Approaching the ethnographic, nominal and phenotypic evidence of a geographical zone of high diversification of the common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) in the Amazonian northeastern Peru

Approaching the ethnographic, nominal and phenotypic evidence of a geographical zone of high diversification of the common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) in the Amazonian northeastern Peru | Research Square window.SnipcartSettings = { analytics: { enabled: false } }; (function() { var accessVector = localStorage.getItem('access_vector') || ''; window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; if (accessVector) { window.dataLayer.push({ user: { profile: { profileInfo: { snid: accessVector } } } }); } })(); (function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start':new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0],j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src='https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f);})(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-K279D39R'); Browse Preprints In Review Journals COVID-19 Preprints AJE Video Bytes Research Tools Research Promotion AJE Professional Editing AJE Rubriq About Preprint Platform In Review Editorial Policies Our Team Advisory Board Help Center Sign In Submit a Preprint Cite Share Download PDF Research Article Approaching the ethnographic, nominal and phenotypic evidence of a geographical zone of high diversification of the common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) in the Amazonian northeastern Peru Carlos D. VECCO-GIOVE, Marvin BARRERA-LOZANO, Emerson TUESTA, and 5 more This is a preprint; it has not been peer reviewed by a journal. https://doi.org/ 10.21203/rs.3.rs-6559733/v1 This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License Status: Posted Version 1 posted You are reading this latest preprint version Abstract As a contribution to the knowledge of the diversity of Phaseolus vulgaris L. in the Peruvian Amazon, a multidisciplinary approach was proposed to understand the patterns of nominal and phenotypic diversity of the common bean in three biomes: Inter-Andean Marañón Valley- IAM, Highland Rainforest- HRF divided into four sections (North, Kichwa Central Huallaga- KCH, Central, and South), and Amazonian Lowland- ALL. The nominal vocabulary related to the common bean was identified by reviewing the lexicons of 24 ethnic groups. A multiethnic sample of 178 people was interviewed and 957 seed samples were collected in parallel. Fifty-six ecotypes were planted and evaluated at three sites. Richness and similarity variables were analyzed for the lexical unit and nine phenotypic features. The HRF was the richest (75.6%) of a recorded set of 152 lexical units in contrast to the ALL (8.0%). Northern Spanish-speaking (NSS) and Kichwa-KCH had the highest nominal richness, showing remarkable nomenclatural diversity based on developmental characteristics, production cycle, mode of consumption, origin and appearance of seeds. Nominal and phenotypic diversity provide strong evidence for the diversification dynamics of common bean from the HRF of northeastern Peru, which functions as a hinge between the IAM and the ALL. agricultural diversity bean descriptors ethnotaxonomy indigenous peoples native crops. Figures Figure 1 Figure 2 Figure 3 Figure 4 Introduction Common bean ( Phaseolus vulgaris L.) is a traditional crop of the Americas with undeniable economic and nutritional importance. The domestication history of the common bean, which is shared with four other species in the genus (Chávez 2018 ), dates back approximately eight millennia (Weller et al. 2019 ). Despite controversies about the center of origin and diversification of this crop (Bitocchi et al. 2012 ; Frascarelli et al. 2025 ; Rendón-Anaya et al. 2017), two main gene pools are considered: Mesoamerican and Andean, in addition to an intermediate group that is considered the ancestor of the previous ones (Kami et al. 1995 ). There is a lack of knowledge about the diversity of Phaseolus vulgaris in Peru: the available research has focused on the Andean region, mainly the Cordillera Occidental. (Bitocchi et al. 2012 ; Chacón et al. 2007 ; Debouck et al. 1993 ; Frascarelli et al. 2025 ; Kami et al. 1995 ; Rendón-Anaya et al. 2017). The official baseline (Minam 2021) consigned a nominal richness of 73 records for the three natural regions of the country (Costa, Sierra, and Selva), whereas another source (Minagri 2016) reported 27 commercial bean classes linked to 73 cultivars, with fewer than 30% of the records related to the Amazon region. The insufficiency of genetic research and the high phenotypic variability of the common bean, determined by the interaction of genes and environmental temperatures (Parker et al. 2024 ), represent limitations, especially in a context where local gene pools lack a referential repository and where conservation depends on the continuity of traditional practices of specific ethnographic groups. As a preliminary initiative to contribute to an adequate framework for studies on the diversity of Phaseolus vulgaris in the region, this research asked about the relationship between ethnographic - nominal evidence with the phenotypic diversity of common bean in the varied geography of the Peruvian Amazon basin; having as a working hypothesis that linguistic and cultural traits reflect the current link between human groups and the diversification process in a given highly phenotypically diverse place. In this sense, a multidisciplinary approach was proposed to understand the patterns of nominal and phenotypic diversity of common bean in three biomes of the Peruvian Amazon. Materials and Methods The study focused on two major biomes in the Peruvian Amazon: the highland rainforest (HRF) and the Amazonian lowland (ALL). The HRF consisted of the Peruvian Yungas ecoregion (Tovar et al. 2010), in a variable range from 600 to 3,800 masl (Minam 2019), and the Sub-Andean Belt, which includes the secondary foothills of the Cordillera Oriental (Gil 2002) down to 220 masl, where the ALL begins. In addition, two smaller areas were considered: the dry ecosystems of Central Huallaga (KCH, 220 to 1,200 masl, within the HRF) and the narrow strip of the Inter-Andean Marañón Valley (450–2,400 masl) (IAM) (outside the HRF) (Figure 1). Based on the review of the lexicons of 24 ethnic groups, the nominal vocabulary related to the common bean was identified. Between October 2022 and August 2024, information on the nominals and bean culture was collected from 178 ethnically mixed Spanish-speaking, Yánesha, Kichwa-Lamas (KCH), Shipibo, and Shuar-Awajún growers in four sections of the HRF (North, KCH, Center, and South), the IAM, and the ALL. In parallel, 957 seed samples of P. vulgaris were collected and deposited in duplicate in the germplasm bank of UNALM-FA-PL and UNSM-FCA. A sub-sample of 56 ecotypes was planted and evaluated at three sites in the Department of San Martin: Tarapoto (-6.4647° S, -76.3521°, alt. 403 masl), Lamas (-6.4176°, -76.5119°, alt. 754 masl) and Juliampampa (-6.4359, -76.3303, alt. 927 masl). A contrastive analysis of the lexical units was carried out according to the available information to identify the generic and specific names and the nomenclature applied to possible varieties of P. vulgaris , distinguishing the records corresponding to other species. Discordances between phenotypic units according to growth habit (CIAT 2012) and eight morphological descriptors (IBPGR 1982) of the subsample (Table 1) were determined using the hammingdists { cultevo } function in R, and the clustering method (highest agglomeration coefficient) for convergence of phenotypic traits was validated. Nominal and phenotypic richness were compared. Jaccard’s dissimilarity index (vegdist {vegan} in R) was used to determine preliminary patterns of geographic distribution of the set of phenotypic units. Results The HRF was the richest (75.6%) of a recorded set of 152 lexical units related to P. vulgaris (Table 2), in contrast to the IAM (16.4%) and to the ALL (8.0%) (X 2 = 183, df= 2, p-value < 2.2e -16 ) (Figure 2A). The Northern Spanish-speaking (NSS) group presented the highest richness of nominal records, followed by the Kichwa-Lamas (KCH), the Yánesha and the Central Spanish-speaking (CCS) (X 2 = 68.2, df= 3, p-value < 1.041e -14 ) (Figure 2B). The concordance of 74% of the lexical units with the identity of common bean was verified, while the remaining terms referred to other species or genera. No records of native beans corresponding to their nominal names were found in the Yánesha territory. The Spanish-speaking populations of the IAM-HRF and Kichwa in the KCH showed a rich tradition of growing and eating P. vulgaris and P. lunatus , as well as cultivated or wild P. polyanthus (the latter in the Yungas and IAM). The Kichwa lamas of San Martin presented the only record of the use of a type of bean (waska) as a supplemental food source to treat menstrual pain and anemia. Human groups with greater nominal abundance have also shown a remarkable variety of nomenclatural systems related to the beans. The criteria used, mainly descriptive, allude to certain developmental characteristics, the production cycle, the form of consumption, the origin and the phenotype of the seed, as follows: The shrubby (I, II) or indeterminate semi-climbing (III) growth habit was indicated by the Quechua words "allpa/ ashpa" (lit. "ground"), corresponding to "sentado" or "tyacho" (lit. "sitting") (Minam 2021), in the IAM, HRF-North, and KCH populations. The Amazonian populations in general used the Kichwa word "waska/ huasca" (lit. "rope") to indicate the indeterminate climbing habit (IV) as opposed to "allpa"; in the same way, the Shawi (Cahuapanas) distinguished the type "nonin makira" (lit. "climbing bean”) from "nara makira" (lit. "tree-bean”, exotic, different from Phaseolus ). In addition, the Kichwa-Lamas use the "macho-hembra" (male-female) dichotomy, also applied to other plant species, to distinguish the shrubby determinate type (I) from the indeterminate (usually III or IV). Nominals alluding to the productive cycle time: "cuarentón" (40 days), "sesentón" (60 days). The Quechua term "chaucha" (lit. "raw") in the IAM and HRF was equivalent to "llullu" (lit. Kichwa-Lamas "unripe" in KCH) and usually referred to beans that were essentially eaten fresh. However, the word was also used to refer to varieties regardless of how they were consumed. Other names, such as "manteca" and "mantequilla," allude to cooking properties. Modern, typical, or foreign cultivars among indigenous populations may be referred to by demonyms (e.g. cumbeño, panamito, sampedrino in HRF, huallaguino in KCH, ucayalino in ALL), proper names (jaén-haín), or possessive terms such as "hua'yan makira" (lit. Shawi "mestizo bean" in ALL). Descriptors based on phenotypic characteristics of the seed were the most common, referring to size (e.g. "grande", lit. "big"), seed shape (e.g. "wayruro", "bolasho" in KCH, "huevo de paloma", lit. "pigeon's egg" in IAM - HRF) or the color of the seed coat (e.g. "sangre de toro", lit. "bull's blood" in SSS; nina- lit.Kichwa "candle" in KCH; "númpenkam, numpá miik", lit. Achuar-shiwiar "red bean"; "blanco" for white, "canario" lit. "canary" for yellow; or "reclina" as a Spanish derivation from the nominal "red kidney"). The pattern of the seed coat was indicated by descriptive adjectives (e.g., "rayado" for striped, "tintiígkumaj" for spotted in Awajún) or by allegories inspired by nature, the most extensive and common being that of stripes or broad stripes alluding to the flanks of the calf of the tapir or "sacha-vaca" ( Tapirus terrestris ): "vaca-paleta", "pabau-pae" (Awajún), "pamáu-pae" (Shuar), also known as "malopu" in the Yine language. In the same sense, the nominal "awisho" (Kichwa-Lamas) is derived from the noun "awiwa", an edible lepidopteran larva ( Brassolis sophorae ) with colored stripes along its body. In addition, in the Ashaninka and Matsigenka languages, nominals alluding to the claws of the jaguar were often applied to seeds or, in some cases, to the pigmentation of the pods. Among the Matsigenka, the suffix forms "-penki/-venki" were used to classify varieties or species of legumes according to the length or thickness of the pods (Snell et al. 2011). According to the lexical units, 84 phenotypic types of beans were tentatively identified, in addition to 18 records of seeds whose local name could not be confirmed (Table 3). The nominal diversity was consistent with the diversity of phenotypic types by territorial (r ≈ 1, t = 167, df = 1, p-value = 0.0038) and linguistic domains evaluated (r = 0.9725, t = 5.9045, df = 2, p-value = 0.0275). The 56 phenotypic units evaluated in the field presented three main groups and an internal grouping that converged in 60.7% of the cases in eight "traditional arrangements" of phenotypic and nominal communities, that is, a set of different phenotypes sown together by the locals (Figure 4): "capsula-blanca" (29, 30; HRF-North/IAM, 800 - 1,500 masl); "allpa" (1, 2, 3; KCH, 220 - 1,100 masl, HRF-North, 700 - 1,500 masl); "ashpa" (5-9; IAM, 1,300 - 1,900 masl); "awisho" (12-15; KCH/ HRF-North, 500 - 1,200 masl); "manteca" (48, 49, 51; HRF-North/IAM, 1,400 - 2,200 