional losses in all age groups[5]. It has been stated that balance problems, which are more common with increasing age, may cause morbidity or mortality in individuals over the age of 65[6]. Balance is a key focus in exercise and sports science due to its strong association with physical activity, its role in preventing serious health issues related to falls, and its importance as a performance factor across all sports. Research showed that advanced sport climbers have a better level of postural balance when compared their peers[7]. Another study indicated that a seven-day ski camp improves balance-related sensory and stability indices in both beginners and intermediate adult skiers[8]. Finally, in a research investigating the effects of different types of exercise on balance, it was shown that regular physical activity performed for a total of ninety minutes in three days a week for a year improves balance score significantly in young adults compared to their sedentary peers[9]. All these studies show that different types of physical activity improve balance and balance-related parameters in healthy or unhealhty individuals of all age groups. Yoga, which is considered an ancient Indian form consisting of philosophy and practice[10], can be performed in different forms. Hatha yoga, one of the most common of these, consists of breathing exercises called pranayama, physical postures called asanas and meditation practices[11–13]. It is known to have positive effects on health[14], some studies have also examined the effects of yoga on balance. For instance, a four-week yoga program has been reported to produce significant changes in balance and related parameters in adult women with musculoskeletal disorders[15]. In another research, it is stated that hatha yoga improves static balance in the elderly when performed for twelve weeks[16]. As seen in the studies mentioned above, the chronic effects of long-term exercises and yoga on balance and postural stability have been generally examined in the literature with many different devices and methods. Therefore, it is known that there are various ways to evaluate different parameters of the vestibular system and balance. Computerized dynamic posturography (CDP) is considered the gold standard for evaluating the three sensory systems (visual, vestibular, and somatosensory systems) both individually and in different combinations[17]. The Functional Head Impulse Test (fHIT) is a functional measurement of the vestibulo-ocular reflex (VOR) that utilizes dynamic visual acuity assessment during passive head impulses[18]. In the current study, the purpose was to compare the acute changes on balance and VOR after 30 minutes of hatha yoga and after 30 minutes of resistance-based aerobic exercise performed at 70–75% intensity according to the heart rate reserve method through computerized dynamic posturography and functional head impulse test scores in adult female yoga practitioners. 2. Methods 2.2 Participants Ten experienced female Hatha yoga practitioners (mean age 39.3 ± 7.1 years) were invited to participate through a specialized yoga academy. Participants were instructed to adhere to the following guidelines prior to the assessments to ensure accurate body composition and sensory organization test results: Abstain from strenuous physical activities for at least 12 hours, cease alcohol and caffeine consumption at least 12 hours prior to the assessments, fast for a minimum of 4 hours before the assessment, avoid drinking water for at least 3 hours prior to the assessment, empty the bladder immediately before the assessment. All the metal objects were removed from their body, and they asked to wear only shorts and sports bra during the test. The inclusion criteria required participants to: Female participants aged between 25 and 40 years. Minimum of two years of continuous hatha yoga practice. Good general health, with no known musculoskeletal or neurological disorders. Not pregnant and with no history of vestibular dysfunction. Exclusion criteria included: History of vestibular disorders or balance impairments. Recent injuries or surgeries affecting balance or mobility. Participation in other structured exercise programs that could influence study outcomes. acute or chronic illnesses, orthopedic problem, central and peripheral vestibular system disease Baseline characteristics of the participants were as follows: mean body height 166.0 ± 6.2 cm, body weight 62.1 ± 11.4 kg, body fat percentage 27.8 ± 5.6%, body mass index (BMI) 22.5 ± 3.9 kg/m², and basal metabolic rate 1205.0 ± 63.6 kcal/day. Ethical approval for the research was obtained from the Ankara University Institutional Ethical Committee (Approval No. 2023000269, İ05-284-23), and written informed consent was obtained from all participants in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki. 2.3 Experimental Design The study design described is an experimental within-subject design, as all participants underwent multiple conditions (Hatha yoga and resistance-based aerobic exercise), with their results compared across these conditions. Participants were scheduled for three laboratory visits: an initial baseline assessment, a session involving Hatha yoga, and a final session involving resistance-based aerobic exercise. 2.3.1. First Visit (Baseline Measurements) Participants attended an initial laboratory session where they were familiarized with all testing equipment and procedures to minimize learning effects. Baseline measurements were collected, including resting heart rate, body composition, and baseline scores from the CDP and fHIT. 2.3.2. Second Visit (Hatha Yoga Session) One week later, participants returned for a 30-minute standardized Hatha yoga session led by a certified instructor. The session incorporated a sequence of asanas targeting balance and flexibility. Immediately following the session, post-intervention CDP and fHIT assessments were conducted. 2.3.3 Third Visit (Resistance-Based Aerobic Exercise Session) In the third visit, conducted one week after the Hatha yoga session, participants completed a 30-minute resistance-based aerobic exercise (RBAE) session aimed at maintaining 70–75% of their maximum heart rate, continuously monitored via heart rate monitors. Post-exercise CDP and fHIT assessments were administered immediately following the exercise. 2.4 Procedures 2.4.1. Body composition measurement Pariticipants standing height is measured by stadiometer (Holthain, England). Body composition was assessed with the PlusAvis 333(Jawon Medical, South Korea) using bioelectrical impedance analysis. The body composition parameters used in this research were body weight (BW), percent body fat (PBF), mass of body fat (MBF), lean body mass (LBM), soft lean mass (SLM), total body water (TBW), body mass index (BMI), and basal metabolic rate (BMR). 2.4.2. Determination of resting heart rate Resting heart rate was determined using the Polar H10 heart rate monitor (Polar, Finland). After placing the monitor on the subject’s chest in a quiet room, the person was asked to lie in a supine position. In this way, after 5 minutes of rest, the value at the end of one minute was accepted as the resting heart rate value. 2.4.3. Computerized dynamic posturography (CDP) The CDP consists a movable platform on which the person stands and a movable cabin surrounding this platform. While the person stands on the platform with the eyes open or closed, the platform and/or cabinet is moved and oscillated, and thus the balance performance of the patient in various situations is measured. Neurocom Smart Balance Master system (Neurocom® International, Inc, Clackamas, OR) CDP was used and Sensory Organization Test (SOT), one of the subtests of CDP, was implemented in the current research[19]. In the SOT, a CDP-mediated test, the capacity to maintain stable balance was assessed in six situations in which visual and somatosensory inputs were systematically challenged. These conditions were; standing upright position with the eyes open, standing upright position with the eyes closed, maintaining balance when the visual environment is moving while the platform (the ground on which the participant stands) is stationary with the eyes open, maintaining balance when the eyes are open and the platform is moving, maintaining balance when the eyes are closed and the platform is moving, and maintaining balance when the eyes are open and both the platform and the screen are moving. During the test, the participants were placed on the platform, the tests were explained to the participants before each situation, and the participants were asked to try to maintain their balance during the test[19]. All measurements were repeated three times. When interpreting CDP-SOT scores, the data obtained from the individual were compared with age normalization data and the theoretical maximum limit that could be obtained. Visual, vestibular, somatosensory, visual preference and composite balance scores were obtained for all participants. 2.4.4. Functional head impulse test (fHIT) For the test, participants were seated 1.5 meters away from the computer screen, and the sensor that measured head speed and acceleration during head movements was fixed to the individuals foreheads with the help of a headband. Participants were given a keyboard on which they could mark the Landolt C optotype they saw on the screen. Before the test, the static visual acuity of the participants was determined. Participants were asked to mark the optotype they saw on the screen on the keyboard without moving their head. Static visual acuity was determined by decreasing the size of the optotype after correcting answers. The size of the optotype in the fHIT test is determined by the system by magnifying the static visual acuity by 0.6 LogMAR. In the fHIT test (BEON Solutions, Zero Branco, Italy), participants were asked to mark the optotype they saw on the screen while the head of the individual was moved quickly and randomly from right to left in the lateral plane with a 15-20-degree angle. Sudden small head thrust movements were applied at accelerations of 4000°-5000°-6000°/s 2 . In the evaluation in the lateral canal plane, within the range of 4000°/s² to 6000°/s², the percentages of correct answers were determined by averaging the correct responses[20]. All tests were first performed on a flat surface then in the presence of an optokinetic stimulus (OKN-fHIT) in the background, and participants were given five minutes between two trials. 2.4.5. Yoga Practice Each person participated in the HY program, which was prepared to include postures that will affect and support balance and stabilization, for the same period of time and accompanied by an expert yoga instructor. In accordance with the preparation rules of Hatha yoga, guidance including breathing and movement coordination and synchronization was explained to all participants. This practice started with a 7-min sun salutation half series, repeating 6 poses for 4 times, and continued sun salutation full A series, repeating 11 poses for 6 times. It continued with poses including balance and coordination, grounded on the feet and on the hands for 18 minutes, and ended with 5 minutes of lying on the back (savasana). While the sun salutation half series consisted of mountain, chair, standing forward bend, standing half forward bend, standing forward bend, chair, and mountain poses, the sun salutation full A series were performed with mountain, upward salute, standing forward bend, standing half forward bend, downward facing dog, plank, four-limbed staff, upward facing dog, downward facing dog, standing half forward bend, standing forward bend, upward salute and mountain poses. The warrior II, triangle, half-moon, hand-to-big toe, child, half boat, boat, garland, crane, hero, locust, head-to-knee, bound angle, seated forward bend, master revolved abdomen (supine spinal twist) and corpse poses were chosen as balance and coordination poses. The downward facing dog, standing half forward bend, standing forward bend, upward salute, mountain, chair, standing forward bend, standing half forward bend, downward facing dog, plank, four-limbed staff, upward facing and downward facing poses were utilized as the short flow series to support balance ability in movement in different planes. 