Minimum Humanitarian Standards of basic needs in temporary Displaced Camps in Shendi Locality, River Nile State, Sudan

Minimum Humanitarian Standards of basic needs in temporary Displaced Camps in Shendi Locality, River Nile State, Sudan | Research Square window.SnipcartSettings = { analytics: { enabled: false } }; (function() { var accessVector = localStorage.getItem('access_vector') || ''; window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; if (accessVector) { window.dataLayer.push({ user: { profile: { profileInfo: { snid: accessVector } } } }); } })(); (function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start':new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0],j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src='https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f);})(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-K279D39R'); Browse Preprints In Review Journals COVID-19 Preprints AJE Video Bytes Research Tools Research Promotion AJE Professional Editing AJE Rubriq About Preprint Platform In Review Editorial Policies Our Team Advisory Board Help Center Sign In Submit a Preprint Cite Share Download PDF Case Report Minimum Humanitarian Standards of basic needs in temporary Displaced Camps in Shendi Locality, River Nile State, Sudan Alhaj Saad Mohamed Ahmed Ali, Rowyda Alnile Ahmed Khamees This is a preprint; it has not been peer reviewed by a journal. https://doi.org/ 10.21203/rs.3.rs-5315458/v1 This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License Status: Posted Version 1 posted You are reading this latest preprint version Abstract Background Minimum standards these are qualitative in nature and specify the minimum levels to be attained in humanitarian response regarding the provision location conditions, water, Sanitation and hygiene promotion. Study design and Methods: cross-sectional- Sample survey and household based study was conducted on the displaced shelters in the temporary camps in Shendi locality, between August to October 2024 for the purpose of observe the minimum humanitarian standards in the shelter camps. Data was collected through face-to-face interviews through a written questionnaire ( 100 questionnaires were distributed to the displaced households heads in the camps) and also through the checklist and non-structural interview. The data was analyzed using SPSS software. Results The assessment of temporary displaced camps in Shendi Locality, Sudan, reveals significant deficiencies in minimum humanitarian standards, including nutrition. While displaced households reside in schools with some facilities like toilets and kitchens, access to water is high (98% use tap water), and hygiene practices vary, with 66% maintaining good hygiene but 78% engaging in risky behaviors that may contaminate water. Nutritional standards are also lacking, with many households facing food insecurity and inadequate dietary diversity. Waste management is problematic, as 90% of waste is disposed of in open dumps, contributing to the breeding of flies and mosquitoes. Despite 98% taking protective measures against insects, the overall inadequacy of sanitation, hygiene, and nutrition practices poses a serious risk of disease spread, highlighting the urgent need for coordinated efforts by the government and organizations to improve conditions in these camps. Conclusion The assessment of temporary displaced camps in Shendi Locality, Sudan, reveals significant shortcomings in nutrition, sanitation, and hygiene, posing serious health risks. Key recommendations include improving food security, enhancing sanitation and waste management, and promoting hygiene education. Collaborative efforts between government and NGOs are vital for implementing sustainable solutions to improve conditions and reduce disease spread in these camps. minimum Sphere standards displaced camp conflict INTRODUCTION In large scale disasters in which existing structures are not safe to use as shelters like in floods, earthquake or conflict leads to massive population movement Emergency settlements for refugees and displaced people need to be established rapidly. ( 1 ) The ongoing violence has caused extensive damage to infrastructure, leading to water shortages, lack of access to healthcare facilities, blackouts, communication and supply chain disruptions, and widespread incidents of looting. ( 2 ) The health system is on the verge of collapse with many of the hospitals no longer functional due to disruption of supply chains for medicines and medical supplies, attacks on and looting of health facilities. Displaced individuals often struggle to access these standards easily. The UN aims to ensure these standards are available to effectively address disease risk factors. ( 3 ) Temporary displaced camps have become essential in providing displaced population and assistance to populations affected by conflicts, natural disasters, and other crises. ( 4 ) The importance of adhering to minimum humanitarian standards in these settings cannot be overstated, as they directly impact the well-being and dignity of displaced individuals. ( 5 ) This literature review explores key frameworks and guidelines that establish these minimum standards, focusing on the humanitarian response in temporary displaced camps. Minimum humanitarian standards in temporary displaced camps are vital for ensuring the dignity, safety, and well-being of displaced populations. Adherence to established frameworks such as the Sphere Handbook, United Nations Inter-Agency Standing Committee (IASC) Guidelines, and Core Humanitarian Standard on Quality and Accountability (CHS) not only enhances the quality of humanitarian response but also promotes accountability and respect for human rights.( 6 ) Continued research and practice are essential for refining these standards and addressing the evolving challenges faced by displaced individuals in various contexts. ( 7 ) Minimum standards these are qualitative in nature and specify the minimum levels to be attained in humanitarian response. The Sphere Handbook, developed by the Sphere Project, is a foundational document that sets out minimum humanitarian standards in humanitarian response, including in temporary displaced camps. It outlines the principles of humanitarian action humanity, impartiality, neutrality, and independence and establishes a framework for ensuring that the rights and dignity of affected populations are respected. The Handbook emphasizes the necessity of providing adequate food, water, shelter, health care, and protection to displaced persons. ( 8 ) The minimum standards for water supply, Sanitation and hygiene promotion (WASH) are a practical expression of the shared beliefs and commitments of humanitarian agencies and common principles. The rights and responsibilities that guide humanitarian efforts are outlined in the humanitarian charter. ( 8 ) People affected by crises are more vulnerable to illness and death from disease especially diarrheal disease and infectious disease. ( 9 ) Such diseases are closely linked to inadequate sanitation water supply and poor hygiene. water sanitation and hygiene promotion programmers aim to reduce public health risk. ( 10 ) The sphere minimum standard for water supply, sanitation and hygiene are practical expression of the right to on water and sanitation in humanitarian contexts. ( 8 ) Minimum Standards in Camp Management Camp Management Standards provide specific guidelines for establishing and maintaining temporary displaced camps. According to the Camp Management Toolkit developed by the Global Camp Management Project, key minimum standards include ensuring adequate space and privacy, facilitating access to essential services, and promoting community participation in camp management. These standards aim to create a supportive environment that addresses the physical, social, and psychological needs of displaced individuals. ( 11 ) Adherence to minimum standards in camp management is correlated with improved health outcomes among displaced populations. Camp management plays a vital role in coordinating services and meeting the needs of displaced individuals, especially in areas like sanitation, nutrition, and healthcare.( 11 ) Health and Nutrition Standards Health and nutrition are paramount in temporary displaced camps, where vulnerable populations often face heightened risks of malnutrition and disease. The Sphere Standards for Health and Nutrition set minimum requirements for health care services, including access to essential medicines, vaccinations, and nutritional support. ( 8 ) Implementing these health standards significantly reduced morbidity rates in displaced camps, demonstrating the effectiveness of adhering to established guidelines. ( 12 ) Water, sanitation and hygiene promotion (WASH) standards Water, sanitation and hygiene promotion related disease cause serious illness and preventable deaths in crises. hygiene promotion that supports behaviors, actions and community engagement to reduce the risk of these diseases is essential for a successful water, sanitation and hygiene response. The promotion of hygiene must start from people own knowledge of the risk, prevention of disease and promotion of with positive health seeking behavior. ( 13 ) These standers play a role reduce risk related with a disease. Prepare for such disasters in the future by establishing shelter camps with specification that provide the minimum of these standards. The minimum standard for water supply, sanitation, and hygiene are practical expression of right to on water and sanitation in humanitarian contexts. ( 13 ) Water Supply standard People have safe and equitable access to sufficient quantity of water for drinking, cooking and personal and domestic hygiene. Public water points are sufficiently close to households to enables of the minimum water requirement. ( 8 ) Water is essential for life, health and human dignity. In extreme situations, there may not be sufficient water available to meet basic needs and in these cases supplying a survival level of safe drinking water is of critical importance. In most cases, the main health problems are caused by poor hygiene due to insufficient water and by the consumption of contaminated water. ( 8 ) The quantities of water needed for domestic use is context based, and may vary according to the climate, the sanitation facilities available, people’s habits, their religious and cultural practices, the food they cook, the clothes they wear, and so on. Water consumption generally increases the nearer the water source is to the dwelling. Where possible, 15 liters per person per day (l/p/d) can be exceeded to conform to local standards where that standard is higher: Water intake (drinking and food) is ( 2.5-3 liters) per day Depends on the climate and individual physiology. Basic hygiene Practices is ( 2 – 6 liters) per day depends on social and cultural norms Basic cooking needs is ( 3 – 6 liters) Depends on food type and social and cultural Total basic water needs is ( 7 . 5 – 15 liters) Household surveys, observation and community discussion groups are more effective methods of collecting data on water use and consumption than the measurement of water pumped into the pipeline network or the operation of hand pumps In a disaster and until minimum standards for both water quantity and quality are met, the priority is to provide equitable, Access to adequate quantity of water even if it is of intermediate quality. Disaster affected people are significantly more vulnerable to disease; therefore, water access and quantity indicators should be reached even if they are higher than the norms of the affected or host population. ( 8 ) The number of people per source depends on the yield and availability of water at each source. The approximate guidelines are:- 250 people per tap Based on a flow of 7 . 5 liters /minute- 500 people per hand pump based on a flow of 17 liters /minute- 400 people per single-user open well based on a flow of 12 . 