masl); "panamito" (56, 58, 60, 63; KCH, 220 - 900 masl), "pinto" (68, 71; HRF-North, 1,400 - 1,800 masl), and "waska" (20, 54, 82-84; KCH/ALL, 180 - 1,100 masl). The "canaries" presented binary groupings (23, 25/ 26, 27) in distinct clusters, while the "pinto complex" included additional unevaluated elements growing at different elevations. The Jaccard’s dissimilarity index showed the affinity between the phenotypic diversity of the beans from the Northeast, expressed in a gradient of change of the phenotypic set from the Andean zones towards the humid forest and the dry forest of Central Huallaga, and an extension of the varieties from this zone towards the Amazonian plain (Figure 5). Seventy-eight percent of respondents expressed the perception of a progressive increase in pressure from one or more of the limiting factors: nutrients, water and sanitation, which has motivated the massive use of chemical inputs, new technologies and the adoption of short-cycle cultivars that are more tolerant to heat. In a retrospective sense, the Kichwa lamas below 600 masl said have replaced their traditional cultivars by others with shorter cycle, such as 11-Ashpilla, 39-Crema, 42-Garrapata, 58-Panamito, and 64-Pardo (jaén). They were also planted in rainfed or irrigated areas in the warm temperate zone of the Utcubamba Valley. Awajún, Shuar-Wampis, Shawi and Yánesha, which pointed out that in the last four decades, commercial crops such as rice, cacao and coffee, as well as the arrival by road of beans cheaper than the locals, discouraged their own productive of native beans. Discussion The geographic patterns of nominal bean diversity suggest a relative historical stability in the spatial distribution of people associated with the bean culture, as well as the effect of ecological and possibly technological constraints. Consistent with this assumption, nominal diversity among Andean and Amazonian HRF populations showed a strong predominance of compositions, derivations, and grammatical constructions with local Quechua contributions from the Cajamarcan (IIA - IAM), Chachapoyan (IIB - HRF North), San Martin or Llakwash (IIB - KCH) (Doherty et al. 2007), Huanuqueña (Type I - HRF Center), and the branch of IIC Quechua in the same area and further south (Torero 1964, Adelaar 2013). In the northern area (IAM-HRF), both the Spanish-speaking and Kichwa populations of the KCH subsample showed a deep-rooted tradition of growing and feeding on P. vulgaris and other Phaseolus species. The phenotypic, nominal and nomenclatural similarities between the unique records of KHC and IAM (allpa - ashpa) could be an important clue in the study of the origin or relationships between these gene pools, assuming as possible the introduction of bean varieties from IAM (Cajamarca) by people arriving in Lamas at the end of the 19th century (Scazzocchio 1981) or earlier, considering that already in 1857 Spruce (1908) observed the "indispensable" cultivation of beans in the vicinity of the same locality. In the HRF- Center, the total number of recognized names among the Spanish-speaking and Quechua populations was exceeded by the nominal richness of the Yánesha, as evidenced by 28 recorded vocabularies (Figure 2B), despite the lack of local bean samples. This fact would support the hypothesis of Smith (2011) and other researchers regarding the greater antiquity of the proto-Yánesha with respect to their close Arawak neighbors and the geographic positioning of this group between the highland rainforest and the inter-Andean valleys, towards the western and eastern flanks of the Andes. This historical relationship of the Yánesha to the diversity of P. vulgaris is also indicated by elements of their cosmovision in relation to the female deity Yo'ch choch, ruler of the invisible world "patser" ("this world, here", intermediate between the worlds above and below) (Delgado 1999). The valleys of Utcubamba (geographically related to the IAM) and Central Huallaga are typical transition zones from the sub-Andean belt to the Amazonian plain; where traditional bean cultivation tactics, consisting of forest clearing in the mountains and hills, with or without slash-and-burn, or in association with maize cultivation, are gradually being replaced by riparian systems dependent on the seasonal fluvial dynamics of the ALL, represented by the model of riverbank and alluvial planting practiced by the Shipibo-Conibo in the Ucayali, for example (Bergman 1990, Collado-Panduro and Alegre-Horihuela 2020). Despite the change in technological tactics, the pressure of environmental factors on the adaptive response of the bean may have determined the decrease in the nominal and phenological diversity of the bean towards the Amazonian plain. This seems to be confirmed by the presence of intermediate zones where the peoples with greater historical mobility between the HRF and the ALL (e.g. Shawi, Awajún, Shuar-Wampís, Yine, Asháninka, Matsigenka and Nomatsiguenga) (Ribeiro and 2008) have been able to preserve their own idiomatic lexical units. The wide diffusion of the Kichwa generic name “purutu” (fon. poroto) among several indigenous peoples of the ALL, coinciding with the absence of specific denominations, seems to constitute strong evidence for the exogenous origin of bean cultivation in these lands, at least in a relatively modern period. The variants of Quechua –which have influenced Amazonian languages since the pre-Hispanic period, either through geographical proximity, territorial conquest, or exchange relationships (Smith 2011, Torero 1984)– received a great boost and geographical massification when they were used as official languages in the catechizing missions of the Viceroyalty in Amazonia (Scazzocchio 1981, Torero 1984). In this process, it is worth considering the participation of the Kichwa-Lamas, who originated from the reduction of the Central Huallaga peoples in the 17th century (Sandoval et al. 2016, Scazzocchio 1981), whose recognized vassalage (Barclay 2001) provided favorable conditions for their dispersal throughout Amazonia. However, the spread of the generic "purutu" in the ALL should not be linked to the use of the Quechua language, since, as suggested by Chirif (2021), certain Quechua nouns have been assimilated into the speech of different ethnic groups in the Amazonian lowlands. The hypothesis of a geographic axis driving the diversification of common bean in the Yungas of northeastern Peru has been supported by linguistic, cultural, historical and ecological-technological evidence, but also by evidence of phenotypic variability of seed types, complexes and communities in this work, in concordance with local research in the IAM-HRF (Vásquez et al. 2024). The next genetic study will contribute to elucidate a more precise measure of the diversity involved. This geographical axis, dominated by the Cordillera Oriental, contributes to confirm the importance of the northern Peruvian - Ecuadorian region as a center of diversification of the genus Phaseolus (Bitocchi et al. 2012, Debouck et al. 1993, Frascarelli et al. 2025, Minam 2021, Rendón-Anaya et al. 2017). The stratified diversity of beans in the ethnic and geographic sense must be understood as a dynamic of mobility of social groups, seeds, technologies, seed conservation networks and market relations, which even determines the displacement or recent abandonment of traditional cultivars, as it has been observed. Conclusion Nominal and phenotypic diversity provide strong evidence for the dynamics of diversification of common bean from the Amazonian highland rainforest of northeastern Peru, which functions as a hinge between the inter-Andean Marañón Valley and the Amazonian lowlands. Declarations Acknowledgments Thanks to the Programa Nacional de Investigación Científica y Estudios Avanzados (Prociencia) - PE501079155, as well as for the support of the authorities of the Universidad Nacional Agraria La Molina (UNALM), Universidad Nacional de Ucayali (UNU), and Dr. Aquilino García of the Universidad Nacional de San Martín (UNSM). Thanks to Susana Alata, Kareli Herrera, Olsen Carranza, Edbar García, Kelin Rivarola, Gimena Ushiñahua and Mayli Ramos for their support in the laboratory and in the field. We would like to thank all those who provided information for this study, especially Alberto Pizango, Edith Mori, Ernesto Rengifo, Estefita Sangama, Eybis Flores, Felipe Anaya, Flor Tapia, Liz Isuiza, Magna Chichipe, Orlando Amacifuén, Pilar Laucata, Roberto Atamaín, Rosa Sangama and Víctor Tuesta. Ethics Declarations Authorizations or permits. Access E2427734to genetic resources of cultivated species (beans and lima beans) given by Instituto Nacional de Innovación Agraria (INIA, Lima, Perú). Competing Interests. The authors declare no competing interests. Data Availability. The data supporting the results of this study are available upon reasonable request from the research group coordinator: Raúl H. Blas ( [email protected] ). 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Sandoval, J.R., Lacerda, D.R., Acosta, O., Jota, M.S., Robles-Ruiz, P., Salazar-Granara, A., Vieira, P.P.R., Paz-y-Miño, C., Fujita, R., Santos, F.R., and The Genographic Project Consortium. (2016). The Genetic History of Peruvian Quechua-Lamistas and Chankas, Uniparental DNA Patterns among Autochthonous Amazonian and Andean Populations. Annals of Human Genetics 80: 88–101. https://doi.org/10.1111/ahg.12145 Scazzocchio, F. 1981. La conquête des Motilones du Huallaga Central aux XVIIe et XVIIIe siècles. Bulletin de l'Institut Français d'Études Andines 10, (3-4): 99-111. https://doi.org/10.3406/bifea.1981.1541 Scott, M. 2004. Diccionario sharanahua — castellano. Lima, Perú: Instituto Lingüístico de Verano (ILV). Shaver, H. 2008. Diccionario nomatsiguenga - castellano. Lima, Perú: Instituto Lingüístico de Verano (ILV). Shive, I., and L.E. Lindholm. 2021. Diccionario yaminahua — castellano. Lima, Perú: Instituto Lingüístico de Verano (ILV). Smith, R.Ch. 2011. ¿Un sustrato Arawak en los Andes centrales? La historia oral y el espacio histórico cultural Yánesha. In: Por donde hay soplo: estudios amazónicos en los países andinos, eds. Chaumeil, J.-P., Espinosa de Rivero, Ó., and M. Cornejo Ch., 219-254. Lima: Instituto Francés de Estudios Andinos (IFEA). https://doi.org/10.18800/9789972623714 Snell, B.A., Chávez P., I., Cruz K., V., Collantes, A., and J.E. Pereira C. 2011. Diccionario matsigenka – castellano, con índice castellano, notas enciclopédicas y apuntes gramaticales. Lima, Perú: Instituto Lingüístico de Verano (ILV). Spruce, R. 1908. Notes of a botanist on the Amazon and Andes. v.2. London: Macmillan and Co. Limited and A. R. Wallace. Thiesen, W.; Thiesen, E. 2008. Diccionario bora. Lima, Perú: Instituto Lingüístico de Verano (ILV). Torero, A. 1984. El comercio lejano y la difusión del quechua, el caso de Ecuador. Revista Andina (Estudios) 2: 367-402. Torero, A. 1964. Los dialectos quechuas. Anales Científicos de la Universidad Agraria 2(4): 446-478. Tovar N., A., Tovar I., C., Saito D., J., Soto H., A., Regal G., F., Cruz B., Z., Véliz R., C., Vásquez R., P., and G. Rivera C. 2010. Yungas Peruanas, bosques montanos de la vertiente oriental de los Andes del Perú: una perspectiva ecorregional de conservación. Lima, Perú: Universidad Nacional Agraria La Molina, Centro de Datos para la Conservación (CDC). Tuggy, J. 2008. Vocabulario candoshi de Loreto. Lima, Perú: Instituto Lingüístico de Verano (ILV). Vallejos Y., R., and R. Amías M. 2015. Diccionario Kukama-Kukamiria - Castellano. Iquitos, Perú: Programa de Formación de Maestros Bilingües de la Amazonía Peruana (Formabiap). Vásquez, J., Vilca-Valqui, N.C., Malqui, R., Fernández, E., Duarez, E., and R. Ayala. 2024. Caracterización agromorfológica de accesiones de Phaseolus spp., en la región Amazonas, Perú. Bioagro 36(2): 129 - 142. http://www.doi.org/10.51372/bioagro362.1 Voysest, O. 1983. Variedades de frijol en América Latina y su origen. Cali, Colombia: Centro Internacional de Agricultura Tropical. Weller, J.L., Schoor, J.K.V., Perez-Wright, E.C., Hecht, V., González, A.M., Capel, C., Yuste-Lisbona , F.J., Lozano, R., and M. Santalla. 