2.4.6. Resistance-Based Aerobic Exercise Program Resistance-based aerobic exercise performed in 70–75% heart rate according to the heart rate reserve method[21] and lasted a total of 30 minutes. Maximal heart rates of participants whose resting heart rates were known were calculated according to the Tanaka et al.’s equation[22]. Maximal heart rate = 208 - (0.7 x age) Target heart rate= [(maximal heart rate - resting heart rate) x % intensity desired] + resting heart rate The training program consisted of 20 clean and push presses, 10 push-ups on the knees, 20 air squats, and 20 assisted dips, performed in sequence. Participants repeated this cycle for 30 minutes while maintaining their heart rate within the target range. Exercise intensity and heart rate were continuously monitored by the instructor, ensuring participants adjusted their pace as needed to remain within the prescribed range. Resistance Based Aerobic Exercise 1. Clean and Push press 20 times As Much As Possible 2. Push – ups on knees 10 times 3. Air Squats 20 times 4. Assisted Dips 20 times 3. Statistical Analyses The statistical analyses were performed by using SPSS v.22 software (SPSS Inc., Chicago, IL, USA). First, the distribution and homogeneity of the data were tested. Since the number of participants was less than fifty, normality distribution was measured using the Shapiro-Wilk Test. Either Repeated Measures-ANOVA or Friedman tests were used to compare the mean differences of three different measurements based on distribution. Bonferroni was utilized for post-hoc analysis in measurements using Repeated Measures-ANOVA. In analyses where the Friedman test was used, the Wilcoxon test was preferred to determine the difference between groups. Spearman Correlation analysis was used for correlational analyses between body composition and balance parameters. Alpha value was accepted as 0.05 in all statistical evaluations. Effect size values were determined by partial eta squared (η 2 P), considered as small (η 2 P < 0.06), moderate (0.06 ≤ η 2 P < 0.15), or large (η 2 P ≥ 0.15) 4. Results Body composition parameters whose correlations with CDP scores were examined are presented in Table 1 . Table 1 The body composition parameters of the participants Body height (cm) 166.00 ± 6.22 Body weight (kg) 62.06 ± 11.36 Percent body fat (%) 27.84 ± 5.60 Mass of body fat (kg) 17.77 ± 7.05 Lean body mass ( kg) 44.29 ± 4.90 Total body water (kg) 31.87 ± 3.54 Body mass index (kg/m 2 ) 22.52 ± 3.91 Basal metabolic rate (kcal) 1205.00 ± 63.55 Left arm fat mass (kg) 1.15 ± 0.55 Right arm fat mass (kg) 1.15 ± 0.58 Left arm lean mass (kg) 2.62 ± 0.31 Right arm lean mass (kg) 2.61 ± 0.31 Trunk fat mass (kg) 9.09 ± 3.55 Trunk lean mass (kg) 20.92 ± 2.14 Left leg fat mass (kg) 2.98 ± 1.35 Right leg fat mass (kg) 3.18 ± 1.20 Left leg lean mass (kg) 7.28 ± 0.91 Right leg lean mass (kg) 7.29 ± 0.86 cm: centimeters; kg: kilograms; %: percentage; kcal: kilocalories; m 2 : metersquare. The values and mean differences of the SOT scores obtained by the participants at rest, after 30 min of hatha yoga and after 30 min of resistance-based aerobic exercise (RBAE) are shown in Table 2 . When the results are examined, a significant difference between post-RBAE and resting value for somatosensory and visual systems (p = 0.023 and p = 0.036 respectively) can be seen. In the vestibular system, values were found to be different after RBAE and after Yoga (p = 0.002) implementations. Finally, for the composite balance score, a significant difference was found between post-RBAE and post-Yoga (p = 0.002) and resting values (p = 0.002). Table 2 SOT test results of participants and their mean comparisons. Somatosensory system Visual system Vestibular system Visual preference Composite balance score Resting 97.70 ± 3.16 86.50 ± 7.09 74.90 ± 12.43 91.60 ± 6.90 77.40 ± 5.76 Post-Yoga 97.90 ± 2.73 91.50 ± 5.13 72.70 ± 5.70 96.60 ± 5.80 80.00 ± 3.68 Post-RBAE 99.00 ± 2.21* 94.10 ± 2.88* 82.50 ± 6.19* 94.10 ± 2.13 84.70 ± 3.16* P_ 0.050* 0.009* 0.020* 0.061 0.000** Partial η 2 0.460 0.406 0.354 0.267 0.614 Post-Yoga: After 30 min of hatha yoga session; Post-RBAE: After 30 min of resistance-based aerobic Exercise. *p < 0.05; **p < 0.01 As seen in Table 3 , there was no significant difference between resting, post-RBAE and post-Yoga values for functional head impulse test scores. Table 3 The functional head impulse test results of participants and their mean comparisons. Without background-right Without background-left With background -right With background -left Resting 85.18 ± 18.42 84.79 ± 14.08 85.45 ± 18.78 84.52 ± 18.15 Post-Yoga 86.00 ± 17.25 88.17 ± 13.17 86.49 ± 17.35 82.78 ± 18.23 Post-RBAE 92.08 ± 13.08 87.02 ± 13.76 86.29 ± 14.15 84.39 ± 11.36 P_ 0.157 0.608 0.911 0.549 Partial η 2 0.038 0.054 0.001 0.003 Post-Yoga: After 30 min of hatha yoga session; Post-RBAE: After 30 min of resistance-based aerobic Exercise. *p < 0.05; **p < 0.01; The results of the correlation analysis between body composition parameters and all balance parameters are shown in Table 4 . A negative relationship was detected between the post-RBAE visual system value and BW (r = 0.689*), LBM (r=-0.704*), TBW (r=-0.704*), left and right leg SLM (r=-0.763*). Similarly, the BW was negatively correlated with the post-RBAE composite balance score (r=-0.677*). There is also a correlation between post-Yoga and some body composition parameters. Post-Yoga vestibular system value has a negative relationship with BW (r=-0.646*), LBM (r=-0.642*), and TWB (r=-0.642*). The composite balance score derived after yoga was also found to be negatively associated with BW (r=-0.695*), PBF (r=-0.640*), LBM (r=-0.633*), MBF (r=-0.670*), TBW (r=-0.633*), trunk MBF (r=-0.695*), left and right leg MBF (r=-0.732* and r=-0.700* respectively). Table 4 Correlation analysis results between body composition and balance parameters Correlated parameters r value Correlated parameters r value BW - post-RBAE visual system -0.689* BW - post-Yoga composite balance score -0.695* LBM - post-RBAE visual system -0.704* PBF - post-Yoga composite balance score -0.640* TBW - post-RBAE visual system -0.704* LMB - post-Yoga composite balance score -0.633* Left leg SLM - post-RBAE visual system -0.763* MBF - post-Yoga composite balance score -0.670* Right leg SLM - post-RBAE visual system -0.763* TBW - post-Yoga composite balance score -0.633* BW - post-RBAE composite balance score -0.677* Trunk MBF - post-Yoga composite balance score -0.695* BW - post-Yoga vestibular system -0.646* Left leg MBF - post-Yoga composite balance score -0.732* LBM - post-Yoga vestibular system -0.642* Right leg - post-Yoga composite balance score -0.700* TBW - post-Yoga vestibular system -0.642* Post-Yoga: After 30 min of hatha yoga session; Post-RBAE: After 30 min of resistance-based aerobic exercise; BW: Body weight; LBM: Lean body mass; TBW: Total body water; SLM: Soft lean mass; MBF: Mass of body fat. *p < 0.05 5. Discussion This study investigated the acute effects of a 30-minute Hatha yoga session and RBAE at 70–75% heart rate reserve on balance and vestibulo-ocular reflex. To evaluate balance and vestibulo-ocular reflex, CDP and fHIT scores were examined. In accordance with the CDP test results, female yoga practitioners demonstrated improved somatosensory, visual, vestibular, and composite balance scores following RBAE implementation. RBAE significantly improved somatosensory, visual, vestibular, and composite balance scores compared to resting and post-yoga values (p < 0.05). These findings highlight the positive acute effects of RBAE on balance and postural stability. This value was recorded higher than both the post-yoga and resting values (p = 0.002). Considering these results, it can first be said that CDP is a test that can be used to evaluate balance after physical activity through different parameters. There are studies showing that balance is measured through CDP and that different environments or implementations make a difference on the balance values measured with CDP. In one of these studies, balance levels after exercise were compared in a normobaric hypoxic environment at 1500, 3000 and 5000 m, and it was understood that the balance was disrupted only at 5000 m[23]. Another research showed that the balance score measured by CDP deteriorated by 44% after maximal exercise at bicycle ergometer[24]. The second important point is that RBAE has a positive acute effect on balance and postural stability when performed for 30 minutes and in the range of 70–75% according to the HR reserve method, as in this study. Before discussing the stimulating effect of exercise intensity on balance and balance-related parameters, it may be useful to explain that aerobic exercises of similar intensity create positive acute effects on balance parameters. In one of these studies, a single session of aerobic exercise combined with resistance and aquatic exercises examined[25]. They measured the center of pressure in patients with arthritis immediately before and after a single exercise session that included 20 minutes of walking, 15 minutes of resistance exercise, 10 minutes of rest, 20 minutes of aquatic exercise, and 5 minutes of cooling down. The subjective exercise intensity was between fairly light and somewhat hard according to the rating of perceived exertion[26], and researchers found that the postural stability was improved after the exercise session. In this study, the intensity determined by RPE corresponds to an exercise intensity of approximately 60% compared to the HR reserve method used in the current study[4,27]. This study is also similar to the current research in that it consists of aerobic and resistance exercises and the results created acute changes in the same direction on balance parameters, although the method was different. Another research conducted aimed to examine the acute effects of an aerobic exercise session on balance in patients with unilateral anterior cruciate ligament injury[28]. It was concluded that after the submaximal exercise, which was terminated when the heart rate reached 60% of the estimated maximal heart rate on the bicycle ergometer (the range of 14–17 of RPE was also determined as subjective intensity), participants reached their resting balance values by oscillating at lower speeds, and this was interpreted as an indicator of neuromuscular adaptation and the ability to establish a more successful balance. The exercise intensity in this study is also similar to that in the current study. Another important point here is to what extent exercise intensity affects balance and balance-related parameters. In this section, it may be useful to mention again the study of Strobel et al. in which the CDP method was used for balance and postural stability[24]. In this study, postural stability was measured with CDP during rest, immediately after maximal exercise, and at 5-minute intervals until recovery was achieved, and it was understood that balance was impaired by 44% after maximal exercise. The results were interpreted as indicating that body height and regular physical activity habits do not affect acute balance and postural stability, but BMI and maximal exercise intensity disrupt balance acutely, which increases the risk of injury after strenuous physical activity that causes excessive fatigue. The research results mentioned here support the acute improvement in balance and postural stability when RBAE was performed at sub-maximal intensity, approximately 70%, as in the current study. The lack of similar positive changes after yoga may be associated with the intensity and energy expenditure of yoga practice. Tuna et al. found the energy cost of a one-hour hatha yoga practice to be 2.57 METs, and this value is considered the lower level of energy consumption[29]. In the current research, the energy cost of RBAE in terms of METs is approximately 6 METs[4]. Therefore, it is an acceptable result that differences in the level of arousal created by the intensity of physical activity cause different acute effects on balance and postural stability. It may also be useful to evaluate studies on autonomic nervous system (ANS) to understand this change. Because evaluation of ANS makes it possible to evaluate physical and/or cognitive strain on arousal and similar parameters with many different methods[30]. In a study, a decrease in P300 amplitude value, indicating reduced brain activity related to cognitive processing, was observed after high-intensity cycling exercise, while an increase was seen after moderate-intensity exercise[31]. In this study, supporting previous findings, an inverted-U relationship was observed between exercise intensity and the resulting central nervous system responses. The positive acute changes in balance parameters observed after resistance-based aerobic exercise performed at 70–75% intensity, compared to yoga, can be attributed to the effects of resistance-based aerobic exercise within this optimal intensity range. Third, no significant changes were seen depending on the condition in the visual preference test. This result shows that the visual preference score does not change depending on the exercise or resting state. The findings of studies investigating the impact of exercise on the vestibulo-ocular reflex vary significantly. Jasinovic et al., observed that high-intensity exercise led to reduced dynamic visual acuity[32]. Kızılay and Cengiz, on the other hand, emphasized the effect of the type of sports discipline (e.g., combat sports and ball games) on functional VOR in their study comparing the fHIT results of athletes from various sports disciplines[33]. It has been suggested that the range, speed, and duration of head movements during exercise may have positive or negative effects on functional VOR gain. However, based on the results of this study, we cannot assert that neither yoga nor Resistance-Based Aerobic Exercise has an acute effect on functional VOR. This is thought to be due to the fact that the frequency of head movements involved in both types of exercise is not significantly different from those encountered in daily life. Nevertheless, the long-term effects of these two types of exercise could still be a subject for further research. In the current study, the correlation between the participants' body composition values and the balance parameters obtained from both tests was also examined, and the only positive relationship was found between BMI and fHIT resting presence of an optokinetic stimulus-left score (r = 0.675, p < 0.05). It was observed that participants with lower fat mass values in the right arm of their dominant extremity had higher fHIT post-RBAE plain background-left scores (r=-0.633, p < 0.05). Except for these two parameters, all relevant correlation results belonged to the computerized dynamic posturagraphy test. The post-RBAE visual system value was higher in participants with lower BW, LBM, TBW, as well as lean mass of the left and right leg(p < 0.05). The post-RBAE composite balance score was also correlated with decreased BW (p < 0.05). These results showed that better visual and composite balance scores after performing resistance-based aerobic training are obtained when body weight and some other body composition parameters decrease. Similarly, post-Yoga visual system value was found to be higher when BW, LBM, and TBW decrease (p < 0.05). The better post-Yoga composite balance score was also correlated with lower BW, PBF, LBM, MBF, TBW, trunk MBF, and left and right leg MBF (p < 0.05). According to the results, it is seen that the decrease in lean body weight, and especially in body weight and fat weight values, is associated with increasing balance scores after both RBAE and hatha yoga practice. 