5 liters /minute. ( 8 ) Long wait times in queues suggest a lack of sufficient water supply, which can stem from either too few water points or low yields from existing sources. ( 14 ) These prolonged waits can lead to lower individual water consumption, a higher reliance on unsafe surface water, and less time for other vital tasks for those fetching water. ( 15 ) Even if a sufficient quantity of water is available to meet minimum needs, additional measures are needed to ensure equitable access for all groups. Water points should be located in areas that are accessible to all, regardless of, for example, gender or ethnicity. Some hand pumps and water carrying containers may need to be designed or adapted for use by people living with HIV and AIDS, Older people, persons with disabilities and children In situations where water is rationed or pumped at given times, this should be planned in consultation with the users including women beneficiaries. ( 8 ) Survey of all public water supplies should be made this clues distribution system and water source. It is essential to determine physical integrity of system component, the remaining capacities and bacteriological and chemical quality of water supplies. ( 16 ) The main public safety aspect of water quality is microbial contamination. The first priority of ensuring water quality in emergency situations is chlorination it is the best may of disinfecting water it is advisable to increase residual chlorine level about 0.2–0.5 mg/liter. Low water pressure increases the risk of infiltration of pollutant in to water main. Repaired mains reservoirs and other unit require cleaning and disinfection. ( 17 ) Water-supply problems arise in all phases of the disaster-management cycle. ( 18 ) As with all other elements of emergency management, water supplies can be designed and maintained in ways that help to reduce the health impacts of disasters it is useful to distinguish between large-scale Systems (e.g. urban water -supply systems) formal water-supply and small-scale, scattered supplies. Water sources are exposed to a variety of hazards that may damage or contaminate them, but they can be protected against disasters to some extent. This section is concerned mainly with ways in which improvements to existing water supplies can make them more resistant to damage. ( 19 ) Water supply systems need to be resilient enough to provide people and critical users with reliable water following a disaster. Previous studies have identified four key factors that influence system robustness and recovery speed after a disaster: vulnerability, social capital, organizational capacity, and economic capital. Relevant factors and indicators were collected through an extensive literature review and validated through interviews with experts in water supply, resilience, social science, and economics. It was determined that economic capacity and rapid access to funding is the primary economic factors affecting the resilience of water supply systems. ( 20 ) Lack of access to safe water sources is leading risk factor for infectious disease in clouding cholera, dysentery, hepatitis A, typhoid, polio and malnutrition. ( 21 ) Addition to disease, unsafe drinking water, and poor environment hygiene can lead to gastrointestinal illness and cholera. ( 19 ) Excreta disposal Safe disposal of human excreta creates the first barrier to excreta-related disease, helping to reduce disease transmission through direct and indirect routes. Safe excreta disposal is, therefore, a major priority and in most disaster situations should be addressed with as much speed and effort as the provision of a safe water supply. The provision of appropriate facilities for defecation is one of a number of emergency responses essential for people’s dignity, safety, health and well-being. ( 8 ) Excreta disposal standard is Environment free from human faeces; The living environment in general and specifically the habitat, food production areas, public centers and surroundings of drinking water sources are free from human faecal contamination. ( 8 ) Safe disposal of human waste seeks to prevent the presence of uncontrolled and dispersed feces in the environment. Right after a disaster, while establishing an excreta management plan, it’s important to start with an initial clean-up effort, designate and secure areas for defecation, and construct communal toilets. Depending on the situation, a phased strategy is often the most effective way to address sanitation challenges. Involve all groups from the disaster-affected population in the implementation of safe excreta disposal activities. Where the affected population has not traditionally used toilets, it will be necessary to conduct a concerted hygiene promotion campaign to encourage safe excreta disposal and to create a demand for more toilets. In urban disasters where there could be damage to existing sewerage systems, assess the situation and consider installing portable toilets or use septic and/or containment tanks that can regularly dislodged. Due consideration should be given to dislodging, handling, transportation and final disposal of the sludge. ( 8 ) In the initial phase and where land is available, mark off a defecation field and/or construct trench latrines. This will only work if the site is correctly managed and maintained and the affected population understands the importance of using the facilities provided and where they are located. ( 8 ) Distance of defecation systems from water sources: The distance of soak pits, trench latrines and/or toilets from water sources should be at least 30 meters and the bottom of the pits should be at least 1.5 meters above the groundwater table. ( 27 ) These distances need to be increased for fissured rocks and limestone, or decreased for fine soils. In some disaster response, groundwater pollution may not be an immediate concern if it is not to be directly used for drinking, in flooded or high water table environments, it may be necessary to build elevated toilets or septic tanks to contain excreta and prevent it contaminating the environment. It is also imperative that drainage or spillage from septic tanks does not contaminate surface water and/or groundwater sources. ( 8 ) Give particular attention to the disposal of children’s faeces, as they are commonly more dangerous than those of adults (excreta-related infection among children is frequently higher and children may not have developed antibodies to infections). Parents and caregivers should be provided with information about safe disposal of infants’ faeces, laundering practices and the use of nappies (diapers), potties or scoops for effectively managing safe disposal. ( 28 ) Separate areasfor men and women are usually desirable. The field should be in a convenient places but no nearer than 30 meters to other camp facilities. Ideally, it would be on land that’s lopes away from the camp and any surface water sources. Approximately 3–5 meters length of shallow trench is needed for every 100 people. A further improvement is the deep trench latrine, which is deeper, longer and widerthan the shallow trench latrine. It can last 1–3 months and is constructed. ( 8 ) Simple pit latrines, Ventilated improved pit ( VIP ) latrines, Composting latrines,Double-pit latrines, Water-seal latrines. )26) 99.9% water and the remaining 0.1% is contain organic matter, microorganisms and inorganic compound. Waste water effluents are released to a variety of environments such as lakes, rivers, oceans. ( 8 ) Solid waste management Solid waste management is the process of handling and disposal of organic and hazardous solid waste which, if unattended appropriately, can pose public health risks to the affected population and can have a negative impact on the environment. Such risks can arise from the breeding of flies and rodents that thrive on solid waste and the pollution of surface- and groundwater sources due to leachate from mixed household and clinical or industrial waste. Uncollected and accumulating solid waste and the debris left after a natural disaster may also create an ugly and depressing environment, which might help discourage efforts to improve other aspects of environmental health. Solid waste often blocks drainage channels and leads to an increased risk of flooding, resulting in environmental health problems associated with stagnant and polluted surface water, Waste pickers, who gain a small income from collecting recyclable materials from waste dumps, may also be at risk of infectious disease from hospital waste mixed with household waste. ( 24 ) Disasters can create large volumes of debris and waste. ( 23 ) The waste can over whelm existing solid waste management facilities and impact on other emergency response and recovery activities. If poorly managed, the waste can have significant environmental and public health impacts and can affect the overall recovery process. Effected of poor Solid waste management lead to; Air pollution, Environmental pollution, Spread of disease and climate change. ( 22 ) Also breeding of flies and rodents, pollution of surface and groundwater, Create ugly and depressing environment, Blocks daring channels and leads to an increased risk floods. ( 8 ) Methods of solid waste disposal are; Solid Waste Open Burning, sea dumping, Sanitary landfills, incineration method, Composting and biological digestion. ( 25 ) Hygiene promotion Hygiene promotion is a planned, systematic approach to enable people to take action to prevent and/or mitigate water, sanitation and hygiene-related diseases. It can also provide a practical way to facilitate community participation, accountability and monitoring in WASH programs. Hygiene promotion should aim to draw on the affected population’s knowledge, practices and resources. as well as on the current WASH evidence base to determine how public health can best be protected. Hygiene promotion involves ensuring that people make the best use of the water, sanitation and hygiene-enabling facilities and services provided and includes the effective operation and maintenance of the facilities. ( 8 ) The three Hygiene promotion key factors are; a) A mutual sharing of information and knowledge, b) The mobilization of affected communities, c) The provision of essential materials and facilities.( 8 ) A basic minimum hygiene items pack consists of water containers (buckets), bathing and laundry soaps, and menstrual hygiene material, which include: − 10–20 liter capacity water container for transportation one per household − 10–20 liter capacity water containers for storage one per household. − 250g bathing soap one per person per month . − 200g laundry soap one per person per month. - Acceptable material for menstrual hygiene, e.g. washable cotton cloth, One per person. ( 8 ) Some people with specific needs (e.g. incontinence or severe diarrhea) may require increased quantities of personal hygiene items such as soap. Persons with disabilities or those who are confined to bed may need additional items, such as bed pans. Some items may require adaptations for sanitary use (such as a stool with a hole or commode chair). ( 8 ) Menstrual hygiene; Provision must be made for discreet laundering or disposal of menstrual hygiene materials Additional items: Existing social and cultural practices may require access to additional personal hygiene items. Subject to availability, such items (per person per month) could include; 75ml/100g toothpaste one toothbrush , 250ml shampoo, 250ml lotion for infants and children up to 2 years of age ,one disposable razor, underwear for women and girls of menstrual age ,one hairbrush and/or comb ,nail clippers ,nappies (diapers) and potties (dependent on household need). ( 8 ) Vector control A vector is an agent that carries diseases, and vector-borne illnesses are a significant cause of illness and death in many disaster situations. Mosquitoes are the primary vectors for malaria, which is a leading cause of morbidity and mortality. They also transmit other diseases, including yellow fever, dengue, and hemorrhagic fever. Non-biting flies, such as house flies, blow flies, and flesh flies, are important in spreading diarrheal diseases. Biting insects like flies, bedbugs, and fleas can be irritating and may transmit serious diseases such as murine typhus, scabies, and plague. Ticks are responsible for transmitting relapsing fever, while human body lice spread typhus and relapsing fever. Rodents like rats and mice can carry diseases such as leptospirosis and salmonellosis and can also harbor other vectors like fleas, which may transmit diseases such as Lassa fever and plague. Control of vector-borne diseases can be achieved through various strategies, including careful site selection, adequate shelter, provision of clean water, proper excreta disposal, solid waste management, effective drainage, access to health services (including community engagement and health education), use of chemical control methods, personal protection, and safeguarding food supplies. ( 8 ) MATERIALS AND METHODS Cross-sectional- Sample survey and household based study was conducted on the displaced shelters in the temporary camps in Shendi locality, between August to October 2024 for the purpose of observe the minimum humanitarian standards in the shelter camps. A total of 100 households were systematic- randomly selected out of 750 households (by range 7 households) from 35 temporary shelter camps (all its schools). An interview was designed with the camp administrator to find out the details of the size of the displaced population, the area, and the availability of facilities in order to assess the suitability of the camp for shelter. Then, an interview was conducted using a questionnaire with the head of each household from the 100 who were selected for assess; Provides minimum humanitarian needs. A checklist was also designed to investigate a number of items that can be directly observed in the environment around the camps, which could cause health risks to the displaced and reduce the