2019. Parallel origins of photoperiod adaptation following dual domestications of common bean. Journal of Experimental Botany 70 (4): 1209–1219. https://doi.org/10.1093/jxb/ery455 Wise, M.R. 2008a. Diccionario amahuaca. Lima, Perú: Instituto Lingüístico de Verano (ILV). Wise, M.R. 2008b. Diccionario piro (yine), tokanchi gikshijikowaka-steno. Lima, Perú: Instituto Lingüístico de Verano (ILV). Wise, M.R. 2008c. Rimaycuna, quechua de Huánuco, diccionario del quechua del Huallaga. Lima, Perú: Instituto Lingüístico de Verano (ILV). Zariquiey, R. 2018. Etnobiología del pueblo kakataibo, una aproximación desde la documentación de lenguas. Lima, Perú: Pontificia Universidad Católica del Perú (PUCP). Tables Table 1 . Qualitative values assigned to morphological traits of 56 common bean records Morphological traits Assigned classes GH- Growth habit Determinate I (1), indeterminate II (2), indeterminate III (3), indeterminate IV (4). FCW- Flower: color wings White (1), lilac (3), dark lilac (7). FCS- Flower: color standard White (1), lilac (3), white with lilac edge (4), dark lilac with purple out edge (6), purple (9). SST- Seed shape type Rounded (1), oval (2), cuboid (3), kidney shaped (4), truncate elongated (5). SCP- Seed coat pattern Absent (0), constant mottled (1); striped (2), rhomboid spotted (3), speckled (4), circular mottling (5), marginal color pattern (6), broad stripped (7), bicolor (8), spotted bicolor (9), pattern around hilum (10), other (tricolor) (11). SB- Seed brilliance Matt (3), medium (5), shiny (7). ASV- Aparent seed veining Absent (0), present (1). PSCC- Predominant seed coat color SSCC- Secondary seed coat color Black (1), pale to dark (2), maroon (3), grey, brownish to greenish (4), yellow to greenish yellow (5), pale-cream to beige (6), pure white (7), whitish (8), white, purple tinged (9), green to olive (11), red (12), pink (13), purple (14), other (15). Table 2 . Generic terms and local names probably specific to common beans in the vocabulary of different Amazonian groups by biome of the Peruvian Amazon basin, according to bibliographic references and direct sources. Inter-Andean valley of Marañón (IAM) Ethnically mixed (Spanish-speaking) Generic (gen.): frejol, frijol, poroto. Specific (sp.): ashpa, bidón, blanco, caballero, cambio-90, cápsula-rojo, crema, cuarentón, cumbeño, garrapata, grande, huevo-de-pajarito, huevo-de-paloma, manteca, manteca-bayo, mantequilla, panamito blanco, panamito-blanco-de-la-Sierra, pardo, patas-arriba, percala, red-kidney, rosado, sesentón, shingo, tabaquero, tumba-maíz. Sólo en registros bibliográficos (Minagri 2016): jacinto-INIA, kori Inti, amarillo-tarapoto, gloriabamba, rojo moteado. Highland Rainforest (HRF) Ethnically mixed (Spanish-speaking, possibly bilingual) Gen. Frejol, frijol, poroto. Sp. Alubia, amarillo, amarillo-tarapoto, ashpa, a.-amarillo, ashpa-blanco, a.-rayado, ashpilla, bayito, bayo, b.-costeño, blanco, b.-alargado, burra(o), caballero, canario, c.-pardo, cápsula-blanco, c.-rojo, chaucha, ch.-amarillo, ch.-anaranjado, ch.-blanco, ch.-blanco moteado, ch.-crema, ch.-pardo, ch.-rayado, chinto, chuncho, culisho, garrapata, guindo, huasca, huevo-de-paloma, jaén, kori-inti, leche, manteca, m. de pintas rojas, murucha, nativo, norteño, pajatino, panamito blanco, p. blanco-de-la-Sierra, pardo, pinto, p. de-la-Sierra, p. negro, p. sampedrano, pozuzo-negro, reclina, red-kidney, región, rojo, r.-moteado, rosado, rundo, sangre-de-toro, sesentón, shingo, ucayalino, vaquita, vaquita-blanco-con-negro. Kichwa-lamas (Llakwash) Gen. Purutu. Sp. Allpa, a. plomo, a. rojo, allpisho, awisho, a. rosado, bola, bolasho, caucho, crema, dyuspa barban, huallaguino, jaén (haín), ninaporoto, n. hembra, n. macho, panamito, p. crema, p. hembra, p. macho, p. negro, p. rojo, pardo, vaca-paleta, waska , wayrurillu, wayruru. Quechua Huánuco Gen. Purutu, pushpu (Wise 2008c). Sp. Pushpu; unchoj (Minam 2021). Awajún Gen. Bíik. Sp. Tintiígkumaj, tintiígkumja, kíntui o kintúi (Antunce et al. 2020). Pabau-pae. Shuar - Wampis Gen. Miik, miikan (Jakway 2008), mi. Sp. Pamau-pae. Yánesha Gen. Choch. Sp. Anaco's, arbesh, arotachech, cocach, macal, me'jore' (sin. panamito), tasoreñche', tasoreñch, anarrllom, arrorrollem, ashafeclle', coñohuollem, huaquechlloiñ, maruafeque', moncnalleñt, o'sbecllellame', patsetsech, po'panallem, puepecho'panallem, sellom, shemashrelleñt, shenfepaque', fenfapaque', fopllotñ, l'olfap, tso'po'yellem, entatoque' (Duff-Tripp 2008). Yine Gen. Poroto, porotoji. Sp. Malopu (Wise 2008b). Asháninka Gen. Porotoki. Sp. Machaaki tsamirimentiaki, amatseeriki (Kindberg 2008). Matsigenka Gen. Mároro, poroto. Sp. Achéroki, chamiripenki, ishatyapenki mantsóntsori o matsóntsori, mániro o maniroshatapenki o shátatsi (Snell et al. 2011). Nomatsi-guenga Gen. Maroro. Sp. Tsetséroki (Shaver 2008). Amazonian lowland (ALL) Ethnically mixed (Spanish-speaking) Gen. Frijol, frejol, poroto. Sp. Allpa, cambio, huallaguino, huasca, pajatino, pindaíto, ucayalino, vaca paleta. Shawi Gen. Makira. Sp. Nonin makira, hua´yan makira (Hart 2008). Shiwilo-Jebero Gen. Makila (Careojano et al. 2013) Achuar-Shiwiar Gen. Miik. Sp. Númpenkam o numpá miik (Fast et al. 2008). Candoshi-Shapra Gen. Miika (Tuggy 2008). Shipibo Gen. Poroto (Loriot et al 2008). Kakataibo Gen. Purutu. Sp. Purutu (Zariquiey 2018). Amahuaca Gen. Poróto (Wise 2008a). Yaminahua Gen. Poroto, porotonõ. Sp. Maropei o maropeinĩ (Shive and Lindholm 2021). Sharanahua Gen. Maropa, maropan, poroto, porotonun (Scott 2004). Chamicuro Gen. Mapolooto (Parker et al. 2008). Kukama-kukamiria Gen. Purutu (Vallejos y Amías 2015). Yagua Gen. Purutu (Powlison 2008). Bora Gen. Booróto, frijóo, boróóto (Thiesen y Thiesen 2008). Ticuna Gen. Purutu (Anderson y Anderson 2017). Ocaína Gen. Poróótyo (Leach 2008). Secoya Gen. Purutu (Piaguaje et al. 1996). Table 3 Evaluated seed samples of common beans from the Peruvian Amazon basin. Preliminary identities (code and main name-CMN), synonyms and sample size of each (F) have been indicated. CMN Synonyms F CMN Synonyms F 1-Allpa Allpisho, ashpa 75 51-Manteca Pinto, m. de pintas rojas 14 2-Allpa Allpa rojo 9 52-Mantequilla 9 3-Allpa Allpa plomo 1 53-Mocho 1 5-9-Ashpa 15 54-Ninaporoto 7 10-Ashpa A. amarillo, blanco, rayado, chaucha-blanco, ch. rayado 4 55-Ninaporoto N. hembra, ninapanamito hembra 2 11-Ashpilla 15 56-Ninaporoto Ninaporoto macho 1 12-Awisho A. rosado, huasca-rosado 8 57-Norteño 21 13-Awisho 20 58-Panamito Chinto, p. hembra 82 14-Awisho Awisho claro 6 59-Panamito Panamito macho 11 15-Awisho Awisho negro 2 60-Panamito Panamito hembra 6 16-Bayito Bayo, bayo costeño 11 61-Panamito Panamito blanco 7 18-19-Blanco Caballero 15 62-Panamito Panamito negro 2 20-Bolasho Bola, huallaguino, huasca, purutu, ucayalino. 9 63-Panamito Panamito rojo 14 21-Burra Burro 3 64-Pardo Crema, cambio, jaén 19 23-27-Canario 33 67-Pindaíto 1 28-Canario Canario pardo 3 68-Pinto 44 29-Cápsula Cápsula-blanco 6 69-Pinto Pinto de la Sierra 6 30-Cápsula Alubia, c. blanco alargado 5 70-Pinto negro 7 31-Cápsula C. rojo, cuarentón, red kidney, rosado, sesentón 14 71-Pinto sampedrino 9 32-Chaucha Nativo, unchoj, pushpu, ashpa 27 72-Pozuzo negro 17 33-Chaucha Chaucha-amarillo 2 73-Región Huanuqueño, regional 8 34-Chaucha Chaucha-anaranjado 2 74-Rojo Guindo, reclina, red kidney 17 35-Chaucha Blanco moteado 1 75-Rojo Rojo moteado 1 36-Chaucha Chaucha crema 1 76-Sangre de toro 2 37-Chaucha Chaucha-pardo 2 77-Shingo 36 38-Chuncho 9 78-Tabaquero 2 39-Crema Cambio, jaén, pardo 26 79-Tumba-maíz 1 40-Cumbeño 2 80-Vaca paleta Malopu, pab(m)au-bae, pajatino, vaca-valisho 14 42-Garrapata 61 81-Vaquita Murucha, blanco-negro 7 44-Grande 18 82-Waska Huallaguino*, huasca, purutu, ucayalino* 120 45-Huevo de paloma Blanco de la Sierra, huevo de pajarito 1 83-Wayrurillo Huasca, purutu, culisho 14 47-Leche 6 84-Wayruro Huasca, purutu. 10 48-49-Manteca 13 Records without seeds 7 50-Manteca-bayo 2 Not determined 18 * The nominals "huallaguino" and "ucayalino" were identified as different phenotypes by Voysest (1983). 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Spanish speakers in the HRF are divided into three subgroups: Northern (NSS), Central (CSS), and Southern (SSS). Riverside population is related to ALL. The lines indicate the referential position of the 24 ethnic groups, in parentheses the number of specific lexical items.\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"Figure1.ResearchareashowingthelocationofthreebiomesIAMHRFALLandtheKichwaCentralHuallagasubsampleKCHwithintheHRF..jpeg","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-6559733/v1/66eedbfa8d6e269e8b858927.jpeg"},{"id":84475397,"identity":"00fe2124-3b59-4c64-b7ec-cea02199eba5","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-06-12 11:20:33","extension":"png","order_by":2,"title":"Figure 2","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":389113,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eNominal richness for common beans in the Peruvian Amazon basin. A) Relative frequency of specific lexical units by evaluated zone. B) Frequency of specific lexical units by main contributing ethnic groups: Northern Spanish-speaking (NSS), Kichwa of Central Huallaga (CH), Yánesha, Central Spanish-speaking (CSS).\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"Figure2.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-6559733/v1/6f7b47c5232a4a93bf5eb4d8.png"},{"id":84475398,"identity":"47471a33-b3d4-4663-af16-9ecd1ac80937","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-06-12 11:20:33","extension":"jpeg","order_by":3,"title":"Figure 3","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":392671,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eSome representatives of the evaluated set of phenotype entities: 1-Allpa, 2-Allpa-rojo; 3-Allpa-plomo; 11-Ashpilla; 12-Awisho-rosa; 16-Bayito; 19-Blanco; 20-Bolasho; 21-Burra; 23-Canario; 25-Canario; 26-Canario; 29-Cápsula-blanco; 31-Cápsula-roja; 33-Chaucha-amarillo; 36-Chaucha-crema; 38-Chuncho; 39-Crema; 42-Garrapata; 51-Manteca; 54-Ninaporoto; 57-Norteño; 61-Panamito-blanco; 63-Panamito rojo; 64-Panamito-pardo; 71-Pinto-sampedrino; 72- Pozuzo-negro; 73-Región; 74-Rojo; 77-Shingo; 80-Vaca paleta; 82-Waska; 83-Wayrurillo; 84-Wayruro; “chaucha” not compared (N.C.).\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"Figure3.Somerepresentativesoftheevaluatedsetofphenotypeentities.jpeg","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-6559733/v1/a92e15cbe655416319ab4795.jpeg"},{"id":84475399,"identity":"0aba8fb2-3c15-4441-902b-884c5fc4e989","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-06-12 11:20:33","extension":"png","order_by":4,"title":"Figure 4","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":9389764,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eHierarchical cluster diagram (linkage “ward”, agglomeration coefficient 0.908) of 56 common bean records according to the convergence of nine phenotypic characters: Growth habit (GH), flower-color wings (FCW), flower-color standard (FCS), seed shape type (SST), seed coat pattern (SCP), seed brilliance (SB), apparent seed veining (ASV), predominant seed coat color (PSCC) and secondary seed coat color (SSCC).\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"Figure4.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-6559733/v1/38aebb259fedc8dbdbb8426e.png"},{"id":105032973,"identity":"ebab537e-b170-4e42-b9d8-234fbc159040","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2026-03-20 07:08:04","extension":"pdf","order_by":0,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"manuscript-pdf","size":11520649,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"manuscript.pdf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-6559733/v1/ef2d936d-5c79-49a2-8964-33a741b6a646.pdf"}],"financialInterests":"No competing interests reported.","formattedTitle":"Approaching the ethnographic, nominal and phenotypic evidence of a geographical zone of high diversification of the common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) in the Amazonian northeastern Peru","fulltext":[{"header":"Introduction","content":"\u003cp\u003eCommon bean (\u003cem\u003ePhaseolus vulgaris\u003c/em\u003e L.) is a traditional crop of the Americas with undeniable economic and nutritional importance. The domestication history of the common bean, which is shared with four other species in the genus (Ch\u0026aacute;vez \u003cspan citationid=\"CR9\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2018\u003c/span\u003e), dates back approximately eight millennia (Weller et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR54\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2019\u003c/span\u003e). Despite controversies about the center of origin and diversification of this crop (Bitocchi et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR6\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2012\u003c/span\u003e; Frascarelli et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR18\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2025\u003c/span\u003e; Rend\u0026oacute;n-Anaya et al. 2017), two main gene pools are considered: Mesoamerican and Andean, in addition to an intermediate group that is considered the ancestor of the previous ones (Kami et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR25\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1995\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThere is a lack of knowledge about the diversity of \u003cem\u003ePhaseolus vulgaris\u003c/em\u003e in Peru: the available research has focused on the Andean region, mainly the Cordillera Occidental. (Bitocchi et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR6\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2012\u003c/span\u003e; Chac\u0026oacute;n et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR8\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2007\u003c/span\u003e; Debouck et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR13\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1993\u003c/span\u003e; Frascarelli et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR18\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2025\u003c/span\u003e; Kami et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR25\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1995\u003c/span\u003e; Rend\u0026oacute;n-Anaya et al. 2017). The official baseline (Minam 2021) consigned a nominal richness of 73 records for the three natural regions of the country (Costa, Sierra, and Selva), whereas another source (Minagri 2016) reported 27 commercial bean classes linked to 73 cultivars, with fewer than 30% of the records related to the Amazon region. The insufficiency of genetic research and the high phenotypic variability of the common bean, determined by the interaction of genes and environmental temperatures (Parker et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR33\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2024\u003c/span\u003e), represent limitations, especially in a context where local gene pools lack a referential repository and where conservation depends on the continuity of traditional practices of specific ethnographic groups.