6. Conclusion This study is the first to examine and compare the acute effects of hatha yoga and resistance-based aerobic exercise performed for the same period of time on balance and postural stability. As it is known, exercise is widely recommended for the development of balance and postural stability, which are crucial for preventing falls and fall-related injuries, particularly in older adults. The primary aim of this research is to investigate the extent to which two different types of exercise affect balance and postural stability values immediately after exercise and to provide feedback to the participants on the subject. The results demonstrated that a 30-minute RBAE performed at 70–75% of heart rate reserve had a positive acute effect on balance and postural stability parameters, as measured by the CDP. This positive change induced by RBAE could be further investigated in future studies by incorporating simultaneous measurements of autonomic nervous system activity, such as heart rate variability. If similar studies are conducted across different age groups and include fatigue assessments, the relationship between stimulus intensity and changes in balance and postural stability could be understood more comprehensively. In addition, the vestibular system value, which showed a significant difference between RBAE and yoga, as well as the post-yoga value, represents an area that deserves further investigation in future research. It could be examined why the most deterioration in vestibular system values occurs after yoga compared to other parameters. It could be further investigated why the greatest deterioration in vestibular system values occurs after yoga compared to other parameters. Considering that the positive chronic effects of yoga on balance have been demonstrated in previous studies[34] and that Hatha yoga did not cause acute deterioration in balance and postural stability in the present study, it can be concluded that a 30-minute Hatha yoga practice does not lead to a loss of balance post-activity and can be recommended to participants for this purpose. Declarations Author Contribution a MSc. Çağla ARAS, Institution of Education Sciences, Mersin University, Mersin, Turkeymail: [email protected] • Conceptualization• Data Curation• Investigation• Writing - Original Draftb MSc. Kübra BİNAY BOLAT, Ankara University Faculty of Medicine, Department of Audiology, Ankara, Turkey, mail: [email protected] • Methodology• Formal Analysis• Validation• Writing - Review & Editingc MSc. Aysberg Şamil ÖNLÜ, Department of Sport Management, Faculty of Sport Science, Lokman Hekim University, Ankara, Turkey, mail: [email protected] • Resources• Data Curation• Writing - Review & Editing• Visualizationb Assoc. Prof. Mine BAYDAN ARAN, Ankara University Faculty of Medicine, Department of Audiology, Ankara, Turkey, mail: [email protected] • Validation• Supervision• Writing - Review & Editingd Prof. Dicle ARAS, Department of Coaching Education, Faculty of Sport Science, Ankara University, Ankara, Turkey, mail: [email protected] • Conceptualization• Methodology• Supervision• Project Administration• Writing - Review & Editing Acknowledgement This study received significant support from Neval Aras, the founder of Sensing Body Academy, who assisted in the design and implementation of the Hatha yoga session. This contribution was instrumental in ensuring the appropriateness of the yoga intervention for the study objectives. No financial compensation was provided for this support. 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Journal of Sport Rehabilitation 2014;23:27–35. Rizzo JA, Friedkin R, Williams CS, Nabors J, Acampora D, Tinetti ME. Health care utilization and costs in a Medicare population by fall status. Medical Care 1998;36:1174–88. Aras D, Kitano K, Phipps AM, Enyart MR, Akça F, Koceja DM, et al. The comparison of postural balance level between advanced sport climbers and sedentary adults. International Journal of Applied Exercise Physiology 2018;7:1–9. Wojtyczek B, Pasławska M, Raschner C. Changes in the balance performance of polish recreational skiers after seven days of alpine skiing. Journal of Human Kinetics 2014;44:29. Steinberg N, Nemet D, Pantanowitz M, Zeev A, Hallumi M, Sindiani M, et al. Longitudinal Study Evaluating Postural Balance of Young Athletes. Percept Mot Skills 2016;122:256–79. https://doi.org/10.1177/0031512516628989. Desikachar, T. K. V. (1999). The heart of yoga: Developing a personal practice. Simon and Schuster. Uebelacker LA, Van Noppen D, Tremont G, Bailey G, Abrantes A, Stein M. A pilot study assessing acceptability and feasibility of hatha yoga for chronic pain in people receiving opioid agonist therapy for opioid use disorder. Journal of Substance Abuse Treatment 2019;105:19–27. Schmalzl L, Powers C, Henje Blom E. Neurophysiological and neurocognitive mechanisms underlying the effects of yoga-based practices: towards a comprehensive theoretical framework. Frontiers in Human Neuroscience 2015;9:235. Bower JE, Woolery A, Sternlieb B, Garet D. Yoga for Cancer Patients and Survivors. Cancer Control 2005;12:165–71. https://doi.org/10.1177/107327480501200304. Larson-Meyer DE. A systematic review of the energy cost and metabolic intensity of yoga. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise 2016;48:1558–69. Ülger Ö, Yağlı NV. Effects of yoga on balance and gait properties in women with musculoskeletal problems: a pilot study. Complementary Therapies in Clinical Practice 2011;17:13–5. Schmid AA, Van Puymbroeck M, Koceja DM. Effect of a 12-week yoga intervention on fear of falling and balance in older adults: a pilot study. Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation 2010;91:576–83. Aguiar LAD, Melo L, De Lacerda De Oliveira L. Validation of rapid descriptive sensory methods against conventional descriptive analyses: A systematic review. Critical Reviews in Food Science and Nutrition 2019;59:2535–52. https://doi.org/10.1080/10408398.2018.1459468. Versino M, Colnaghi S, Corallo G, Mandalà M, Ramat S. The functional head impulse test: comparing gain and percentage of correct answers. Progress in Brain Research 2019;248:241–8. Hebert JR, Manago MM. Reliability and validity of the computerized dynamic posturography sensory organization test in people with multiple sclerosis. International Journal of MS Care 2017;19:151–7. Colagiorgio P, Colnaghi S, Versino M, Ramat S. A new tool for investigating the functional testing of the VOR. Frontiers in Neurology 2013;4:165. Riebe D, Ehrman JK, Liguori G, Magal M, Medicine AC of S. ACSM’s guidelines for exercise testing and prescription. (No Title) 2018. Tanaka H, Monahan KD, Seals DR. Age-predicted maximal heart rate revisited. Journal of the American College of Cardiology 2001;37:153–6. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0735-1097(00)01054-8. Wagner DR, Saunders S, Robertson B, Davis JE. Normobaric Hypoxia Effects on Balance Measured by Computerized Dynamic Posturography. High Altitude Medicine & Biology 2016;17:222–7. https://doi.org/10.1089/ham.2016.0040. Strobel J, Spengler C, Stefanski M, Friemert B, Palm H-G. Einfluss von Konstitution und Belastung auf die posturale Stabilität. Sportverletz Sportschaden 2011;25:159–66. https://doi.org/10.1055/s-0029-1246114. Fukusaki C, Masani K, Nakazawa K. Acute Effects of Exercise on Posture in Arthritic Patients. Int J Sports Med 2011;32:653–8. https://doi.org/10.1055/s-0031-1275741. Borg G. Subjective Aspects of Physical and Mental Load. Ergonomics 1978;21:215–20. https://doi.org/10.1080/00140137808931715. Garber CE, Blissmer B, Deschenes MR, Franklin BA, Lamonte MJ, Lee I-M, et al. Quantity and Quality of Exercise for Developing and Maintaining Cardiorespiratory, Musculoskeletal, and Neuromotor Fitness in Apparently Healthy Adults: Guidance for Prescribing Exercise 2011. https://doi.org/10.7916/D8CR5T2R. Ageberg E, Roberts D, Holmström E, Fridén T. The effect of short-duration sub-maximal cycling on balance in single-limb stance in patients with anterior cruciate ligament injury: a cross-sectional study. BMC Musculoskelet Disord 2004;5:44. https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2474-5-44. Tuna ME, Aras D, Aras N, Özçelik MA, Aktop A. Acute Changes in Energy Expenditure and Heart Rate Variability During and Right After One Hour of Hatha Yoga Practice. Polish Journal of Sport and Tourism 2020;27:29–35. https://doi.org/10.2478/pjst-2020-0024. Shoemaker JK, Gros R. A century of exercise physiology: key concepts in neural control of the circulation. Eur J Appl Physiol 2024;124:1323–36. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00421-024-05451-0. Kamijo K, Nishihira Y, Hatta A, Kaneda T, Wasaka T, Kida T, et al. Differential influences of exercise intensity on information processing in the central nervous system. Eur J Appl Physiol 2004;92. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00421-004-1097-2. Jasinovic T, Burma JS, Cameron B, Lun V, van Rassel CR, Sutter B, et al. The effect of high-intensity physical exertion on measures of cervical spine, vestibular/ocular-motor screening, and vestibulo-ocular reflex function in university level collision and combative sport athletes. Physical Therapy in Sport 2021;51:36–44. Kızılay F, Cengiz DU. A comparison of functional vestibulo-ocular reflex and proprioception in athletes of combat sports and ball sports. Heliyon 2023;9. Jeter PE, Nkodo A-F, Moonaz SH, Dagnelie G. A Systematic Review of Yoga for Balance in a Healthy Population. The Journal of Alternative and Complementary Medicine 2014;20:221–32. https://doi.org/10.1089/acm.2013.0378. Additional Declarations No competing interests reported. Cite Share Download PDF Status: Published Journal Publication published 29 May, 2025 Read the published version in Sport Sciences for Health → Version 1 posted Editorial decision: Revision requested 25 Apr, 2025 Reviews received at journal 25 Apr, 2025 Reviewers agreed at journal 13 Apr, 2025 Reviews received at journal 13 Apr, 2025 Reviewers agreed at journal 11 Apr, 2025 Reviewers agreed at journal 09 Apr, 2025 Reviewers agreed at journal 08 Apr, 2025 Reviewers invited by journal 08 Apr, 2025 Editor assigned by journal 23 Jan, 2025 Submission checks completed at journal 23 Jan, 2025 First submitted to journal 21 Jan, 2025 You are reading this latest preprint version Research Square lets you share your work early, gain feedback from the community, and start making changes to your manuscript prior to peer review in a journal. As a division of Research Square Company, we’re committed to making research communication faster, fairer, and more useful. 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Also discoverable on Platform About Our Team In Review Editorial Policies Advisory Board Help Center Resources Author Services Accessibility API Access RSS feed Manage Cookie Preferences © Research Square 2026 | ISSN 2693-5015 (online) Privacy Policy Terms of Service Do Not Sell My Personal Information {"props":{"pageProps":{"initialData":{"identity":"rs-5873566","acceptedTermsAndConditions":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"archivedVersions":[],"articleType":"Research Article","associatedPublications":[],"authors":[{"id":406170353,"identity":"998db07d-6c76-42a7-9ae2-8d19e58480ba","order_by":0,"name":"Çağla Aras","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Mersin University","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Çağla","middleName":"","lastName":"Aras","suffix":""},{"id":406170356,"identity":"252e0dd2-7186-4481-b0bf-43323edf1481","order_by":1,"name":"Kübra Binay Bolat","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Ankara University, Ankara University İbn-i Sina Hospital","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Kübra","middleName":"Binay","lastName":"Bolat","suffix":""},{"id":406170361,"identity":"3bbe2897-b7dd-4f13-b45a-abc93c5dd5e5","order_by":2,"name":"Aysberg Şamil Önlü","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Lokman Hekim University Lokman Hekim University","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Aysberg","middleName":"Şamil","lastName":"Önlü","suffix":""},{"id":406170363,"identity":"56a84fdf-d819-4bcc-97e2-e70e05319f76","order_by":3,"name":"Mine Baydan Aran","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Ankara University, Ankara University İbn-i Sina Hospital","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Mine","middleName":"Baydan","lastName":"Aran","suffix":""},{"id":406170364,"identity":"5b523729-3d18-4111-a0b1-0eb983d090a9","order_by":4,"name":"Dicle Aras","email":"data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAZAAAAAyAQMAAABI0h/eAAAABlBMVEX///8AAABVwtN+AAAACXBIWXMAAA7EAAAOxAGVKw4bAAAA20lEQVRIiWNgGAWjYDCCwwyMByAsZhAtIUOMFgaoFrYEkBYewloOwLXwGIBJgjr4jjM/OPCh5p68/Iycz69u1FjwMLAfProBnxbJw2wGB2ccKzbccObsNuucY0CH8aSl3cCnxeAwD8NhHrYExg3svduMc9iAWiR4zAhr+fMvwX5+M88z45x/xGphbEtIbDjew/w4t40ILWC/9PYlJG84c8yMObdPgoeNkF/4zh9++ODHtwTb+TOSH3/O+VYnx89++BheLciATQJMEqscBJg/kKJ6FIyCUTAKRg4AAL4SS58K+bJYAAAAAElFTkSuQmCC","orcid":"","institution":"Lokman Hekim University Lokman Hekim University","correspondingAuthor":true,"prefix":"","firstName":"Dicle","middleName":"","lastName":"Aras","suffix":""}],"badges":[],"createdAt":"2025-01-21 