standards that must be available. Questionnaire (It contains demographic information, information about water source and storage capacity, human and solid waste and how to dispose of them, personal hygiene practices, and finally vector control) Checklist (It contains notes on the cleanliness of water storage containers, their distance and potential sources of contamination, as well as notes on solid waste containers, the requirement that are met, and how to properly dispose of liquid waste especially for children. it’s also contains personal hygiene practices, how to preserve food, and finally the use of mosquito nets as one of the method mosquito control). Unstructured Interview (An interview with the camp official to learn about size of the displaced population, the area, and the availability of facilities the sanitation programs he is implementing, the extent of the household response to this program, the entities that support them, as well as the food and non-food supplies and how they are distributed). RESULTS AND DISCUSSION Whenever any disaster or conflicts occurs, it requires providing the minimum level of humanitarian needs in order to preserve the lives of the population, especially if the population is displaced from their original home and they become dependent on others to provide their needs. These needs of the displaced people at camps in the Shendi locality were assessed according to sphere project which determining the minimum humanitarian Standards in the event of emergency, and according to the conditions and characteristics of the local community. In large scale disasters in which existing structures are not safe to use as shelters like in floods, earthquake or conflict leads to massive population movement Emergency settlements for refugees and displaced people need to be established rapidly. The process of displacement is followed by health impacts related to the lack of availability of minimum basic needs. Standard of temporary camps management and layout; One of the priorities of any disaster response operation is to choose a temporary site to shelter those affected who leave their original homes. Therefore, schools become one of the most suitable sites for temporary shelter, as it provides ready-made buildings and facilities for cooking and toilets. This is what we notice in Table (1), where schools were the camps most often used to shelter displaced people coming from conflict areas. Despite some observations related to the lack of privacy and the size and number of rooms for residents, it was and still is the appropriate and available option in the area because it is distinguished by its large areas, the availability of sufficient toilets, good sanitary standards, and the availability of permanent sources of drinking water. Another advantage added to using schools as temporary shelter centers is their proximity to public facilities such as hospitals, markets, and transportation lines, with the availability of security protection. Table (1): standard of temporary camps management for displaced population in Shendi locality, River Nile State- Sudan Temporary shelters No of individuals Spaces No of rooms No of toilets Minimum Standard Spaces (3.5 m 2 /P) Rooms(6*4) (8 P/R) Toilets (1 T/25P) 1. 623 1200m 2 (2 m 2 /P) 60 (10 P/R) 64 (10 T/person) NA NA A 2. 27 300m 2 (11 m 2 /P) 12(2 P/R) 4 (7 T/person) A A A 3. 93 600m 2 (6 m 2 /P) 27(3 P/R) 12 (8 T/person) A A A 4. 417 800m 2 (2 m 2 /P) 17(24 P/R) 16 (26 T/person) NA NA NA 5. 251 800m 2 (3 m 2 /P) 11(22 P/R) 8 (31 T/person) NA NA NA 6. 171 600m 2 (3.5 m 2 /P) 11(15 P/R) 8 (21 T/person) A NA A 7. 307 2000m 2 (6.5 m 2 /P) 21(14 P/R) 10 (31 T/person) A NA NA 8. 202 1800m 2 (10 m 2 /P) 21(9 P/R) 10 (20 T/person) A NA A 9. 186 1800m 2 (9.5 m 2 /P) 13(14 P/R) 8 (23 T /person) A NA A 10. 167 1200m 2 (7 m 2 /P) 13(13 P/R) 8(21 T /person) A NA A 11. 86 800m 2 (9 m 2 /P) 11(8 P/R) 6(14 T /person) A A A 12. 96 600m 2 (6 m 2 /P) 9(10 P/R) 6(16 T /person) A NA A 13. 211 2200m 2 (10.5 m 2 /P) 17(12 P/R) 10(21 T /person) A NA A 14. 135 1200m 2 (14 m 2 /P) 15(9 P/R) 8(17 T /person) A NA A 15. 86 500m 2 (6 m 2 /P) 7(12 P/R) 4(22 T /person) A NA A 16. 286 2000m 2 (7 m 2 /P) 19(3 P/R) 8(36 T /person) A A NA 17. 257 2500m 2 (10 m 2 /P) 17(15 P/R) 10(26 T /person) A NA NA 18. 59 600m 2 (10 m 2 /P) 5(12 P/R) 4(15 T /person) A NA A 19. 87 600m 2 (7 m 2 /P) 7(12 P/R) 4(22 T /person) A NA A 20. 141 1800m 2 (12.5 m 2 /P) 17(8 P/R) 10(14 T /person) A A A 21. 91 1200m 2 (13 m 2 /P) 11(8 P/R) 6(15 T /person) A A A 22. 78 500m 2 (6.5 m 2 /P) 5(15 P/R) 4(20 T /person) A NA A 23. 88 700m 2 (8 m 2 /P) 9(10 P/R) 6(15 T /person) A NA A 24. 251 1800m 2 (7 m 2 /P) 17(15 P/R) 10(25 T /person) A NA A 25. 109 1800m 2 (17 m 2 /P) 13(8 P/R) 8(14 T /person) A A A 26. 46 500m 2 (11 m 2 /P) 5(9 P/R) 4(12 T /person) A NA A 27. 37 600m 2 (16 m 2 /P) 7(5 P/R) 4(10 T /person) A A A 28. 185 2200m 2 (12 m 2 /P) 13(14 P/R) 8(23 T /person) A NA A 29. 93 1800m 2 (19 m 2 /P) 11(8 P/R) 8(12 T /person) A A A 30. 113 1200m 2 (10.5 m 2 /P) 13(8 P/R) 8(14 T /person) A A A 31. 229 2000m 2 (8.5 m 2 /P) 17(13 P/R) 10(23 T /person) A NA A 32. 153 1800m 2 (11.5 m 2 /P) 15(10 P/R) 8(19 T /person) A NA A 33. 215 1800m 2 (8 m 2 /P) 13(16 P/R) 10(22 T /person) A NA A 34. 127 600m 2 (4.5 m 2 /P) 11(11 P/R) 6(21 T /person) A NA A 35. 247 2500m 2 (10 m 2 /P) 17(14 P/R) 10(25 T /person) A NA A P = Person R = Room T = Toilet A = acceptable NA = Not acceptable The presence of healthcare centers in and around the town significantly reduces the difficulties families face in accessing health services. The availability of hospitals in the area, along with the freedom of movement, is crucial. This access to healthcare is particularly vital for pregnant women, children, and other vulnerable groups. Some women were able to receive vaccination and delivery services at the hospital, and many children received vaccinations for common childhood diseases, (table 3). The children did not receive routine vaccinations because of the ignorance of mothers and their lack of direction, represented 8%. The challenge in accessing services stems from the displaced individuals’ insufficient funds and lack of support, as many households reported low monthly incomes. Table (2): distribution demographic information of household heads in temporary displaced camps, Shendi locality- River Nile State Demographic variables of household heads No Percentage Age 15–20 years 8 8% 21–25 years 14 14% 26-30years 18 18% More than 30years 60 60% Gender Male 12 12% Female 88 88% Eduacation level Un educate 24 12% Primary 30 30% Secondary 36 36% University and above 22 22% Occupation Homemaker 66 66% Employee 8 8% Free job 26 26% Number of family members Less than 4members 20 20% 4-6members 46 46% 7–9 members 26 26% More than 10 member 8 8% Family income Less than 100 thousand 50 50% 100–150 thousand 30 30% 160–200 thousand 2 2% More than 200 thousand 18 18% This financial strain forces households to choose between seeking healthcare and securing food, which is a significant concern given the high prices. As a result, households are often compelled to consume smaller amounts of lower-quality food. This is illustrated in (Table 3); most households primarily eat legumes, and over time, this limited diet may lead to a deficiency in essential nutrients that legumes do not provide. With these data, most of the displaced households are considered below the poverty line. Poverty is considered one of the most important causes of malnutrition as a result of the families’ inability to obtain sufficient food or diversity in food. This is what appeared among the displaced households that they depend only on legumes (98%) of the families, (6%) get meat and only (2%) get milk (table 3), which is very important, especially for household with children, considering that milk is a complete meal. The public health of any region or community is highly dependent on Immunization against various deadly diseases. The more immunization coverage a community has access to, the less vulnerable it is to epidemics and outbreaks. Displaced populations are at a high risk of epidemics and outbreaks, vulnerable to malnutrition, and exposed to environmental hazards due to the poor sanitation and hygiene of the crowded camps. Table (3): health and nutrition standards among displaced households in temporary camps management for displaced population in Shendy locality, River Nile State- Sudan Information about Health and nutrition standards No (%) Minimum standard Woman Vaccination status Unvaccinated 42(42%) All woman must vaccinated by necessary vaccines Tetanus 52(52) Meningitis 4(4%) Yellow fever 2(2%) Woman's delivered in last pregnant after displacement In hospital 72(72%) Maternity services must be available to pregnant women in ideal health conditions In camp 28(28%) Under one year children vaccination status Un applicable 82(82%) All children should receive vaccines Vaccinated 10 (10%) Unvaccinated 8(8%) Availability of Mosquito net Available 30(30%) All people exposed to mosquitoes should have access to mosquito nets Unavailable 70(70%) food available in sufficient quantities Yes 66(66%) 2,100 kcals/person/day No 34(34%) Food consumed among displaced household Legumes 92(92%) 10 per cent of total energy provided by protein, 17 per cent of total energy provided by fat, Adequate micronutrient intake. Meat 6(6%) Milk 2(2%) food be stored in closed container Yes 90(90%) Food is kept in suitable containers and covered to prevent insect access and to protect it from the surrounding environmental conditions No 10(10%) To make the population resilient against possible outbreaks, in addition to shelter, food, and adequate clean water supplies, immunization is required. The risk of epidemics is usually high in camps, and therefore this study analyzed the immunization coverage to assess the vulnerability of the study population. The camps ranked very high to very low in accordance with their vulnerability due to insufficient immunization coverage. People have safe and equitable access to sufficient quantity of water for drinking, cooking and personal and domestic hygiene. Public water points are sufficiently close to households to enables of the minimum water requirement. ( 8 ) Water is essential for life, health and human dignity. In (table4) noted that the source of water for 98% of household was relied on tap water and 2% on well water (pump). The tap was not flowing continuously, and this contradicts what was mentioned in (Sphere handbook for water supply standards, 2018) 250 people per tap based on a flow of 7.5liters/minute), ( 8 ) Water it wasn't is sufficiently available due to the distance of the water source from the camp, and most of the residents there are over thirty years old, and its quality is poor due to the presence of stagnant water nearby, which helps in the proliferation of disease vector and algae as well as unpleasant odors. In a disaster, and until minimum standards for both water quantity and quality are met. More that 56% of heads of households, preserved water in bouquets and 30% in containers. Table (4); status of water supply standard, source, storage, quantity and quality in temporary displaced camps, Shendi locality- River Nile State Investigated Water standards No (%) Minimum standards Water source Tap 95 (95%) Public water points are sufficiently close to households Well 5(5%) Distance of water point Less than 50 m 78(78%) All people have safe and equitable access to a sufficient quantity of water for drinking, cooking and personal and domestic hygiene. More than 50m 20(20% Outside the temporary camp 4(4%) Container capacity Less than 20 liters 78(78%) 10–20 litre capacity water container 20 to 40 liters 22 (22%) Water quantity 1–2 L/P/D 60(60%) 7.5–15 Liters/person/day 3-4L/P/D 34(34%) 5-6L/P/D 6(6%) water containers clean Yes 74(74%) Keep water in clean containers to prevent accidental contamination No 26(26%) defecation near a water source Yes 20(20% The distance of soak pits, trench latrines and/or toilets from water sources should be at least 30 metres No 80(80%) water source protected from contamination Yes 70(70%) The water source is protected from pollution causes No 30(30%) As for buttons and barrels, their percentage was 2% and 12% , respectively. The level of cleanliness of the storage containers was not as required, and this is due to the ignorance of a part of them about the importance of cleanliness. but personal behavior played a role in the low level of cleanliness, their percentage being 36% and 22% , respectively. The capacity of the storage containers was small and insufficient, as most houshold had between 4 and 6 members, meaning 46% . This contradicts what were stated in ( 15 liters per person per day (l/p/d)) ( 1 ). the sources of contamination were 78% wrong practices, 22% insect breeding, and protecting the source from these contamination was insufficient, 20% defecate near it, 26% do not distinguish between drinking water and other uses, and 26% do not have a tap under