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAs a preliminary initiative to contribute to an adequate framework for studies on the diversity of \u003cem\u003ePhaseolus vulgaris\u003c/em\u003e in the region, this research asked about the relationship between ethnographic - nominal evidence with the phenotypic diversity of common bean in the varied geography of the Peruvian Amazon basin; having as a working hypothesis that linguistic and cultural traits reflect the current link between human groups and the diversification process in a given highly phenotypically diverse place. In this sense, a multidisciplinary approach was proposed to understand the patterns of nominal and phenotypic diversity of common bean in three biomes of the Peruvian Amazon.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Materials and Methods","content":"\u003cp\u003eThe study focused on two major biomes in the Peruvian Amazon: the highland rainforest (HRF) and the Amazonian lowland (ALL). The HRF consisted of the Peruvian Yungas ecoregion (Tovar et al. 2010), in a variable range from 600 to 3,800 masl (Minam 2019), and the Sub-Andean Belt, which includes the secondary foothills of the Cordillera Oriental (Gil 2002) down to 220 masl, where the ALL begins. In addition, two smaller areas were considered: the dry ecosystems of Central Huallaga (KCH, 220 to 1,200 masl, within the HRF) and the narrow strip of the Inter-Andean Marañón Valley (450–2,400 masl) (IAM) (outside the HRF) (Figure 1).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eBased on the review of the lexicons of 24 ethnic groups, the nominal vocabulary related to the common bean was identified. Between October 2022 and August 2024, information on the nominals and bean culture was collected from 178 ethnically mixed Spanish-speaking, Yánesha, Kichwa-Lamas (KCH), Shipibo, and Shuar-Awajún growers in four sections of the HRF (North, KCH, Center, and South), the IAM, and the ALL. In parallel, 957 seed samples of \u003cem\u003eP. vulgaris\u003c/em\u003e were collected and deposited in duplicate in the germplasm bank of UNALM-FA-PL and UNSM-FCA. A sub-sample of 56 ecotypes was planted and evaluated at three sites in the Department of San Martin: Tarapoto (-6.4647° S, -76.3521°, alt. 403 masl), Lamas (-6.4176°, -76.5119°, alt. 754 masl) and Juliampampa (-6.4359, -76.3303, alt. 927 masl).\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eA contrastive analysis of the lexical units was carried out according to the available information to identify the generic and specific names and the nomenclature applied to possible varieties of \u003cem\u003eP. vulgaris\u003c/em\u003e, distinguishing the records corresponding to other species. Discordances between phenotypic units according to growth habit (CIAT 2012) and eight morphological descriptors (IBPGR 1982) of the subsample (Table 1) were determined using the \u003cem\u003ehammingdists\u003c/em\u003e {\u003cem\u003ecultevo\u003c/em\u003e} function in R, and the clustering method (highest agglomeration coefficient) for convergence of phenotypic traits was validated. Nominal and phenotypic richness were compared. Jaccard’s dissimilarity index (vegdist {vegan} in R) was used to determine preliminary patterns of geographic distribution of the set of phenotypic units.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Results","content":"\u003cp\u003eThe HRF was the richest (75.6%) of a recorded set of 152 lexical units related to \u003cem\u003eP. vulgaris\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003e(Table 2), in contrast to the IAM (16.4%) and to the ALL (8.0%) (X\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e= 183, df= 2, p-value \u0026lt; 2.2e\u003csup\u003e-16\u003c/sup\u003e) (Figure 2A). The Northern Spanish-speaking (NSS) group presented the highest richness of nominal records, followed by the Kichwa-Lamas (KCH), the Yánesha and the Central Spanish-speaking (CCS) (X\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e= 68.2, df= 3, p-value \u0026lt; 1.041e\u003csup\u003e-14\u003c/sup\u003e) (Figure 2B).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe concordance of 74% of the lexical units with the identity of common bean was verified, while the remaining terms referred to other species or genera. No records of native beans corresponding to their nominal names were found in the Yánesha territory. The Spanish-speaking populations of the IAM-HRF and Kichwa in the KCH showed a rich tradition of growing and eating \u003cem\u003eP. vulgaris\u003c/em\u003e and \u003cem\u003eP. lunatus\u003c/em\u003e, as well as cultivated or wild \u003cem\u003eP. polyanthus\u003c/em\u003e (the latter in the Yungas and IAM). The Kichwa lamas of San Martin presented the only record of the use of a type of bean (waska) as a supplemental food source to treat menstrual pain and anemia.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eHuman groups with greater nominal abundance have also shown a remarkable variety of nomenclatural systems related to the beans. The criteria used, mainly descriptive, allude to certain developmental characteristics, the production cycle, the form of consumption, the origin and the phenotype of the seed, as follows:\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cul\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eThe shrubby (I, II) or indeterminate semi-climbing (III) growth habit was indicated by the Quechua words \"allpa/ ashpa\" (lit. \"ground\"), corresponding to \"sentado\" or \"tyacho\" (lit. \"sitting\") (Minam 2021), in the IAM, HRF-North, and KCH populations.\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eThe Amazonian populations in general used the Kichwa word \"waska/ huasca\" (lit. \"rope\") to indicate the indeterminate climbing habit (IV) as opposed to \"allpa\"; in the same way, the Shawi (Cahuapanas) distinguished the type \"nonin makira\" (lit. \"climbing bean”) from \"nara makira\" (lit. \"tree-bean”, exotic, different from \u003cem\u003ePhaseolus\u003c/em\u003e). In addition, the Kichwa-Lamas use the \"macho-hembra\" (male-female) dichotomy, also applied to other plant species, to distinguish the shrubby determinate type (I) from the indeterminate (usually III or IV).\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eNominals alluding to the productive cycle time: \"cuarentón\" (40 days), \"sesentón\" (60 days).\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eThe Quechua term \"chaucha\" (lit. \"raw\") in the IAM and HRF was equivalent to \"llullu\" (lit. Kichwa-Lamas \"unripe\" in KCH) and usually referred to beans that were essentially eaten fresh. However, the word was also used to refer to varieties regardless of how they were consumed. Other names, such as \"manteca\" and \"mantequilla,\" allude to cooking properties.\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eModern, typical, or foreign cultivars among indigenous populations may be referred to by demonyms (e.g. cumbeño, panamito, sampedrino in HRF, huallaguino in KCH, ucayalino in ALL), proper names (jaén-haín), or possessive terms such as \"hua'yan makira\" (lit. Shawi \"mestizo bean\" in ALL).\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eDescriptors based on phenotypic characteristics of the seed were the most common, referring to size (e.g. \"grande\", lit. \"big\"), seed shape (e.g. \"wayruro\", \"bolasho\" in KCH, \"huevo de paloma\", lit. \"pigeon's egg\" in IAM - HRF) or the color of the seed coat (e.g. \"sangre de toro\", lit. \"bull's blood\" in SSS; nina- lit.Kichwa \"candle\" in KCH; \"númpenkam, numpá miik\", lit. Achuar-shiwiar \"red bean\"; \"blanco\" for white, \"canario\" lit. \"canary\" for yellow; or \"reclina\" as a Spanish derivation from the nominal \"red kidney\"). The pattern of the seed coat was indicated by descriptive adjectives (e.g., \"rayado\" for striped, \"tintiígkumaj\" for spotted in Awajún) or by allegories inspired by nature, the most extensive and common being that of stripes or broad stripes alluding to the flanks of the calf of the tapir or \"sacha-vaca\" (\u003cem\u003eTapirus terrestris\u003c/em\u003e): \"vaca-paleta\", \"pabau-pae\" (Awajún), \"pamáu-pae\" (Shuar), also known as \"malopu\" in the Yine language. In the same sense, the nominal \"awisho\" (Kichwa-Lamas) is derived from the noun \"awiwa\", an edible lepidopteran larva (\u003cem\u003eBrassolis sophorae\u003c/em\u003e) with colored stripes along its body. In addition, in the Ashaninka and Matsigenka languages, nominals alluding to the claws of the jaguar were often applied to seeds or, in some cases, to the pigmentation of the pods. Among the Matsigenka, the suffix forms \"-penki/-venki\" were used to classify varieties or species of legumes according to the length or thickness of the pods (Snell et al. 2011).\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003c/ul\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAccording to the lexical units, 84 phenotypic types of beans were tentatively identified, in addition to 18 records of seeds whose local name could not be confirmed (Table 3). The nominal diversity was consistent with the diversity of phenotypic types by territorial (r ≈ 1, t = 167, df = 1, p-value = 0.0038) and linguistic domains evaluated (r = 0.9725, t = 5.9045, df = 2, p-value = 0.0275).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe 56 phenotypic units evaluated in the field presented three main groups and an internal grouping that converged in 60.7% of the cases in eight \"traditional arrangements\" of phenotypic and nominal communities, that is, a set of different phenotypes sown together by the locals (Figure 4): \"capsula-blanca\" (29, 30; HRF-North/IAM, 800 - 1,500 masl); \"allpa\" (1, 2, 3; KCH, 220 - 1,100 masl, HRF-North, 700 - 1,500 masl); \"ashpa\" (5-9; IAM, 1,300 - 1,900 masl); \"awisho\" (12-15; KCH/ HRF-North, 500 - 1,200 masl); \"manteca\" (48, 49, 51; HRF-North/IAM, 1,400 - 2,200 masl); \"panamito\" (56, 58, 60, 63; KCH, 220 - 900 masl), \"pinto\" (68, 71; HRF-North, 1,400 - 1,800 masl), and \"waska\" (20, 54, 82-84; KCH/ALL, 180 - 1,100 masl). The \"canaries\" presented binary groupings (23, 25/ 26, 27) in distinct clusters, while the \"pinto complex\" included additional unevaluated elements growing at different elevations.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe Jaccard’s dissimilarity index showed the affinity between the phenotypic diversity of the beans from the Northeast, expressed in a gradient of change of the phenotypic set from the Andean zones towards the humid forest and the dry forest of Central Huallaga, and an extension of the varieties from this zone towards the Amazonian plain (Figure 5).\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eSeventy-eight percent of respondents expressed the perception of a progressive increase in pressure from one or more of the limiting factors: nutrients, water and sanitation, which has motivated the massive use of chemical inputs, new technologies and the adoption of short-cycle cultivars that are more tolerant to heat. In a retrospective sense, the Kichwa lamas below 600 masl said have replaced their traditional cultivars by others with shorter cycle, such as 11-Ashpilla, 39-Crema, 42-Garrapata, 58-Panamito, and 64-Pardo (jaén). They were also planted in rainfed or irrigated areas in the warm temperate zone of the Utcubamba Valley. Awajún, Shuar-Wampis, Shawi and Yánesha, which pointed out that in the last four decades, commercial crops such as rice, cacao and coffee, as well as the arrival by road of beans cheaper than the locals, discouraged their own productive of native beans.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Discussion","content":"\u003cp\u003eThe geographic patterns of nominal bean diversity suggest a relative historical stability in the spatial distribution of people associated with the bean culture, as well as the effect of ecological and possibly technological constraints. Consistent with this assumption, nominal diversity among Andean and Amazonian HRF populations showed a strong predominance of compositions, derivations, and grammatical constructions with local Quechua contributions from the Cajamarcan (IIA - IAM), Chachapoyan (IIB - HRF North), San Martin or Llakwash (IIB - KCH) (Doherty et al. 2007), Huanuqueña (Type I - HRF Center), and the branch of IIC Quechua in the same area and further south (Torero 1964, Adelaar 2013). In the northern area (IAM-HRF), both the Spanish-speaking and Kichwa populations of the KCH subsample showed a deep-rooted tradition of growing and feeding on \u003cem\u003eP. vulgaris\u003c/em\u003e and other \u003cem\u003ePhaseolus\u003c/em\u003e species. The phenotypic, nominal and nomenclatural similarities between the unique records of KHC and IAM (allpa - ashpa) could be an important clue in the study of the origin or relationships between these gene pools, assuming as possible the introduction of bean varieties from IAM (Cajamarca) by people arriving in Lamas at the end of the 19th century (Scazzocchio 1981) or earlier, considering that already in 1857 Spruce (1908) observed the \"indispensable\" cultivation of beans in the vicinity of the same locality.