12:38:25","currentVersionCode":1,"declarations":"","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-5873566/v1","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-5873566/v1","draftVersion":[],"editorialEvents":[{"content":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s11332-025-01448-0","type":"published","date":"2025-05-29T15:57:14+00:00"}],"editorialNote":"","failedWorkflow":false,"files":[{"id":83783003,"identity":"751590b7-7b36-4e9e-b6f3-8dc66196fa9b","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-06-02 16:09:50","extension":"pdf","order_by":0,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"manuscript-pdf","size":885588,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"manuscript.pdf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-5873566/v1/939ffe93-afae-4c78-9080-1a8cc232d304.pdf"}],"financialInterests":"No competing interests reported.","formattedTitle":"Comparison of Computerized Dynamic Posturography and Functional Head Impulse Test Scores Obtained after 30 Minutes of Hatha Yoga Practice and Resistance-Based Aerobic Exercise in Adult Female Yoga Practitioners","fulltext":[{"header":"1. Introduction","content":"\u003cp\u003ePostural stability, in other words balance, which actively affects daily life and constitutes one of the basic building blocks of movement, is defined as the ability to control the body's center of gravity on the surface of support against gravity[1]. Balance is affected by different processes. Systems that create balance and/or postural control are vestibular, visual and proprioceptive systems and afferent pathways between these systems and the central nervous system[2,3]. A weakness or deficit in any of these systems that affect balance also negatively affects postural stability[3]. An advanced balance ability is an effective component not only for performing routine activities in daily life, but also for the continuity of fluid and dynamic movements that are frequently seen in exercise activities, and therefore it is defined as one of the skill-related parameters of physical fitness[4]. For this reason, decreases and deteriorations in balance level cause musculoskeletal injuries and functional losses in all age groups[5]. It has been stated that balance problems, which are more common with increasing age, may cause morbidity or mortality in individuals over the age of 65[6].\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eBalance is a key focus in exercise and sports science due to its strong association with physical activity, its role in preventing serious health issues related to falls, and its importance as a performance factor across all sports. Research showed that advanced sport climbers have a better level of postural balance when compared their peers[7]. Another study indicated that a seven-day ski camp improves balance-related sensory and stability indices in both beginners and intermediate adult skiers[8]. Finally, in a research investigating the effects of different types of exercise on balance, it was shown that regular physical activity performed for a total of ninety minutes in three days a week for a year improves balance score significantly in young adults compared to their sedentary peers[9]. All these studies show that different types of physical activity improve balance and balance-related parameters in healthy or unhealhty individuals of all age groups. Yoga, which is considered an ancient Indian form consisting of philosophy and practice[10], can be performed in different forms. Hatha yoga, one of the most common of these, consists of breathing exercises called pranayama, physical postures called asanas and meditation practices[11\u0026ndash;13]. It is known to have positive effects on health[14], some studies have also examined the effects of yoga on balance. For instance, a four-week yoga program has been reported to produce significant changes in balance and related parameters in adult women with musculoskeletal disorders[15]. In another research, it is stated that hatha yoga improves static balance in the elderly when performed for twelve weeks[16].\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAs seen in the studies mentioned above, the chronic effects of long-term exercises and yoga on balance and postural stability have been generally examined in the literature with many different devices and methods. Therefore, it is known that there are various ways to evaluate different parameters of the vestibular system and balance. Computerized dynamic posturography (CDP) is considered the gold standard for evaluating the three sensory systems (visual, vestibular, and somatosensory systems) both individually and in different combinations[17]. The Functional Head Impulse Test (fHIT) is a functional measurement of the vestibulo-ocular reflex (VOR) that utilizes dynamic visual acuity assessment during passive head impulses[18]. In the current study, the purpose was to compare the acute changes on balance and VOR after 30 minutes of hatha yoga and after 30 minutes of resistance-based aerobic exercise performed at 70\u0026ndash;75% intensity according to the heart rate reserve method through computerized dynamic posturography and functional head impulse test scores in adult female yoga practitioners.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"2. Methods","content":"\u003cdiv id=\"Sec3\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e2.2 Participants\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eTen experienced female Hatha yoga practitioners (mean age 39.3\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;7.1 years) were invited to participate through a specialized yoga academy. Participants were instructed to adhere to the following guidelines prior to the assessments to ensure accurate body composition and sensory organization test results: Abstain from strenuous physical activities for at least 12 hours, cease alcohol and caffeine consumption at least 12 hours prior to the assessments, fast for a minimum of 4 hours before the assessment, avoid drinking water for at least 3 hours prior to the assessment, empty the bladder immediately before the assessment. All the metal objects were removed from their body, and they asked to wear only shorts and sports bra during the test.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe inclusion criteria required participants to:\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cul\u003e \u003cli\u003e \u003cp\u003eFemale participants aged between 25 and 40 years.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e \u003cp\u003eMinimum of two years of continuous hatha yoga practice.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e \u003cp\u003eGood general health, with no known musculoskeletal or neurological disorders.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e \u003cp\u003eNot pregnant and with no history of vestibular dysfunction.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/li\u003e \u003c/ul\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eExclusion criteria included:\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cul\u003e \u003cli\u003e \u003cp\u003eHistory of vestibular disorders or balance impairments.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e \u003cp\u003eRecent injuries or surgeries affecting balance or mobility.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e \u003cp\u003eParticipation in other structured exercise programs that could influence study outcomes.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e \u003cp\u003eacute or chronic illnesses, orthopedic problem, central and peripheral vestibular system disease\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/li\u003e \u003c/ul\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eBaseline characteristics of the participants were as follows: mean body height 166.0\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;6.2 cm, body weight 62.1\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;11.4 kg, body fat percentage 27.8\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;5.6%, body mass index (BMI) 22.5\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;3.9 kg/m\u0026sup2;, and basal metabolic rate 1205.0\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;63.6 kcal/day.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e Ethical approval for the research was obtained from the Ankara University Institutional Ethical Committee (Approval No. 2023000269, İ05-284-23), and written informed consent was obtained from all participants in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec4\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e2.3 Experimental Design\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe study design described is an experimental within-subject design, as all participants underwent multiple conditions (Hatha yoga and resistance-based aerobic exercise), with their results compared across these conditions. Participants were scheduled for three laboratory visits: an initial baseline assessment, a session involving Hatha yoga, and a final session involving resistance-based aerobic exercise.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec5\" class=\"Section3\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e2.3.1. First Visit (Baseline Measurements)\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eParticipants attended an initial laboratory session where they were familiarized with all testing equipment and procedures to minimize learning effects. Baseline measurements were collected, including resting heart rate, body composition, and baseline scores from the CDP and fHIT.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec6\" class=\"Section3\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e2.3.2. Second Visit (Hatha Yoga Session)\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eOne week later, participants returned for a 30-minute standardized Hatha yoga session led by a certified instructor. The session incorporated a sequence of asanas targeting balance and flexibility. Immediately following the session, post-intervention CDP and fHIT assessments were conducted.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec7\" class=\"Section3\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e2.3.3 Third Visit (Resistance-Based Aerobic Exercise Session)\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eIn the third visit, conducted one week after the Hatha yoga session, participants completed a 30-minute resistance-based aerobic exercise (RBAE) session aimed at maintaining 70\u0026ndash;75% of their maximum heart rate, continuously monitored via heart rate monitors. Post-exercise CDP and fHIT assessments were administered immediately following the exercise.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec8\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e2.4 Procedures\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec9\" class=\"Section3\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e2.4.1. \u003cspan type=\"Underline\" class=\"Underline\" name=\"Emphasis\"\u003eBody composition measurement\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003ePariticipants standing height is measured by stadiometer (Holthain, England). Body composition was assessed with the PlusAvis 333(Jawon Medical, South Korea) using bioelectrical impedance analysis. The body composition parameters used in this research were body weight (BW), percent body fat (PBF), mass of body fat (MBF), lean body mass (LBM), soft lean mass (SLM), total body water (TBW), body mass index (BMI), and basal metabolic rate (BMR).\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec10\" class=\"Section3\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e2.4.2. \u003cspan type=\"Underline\" class=\"Underline\" name=\"Emphasis\"\u003eDetermination of resting heart rate\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eResting heart rate was determined using the Polar H10 heart rate monitor (Polar, Finland). After placing the monitor on the subject\u0026rsquo;s chest in a quiet room, the person was asked to lie in a supine position. In this way, after 5 minutes of rest, the value at the end of one minute was accepted as the resting heart rate value.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec11\" class=\"Section3\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e2.4.3. \u003cspan type=\"Underline\" class=\"Underline\" name=\"Emphasis\"\u003eComputerized dynamic posturography (CDP)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe CDP consists a movable platform on which the person stands and a movable cabin surrounding this platform. While the person stands on the platform with the eyes open or closed, the platform and/or cabinet is moved and oscillated, and thus the balance performance of the patient in various situations is measured. Neurocom Smart Balance Master system (Neurocom\u0026reg; International, Inc, Clackamas, OR) CDP was used and Sensory Organization Test (SOT), one of the subtests of CDP, was implemented in the current research[19]. In the SOT, a CDP-mediated test, the capacity to maintain stable balance was assessed in six situations in which visual and somatosensory inputs were systematically challenged. These conditions were; standing upright position with the eyes open, standing upright position with the eyes closed, maintaining balance when the visual environment is moving while the platform (the ground on which the participant stands) is stationary with the eyes open, maintaining balance when the eyes are open and the platform is moving, maintaining balance when the eyes are closed and the platform is moving, and maintaining balance when the eyes are open and both the platform and the screen are moving. During the test, the participants were placed on the platform, the tests were explained to the participants before each situation, and the participants were asked to try to maintain their balance during the test[19].