storage containers, and this applies. To some extent with; the main health problems are caused by poor hygiene due to insufficient water and by the consumption of contaminated water. ( 8 ) The study results indicates that 96% do not have access to soap per person per month, and this contradicts what was stated in ( 250g bathing soap One per person per month, 200g laundry soap One per person per month). ( 8 ) also explained that washing clothes and personal hygiene were not continuous, and this is due to insufficient water and soap, and that most of the residents are female, with a percentage of 88% , and this contradicts what was mentioned in (may require increased quantities of personal hygiene items such as soap underwear for women and girls of menstrual age, one hairbrush and/or comb, nail clippers ,nappies (diapers) and potties (dependent on household nee ). Table (5); situation of hygiene and sanitation standards in temporary displaced camps, Shendi locality- River Nile State surveyed hygiene and Sanitation standards No (%) Minimum standards Availability of soap for household/month Not available 96(96%) At least(200g laundry soap, 250g bathing soap) per person/month A household of 6 persons needs 6 laundry soaps and the same for bathing per month Less than 4 soups/household/month 2(2%) 4–6 soups/household/month 2(%) open defecation Exist 44(44%) The living environment in general and specifically the habitat, food production areas, public centres and surroundings of drinking water sources are free from human faecal contamination. Not exist 66(66%) Solid waste disposal Open dump 90(90%) Solid waste must be managed in a way that prevents the community from causing health risks and visual pollution Formal disposal 10(10%) This is considered a serious health risk that affects the displaced and society as a whole, through odors and diseases transmitted by vectors and feces. The study showed the presence of open defecation behaviors near water sources and near camps. The site should be free of major water and vector borne disease. If endemic diseases are present, care should be taken to avoid or control vector habitats and provide personal protection against mosquitoes, black flies, tsetse flies, etc. The study showed that the widespread insects are mosquitoes, flies, and cockroaches, and their prevalence rates are 48%, 42% , and 10% , respectively and 98% use personal protection from the damage caused by these insects, and the methods used to combat them are repellents and traps, at a rate of 73.5 % and 23.5% , respectively. 32% use mosquito nets, and they differ in the time of tying them, but 67% tie them in the evening, and 68% do not use mosquito nets due to their lack of availability and the possibility of purchasing them themselves if 50% of them have an income of less than 100,000 per month. When interviewing camp officials, they all praised the role of families in environmental sanitation, their formation of a committee for this, and also their effective role in eliminating disease vectors, through some activities, which include filling ponds, properly disposing of stagnant water and solid waste, and using pesticides to spray these vectors, as well as health education initiatives. These activities are at the camp level, and this is consistent with what was mentioned in(Vector-borne diseases can be controlled through a variety of initiatives. including appropriate site selection and provision of shelter, water supply, excreta disposal, solid waste management and drainage, provision of health services (including community mobilization and health promotion), use of chemical controls, family and individual protection, and effective protection of food stores). ( 8 ) Table (6): Direct observation for environment around shelters in temporary displaced camps, Shendi locality- River Nile State Observed items around households shelters Yes No Toilet close to where food is prepared 52(52%) 48(48%) Defecation in toilet 78(78%) 22(22%) Proper disposal of children’s feces 82(82%) 18(18%) Wash hand after cleaning child’s a stool 93(93%) 7(7%) Covers for garbage cans 60(60%) 40(40%) Garbage disposal 84(84%) 16(16%) Dispose of stagnant water 42(42%) 58(58%) Children play in stagnant water 29(29%) 71(71%) Household waste removed regular 96(96%) 4(4%) Breeding of files and rodents 96(96%) 4(4%) Used mosquito nets 32(32%) 68(68%) Use enough water for washing and bathing 58(58%) 62(62%) Open defecation 22(22%) 78(78%) Washing facilities available 60(60%) 40(40%) House fly 42(42%) 58(58% Mosquito 48(48%) 52(52%) Cockroach 10(10%) 90(90%) method used for mosquitoes Spraying 3 3% Using repellents 73 73% Traps 24 24% mosquito nets available Yes 30 30% No 70 70% time during connected Morning 2 2% Evening 67 67% Night 31 31% CONCLUSION The assessment of temporary displaced camps in Shendi Locality, Sudan, highlights critical deficiencies in humanitarian standards, particularly in nutrition, sanitation, and hygiene, posing significant health risks. To address these issues, it is essential to improve food security and dietary diversity through targeted nutritional programs, enhance sanitation facilities and waste management practices, and promote better hygiene education among residents. Collaborative efforts involving government agencies and NGOs are crucial to implement sustainable solutions that will improve living conditions and reduce the risk of disease spread in these camps. Abbreviations AIDS Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome ECO-SAN Ecological Sanitation HIV Human Immunodeficiency Virus IDP Internally Displaced Person PH-RAM Public Health Risk Assessment Model SPSS Statistical Package For Social Sciences UDT Urine Division Toilet VIP Ventilated Improved WASH Water Supplies and Sanitation and Hygiene Promotion Declarations Ethical approval and consent to participate: The study was firstly approved by ethical committee of the faculty of public health (institution research board) at Shendi University. Permission was also taken from health and population department – Shendi locality, directors of temporary camps and household heads in shelters to be studied. Names and personal data were completely secured. Consent for publication Not applicable Competing interests The authors declared no conflict of interest. Funding The researchers did not receive any fund from any source. Author Contribution ASMA designed the study and wrote the manuscript. RAAK collect and analyzed the data and designed tables. All authors reviewed manuscript. All authors read and approved the final manuscript. All authors contributed significantly to this work, conceiving the idea of the research, collection and analysis of data, writing and editing of the manuscript. All authors read and approved the manuscript. Acknowledgement The cooperation and devotion of the health teams in all health institutions and camps selected for the study is very much appreciated. Their support and detection should be acknowledgment Data Availability The datasets used and analyzed during this study are available from the corresponding author or reasonable request. References Topluoglu S. (2023). Impact of wars and natural disasters on emerging and re-emerging infectious diseases. Natl Institutes Health. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10505936/ ReliefWeb. (2024). Sudan crisis response plan 2024–2025. https://reliefweb.int/report/sudan/sudan-crisis-response-plan-2024-2025 Awuah WA. (2023). The unmet surgical needs of global refugee populations. Natl Institutes Health. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10505936/ Eweka O, Olusegun TO. Management of internally displaced persons in Africa: Comparing Nigeria and Cameroon. Afr Res Rev. 2016;10(1):193–210. Pringle J, Hunt M. (2015). Humanitarian action. Encyclopedia of Global Bioethics, 1–10. World Health Organization. (2018). Integrating palliative care and symptom relief into responses to humanitarian emergencies and crises: a WHO guide. Schaufler K. (2020). Effectiveness of humanitarian action in protracted crisis: case of the health sector response in Lebanon’s border town of Arsal (Doctoral dissertation). Sphere Association, editor. (2018). Sphere handbook: humanitarian charter and minimum standards in humanitarian response. Practical Action. Kouadio IK, Aljunid S, Kamigaki T, Hammad K, Oshitani H. Infectious diseases following natural disasters: prevention and control measures. Expert Rev anti-infective therapy. 2012;10(1):95–104. World Health Organization. WHO water, sanitation and hygiene strategy 2018–2025. World Health Organization; 2018. No. WHO/CED/PHE/WSH/18.03 . Karsu O, Kara BY, Selvi B. The refugee camp management: a general framework and a unifying decision-making model. J Humanitarian Logistics Supply Chain Manage. 2019;9(2):131–50. World Health Organization. mhGAP Humanitarian Intervention Guide (mhGAP-HIG): clinical management of mental, neurological and substance use conditions in humanitarian emergencies. World Health Organization; 2015. Brown J, Cairncross S, Ensink JH. Water, sanitation, hygiene and enteric infections in children. Arch Dis Child. 2013;98(8):629–34. Dos Santos S, Adams EA, Neville G, Wada Y, De Sherbinin A, Bernhardt EM, Adamo SB. Urban growth and water access in sub-Saharan Africa: Progress, challenges, and emerging research directions. Sci Total Environ. 2017;607:497–508. Kidanie KA. (2015). Access to water supply in urban poor households: the case of slums in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia (Doctoral dissertation, UNESCO-IHE). Sewnet S. (2020). Evaluation Of Spatial And Temporal Variation Of Drinking Water Quality In Case Of Injibara Town (Doctoral Dissertation). World Health Organization. Water safety in distribution systems. World Health Organization; 2014. Bross L, Krause S. (2017, May). Preventing secondary disasters through providing emergency water supply. In World environmental and water resources congress 2017 (pp. 431–439). Pal M, Ayele Y, Hadush M, Panigrahi S, Jadhav VJ. Public health hazards due to unsafe drinking water. Air Water Borne Dis. 2018;7(1000138):2. Balaei B, Noy I, Wilkinson S, Potangaroa R. Economic factors affecting water supply resilience to disasters. Socio-Economic Plann Sci. 2021;76:100961. Könneke L. (2019). Understanding the Handling of Drinking Water in local communities in Kenya (Doctoral dissertation, Hochschule für angewandte Wissenschaften Hamburg). Ziraba AK, Haregu TN, Mberu B. A review and framework for understanding the potential impact of poor solid waste management on health in developing countries. Archives Public Health. 2016;74:1–11. Brown C, Milke M, Seville E. Disaster waste management: A review article. Waste Manag. 2011;31(6):1085–98. Abubakar IR, Maniruzzaman KM, Dano UL, AlShihri FS, AlShammari MS, Ahmed SMS, Al-Gehlani WAG, Alrawaf TI. Environmental Sustainability Impacts of Solid Waste Management Practices in the Global South. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2022;19(19):12717. 10.3390/ijerph191912717 . PMID: 36232017; PMCID: PMC9566108. Khan S, Anjum R, Raza ST, Bazai NA, Ihtisham M. Technologies for municipal solid waste management: Current status, challenges, and future perspectives. Chemosphere. 2022;288:132403. Mishra AK, Aithal PS. Cost-Effective Design of Latrine for Low Income Group. Int J Manage Technol Social Sci (IJMTS). 2022;7(1):306–21. Handzel T. (2018). Water, Sanitation, and Hygiene (WASH). Health in Humanitarian Emergencies: Principles and Practice for Public Health and Healthcare Practitioners, 136. Majorin F, Torondel B, Chan GKS, Clasen T. (2019). Interventions to improve disposal of child faeces for preventing diarrhoea and soil-transmitted helminth infection. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, (9). Additional Declarations No competing interests reported. Cite Share Download PDF Status: Posted Version 1 posted You are reading this latest preprint version Research Square lets you share your work early, gain feedback from the community, and start making changes to your manuscript prior to peer review in a journal. As a division of Research Square Company, we’re committed to making research communication faster, fairer, and more useful. We do this by developing innovative software and high quality services for the global research community. Our growing team is made up of researchers and industry professionals working together to solve the most critical problems facing scientific publishing. Also discoverable on Platform About Our Team In Review Editorial Policies Advisory Board Help Center Resources Author Services Accessibility API Access RSS feed Manage Cookie Preferences © Research Square 2026 | ISSN 2693-5015 (online) Privacy Policy Terms of Service Do Not Sell My Personal Information {"props":{"pageProps":{"initialData":{"identity":"rs-5315458","acceptedTermsAndConditions":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"archivedVersions":[],"articleType":"Case Report","associatedPublications":[],"authors":[{"id":370740428,"identity":"c4cfc123-08c6-47f1-aac5-63b055541db2","order_by":0,"name":"Alhaj Saad Mohamed Ahmed Ali","email":"data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAZAAAAAyAQMAAABI0h/eAAAABlBMVEX///8AAABVwtN+AAAACXBIWXMAAA7EAAAOxAGVKw4bAAAA7ElEQVRIie2RsQrCMBCGI4V0Oa3jFYq+QqRQCgq+iiA4pW8gIghO1Wdx6qwE61L3QEbBwakgiIOIqTq3HQXzLXeB+7j7CSEGwy9iAyFICDj2Yquf6FUr1kfx3DgdFQrUUzQDJjkrmmrFWTR3efhIgGXZ9SKnIRBb7DdlCorWGN2lAvewSvo81YfBZCJL1whg6M4VtLJj4nOqFYSgVOkK8O/4UEAkP/v8WUNhAgJEqqAtuXWKljWUnlbCd5Y4DaxojUCrsnQOsa/0YUP9lacrv806ji3S8vgaCz+VviutGi9o5F81rzNtMBgM/8cLvfhGGE5zC1AAAAAASUVORK5CYII=","orcid":"","institution":"Shendi University","correspondingAuthor":true,"prefix":"","firstName":"Alhaj","middleName":"Saad Mohamed Ahmed","lastName":"Ali","suffix":""},{"id":370740431,"identity":"617a19e3-dacb-415a-b762-0d04e9482399","order_by":1,"name":"Rowyda Alnile Ahmed Khamees","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Shendi University","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Rowyda","middleName":"Alnile Ahmed","lastName":"Khamees","suffix":""}],"badges":[],"createdAt":"2024-10-23 04:08:02","currentVersionCode":1,"declarations":"","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-5315458/v1","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-5315458/v1","draftVersion":[],"editorialEvents":[],"editorialNote":"","failedWorkflow":false,"files":[{"id":69380127,"identity":"f5c77cbd-1f6d-4d8b-bfea-a595d062064b","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-11-19 18:31:43","extension":"pdf","order_by":0,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"manuscript-pdf","size":1395066,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"manuscript.pdf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-5315458/v1/efce59f6-396f-4d0c-9845-5efea49148d7.pdf"}],"financialInterests":"No competing interests reported.","formattedTitle":"Minimum Humanitarian Standards of basic needs in temporary Displaced Camps in Shendi Locality, River Nile State, Sudan","fulltext":[{"header":"INTRODUCTION","content":"\u003cp\u003eIn large scale disasters in which existing structures are not safe to use as shelters like in floods, earthquake or conflict leads to massive population movement Emergency settlements for refugees and displaced people need to be established rapidly. (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR1\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e) The ongoing violence has caused extensive damage to infrastructure, leading to water shortages, lack of access to healthcare facilities, blackouts, communication and supply chain disruptions, and widespread incidents of looting. (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR2\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe health system is on the verge of collapse with many of the hospitals no longer functional due to disruption of supply chains for medicines and medical supplies, attacks on and looting of health facilities. Displaced individuals often struggle to access these standards easily. The UN aims to ensure these standards are available to effectively address disease risk factors. (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR3\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eTemporary displaced camps have become essential in providing displaced population and assistance to populations affected by conflicts, natural disasters, and other crises. (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR4\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003e) The importance of adhering to minimum humanitarian standards in these settings cannot be overstated, as they directly impact the well-being and dignity of displaced individuals. (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR5\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e5\u003c/span\u003e) This literature review explores key frameworks and guidelines that establish these minimum standards, focusing on the humanitarian response in temporary displaced camps.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eMinimum humanitarian standards in temporary displaced camps are vital for ensuring the dignity, safety, and well-being of displaced populations. Adherence to established frameworks such as the Sphere Handbook, United Nations Inter-Agency Standing Committee (IASC) Guidelines, and Core Humanitarian Standard on Quality and Accountability (CHS) not only enhances the quality of humanitarian response but also promotes accountability and respect for human rights.(\u003cspan citationid=\"CR6\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e6\u003c/span\u003e) Continued research and practice are essential for refining these standards and addressing the evolving challenges faced by displaced individuals in various contexts. (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR7\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e7\u003c/span\u003e) Minimum standards these are qualitative in nature and specify the minimum levels to be attained in humanitarian response.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe Sphere Handbook, developed by the Sphere Project, is a foundational document that sets out minimum humanitarian standards in humanitarian response, including in temporary displaced camps. It outlines the principles of humanitarian action humanity, impartiality, neutrality, and independence and establishes a framework for ensuring that the rights and dignity of affected populations are respected. The Handbook emphasizes the necessity of providing adequate food, water, shelter, health care, and protection to displaced persons. (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR8\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e8\u003c/span\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe minimum standards for water supply, Sanitation and hygiene promotion (WASH) are a practical expression of the shared beliefs and commitments of humanitarian agencies and common principles. The rights and responsibilities that guide humanitarian efforts are outlined in the humanitarian charter. (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR8\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e8\u003c/span\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003ePeople affected by crises are more vulnerable to illness and death from disease especially diarrheal disease and infectious disease. (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR9\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e9\u003c/span\u003e) Such diseases are closely linked to inadequate sanitation water supply and poor hygiene. water sanitation and hygiene promotion programmers aim to reduce public health risk. (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR10\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e10\u003c/span\u003e) The sphere minimum standard for water supply, sanitation and hygiene are practical expression of the right to on water and sanitation in humanitarian contexts. (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR8\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e8\u003c/span\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003eMinimum Standards in Camp Management\u003c/h3\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e Camp Management Standards provide specific guidelines for establishing and maintaining temporary displaced camps. According to the Camp Management Toolkit developed by the Global Camp Management Project, key minimum standards include ensuring adequate space and privacy, facilitating access to essential services, and promoting community participation in camp management. These standards aim to create a supportive environment that addresses the physical, social, and psychological needs of displaced individuals. (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR11\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e11\u003c/span\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAdherence to minimum standards in camp management is correlated with improved health outcomes among displaced populations. Camp management plays a vital role in coordinating services and meeting the needs of displaced individuals, especially in areas like sanitation, nutrition, and healthcare.(\u003cspan citationid=\"CR11\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e11\u003c/span\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec3\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eHealth and Nutrition Standards\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eHealth and nutrition are paramount in temporary displaced camps, where vulnerable populations often face heightened risks of malnutrition and disease. The Sphere Standards for Health and Nutrition set minimum requirements for health care services, including access to essential medicines, vaccinations, and nutritional support. (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR8\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e8\u003c/span\u003e) Implementing these health standards significantly reduced morbidity rates in displaced camps, demonstrating the effectiveness of adhering to established guidelines. (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR12\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e12\u003c/span\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003eWater, sanitation and hygiene promotion (WASH) standards\u003c/h3\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eWater, sanitation and hygiene promotion related disease cause serious illness and preventable deaths in crises. hygiene promotion that supports behaviors, actions and community engagement to reduce the risk of these diseases is essential for a successful water, sanitation and hygiene response. The promotion of hygiene must start from people own knowledge of the risk, prevention of disease and promotion of with positive health seeking behavior. (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR13\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e13\u003c/span\u003e) These standers play a role reduce risk related with a disease. Prepare for such disasters in the future by establishing shelter camps with specification that provide the minimum of these standards. The minimum standard for water supply, sanitation, and hygiene are practical expression of right to on water and sanitation in humanitarian contexts. (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR13\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e13\u003c/span\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003eWater Supply standard\u003c/h3\u003e\n\u003cp\u003ePeople have safe and equitable access to sufficient quantity of water for drinking, cooking and personal and domestic hygiene. Public water points are sufficiently close to households to enables of the minimum water requirement. (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR8\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e8\u003c/span\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eWater is essential for life, health and human dignity. In extreme situations, there may not be sufficient water available to meet basic needs and in these cases supplying a survival level of safe drinking water is of critical importance. In most cases, the main health problems are caused by poor hygiene due to insufficient water and by the consumption of contaminated water. (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR8\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e8\u003c/span\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe quantities of water needed for domestic use is context based, and may vary according to the climate, the sanitation facilities available, people\u0026rsquo;s habits, their religious and cultural practices, the food they cook, the clothes they wear, and so on. Water consumption generally increases the nearer the water source is to the dwelling. Where possible, \u003cb\u003e15\u003c/b\u003e liters per person per day (l/p/d) can be exceeded to conform to local standards where that standard is higher:\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cul\u003e \u003cli\u003e \u003cp\u003eWater intake (drinking and food) is (\u003cb\u003e2.5-3\u003c/b\u003eliters) per day Depends on the climate and individual physiology.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e \u003cp\u003eBasic hygiene Practices is (\u003cb\u003e2\u003c/b\u003e\u0026ndash;\u003cb\u003e6\u003c/b\u003e liters) per day depends on social and cultural norms\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e \u003cp\u003eBasic cooking needs is (\u003cb\u003e3\u003c/b\u003e\u0026ndash;\u003cb\u003e6\u003c/b\u003e liters) Depends on food type and social and cultural\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e \u003cp\u003eTotal basic water needs is (\u003cb\u003e7\u003c/b\u003e.