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eIn the HRF- Center, the total number of recognized names among the Spanish-speaking and Quechua populations was exceeded by the nominal richness of the Yánesha, as evidenced by 28 recorded vocabularies (Figure 2B), despite the lack of local bean samples. This fact would support the hypothesis of Smith (2011) and other researchers regarding the greater antiquity of the proto-Yánesha with respect to their close Arawak neighbors and the geographic positioning of this group between the highland rainforest and the inter-Andean valleys, towards the western and eastern flanks of the Andes. This historical relationship of the Yánesha to the diversity of \u003cem\u003eP. vulgaris\u003c/em\u003e is also indicated by elements of their cosmovision in relation to the female deity Yo'ch choch, ruler of the invisible world \"patser\" (\"this world, here\", intermediate between the worlds above and below) (Delgado 1999).\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe valleys of Utcubamba (geographically related to the IAM) and Central Huallaga are typical transition zones from the sub-Andean belt to the Amazonian plain; where traditional bean cultivation tactics, consisting of forest clearing in the mountains and hills, with or without slash-and-burn, or in association with maize cultivation, are gradually being replaced by riparian systems dependent on the seasonal fluvial dynamics of the ALL, represented by the model of riverbank and alluvial planting practiced by the Shipibo-Conibo in the Ucayali, for example (Bergman 1990, Collado-Panduro and Alegre-Horihuela 2020). Despite the change in technological tactics, the pressure of environmental factors on the adaptive response of the bean may have determined the decrease in the nominal and phenological diversity of the bean towards the Amazonian plain. This seems to be confirmed by the presence of intermediate zones where the peoples with greater historical mobility between the HRF and the ALL (e.g. Shawi, Awajún, Shuar-Wampís, Yine, Asháninka, Matsigenka and Nomatsiguenga) (Ribeiro and 2008) have been able to preserve their own idiomatic lexical units.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe wide diffusion of the Kichwa generic name “purutu” (fon. poroto) among several indigenous peoples of the ALL, coinciding with the absence of specific denominations, seems to constitute strong evidence for the exogenous origin of bean cultivation in these lands, at least in a relatively modern period. The variants of Quechua –which have influenced Amazonian languages since the pre-Hispanic period, either through geographical proximity, territorial conquest, or exchange relationships (Smith 2011, Torero 1984)– received a great boost and geographical massification when they were used as official languages in the catechizing missions of the Viceroyalty in Amazonia (Scazzocchio 1981, Torero 1984). In this process, it is worth considering the participation of the Kichwa-Lamas, who originated from the reduction of the Central Huallaga peoples in the 17th century (Sandoval et al. 2016, Scazzocchio 1981), whose recognized vassalage (Barclay 2001) provided favorable conditions for their dispersal throughout Amazonia. However, the spread of the generic \"purutu\" in the ALL should not be linked to the use of the Quechua language, since, as suggested by Chirif (2021), certain Quechua nouns have been assimilated into the speech of different ethnic groups in the Amazonian lowlands.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe hypothesis of a geographic axis driving the diversification of common bean in the Yungas of northeastern Peru has been supported by linguistic, cultural, historical and ecological-technological evidence, but also by evidence of phenotypic variability of seed types, complexes and communities in this work, in concordance with local research in the IAM-HRF (Vásquez et al. 2024). The next genetic study will contribute to elucidate a more precise measure of the diversity involved. This geographical axis, dominated by the Cordillera Oriental, contributes to confirm the importance of the northern Peruvian - Ecuadorian region as a center of diversification of the genus \u003cem\u003ePhaseolus\u003c/em\u003e (Bitocchi et al. 2012, Debouck et al. 1993, Frascarelli et al. 2025, Minam 2021, Rendón-Anaya et al. 2017).\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe stratified diversity of beans in the ethnic and geographic sense must be understood as a dynamic of mobility of social groups, seeds, technologies, seed conservation networks and market relations, which even determines the displacement or recent abandonment of traditional cultivars, as it has been observed.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\n"},{"header":"Conclusion","content":"\u003cp\u003eNominal and phenotypic diversity provide strong evidence for the dynamics of diversification of common bean from the Amazonian highland rainforest of northeastern Peru, which functions as a hinge between the inter-Andean Marañón Valley and the Amazonian lowlands.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Declarations","content":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAcknowledgments\u003c/strong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThanks to the Programa Nacional de Investigaci\u0026oacute;n Cient\u0026iacute;fica y Estudios Avanzados (Prociencia) - PE501079155, as well as for the support of the authorities of the Universidad Nacional Agraria La Molina (UNALM), Universidad Nacional de Ucayali (UNU), and Dr. Aquilino Garc\u0026iacute;a of the Universidad Nacional de San Mart\u0026iacute;n (UNSM). Thanks to Susana Alata, Kareli Herrera, Olsen Carranza, Edbar Garc\u0026iacute;a, Kelin Rivarola, Gimena Ushi\u0026ntilde;ahua and Mayli Ramos for their support in the laboratory and in the field. We would like to thank all those who provided information for this study, especially Alberto Pizango, Edith Mori, Ernesto Rengifo, Estefita Sangama, Eybis Flores, Felipe Anaya, Flor Tapia, Liz Isuiza, Magna Chichipe, Orlando Amacifu\u0026eacute;n, Pilar Laucata, Roberto Atama\u0026iacute;n, Rosa Sangama and V\u0026iacute;ctor Tuesta.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eEthics Declarations\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAuthorizations or permits.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003eAccess E2427734to genetic resources of cultivated species (beans and lima beans) given by Instituto Nacional de Innovaci\u0026oacute;n Agraria (INIA, Lima, Per\u0026uacute;).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eCompeting Interests.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003eThe authors declare no competing interests.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eData Availability.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003eThe data supporting the results of this study are available upon reasonable request from the research group coordinator: Ra\u0026uacute;l H. Blas ([email protected]). The full data set is not publicly available, as research is ongoing at the genetic and phenotypic trait level.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"References","content":"\u003col\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eAdelaar, W.F.H. 2013. Quechua I y Quechua II, en defensa de una distinci\u0026oacute;n establecida. Revista Brasileira de Ling\u0026uuml;\u0026iacute;stica Antropol\u0026oacute;gica 5: 45-65. https://doi.org/10.26512/rbla.v5i1.16542 \u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eAnderson, D., and L. Anderson. 2017. Diccionario ticuna \u0026mdash; castellano. Lima, Per\u0026uacute;: Instituto Ling\u0026uuml;\u0026iacute;stico de Verano (ILV). \u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eAntunce P., P., Esash S., E., Paz S., I., Tiwi P., F., Uwarai Y., A., and M.J. Regan. 2020. Diccionario awaj\u0026uacute;n-castellano, castellano-awaj\u0026uacute;n, awaj\u0026uacute;n ch\u0026iacute;cham ap\u0026aacute;chnaujai. 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Parallel origins of photoperiod adaptation following dual domestications of common bean. Journal of Experimental Botany 70 (4): 1209\u0026ndash;1219. https://doi.org/10.1093/jxb/ery455 \u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eWise, M.R. 2008a. Diccionario amahuaca. Lima, Per\u0026uacute;: Instituto Ling\u0026uuml;\u0026iacute;stico de Verano (ILV).\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eWise, M.R. 2008b. Diccionario piro (yine), tokanchi gikshijikowaka-steno. Lima, Per\u0026uacute;: Instituto Ling\u0026uuml;\u0026iacute;stico de Verano (ILV). \u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eWise, M.R. 2008c. Rimaycuna, quechua de Hu\u0026aacute;nuco, diccionario del quechua del Huallaga. Lima, Per\u0026uacute;: Instituto Ling\u0026uuml;\u0026iacute;stico de Verano (ILV). \u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eZariquiey, R. 2018. Etnobiolog\u0026iacute;a del pueblo kakataibo, una aproximaci\u0026oacute;n desde la documentaci\u0026oacute;n de lenguas. Lima, Per\u0026uacute;: Pontificia Universidad Cat\u0026oacute;lica del Per\u0026uacute; (PUCP). \u003c/li\u003e\n\u003c/ol\u003e"},{"header":"Tables","content":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTable 1\u003c/strong\u003e. Qualitative values assigned to morphological traits of 56 common bean records \u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ctable border=\"1\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\"\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 161px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eMorphological traits\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 407px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAssigned classes\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 161px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eGH- Growth habit\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 407px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eDeterminate I (1), indeterminate II (2), indeterminate III (3), indeterminate IV (4).\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 161px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eFCW- Flower: color wings\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 407px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eWhite (1), lilac (3), dark lilac (7).\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 161px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eFCS- Flower: color standard\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 407px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eWhite (1), lilac (3), white with lilac edge (4), dark lilac with purple out edge (6), purple (9).\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 161px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSST- Seed shape type\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 407px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eRounded (1), oval (2), cuboid (3), kidney shaped (4), truncate elongated (5).\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 161px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSCP- Seed coat pattern\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 407px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAbsent (0), constant mottled (1); striped (2), rhomboid spotted (3), speckled (4), circular mottling (5), marginal color pattern (6), broad stripped (7), bicolor (8), spotted bicolor (9), pattern around hilum (10), other (tricolor) (11). \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 161px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSB- Seed brilliance\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 407px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMatt (3), medium (5), shiny (7).\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 161px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eASV- Aparent seed veining\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 407px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAbsent (0), present (1).\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 161px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePSCC- Predominant seed coat color\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSSCC- Secondary seed coat color\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 407px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eBlack (1), pale to dark (2), maroon (3), grey, brownish to greenish (4), yellow to greenish yellow (5), pale-cream to beige (6), pure white (7), whitish (8), white, purple tinged (9), green to olive (11), red (12), pink (13), purple (14), other (15).