\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAll measurements were repeated three times. When interpreting CDP-SOT scores, the data obtained from the individual were compared with age normalization data and the theoretical maximum limit that could be obtained. Visual, vestibular, somatosensory, visual preference and composite balance scores were obtained for all participants.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec12\" class=\"Section3\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e2.4.4. \u003cspan type=\"Underline\" class=\"Underline\" name=\"Emphasis\"\u003eFunctional head impulse test (fHIT)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eFor the test, participants were seated 1.5 meters away from the computer screen, and the sensor that measured head speed and acceleration during head movements was fixed to the individuals foreheads with the help of a headband. Participants were given a keyboard on which they could mark the Landolt C optotype they saw on the screen. Before the test, the static visual acuity of the participants was determined. Participants were asked to mark the optotype they saw on the screen on the keyboard without moving their head. Static visual acuity was determined by decreasing the size of the optotype after correcting answers. The size of the optotype in the fHIT test is determined by the system by magnifying the static visual acuity by 0.6 LogMAR. In the fHIT test (BEON Solutions, Zero Branco, Italy), participants were asked to mark the optotype they saw on the screen while the head of the individual was moved quickly and randomly from right to left in the lateral plane with a 15-20-degree angle. Sudden small head thrust movements were applied at accelerations of 4000\u0026deg;-5000\u0026deg;-6000\u0026deg;/s\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e. In the evaluation in the lateral canal plane, within the range of 4000\u0026deg;/s\u0026sup2; to 6000\u0026deg;/s\u0026sup2;, the percentages of correct answers were determined by averaging the correct responses[20]. All tests were first performed on a flat surface then in the presence of an optokinetic stimulus (OKN-fHIT) in the background, and participants were given five minutes between two trials.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec13\" class=\"Section3\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e2.4.5. \u003cspan type=\"Underline\" class=\"Underline\" name=\"Emphasis\"\u003eYoga Practice\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eEach person participated in the HY program, which was prepared to include postures that will affect and support balance and stabilization, for the same period of time and accompanied by an expert yoga instructor. In accordance with the preparation rules of Hatha yoga, guidance including breathing and movement coordination and synchronization was explained to all participants. This practice started with a 7-min sun salutation half series, repeating 6 poses for 4 times, and continued sun salutation full A series, repeating 11 poses for 6 times. It continued with poses including balance and coordination, grounded on the feet and on the hands for 18 minutes, and ended with 5 minutes of lying on the back (savasana).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eWhile the sun salutation half series consisted of mountain, chair, standing forward bend, standing half forward bend, standing forward bend, chair, and mountain poses, the sun salutation full A series were performed with mountain, upward salute, standing forward bend, standing half forward bend, downward facing dog, plank, four-limbed staff, upward facing dog, downward facing dog, standing half forward bend, standing forward bend, upward salute and mountain poses. The warrior II, triangle, half-moon, hand-to-big toe, child, half boat, boat, garland, crane, hero, locust, head-to-knee, bound angle, seated forward bend, master revolved abdomen (supine spinal twist) and corpse poses were chosen as balance and coordination poses. The downward facing dog, standing half forward bend, standing forward bend, upward salute, mountain, chair, standing forward bend, standing half forward bend, downward facing dog, plank, four-limbed staff, upward facing and downward facing poses were utilized as the short flow series to support balance ability in movement in different planes.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec14\" class=\"Section3\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e2.4.6. \u003cspan type=\"Underline\" class=\"Underline\" name=\"Emphasis\"\u003eResistance-Based Aerobic Exercise Program\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eResistance-based aerobic exercise performed in 70\u0026ndash;75% heart rate according to the heart rate reserve method[21] and lasted a total of 30 minutes. Maximal heart rates of participants whose resting heart rates were known were calculated according to the Tanaka et al.\u0026rsquo;s equation[22].\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eMaximal heart rate\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;208 - (0.7 x age)\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eTarget heart rate= [(maximal heart rate - resting heart rate) x % intensity desired]\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;resting heart rate\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe training program consisted of 20 clean and push presses, 10 push-ups on the knees, 20 air squats, and 20 assisted dips, performed in sequence. Participants repeated this cycle for 30 minutes while maintaining their heart rate within the target range. Exercise intensity and heart rate were continuously monitored by the instructor, ensuring participants adjusted their pace as needed to remain within the prescribed range.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"No\" id=\"Taba\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"3\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c3\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eResistance Based Aerobic Exercise\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1. Clean and Push press\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e20 times\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\" morerows=\"3\" rowspan=\"4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAs Much As Possible\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2. Push \u0026ndash; ups on knees\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e10 times\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3. Air Squats\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e20 times\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4. Assisted Dips\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e20 times\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/div\u003e"},{"header":"3. Statistical Analyses","content":"\u003cp\u003eThe statistical analyses were performed by using SPSS v.22 software (SPSS Inc., Chicago, IL, USA). First, the distribution and homogeneity of the data were tested. Since the number of participants was less than fifty, normality distribution was measured using the Shapiro-Wilk Test. Either Repeated Measures-ANOVA or Friedman tests were used to compare the mean differences of three different measurements based on distribution. Bonferroni was utilized for post-hoc analysis in measurements using Repeated Measures-ANOVA. In analyses where the Friedman test was used, the Wilcoxon test was preferred to determine the difference between groups. Spearman Correlation analysis was used for correlational analyses between body composition and balance parameters. Alpha value was accepted as 0.05 in all statistical evaluations. Effect size values were determined by partial eta squared (η\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003eP), considered as small (η\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003eP \u0026lt; 0.06), moderate (0.06\u0026thinsp;\u0026le;\u0026thinsp;η\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003eP \u0026lt; 0.15), or large (η\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003eP \u0026ge; 0.15)\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"4. Results","content":"\u003cp\u003eBody composition parameters whose correlations with CDP scores were examined are presented in Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab1\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab1\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 1\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe body composition parameters of the participants\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"2\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eBody height (cm)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e166.00\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;6.22\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eBody weight (kg)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e62.06\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;11.36\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePercent body fat (%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e27.84\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;5.60\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMass of body fat (kg)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e17.77\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;7.05\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eLean body mass ( kg)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e44.29\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;4.90\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTotal body water (kg)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e31.87\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;3.54\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eBody mass index (kg/m\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e22.52\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;3.91\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eBasal metabolic rate (kcal)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1205.00\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;63.55\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eLeft arm fat mass (kg)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.15\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.55\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eRight arm fat mass (kg)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.15\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.58\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eLeft arm lean mass (kg)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.62\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.31\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eRight arm lean mass (kg)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.61\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.31\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTrunk fat mass (kg)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.09\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;3.55\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTrunk lean mass (kg)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e20.92\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;2.14\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eLeft leg fat mass (kg)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.98\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.35\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eRight leg fat mass (kg)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.18\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.20\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eLeft leg lean mass (kg)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.28\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.91\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eRight leg lean mass (kg)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.29\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.86\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c2\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003ecm: centimeters; kg: kilograms; %: percentage; kcal: kilocalories; m\u003c/em\u003e\u003csup\u003e\u003cem\u003e2\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e: \u003cem\u003emetersquare.\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe values and mean differences of the SOT scores obtained by the participants at rest, after 30 min of hatha yoga and after 30 min of resistance-based aerobic exercise (RBAE) are shown in Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab2\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e. When the results are examined, a significant difference between post-RBAE and resting value for somatosensory and visual systems (p\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.023 and p\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.036 respectively) can be seen. In the vestibular system, values were found to be different after RBAE and after Yoga (p\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.002) implementations. Finally, for the composite balance score, a significant difference was found between post-RBAE and post-Yoga (p\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.002) and resting values (p\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.002).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab2\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 2\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSOT test results of participants and their mean comparisons.