\u003cb\u003e5\u003c/b\u003e\u0026ndash;\u003cb\u003e15\u003c/b\u003e liters)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/li\u003e \u003c/ul\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eHousehold surveys, observation and community discussion groups are more effective methods of collecting data on water use and consumption than the measurement of water pumped into the pipeline network or the operation of hand pumps\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIn a disaster and until minimum standards for both water quantity and quality are met, the priority is to provide equitable, Access to adequate quantity of water even if it is of intermediate quality. Disaster affected people are significantly more vulnerable to disease; therefore, water access and quantity indicators should be reached even if they are higher than the norms of the affected or host population. (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR8\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e8\u003c/span\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe number of people per source depends on the yield and availability of water at each source. The approximate guidelines are:-\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cul\u003e \u003cli\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cb\u003e250\u003c/b\u003e people per tap Based on a flow of \u003cb\u003e7\u003c/b\u003e.\u003cb\u003e5\u003c/b\u003e liters /minute-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cb\u003e500\u003c/b\u003e people per hand pump based on a flow of \u003cb\u003e17\u003c/b\u003e liters /minute-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cb\u003e400\u003c/b\u003e people per single-user open well based on a flow of \u003cb\u003e12\u003c/b\u003e.\u003cb\u003e5\u003c/b\u003e liters /minute. (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR8\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e8\u003c/span\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/li\u003e \u003c/ul\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eLong wait times in queues suggest a lack of sufficient water supply, which can stem from either too few water points or low yields from existing sources. (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR14\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e14\u003c/span\u003e) These prolonged waits can lead to lower individual water consumption, a higher reliance on unsafe surface water, and less time for other vital tasks for those fetching water. (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR15\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e15\u003c/span\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eEven if a sufficient quantity of water is available to meet minimum needs, additional measures are needed to ensure equitable access for all groups. Water points should be located in areas that are accessible to all, regardless of, for example, gender or ethnicity. Some hand pumps and water carrying containers may need to be designed or adapted for use by people living with HIV and AIDS, Older people, persons with disabilities and children In situations where water is rationed or pumped at given times, this should be planned in consultation with the users including women beneficiaries. (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR8\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e8\u003c/span\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSurvey of all public water supplies should be made this clues distribution system and water source. It is essential to determine physical integrity of system component, the remaining capacities and bacteriological and chemical quality of water supplies. (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR16\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e16\u003c/span\u003e) The main public safety aspect of water quality is microbial contamination. The first priority of ensuring water quality in emergency situations is chlorination it is the best may of disinfecting water it is advisable to increase residual chlorine level about \u003cb\u003e0.2\u0026ndash;0.5\u003c/b\u003e mg/liter. Low water pressure increases the risk of infiltration of pollutant in to water main. Repaired mains reservoirs and other unit require cleaning and disinfection. (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR17\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e17\u003c/span\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eWater-supply problems arise in all phases of the disaster-management cycle. (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR18\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e18\u003c/span\u003e) As with all other elements of emergency management, water supplies can be designed and maintained in ways that help to reduce the health impacts of disasters it is useful to distinguish between large-scale Systems (e.g. urban water -supply systems) formal water-supply and small-scale, scattered supplies.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eWater sources are exposed to a variety of hazards that may damage or contaminate them, but they can be protected against disasters to some extent. This section is concerned mainly with ways in which improvements to existing water supplies can make them more resistant to damage. (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR19\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e19\u003c/span\u003e) Water supply systems need to be resilient enough to provide people and critical users with reliable water following a disaster.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003ePrevious studies have identified four key factors that influence system robustness and recovery speed after a disaster: vulnerability, social capital, organizational capacity, and economic capital. Relevant factors and indicators were collected through an extensive literature review and validated through interviews with experts in water supply, resilience, social science, and economics. It was determined that economic capacity and rapid access to funding is the primary economic factors affecting the resilience of water supply systems. (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR20\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e20\u003c/span\u003e) Lack of access to safe water sources is leading risk factor for infectious disease in clouding cholera, dysentery, hepatitis A, typhoid, polio and malnutrition. (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR21\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e21\u003c/span\u003e) Addition to disease, unsafe drinking water, and poor environment hygiene can lead to gastrointestinal illness and cholera. (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR19\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e19\u003c/span\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003eExcreta disposal\u003c/h3\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eSafe disposal of human excreta creates the first barrier to excreta-related disease, helping to reduce disease transmission through direct and indirect routes. Safe excreta disposal is, therefore, a major priority and in most disaster situations should be addressed with as much speed and effort as the provision of a safe water supply. The provision of appropriate facilities for defecation is one of a number of emergency responses essential for people\u0026rsquo;s dignity, safety, health and well-being. (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR8\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e8\u003c/span\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eExcreta disposal standard is Environment free from human faeces; The living environment in general and specifically the habitat, food production areas, public centers and surroundings of drinking water sources are free from human faecal contamination. (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR8\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e8\u003c/span\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSafe disposal of human waste seeks to prevent the presence of uncontrolled and dispersed feces in the environment. Right after a disaster, while establishing an excreta management plan, it\u0026rsquo;s important to start with an initial clean-up effort, designate and secure areas for defecation, and construct communal toilets. Depending on the situation, a phased strategy is often the most effective way to address sanitation challenges. Involve all groups from the disaster-affected population in the implementation of safe excreta disposal activities. Where the affected population has not traditionally used toilets, it will be necessary to conduct a concerted hygiene promotion campaign to encourage safe excreta disposal and to create a demand for more toilets. In urban disasters where there could be damage to existing sewerage systems, assess the situation and consider installing portable toilets or use septic and/or containment tanks that can regularly dislodged. Due consideration should be given to dislodging, handling, transportation and final disposal of the sludge. (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR8\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e8\u003c/span\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIn the initial phase and where land is available, mark off a defecation field and/or construct trench latrines. This will only work if the site is correctly managed and maintained and the affected population understands the importance of using the facilities provided and where they are located. (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR8\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e8\u003c/span\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eDistance of defecation systems from water sources: The distance of soak pits, trench latrines and/or toilets from water sources should be at least \u003cb\u003e30\u003c/b\u003emeters and the bottom of the pits should be at least \u003cb\u003e1.5\u003c/b\u003e meters above the groundwater table. (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR27\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e27\u003c/span\u003e) These distances need to be increased for fissured rocks and limestone, or decreased for fine soils. In some disaster response, groundwater pollution may not be an immediate concern if it is not to be directly used for drinking, in flooded or high water table environments, it may be necessary to build elevated toilets or septic tanks to contain excreta and prevent it contaminating the environment. It is also imperative that drainage or spillage from septic tanks does not contaminate surface water and/or groundwater sources. (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR8\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e8\u003c/span\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eGive particular attention to the disposal of children\u0026rsquo;s faeces, as they are commonly more dangerous than those of adults (excreta-related infection among children is frequently higher and children may not have developed antibodies to infections). Parents and caregivers should be provided with information about safe disposal of infants\u0026rsquo; faeces, laundering practices and the use of nappies (diapers), potties or scoops for effectively managing safe disposal. (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR28\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e28\u003c/span\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSeparate areasfor men and women are usually desirable. The field should be in a convenient places but no nearer than \u003cb\u003e30\u003c/b\u003e meters to other camp facilities. Ideally, it would be on land that\u0026rsquo;s lopes away from the camp and any surface water sources. Approximately \u003cb\u003e3\u0026ndash;5\u003c/b\u003e meters length of shallow trench is needed for every \u003cb\u003e100\u003c/b\u003e people. A further improvement is the deep trench latrine, which is deeper, longer and widerthan the shallow trench latrine. It can last 1\u0026ndash;3 months and is constructed. (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR8\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e8\u003c/span\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSimple pit latrines, Ventilated improved pit \u003cb\u003e(\u003c/b\u003eVIP\u003cb\u003e)\u003c/b\u003e latrines, Composting latrines,Double-pit latrines, Water-seal latrines. )26)\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cb\u003e99.9%\u003c/b\u003e water and the remaining \u003cb\u003e0.1%\u003c/b\u003e is contain organic matter, microorganisms and inorganic compound. Waste water effluents are released to a variety of environments such as lakes, rivers, oceans. (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR8\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e8\u003c/span\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003eSolid waste management\u003c/h3\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eSolid waste management is the process of handling and disposal of organic and hazardous solid waste which, if unattended appropriately, can pose public health risks to the affected population and can have a negative impact on the environment. Such risks can arise from the breeding of flies and rodents that thrive on solid waste and the pollution of surface- and groundwater sources due to leachate from mixed household and clinical or industrial waste. Uncollected and accumulating solid waste and the debris left after a natural disaster may also create an ugly and depressing environment, which might help discourage efforts to improve other aspects of environmental health. Solid waste often blocks drainage channels and leads to an increased risk of flooding, resulting in environmental health problems associated with stagnant and polluted surface water, Waste pickers, who gain a small income from collecting recyclable materials from waste dumps, may also be at risk of infectious disease from hospital waste mixed with household waste. (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR24\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e24\u003c/span\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eDisasters can create large volumes of debris and waste. (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR23\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e23\u003c/span\u003e) The waste can over whelm existing solid waste management facilities and impact on other emergency response and recovery activities. If poorly managed, the waste can have significant environmental and public health impacts and can affect the overall recovery process.