\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n\u003c/table\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTable 2\u003c/strong\u003e. Generic terms and local names probably specific to common beans in the vocabulary of different Amazonian groups by biome of the Peruvian Amazon basin, according to bibliographic references and direct sources.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ctable border=\"1\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\" width=\"100%\"\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 100px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eInter-Andean valley of Mara\u0026ntilde;\u0026oacute;n (IAM)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 15px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eEthnically mixed (Spanish-speaking)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 85px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eGeneric (gen.): frejol, frijol, poroto. Specific (sp.): ashpa, bid\u0026oacute;n, blanco, caballero, cambio-90, c\u0026aacute;psula-rojo, crema, cuarent\u0026oacute;n, cumbe\u0026ntilde;o, garrapata, grande, huevo-de-pajarito, huevo-de-paloma, manteca, manteca-bayo, mantequilla, panamito blanco, panamito-blanco-de-la-Sierra, pardo, patas-arriba, percala, red-kidney, rosado, sesent\u0026oacute;n, shingo, tabaquero, tumba-ma\u0026iacute;z. S\u0026oacute;lo en registros bibliogr\u0026aacute;ficos (Minagri 2016): jacinto-INIA, kori Inti, amarillo-tarapoto, gloriabamba, rojo moteado.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 100px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eHighland Rainforest (HRF)\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 15px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eEthnically mixed (Spanish-speaking, possibly bilingual)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 85px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eGen. Frejol, frijol, poroto. Sp. Alubia, amarillo, amarillo-tarapoto, ashpa, a.-amarillo, ashpa-blanco, a.-rayado, ashpilla, bayito, bayo, b.-coste\u0026ntilde;o, blanco, b.-alargado, burra(o), caballero, canario, c.-pardo, c\u0026aacute;psula-blanco, c.-rojo, chaucha, ch.-amarillo, ch.-anaranjado, ch.-blanco, ch.-blanco moteado, ch.-crema, ch.-pardo, ch.-rayado, chinto, chuncho, culisho, garrapata, guindo, huasca, huevo-de-paloma, ja\u0026eacute;n, kori-inti, leche, manteca, m. de pintas rojas, murucha, nativo, norte\u0026ntilde;o, pajatino, panamito blanco, p. blanco-de-la-Sierra, pardo, pinto, p. de-la-Sierra, p. negro, p. sampedrano, pozuzo-negro, reclina, red-kidney, regi\u0026oacute;n, rojo, r.-moteado, rosado, rundo, sangre-de-toro, sesent\u0026oacute;n, shingo, ucayalino, vaquita, vaquita-blanco-con-negro.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 15px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eKichwa-lamas (Llakwash)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 85px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eGen. Purutu. Sp. Allpa, a. plomo, a. rojo, allpisho, awisho, a. rosado, bola, bolasho, caucho, crema, dyuspa barban, huallaguino, ja\u0026eacute;n (ha\u0026iacute;n), ninaporoto, n. hembra, n. macho, panamito, p. crema, p. hembra, p. macho, p. negro, p. rojo, pardo, vaca-paleta, waska , wayrurillu, wayruru.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 15px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eQuechua Hu\u0026aacute;nuco\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 85px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eGen. Purutu, pushpu (Wise 2008c). Sp. Pushpu; unchoj (Minam 2021).\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 15px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAwaj\u0026uacute;n\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 85px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eGen. B\u0026iacute;ik. Sp. Tinti\u0026iacute;gkumaj, tinti\u0026iacute;gkumja, k\u0026iacute;ntui o kint\u0026uacute;i (Antunce et al. 2020). Pabau-pae.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 15px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eShuar - Wampis\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 85px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eGen. Miik, miikan (Jakway 2008), mi. Sp. Pamau-pae.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 15px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eY\u0026aacute;nesha\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 85px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eGen. Choch. Sp. Anaco\u0026apos;s, arbesh, arotachech, cocach, macal, me\u0026apos;jore\u0026apos; (sin. panamito), tasore\u0026ntilde;che\u0026apos;, tasore\u0026ntilde;ch, anarrllom, arrorrollem, ashafeclle\u0026apos;, co\u0026ntilde;ohuollem, huaquechlloi\u0026ntilde;, maruafeque\u0026apos;, moncnalle\u0026ntilde;t, o\u0026apos;sbecllellame\u0026apos;, patsetsech, po\u0026apos;panallem, puepecho\u0026apos;panallem, sellom, shemashrelle\u0026ntilde;t, shenfepaque\u0026apos;, fenfapaque\u0026apos;, fopllot\u0026ntilde;, l\u0026apos;olfap, tso\u0026apos;po\u0026apos;yellem, entatoque\u0026apos; (Duff-Tripp 2008).\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 15px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eYine\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 85px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eGen. Poroto, porotoji. Sp. Malopu (Wise 2008b).\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 15px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAsh\u0026aacute;ninka\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 85px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eGen. Porotoki. Sp. Machaaki tsamirimentiaki, amatseeriki (Kindberg 2008).\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 15px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMatsigenka\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 85px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eGen. M\u0026aacute;roro, poroto. Sp. Ach\u0026eacute;roki, chamiripenki, ishatyapenki mants\u0026oacute;ntsori o mats\u0026oacute;ntsori, m\u0026aacute;niro o maniroshatapenki o sh\u0026aacute;tatsi (Snell et al. 2011).\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 15px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNomatsi-guenga\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 85px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eGen. Maroro. Sp. Tsets\u0026eacute;roki (Shaver 2008).\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 100px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAmazonian lowland (ALL)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 15px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eEthnically mixed (Spanish-speaking)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 85px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eGen. Frijol, frejol, poroto. Sp. Allpa, cambio, huallaguino, huasca, pajatino, pinda\u0026iacute;to, ucayalino, vaca paleta.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 15px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eShawi\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 85px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eGen. Makira. Sp. Nonin makira, hua\u0026acute;yan makira (Hart 2008).\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 15px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eShiwilo-Jebero\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 85px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eGen. Makila (Careojano et al. 2013)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 15px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAchuar-Shiwiar\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 85px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eGen. Miik. Sp. N\u0026uacute;mpenkam o nump\u0026aacute; miik (Fast et al. 2008).\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 15px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eCandoshi-Shapra\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 85px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eGen. Miika (Tuggy 2008).\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 15px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eShipibo\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 85px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eGen. Poroto (Loriot et al 2008).\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 15px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eKakataibo\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 85px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eGen. Purutu. Sp. Purutu (Zariquiey 2018).\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 15px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAmahuaca\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 85px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eGen. Por\u0026oacute;to (Wise 2008a).\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 15px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eYaminahua\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 85px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eGen. Poroto, poroton\u0026otilde;. Sp. Maropei o maropeinĩ (Shive and Lindholm 2021).\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 15px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSharanahua\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 85px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eGen. Maropa, maropan, poroto, porotonun (Scott 2004).\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 15px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eChamicuro\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 85px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eGen. Mapolooto (Parker et al. 2008).\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 15px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eKukama-kukamiria\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 85px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eGen. Purutu (Vallejos y Am\u0026iacute;as 2015).\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 15px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eYagua\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 85px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eGen. Purutu (Powlison 2008).\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 15px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eBora\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 85px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eGen. Boor\u0026oacute;to, frij\u0026oacute;o, bor\u0026oacute;\u0026oacute;to (Thiesen y Thiesen 2008).\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 15px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eTicuna\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 85px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eGen. Purutu (Anderson y Anderson 2017).\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 15px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eOca\u0026iacute;na\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 85px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eGen. Por\u0026oacute;\u0026oacute;tyo (Leach 2008).\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 15px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSecoya\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 85px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eGen. Purutu (Piaguaje et al. 1996).\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n\u003c/table\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTable 3\u003c/strong\u003e Evaluated seed samples of common beans from the Peruvian Amazon basin. Preliminary identities (code and main name-CMN), synonyms and sample size of each (F) have been indicated.