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"6\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c6\" colnum=\"6\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSomatosensory system\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eVisual system\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eVestibular system\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eVisual preference\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eComposite balance score\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eResting\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e97.70\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;3.16\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e86.50\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;7.09\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e74.90\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;12.43\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e91.60\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;6.90\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e77.40\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;5.76\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePost-Yoga\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e97.90\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;2.73\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e91.50\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;5.13\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e72.70\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;5.70\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e96.60\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;5.80\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e80.00\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;3.68\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePost-RBAE\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e99.00\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;2.21*\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e94.10\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;2.88*\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e82.50\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;6.19*\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e94.10\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;2.13\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e84.70\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;3.16*\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eP_\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e0.050*\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e0.009*\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e0.020*\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.061\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e0.000**\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003ePartial η\u003c/b\u003e\u003csup\u003e\u003cb\u003e2\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.460\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.406\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.354\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.267\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.614\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"6\" nameend=\"c6\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003ePost-Yoga: After 30 min of hatha yoga session; Post-RBAE: After 30 min of resistance-based aerobic Exercise.\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e*p\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.05; **p\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.01\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAs seen in Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab3\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e, there was no significant difference between resting, post-RBAE and post-Yoga values for functional head impulse test scores.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab3\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 3\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe functional head impulse test results of participants and their mean comparisons.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"5\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eWithout background-right\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eWithout background-left\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eWith background -right\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eWith background -left\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eResting\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e85.18\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;18.42\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e84.79\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;14.08\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e85.45\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;18.78\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e84.52\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;18.15\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePost-Yoga\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e86.00\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;17.25\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e88.17\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;13.17\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e86.49\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;17.35\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e82.78\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;18.23\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePost-RBAE\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e92.08\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;13.08\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e87.02\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;13.76\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e86.29\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;14.15\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e84.39\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;11.36\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eP_\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.157\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.608\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.911\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.549\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003ePartial η\u003c/b\u003e\u003csup\u003e\u003cb\u003e2\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.038\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.054\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.001\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.003\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"5\" nameend=\"c5\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003ePost-Yoga: After 30 min of hatha yoga session; Post-RBAE: After 30 min of resistance-based aerobic Exercise.\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e*p\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.05; **p\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.01;\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe results of the correlation analysis between body composition parameters and all balance parameters are shown in Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab4\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003e. A negative relationship was detected between the post-RBAE visual system value and BW (r\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.689*), LBM (r=-0.704*), TBW (r=-0.704*), left and right leg SLM (r=-0.763*). Similarly, the BW was negatively correlated with the post-RBAE composite balance score (r=-0.677*). There is also a correlation between post-Yoga and some body composition parameters. Post-Yoga vestibular system value has a negative relationship with BW (r=-0.646*), LBM (r=-0.642*), and TWB (r=-0.642*). The composite balance score derived after yoga was also found to be negatively associated with BW (r=-0.695*), PBF (r=-0.640*), LBM (r=-0.633*), MBF (r=-0.670*), TBW (r=-0.633*), trunk MBF (r=-0.695*), left and right leg MBF (r=-0.732* and r=-0.700* respectively).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab4\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 4\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCorrelation analysis results between body composition and balance parameters\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"4\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCorrelated parameters\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003er value\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCorrelated parameters\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003er value\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eBW - post-RBAE visual system\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-0.689*\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eBW - post-Yoga composite balance score\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-0.695*\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eLBM - post-RBAE visual system\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-0.704*\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePBF - post-Yoga composite balance score\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-0.640*\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTBW - post-RBAE visual system\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-0.704*\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eLMB - post-Yoga composite balance score\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-0.633*\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eLeft leg SLM - post-RBAE visual system\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-0.763*\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMBF - post-Yoga composite balance score\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-0.670*\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eRight leg SLM - post-RBAE visual system\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-0.763*\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTBW - post-Yoga composite balance score\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-0.633*\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eBW - post-RBAE composite balance score\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-0.677*\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTrunk MBF - post-Yoga composite balance score\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-0.695*\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eBW - post-Yoga vestibular system\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-0.646*\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eLeft leg MBF - post-Yoga composite balance score\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-0.732*\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eLBM - post-Yoga vestibular system\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-0.642*\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eRight leg - post-Yoga composite balance score\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-0.700*\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTBW - post-Yoga vestibular system\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-0.642*\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"4\" nameend=\"c4\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003ePost-Yoga: After 30 min of hatha yoga session; Post-RBAE: After 30 min of resistance-based aerobic exercise; BW: Body weight; LBM: Lean body mass; TBW: Total body water; SLM: Soft lean mass; MBF: Mass of body fat.\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e*p\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.05\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"5. Discussion","content":"\u003cp\u003eThis study investigated the acute effects of a 30-minute Hatha yoga session and RBAE at 70\u0026ndash;75% heart rate reserve on balance and vestibulo-ocular reflex. To evaluate balance and vestibulo-ocular reflex, CDP and fHIT scores were examined.