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eEffected of poor Solid waste management lead to; Air pollution, Environmental pollution, Spread of disease and climate change. (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR22\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e22\u003c/span\u003e) Also breeding of flies and rodents, pollution of surface and groundwater, Create ugly and depressing environment, Blocks daring channels and leads to an increased risk floods. (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR8\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e8\u003c/span\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eMethods of solid waste disposal are; Solid Waste Open Burning, sea dumping, Sanitary landfills, incineration method, Composting and biological digestion. (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR25\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e25\u003c/span\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec8\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eHygiene promotion\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eHygiene promotion is a planned, systematic approach to enable people to take action to prevent and/or mitigate water, sanitation and hygiene-related diseases. It can also provide a practical way to facilitate community participation, accountability and monitoring in \u003cb\u003eWASH\u003c/b\u003e programs. Hygiene promotion should aim to draw on the affected population\u0026rsquo;s knowledge, practices and resources. as well as on the current WASH evidence base to determine how public health can best be protected. Hygiene promotion involves ensuring that people make the best use of the water, sanitation and hygiene-enabling facilities and services provided and includes the effective operation and maintenance of the facilities. (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR8\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e8\u003c/span\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe three Hygiene promotion key factors are; a) A mutual sharing of information and knowledge, \u003cb\u003eb)\u003c/b\u003e The mobilization of affected communities, \u003cb\u003ec)\u003c/b\u003e The provision of essential materials and facilities.(\u003cspan citationid=\"CR8\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e8\u003c/span\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eA basic minimum hygiene items pack consists of water containers (buckets), bathing and laundry soaps, and menstrual hygiene material, which include:\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;10\u0026ndash;20 liter capacity water container for transportation one per household\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;10\u0026ndash;20 liter capacity water containers for storage one per household.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;250g bathing soap one per person per month .\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;200g laundry soap one per person per month.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e- Acceptable material for menstrual hygiene, e.g. washable cotton cloth, One per person. (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR8\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e8\u003c/span\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSome people with specific needs (e.g. incontinence or severe diarrhea) may require increased quantities of personal hygiene items such as soap. Persons with disabilities or those who are confined to bed may need additional items, such as bed pans. Some items may require adaptations for sanitary use (such as a stool with a hole or commode chair). (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR8\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e8\u003c/span\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cul\u003e \u003cli\u003e \u003cp\u003eMenstrual hygiene; Provision must be made for discreet laundering or disposal of menstrual hygiene materials\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e \u003cp\u003eAdditional items: Existing social and cultural practices may require access to additional personal hygiene items.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/li\u003e \u003c/ul\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSubject to availability, such items (per person per month) could include;\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cul\u003e \u003cli\u003e \u003cp\u003e75ml/100g toothpaste one toothbrush ,\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e \u003cp\u003e250ml shampoo,\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e \u003cp\u003e250ml lotion for infants and children up to 2 years of age ,one disposable razor, underwear for women and girls of menstrual age ,one hairbrush and/or comb ,nail clippers ,nappies (diapers) and potties (dependent on household need). (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR8\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e8\u003c/span\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/li\u003e \u003c/ul\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003eVector control\u003c/h3\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eA vector is an agent that carries diseases, and vector-borne illnesses are a significant cause of illness and death in many disaster situations. Mosquitoes are the primary vectors for malaria, which is a leading cause of morbidity and mortality. They also transmit other diseases, including yellow fever, dengue, and hemorrhagic fever. Non-biting flies, such as house flies, blow flies, and flesh flies, are important in spreading diarrheal diseases. Biting insects like flies, bedbugs, and fleas can be irritating and may transmit serious diseases such as murine typhus, scabies, and plague. Ticks are responsible for transmitting relapsing fever, while human body lice spread typhus and relapsing fever. Rodents like rats and mice can carry diseases such as leptospirosis and salmonellosis and can also harbor other vectors like fleas, which may transmit diseases such as Lassa fever and plague. Control of vector-borne diseases can be achieved through various strategies, including careful site selection, adequate shelter, provision of clean water, proper excreta disposal, solid waste management, effective drainage, access to health services (including community engagement and health education), use of chemical control methods, personal protection, and safeguarding food supplies. (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR8\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e8\u003c/span\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"MATERIALS AND METHODS","content":"\u003cp\u003eCross-sectional- Sample survey and household based study was conducted on the displaced shelters in the temporary camps in Shendi locality, between August to October \u003cb\u003e2024\u003c/b\u003e for the purpose of observe the minimum humanitarian standards in the shelter camps.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eA total of 100 households were systematic- randomly selected out of 750 households (by range 7 households) from 35 temporary shelter camps (all its schools). An interview was designed with the camp administrator to find out the details of the size of the displaced population, the area, and the availability of facilities in order to assess the suitability of the camp for shelter. Then, an interview was conducted using a questionnaire with the head of each household from the 100 who were selected for assess; Provides minimum humanitarian needs. A checklist was also designed to investigate a number of items that can be directly observed in the environment around the camps, which could cause health risks to the displaced and reduce the standards that must be available.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cul\u003e \u003cli\u003e \u003cp\u003eQuestionnaire (It contains demographic information, information about water source and storage capacity, human and solid waste and how to dispose of them, personal hygiene practices, and finally vector control)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e \u003cp\u003eChecklist (It contains notes on the cleanliness of water storage containers, their distance and potential sources of contamination, as well as notes on solid waste containers, the requirement that are met, and how to properly dispose of liquid waste especially for children. it\u0026rsquo;s also contains personal hygiene practices, how to preserve food, and finally the use of mosquito nets as one of the method mosquito control).\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e \u003cp\u003eUnstructured Interview (An interview with the camp official to learn about size of the displaced population, the area, and the availability of facilities the sanitation programs he is implementing, the extent of the household response to this program, the entities that support them, as well as the food and non-food supplies and how they are distributed).\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/li\u003e \u003c/ul\u003e \u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"RESULTS AND DISCUSSION","content":"\u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"BlockQuote\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eWhenever any disaster or conflicts occurs, it requires providing the minimum level of humanitarian needs in order to preserve the lives of the population, especially if the population is displaced from their original home and they become dependent on others to provide their needs. These needs of the displaced people at camps in the Shendi locality were assessed according to sphere project which determining the minimum humanitarian Standards in the event of emergency, and according to the conditions and characteristics of the local community.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIn large scale disasters in which existing structures are not safe to use as shelters like in floods, earthquake or conflict leads to massive population movement Emergency settlements for refugees and displaced people need to be established rapidly. The process of displacement is followed by health impacts related to the lack of availability of minimum basic needs.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cb\u003eStandard of temporary camps management and layout;\u003c/b\u003e One of the priorities of any disaster response operation is to choose a temporary site to shelter those affected who leave their original homes. Therefore, schools become one of the most suitable sites for temporary shelter, as it provides ready-made buildings and facilities for cooking and toilets. This is what we notice in Table\u0026nbsp;(1), where schools were the camps most often used to shelter displaced people coming from conflict areas.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eDespite some observations related to the lack of privacy and the size and number of rooms for residents, it was and still is the appropriate and available option in the area because it is distinguished by its large areas, the availability of sufficient toilets, good sanitary standards, and the availability of permanent sources of drinking water. Another advantage added to using schools as temporary shelter centers is their proximity to public facilities such as hospitals, markets, and transportation lines, with the availability of security protection.