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ctable border=\"0\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\" width=\"100%\" class=\"fr-table-selection-hover\"\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 18px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eCMN\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 25px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eSynonyms\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 4px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eF\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 1px;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 19px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eCMN\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 24px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eSynonyms\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 5px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eF\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 18px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1-Allpa\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 25px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAllpisho, ashpa\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 4px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e75\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 1px;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 19px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e51-Manteca\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 24px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePinto, m. de pintas rojas\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 5px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e14\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 18px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2-Allpa\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 25px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAllpa rojo\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 4px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e9\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 1px;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 43px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e52-Mantequilla\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 5px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e9\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 18px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3-Allpa\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 25px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAllpa plomo\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 4px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 1px;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 19px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e53-Mocho\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 24px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 5px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 18px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5-9-Ashpa\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 25px;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 4px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e15\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 1px;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 19px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e54-Ninaporoto\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 24px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 5px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 18px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e10-Ashpa\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 25px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eA. amarillo, blanco, rayado, chaucha-blanco, ch. rayado\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 4px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 1px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 19px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e55-Ninaporoto\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 24px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eN. hembra, ninapanamito hembra\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 5px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 18px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e11-Ashpilla\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 25px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 4px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e15\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 1px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 19px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e56-Ninaporoto\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 24px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNinaporoto macho\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 5px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 18px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e12-Awisho\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 25px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eA. rosado, huasca-rosado\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 4px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e8\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 1px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 19px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e57-Norte\u0026ntilde;o\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 24px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 5px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e21\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 18px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e13-Awisho\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 25px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 4px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e20\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 1px;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 19px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e58-Panamito\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 24px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eChinto, p. hembra\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 5px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e82\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 18px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e14-Awisho\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 25px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAwisho claro\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 4px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 1px;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 19px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e59-Panamito\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 24px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePanamito macho\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 5px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e11\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 18px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e15-Awisho\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 25px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAwisho negro\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 4px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 1px;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 19px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e60-Panamito\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 24px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePanamito hembra\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 5px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 18px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e16-Bayito\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 25px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eBayo, bayo coste\u0026ntilde;o\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 4px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e11\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 1px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 19px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e61-Panamito\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 24px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePanamito blanco\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 5px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 18px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e18-19-Blanco\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 25px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eCaballero\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 4px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e15\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 1px;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 19px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e62-Panamito\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 24px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePanamito negro\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 5px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 18px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e20-Bolasho\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 25px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eBola, huallaguino, huasca, purutu, ucayalino.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 4px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e9\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 1px;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 19px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e63-Panamito\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 24px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePanamito rojo\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 5px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e14\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 18px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e21-Burra\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 25px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eBurro\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 4px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 1px;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 19px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e64-Pardo\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 24px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eCrema, cambio, ja\u0026eacute;n\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 5px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e19\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 18px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e23-27-Canario\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 25px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 4px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e33\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 1px;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 19px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e67-Pinda\u0026iacute;to\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 24px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 5px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 18px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e28-Canario\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 25px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eCanario pardo\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 4px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 1px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 19px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e68-Pinto\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 24px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 5px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e44\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 18px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e29-C\u0026aacute;psula\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 25px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eC\u0026aacute;psula-blanco\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 4px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 1px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 19px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e69-Pinto\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 24px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePinto de la Sierra\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 5px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 18px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e30-C\u0026aacute;psula\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 25px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAlubia, c. blanco alargado\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 4px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 1px;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 19px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e70-Pinto negro\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 24px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 5px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 18px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e31-C\u0026aacute;psula\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 25px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eC. rojo, cuarent\u0026oacute;n, red kidney, rosado, sesent\u0026oacute;n\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 4px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e14\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 1px;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 43px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e71-Pinto sampedrino\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 5px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e9\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 18px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e32-Chaucha\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 25px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNativo, unchoj, pushpu, ashpa\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 4px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e27\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 1px;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 43px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e72-Pozuzo negro\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 5px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e17\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 