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIn accordance with the CDP test results, female yoga practitioners demonstrated improved somatosensory, visual, vestibular, and composite balance scores following RBAE implementation. RBAE significantly improved somatosensory, visual, vestibular, and composite balance scores compared to resting and post-yoga values (p\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.05). These findings highlight the positive acute effects of RBAE on balance and postural stability. This value was recorded higher than both the post-yoga and resting values (p\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.002). Considering these results, it can first be said that CDP is a test that can be used to evaluate balance after physical activity through different parameters. There are studies showing that balance is measured through CDP and that different environments or implementations make a difference on the balance values measured with CDP. In one of these studies, balance levels after exercise were compared in a normobaric hypoxic environment at 1500, 3000 and 5000 m, and it was understood that the balance was disrupted only at 5000 m[23]. Another research showed that the balance score measured by CDP deteriorated by 44% after maximal exercise at bicycle ergometer[24]. The second important point is that RBAE has a positive acute effect on balance and postural stability when performed for 30 minutes and in the range of 70\u0026ndash;75% according to the HR reserve method, as in this study. Before discussing the stimulating effect of exercise intensity on balance and balance-related parameters, it may be useful to explain that aerobic exercises of similar intensity create positive acute effects on balance parameters. In one of these studies, a single session of aerobic exercise combined with resistance and aquatic exercises examined[25]. They measured the center of pressure in patients with arthritis immediately before and after a single exercise session that included 20 minutes of walking, 15 minutes of resistance exercise, 10 minutes of rest, 20 minutes of aquatic exercise, and 5 minutes of cooling down. The subjective exercise intensity was between fairly light and somewhat hard according to the rating of perceived exertion[26], and researchers found that the postural stability was improved after the exercise session. In this study, the intensity determined by RPE corresponds to an exercise intensity of approximately 60% compared to the HR reserve method used in the current study[4,27]. This study is also similar to the current research in that it consists of aerobic and resistance exercises and the results created acute changes in the same direction on balance parameters, although the method was different. Another research conducted aimed to examine the acute effects of an aerobic exercise session on balance in patients with unilateral anterior cruciate ligament injury[28]. It was concluded that after the submaximal exercise, which was terminated when the heart rate reached 60% of the estimated maximal heart rate on the bicycle ergometer (the range of 14\u0026ndash;17 of RPE was also determined as subjective intensity), participants reached their resting balance values by oscillating at lower speeds, and this was interpreted as an indicator of neuromuscular adaptation and the ability to establish a more successful balance. The exercise intensity in this study is also similar to that in the current study. Another important point here is to what extent exercise intensity affects balance and balance-related parameters. In this section, it may be useful to mention again the study of Strobel et al. in which the CDP method was used for balance and postural stability[24]. In this study, postural stability was measured with CDP during rest, immediately after maximal exercise, and at 5-minute intervals until recovery was achieved, and it was understood that balance was impaired by 44% after maximal exercise. The results were interpreted as indicating that body height and regular physical activity habits do not affect acute balance and postural stability, but BMI and maximal exercise intensity disrupt balance acutely, which increases the risk of injury after strenuous physical activity that causes excessive fatigue. The research results mentioned here support the acute improvement in balance and postural stability when RBAE was performed at sub-maximal intensity, approximately 70%, as in the current study. The lack of similar positive changes after yoga may be associated with the intensity and energy expenditure of yoga practice. Tuna et al. found the energy cost of a one-hour hatha yoga practice to be 2.57 METs, and this value is considered the lower level of energy consumption[29]. In the current research, the energy cost of RBAE in terms of METs is approximately 6 METs[4]. Therefore, it is an acceptable result that differences in the level of arousal created by the intensity of physical activity cause different acute effects on balance and postural stability. It may also be useful to evaluate studies on autonomic nervous system (ANS) to understand this change. Because evaluation of ANS makes it possible to evaluate physical and/or cognitive strain on arousal and similar parameters with many different methods[30]. In a study, a decrease in P300 amplitude value, indicating reduced brain activity related to cognitive processing, was observed after high-intensity cycling exercise, while an increase was seen after moderate-intensity exercise[31]. In this study, supporting previous findings, an inverted-U relationship was observed between exercise intensity and the resulting central nervous system responses. The positive acute changes in balance parameters observed after resistance-based aerobic exercise performed at 70\u0026ndash;75% intensity, compared to yoga, can be attributed to the effects of resistance-based aerobic exercise within this optimal intensity range. Third, no significant changes were seen depending on the condition in the visual preference test. This result shows that the visual preference score does not change depending on the exercise or resting state.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe findings of studies investigating the impact of exercise on the vestibulo-ocular reflex vary significantly. Jasinovic et al., observed that high-intensity exercise led to reduced dynamic visual acuity[32]. Kızılay and Cengiz, on the other hand, emphasized the effect of the type of sports discipline (e.g., combat sports and ball games) on functional VOR in their study comparing the fHIT results of athletes from various sports disciplines[33]. It has been suggested that the range, speed, and duration of head movements during exercise may have positive or negative effects on functional VOR gain. However, based on the results of this study, we cannot assert that neither yoga nor Resistance-Based Aerobic Exercise has an acute effect on functional VOR. This is thought to be due to the fact that the frequency of head movements involved in both types of exercise is not significantly different from those encountered in daily life. Nevertheless, the long-term effects of these two types of exercise could still be a subject for further research.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIn the current study, the correlation between the participants' body composition values and the balance parameters obtained from both tests was also examined, and the only positive relationship was found between BMI and fHIT resting presence of an optokinetic stimulus-left score (r\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.675, p\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.05). It was observed that participants with lower fat mass values in the right arm of their dominant extremity had higher fHIT post-RBAE plain background-left scores (r=-0.633, p\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.05). Except for these two parameters, all relevant correlation results belonged to the computerized dynamic posturagraphy test. The post-RBAE visual system value was higher in participants with lower BW, LBM, TBW, as well as lean mass of the left and right leg(p\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.05). The post-RBAE composite balance score was also correlated with decreased BW (p\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.05). These results showed that better visual and composite balance scores after performing resistance-based aerobic training are obtained when body weight and some other body composition parameters decrease. Similarly, post-Yoga visual system value was found to be higher when BW, LBM, and TBW decrease (p\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.05). The better post-Yoga composite balance score was also correlated with lower BW, PBF, LBM, MBF, TBW, trunk MBF, and left and right leg MBF (p\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.05). According to the results, it is seen that the decrease in lean body weight, and especially in body weight and fat weight values, is associated with increasing balance scores after both RBAE and hatha yoga practice.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"6. Conclusion","content":"\u003cp\u003eThis study is the first to examine and compare the acute effects of hatha yoga and resistance-based aerobic exercise performed for the same period of time on balance and postural stability. As it is known, exercise is widely recommended for the development of balance and postural stability, which are crucial for preventing falls and fall-related injuries, particularly in older adults. The primary aim of this research is to investigate the extent to which two different types of exercise affect balance and postural stability values immediately after exercise and to provide feedback to the participants on the subject. The results demonstrated that a 30-minute RBAE performed at 70\u0026ndash;75% of heart rate reserve had a positive acute effect on balance and postural stability parameters, as measured by the CDP. This positive change induced by RBAE could be further investigated in future studies by incorporating simultaneous measurements of autonomic nervous system activity, such as heart rate variability. If similar studies are conducted across different age groups and include fatigue assessments, the relationship between stimulus intensity and changes in balance and postural stability could be understood more comprehensively. In addition, the vestibular system value, which showed a significant difference between RBAE and yoga, as well as the post-yoga value, represents an area that deserves further investigation in future research. It could be examined why the most deterioration in vestibular system values occurs after yoga compared to other parameters. It could be further investigated why the greatest deterioration in vestibular system values occurs after yoga compared to other parameters. Considering that the positive chronic effects of yoga on balance have been demonstrated in previous studies[34] and that Hatha yoga did not cause acute deterioration in balance and postural stability in the present study, it can be concluded that a 30-minute Hatha yoga practice does not lead to a loss of balance post-activity and can be recommended to participants for this purpose.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Declarations","content":"\u003ch2\u003eAuthor Contribution\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003ea MSc. \u0026Ccedil;ağla ARAS, Institution of Education Sciences, Mersin University, Mersin, Turkeymail: [email protected]\u0026bull; Conceptualization\u0026bull; Data Curation\u0026bull; Investigation\u0026bull; Writing - Original Draftb MSc. K\u0026uuml;bra BİNAY BOLAT, Ankara University Faculty of Medicine, Department of Audiology, Ankara, Turkey, mail: [email protected]\u0026bull; Methodology\u0026bull; Formal Analysis\u0026bull; Validation\u0026bull; Writing - Review \u0026amp; Editingc MSc. Aysberg Şamil \u0026Ouml;NL\u0026Uuml;, Department of Sport Management, Faculty of Sport Science, Lokman Hekim University, Ankara, Turkey, mail: [email protected]\u0026bull; Resources\u0026bull; Data Curation\u0026bull; Writing - Review \u0026amp; Editing\u0026bull; Visualizationb Assoc. Prof. Mine BAYDAN ARAN, Ankara University Faculty of Medicine, Department of Audiology, Ankara, Turkey, mail: [email protected]\u0026bull; Validation\u0026bull; Supervision\u0026bull; Writing - Review \u0026amp; Editingd Prof. Dicle ARAS, Department of Coaching Education, Faculty of Sport Science, Ankara University, Ankara, Turkey, mail: [email protected]\u0026bull; Conceptualization\u0026bull; Methodology\u0026bull; Supervision\u0026bull; Project Administration\u0026bull; Writing - Review \u0026amp; Editing\u003c/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eAcknowledgement\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eThis study received significant support from Neval Aras, the founder of Sensing Body Academy, who assisted in the design and implementation of the Hatha yoga session. This contribution was instrumental in ensuring the appropriateness of the yoga intervention for the study objectives. No financial compensation was provided for this support.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"References","content":"\u003col\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eWoollacott, M. H., Shumway-Cook, A., \u0026amp; Nashner, L. M. (1986). Aging and posture control: changes in sensory organization and muscular coordination. The International Journal of Aging and Human Development, 23(2), 97-114.\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eIrrgang, J. J., Whitney, S. L., \u0026amp; Cox, E. D. (1994). Balance and proprioceptive training for rehabilitation of the lower extremity.\u0026nbsp;Journal of Sport Rehabilitation,\u0026nbsp;3(1), 68-83.\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eMuehlbauer T, Gollhofer A, Granacher U. Association of balance, strength, and power measures in young adults. The Journal of Strength \u0026amp; Conditioning Research 2013;27:582\u0026ndash;9.\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eThompson PD, Arena R, Riebe D, Pescatello LS. ACSM\u0026rsquo;s new preparticipation health screening recommendations from ACSM\u0026rsquo;s guidelines for exercise testing and prescription. Current Sports Medicine Reports 2013;12:215\u0026ndash;7.\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eFullam K, Caulfield B, Coughlan GF, Delahunt E. Kinematic analysis of selected reach directions of the Star Excursion Balance Test compared with the Y-Balance Test. Journal of Sport Rehabilitation 2014;23:27\u0026ndash;35.\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eRizzo JA, Friedkin R, Williams CS, Nabors J, Acampora D, Tinetti ME. Health care utilization and costs in a Medicare population by fall status. Medical Care 1998;36:1174\u0026ndash;88.\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eAras D, Kitano K, Phipps AM, Enyart MR, Ak\u0026ccedil;a F, Koceja DM, et al. The comparison of postural balance level between advanced sport climbers and sedentary adults. International Journal of Applied Exercise Physiology 2018;7:1\u0026ndash;9.\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eWojtyczek B, Pasławska M, Raschner C. Changes in the balance performance of polish recreational skiers after seven days of alpine skiing. Journal of Human Kinetics 2014;44:29.\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eSteinberg N, Nemet D, Pantanowitz M, Zeev A, Hallumi M, Sindiani M, et al. Longitudinal Study Evaluating Postural Balance of Young Athletes. Percept Mot Skills 2016;122:256\u0026ndash;79. https://doi.org/10.1177/0031512516628989.\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eDesikachar, T. K. V. (1999).\u0026nbsp;The heart of yoga: Developing a personal practice. Simon and Schuster.\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eUebelacker LA, Van Noppen D, Tremont G, Bailey G, Abrantes A, Stein M. A pilot study assessing acceptability and feasibility of hatha yoga for chronic pain in people receiving opioid agonist therapy for opioid use disorder. Journal of Substance Abuse Treatment 2019;105:19\u0026ndash;27.\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eSchmalzl L, Powers C, Henje Blom E. Neurophysiological and neurocognitive mechanisms underlying the effects of yoga-based practices: towards a comprehensive theoretical framework. Frontiers in Human Neuroscience 2015;9:235.\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eBower JE, Woolery A, Sternlieb B, Garet D. Yoga for Cancer Patients and Survivors. Cancer Control 2005;12:165\u0026ndash;71. https://doi.org/10.1177/107327480501200304.\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eLarson-Meyer DE. A systematic review of the energy cost and metabolic intensity of yoga. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise 2016;48:1558\u0026ndash;69.\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003e\u0026Uuml;lger \u0026Ouml;, Yağlı NV. Effects of yoga on balance and gait properties in women with musculoskeletal problems: a pilot study. Complementary Therapies in Clinical Practice 2011;17:13\u0026ndash;5.\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eSchmid AA, Van Puymbroeck M, Koceja DM. Effect of a 12-week yoga intervention on fear of falling and balance in older adults: a pilot study. Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation 2010;91:576\u0026ndash;83.\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eAguiar LAD, Melo L, De Lacerda De Oliveira L. Validation of rapid descriptive sensory methods against conventional descriptive analyses: A systematic review. Critical Reviews in Food Science and Nutrition 2019;59:2535\u0026ndash;52. https://doi.org/10.1080/10408398.2018.1459468.\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eVersino M, Colnaghi S, Corallo G, Mandal\u0026agrave; M, Ramat S. The functional head impulse test: comparing gain and percentage of correct answers. Progress in Brain Research 2019;248:241\u0026ndash;8.\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eHebert JR, Manago MM. Reliability and validity of the computerized dynamic posturography sensory organization test in people with multiple sclerosis. International Journal of MS Care 2017;19:151\u0026ndash;7.\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eColagiorgio P, Colnaghi S, Versino M, Ramat S. A new tool for investigating the functional testing of the VOR. Frontiers in Neurology 2013;4:165.\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eRiebe D, Ehrman JK, Liguori G, Magal M, Medicine AC of S. ACSM\u0026rsquo;s guidelines for exercise testing and prescription. (No Title) 2018.\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eTanaka H, Monahan KD, Seals DR. Age-predicted maximal heart rate revisited. Journal of the American College of Cardiology 2001;37:153\u0026ndash;6. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0735-1097(00)01054-8.\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eWagner DR, Saunders S, Robertson B, Davis JE. Normobaric Hypoxia Effects on Balance Measured by Computerized Dynamic Posturography. High Altitude Medicine \u0026amp; Biology 2016;17:222\u0026ndash;7. https://doi.org/10.1089/ham.2016.0040.\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eStrobel J, Spengler C, Stefanski M, Friemert B, Palm H-G. Einfluss von Konstitution und Belastung auf die posturale Stabilit\u0026auml;t. Sportverletz Sportschaden 2011;25:159\u0026ndash;66. https://doi.org/10.1055/s-0029-1246114.\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eFukusaki C, Masani K, Nakazawa K. Acute Effects of Exercise on Posture in Arthritic Patients. Int J Sports Med 2011;32:653\u0026ndash;8. https://doi.org/10.1055/s-0031-1275741.\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eBorg G. Subjective Aspects of Physical and Mental Load. Ergonomics 1978;21:215\u0026ndash;20. https://doi.org/10.1080/00140137808931715.\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eGarber CE, Blissmer B, Deschenes MR, Franklin BA, Lamonte MJ, Lee I-M, et al. Quantity and Quality of Exercise for Developing and Maintaining Cardiorespiratory, Musculoskeletal, and Neuromotor Fitness in Apparently Healthy Adults: Guidance for Prescribing Exercise 2011. https://doi.org/10.7916/D8CR5T2R.\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eAgeberg E, Roberts D, Holmstr\u0026ouml;m E, Frid\u0026eacute;n T. The effect of short-duration sub-maximal cycling on balance in single-limb stance in patients with anterior cruciate ligament injury: a cross-sectional study. BMC Musculoskelet Disord 2004;5:44. https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2474-5-44.\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eTuna ME, Aras D, Aras N, \u0026Ouml;z\u0026ccedil;elik MA, Aktop A. Acute Changes in Energy Expenditure and Heart Rate Variability During and Right After One Hour of Hatha Yoga Practice. Polish Journal of Sport and Tourism 2020;27:29\u0026ndash;35. https://doi.org/10.2478/pjst-2020-0024.\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eShoemaker JK, Gros R. A century of exercise physiology: key concepts in neural control of the circulation. Eur J Appl Physiol 2024;124:1323\u0026ndash;36. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00421-024-05451-0.\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eKamijo K, Nishihira Y, Hatta A, Kaneda T, Wasaka T, Kida T, et al. Differential influences of exercise intensity on information processing in the central nervous system. Eur J Appl Physiol 2004;92. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00421-004-1097-2.\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eJasinovic T, Burma JS, Cameron B, Lun V, van Rassel CR, Sutter B, et al. The effect of high-intensity physical exertion on measures of cervical spine, vestibular/ocular-motor screening, and vestibulo-ocular reflex function in university level collision and combative sport athletes. Physical Therapy in Sport 2021;51:36\u0026ndash;44.\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eKızılay F, Cengiz DU. A comparison of functional vestibulo-ocular reflex and proprioception in athletes of combat sports and ball sports. Heliyon 2023;9.\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eJeter PE, Nkodo A-F, Moonaz SH, Dagnelie G. A Systematic Review of Yoga for Balance in a Healthy Population. The Journal of Alternative and Complementary Medicine 2014;20:221\u0026ndash;32. https://doi.org/10.1089/acm.2013.0378.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003c/ol\u003e"}],"fulltextSource":"","fullText":"","funders":[],"hasAdminPriorityOnWorkflow":false,"hasManuscriptDocX":true,"hasOptedInToPreprint":true,"hasPassedJournalQc":"","hasAnyPriority":false,"hideJournal":false,"highlight":"","institution":"","isAcceptedByJournal":true,"isAuthorSuppliedPdf":false,"isDeskRejected":"","isHiddenFromSearch":false,"isInQc":false,"isInWorkflow":false,"isPdf":false,"isPdfUpToDate":true,"isWithdrawnOrRetracted":false,"journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"sport-sciences-for-health","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"externalIdentity":"ssfh","sideBox":"Learn more about [Sport Sciences for Health](http://link.springer.com/journal/11332)","snPcode":"11332","submissionUrl":"https://submission.nature.com/new-submission/11332/3","title":"Sport Sciences for Health","twitterHandle":"","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":true,"editorialSystem":"em","reportingPortfolio":"Springer Hybrid","inReviewEnabled":true,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":false},"keywords":"computerized dynamic posturography, vestibular system, postural stability and balance, yoga","lastPublishedDoi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-5873566/v1","lastPublishedDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-5873566/v1","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"},"manuscriptAbstract":"\u003cp\u003eObjective; The purpose of this study was to investigate the immediate effects of a thirty-minute session of Hatha yoga and a thirty-minute session of resistance-based aerobic exercise on balance and vestibulo-ocular reflex in adult female yoga practitioners.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eEquipment and Methods; Ten participants underwent balance and vestibulo-ocular reflex assessments at rest, after Hatha yoga, and after resistance-based aerobic exercise. Balance was measured using computerized dynamic posturography, and vestibulo-ocular reflex was evaluated with a functional head impulse test. The Hatha yoga session included twenty-five minutes of yoga poses followed by five minutes of relaxation. The aerobic exercise session was performed at an intensity of seventy to seventy-five percent of heart rate reserve.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eResults; No significant changes were observed in vestibulo-ocular reflex parameters across conditions. However, balance scores showed significant improvements following resistance-based aerobic exercise compared to both resting and post-yoga conditions. The somatosensory and visual system scores increased significantly after resistance-based aerobic exercise, as did the overall balance score. Lower body weight, lean body mass, and total body water were positively associated with better balance outcomes.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eConclusion; While neither Hatha yoga nor resistance-based aerobic exercise acutely influenced vestibulo-ocular reflex, resistance-based aerobic exercise had immediate positive effects on balance and postural stability.\u003c/p\u003e","manuscriptTitle":"Comparison of Computerized Dynamic Posturography and Functional Head Impulse Test Scores Obtained after 30 Minutes of Hatha Yoga Practice and Resistance-Based Aerobic Exercise in Adult Female Yoga Practitioners","msid":"","msnumber":"","nonDraftVersions":[{"code":1,"date":"2025-01-28 07:08:39","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-5873566/v1","editorialEvents":[{"type":"communityComments","content":0},{"type":"decision","content":"Revision requested","date":"2025-04-25T16:00:09+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorInvitedReview","content":"","date":"2025-04-25T15:54:16+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"96154412677381263680801786951588093344","date":"2025-04-13T18:41:39+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorInvitedReview","content":"","date":"2025-04-13T09:01:16+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"337484895168632167262115826593850844598","date":"2025-04-11T06:59:36+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"202715306234771790161270847403116741392","date":"2025-04-09T13:42:52+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"163401072222661834506781748144616249071","date":"2025-04-08T13:54:11+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewersInvited","content":"","date":"2025-04-08T08:34:47+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorAssigned","content":"","date":"2025-01-23T13:02:33+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"checksComplete","content":"","date":"2025-01-23T12:59:22+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"submitted","content":"Sport Sciences for Health","date":"2025-01-21T12:33:23+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""}],"status":"published","journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"sport-sciences-for-health","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"externalIdentity":"ssfh","sideBox":"Learn more about [Sport Sciences for Health](http://link.springer.com/journal/11332)","snPcode":"11332","submissionUrl":"https://submission.nature.com/new-submission/11332/3","title":"Sport Sciences for Health","twitterHandle":"","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":true,"editorialSystem":"em","reportingPortfolio":"Springer Hybrid","inReviewEnabled":true,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":false}}],"origin":"","ownerIdentity":"9ab45ba6-eba9-4bc4-8fb0-c01a9245e351","owner":[],"postedDate":"January 28th, 2025","published":true,"recentEditorialEvents":[],"rejectedJournal":[],"revision":"","amendment":"","status":"published-in-journal","subjectAreas":[],"tags":[],"updatedAt":"2025-06-02T16:04:31+00:00","versionOfRecord":{"articleIdentity":"rs-5873566","link":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s11332-025-01448-0","journal":{"identity":"sport-sciences-for-health","isVorOnly":false,"title":"Sport Sciences for Health"},"publishedOn":"2025-05-29 15:57:14","publishedOnDateReadable":"May 29th, 2025"},"versionCreatedAt":"2025-01-28 07:08:39","video":"","vorDoi":"10.1007/s11332-025-01448-0","vorDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s11332-025-01448-0","workflowStages":[]},"version":"v1","identity":"rs-5873566","journalConfig":"researchsquare"},"__N_SSP":true},"page":"/article/[identity]/[[...version]]","query":{"redirect":"/article/rs-5873566","identity":"rs-5873566","version":["v1"]},"buildId":"8U1c8b4HqxoKbykW_rLl7","isFallback":false,"isExperimentalCompile":false,"dynamicIds":[84888],"gssp":true,"scriptLoader":[]}