18px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e33-Chaucha\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 25px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eChaucha-amarillo\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 4px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 1px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 19px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e73-Regi\u0026oacute;n\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 24px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eHuanuque\u0026ntilde;o, regional\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 5px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e8\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 18px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e34-Chaucha\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 25px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eChaucha-anaranjado\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 4px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 1px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 19px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e74-Rojo\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 24px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eGuindo, reclina, red kidney\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 5px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e17\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 18px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e35-Chaucha\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 25px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eBlanco moteado\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 4px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 1px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 19px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e75-Rojo\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 24px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eRojo moteado\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 5px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 18px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e36-Chaucha\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 25px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eChaucha crema\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 4px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 1px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 43px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e76-Sangre de toro\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 5px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 18px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e37-Chaucha\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 25px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eChaucha-pardo\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 4px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 1px;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 19px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e77-Shingo\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 24px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 5px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e36\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 18px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e38-Chuncho\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 25px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 4px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e9\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 1px;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 19px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e78-Tabaquero\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 24px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 5px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 18px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e39-Crema\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 25px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eCambio, ja\u0026eacute;n, pardo\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 4px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e26\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 1px;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 43px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e79-Tumba-ma\u0026iacute;z\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 5px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 44px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e40-Cumbe\u0026ntilde;o\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 4px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 1px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 19px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e80-Vaca paleta\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 24px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMalopu, pab(m)au-bae, pajatino, vaca-valisho\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 5px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e14\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 44px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e42-Garrapata\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 4px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e61\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 1px;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 19px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e81-Vaquita\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 24px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMurucha, blanco-negro\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 5px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 18px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e44-Grande\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 25px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 4px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e18\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 1px;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 19px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e82-Waska\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 24px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eHuallaguino*, huasca, purutu, ucayalino*\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 5px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e120\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 18px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e45-Huevo de paloma\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 25px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eBlanco de la Sierra, huevo de pajarito\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 4px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 1px;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 19px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e83-Wayrurillo\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 24px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eHuasca, purutu, culisho\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 5px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e14\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 18px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e47-Leche\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 25px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 4px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 1px;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 19px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e84-Wayruro\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 24px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eHuasca, purutu.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 5px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e10\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 44px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e48-49-Manteca\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 4px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e13\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 1px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 43px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eRecords without seeds\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 5px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 44px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e50-Manteca-bayo\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 4px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 1px;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 43px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNot determined\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 5px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e18\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n\u003c/table\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e* The nominals \u0026quot;huallaguino\u0026quot; and \u0026quot;ucayalino\u0026quot; were identified as different phenotypes by Voysest (1983).\u003c/p\u003e"}],"fulltextSource":"","fullText":"","funders":[],"hasAdminPriorityOnWorkflow":false,"hasManuscriptDocX":true,"hasOptedInToPreprint":true,"hasPassedJournalQc":"","hasAnyPriority":false,"hideJournal":true,"highlight":"","institution":"","isAcceptedByJournal":false,"isAuthorSuppliedPdf":false,"isDeskRejected":"","isHiddenFromSearch":false,"isInQc":false,"isInWorkflow":false,"isPdf":false,"isPdfUpToDate":true,"isWithdrawnOrRetracted":false,"journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"researchsquare","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"/submission","title":"Research Square","twitterHandle":"researchsquare","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"","reportingPortfolio":"","inReviewEnabled":false,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true},"keywords":"agricultural diversity, bean descriptors, ethnotaxonomy, indigenous peoples, native crops.","lastPublishedDoi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-6559733/v1","lastPublishedDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-6559733/v1","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"},"manuscriptAbstract":"\u003cp\u003eAs a contribution to the knowledge of the diversity of \u003cem\u003ePhaseolus vulgaris\u003c/em\u003e L. in the Peruvian Amazon, a multidisciplinary approach was proposed to understand the patterns of nominal and phenotypic diversity of the common bean in three biomes: Inter-Andean Marañón Valley- IAM, Highland Rainforest- HRF divided into four sections (North, Kichwa Central Huallaga- KCH, Central, and South), and Amazonian Lowland- ALL. The nominal vocabulary related to the common bean was identified by reviewing the lexicons of 24 ethnic groups. A multiethnic sample of 178 people was interviewed and 957 seed samples were collected in parallel. Fifty-six ecotypes were planted and evaluated at three sites. Richness and similarity variables were analyzed for the lexical unit and nine phenotypic features. The HRF was the richest (75.6%) of a recorded set of 152 lexical units in contrast to the ALL (8.0%). Northern Spanish-speaking (NSS) and Kichwa-KCH had the highest nominal richness, showing remarkable nomenclatural diversity based on developmental characteristics, production cycle, mode of consumption, origin and appearance of seeds. Nominal and phenotypic diversity provide strong evidence for the diversification dynamics of common bean from the HRF of northeastern Peru, which functions as a hinge between the IAM and the ALL.\u003c/p\u003e","manuscriptTitle":"Approaching the ethnographic, nominal and phenotypic evidence of a geographical zone of high diversification of the common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) in the Amazonian northeastern Peru","msid":"","msnumber":"","nonDraftVersions":[{"code":1,"date":"2025-06-12 11:20:28","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-6559733/v1","editorialEvents":[{"type":"communityComments","content":0}],"status":"published","journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"researchsquare","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"/submission","title":"Research Square","twitterHandle":"researchsquare","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"","reportingPortfolio":"","inReviewEnabled":false,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true}}],"origin":"","ownerIdentity":"c3e6013f-31cd-493f-b85c-5fb02fd19e44","owner":[],"postedDate":"June 12th, 2025","published":true,"recentEditorialEvents":[],"rejectedJournal":[],"revision":"","amendment":"","status":"posted","subjectAreas":[],"tags":[],"updatedAt":"2026-04-02T15:25:30+00:00","versionOfRecord":[],"versionCreatedAt":"2025-06-12 11:20:28","video":"","vorDoi":"","vorDoiUrl":"","workflowStages":[]},"version":"v1","identity":"rs-6559733","journalConfig":"researchsquare"},"__N_SSP":true},"page":"/article/[identity]/[[...version]]","query":{"redirect":"/article/rs-6559733","identity":"rs-6559733","version":["v1"]},"buildId":"XKTyCvWXoU3ODBz1xrDgd","isFallback":false,"isExperimentalCompile":false,"dynamicIds":[84888],"gssp":true,"scriptLoader":[]}