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cb\u003eTable\u0026nbsp;(1): standard of temporary camps management for displaced population in Shendi locality, River Nile State- Sudan\u003c/b\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"No\" id=\"Taba\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"8\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c6\" colnum=\"6\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c7\" colnum=\"7\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c8\" colnum=\"8\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTemporary shelters\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNo of individuals\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSpaces\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNo of rooms\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNo of toilets\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c8\" namest=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMinimum Standard\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSpaces\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e(3.5 m\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e/P)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eRooms(6*4)\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e(8 P/R)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eToilets\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e(1 T/25P)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e623\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1200m\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e (2 m\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e/P)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e60 (10 P/R)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e64 (10 T/person)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNA\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNA\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eA\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e27\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e300m\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e(11 m\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e/P)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e12(2 P/R)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4 (7 T/person)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eA\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eA\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eA\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e93\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e600m\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e(6 m\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e/P)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e27(3 P/R)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e12 (8 T/person)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eA\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eA\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eA\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e417\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e800m\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e(2 m\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e/P)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e17(24 P/R)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e16 (26 T/person)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNA\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNA\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNA\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e251\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e800m\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e(3 m\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e/P)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e11(22 P/R)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e8 (31 T/person)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNA\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNA\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNA\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e171\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e600m\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e(3.5 m\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e/P)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e11(15 P/R)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e8 (21 T/person)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eA\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNA\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eA\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e307\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2000m\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e(6.5 m\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e/P)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e21(14 P/R)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e10 (31 T/person)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eA\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNA\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNA\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e202\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1800m\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e(10 m\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e/P)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e21(9 P/R)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e10 (20 T/person)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eA\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNA\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eA\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e186\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1800m\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e(9.5 m\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e/P)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e13(14 P/R)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e8 (23 T /person)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eA\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNA\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eA\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e167\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1200m\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e(7 m\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e/P)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e13(13 P/R)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e8(21 T /person)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eA\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNA\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eA\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e86\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e800m\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e(9 m\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e/P)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e11(8 P/R)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6(14 T /person)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eA\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eA\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eA\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e96\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e600m\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e(6 m\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e/P)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e9(10 P/R)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6(16 T /person)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eA\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNA\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eA\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e211\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2200m\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e(10.5 m\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e/P)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e17(12 P/R)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e10(21 T /person)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eA\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNA\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eA\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e135\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1200m\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e(14 m\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e/P)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e15(9 P/R)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e8(17 T /person)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eA\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNA\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eA\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e86\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e500m\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e(6 m\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e/P)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7(12 P/R)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4(22 T /person)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eA\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNA\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eA\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e286\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2000m\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e(7 m\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e/P)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e19(3 P/R)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e8(36 T /person)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eA\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eA\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNA\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e17.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e257\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2500m\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e(10 m\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e/P)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e17(15 P/R)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e10(26 T /person)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eA\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNA\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNA\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e18.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e59\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e600m\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e(10 m\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e/P)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5(12 P/R)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4(15 T /person)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eA\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNA\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eA\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e19.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e87\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e600m\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e(7 m\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e/P)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7(12 P/R)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4(22 T /person)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eA\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNA\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eA\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e20.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e141\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1800m\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e(12.5 m\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e/P)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e17(8 P/R)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e10(14 T /person)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eA\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eA\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eA\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e21.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e91\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1200m\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e(13 m\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e/P)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e11(8 P/R)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6(15 T /person)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eA\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eA\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eA\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e22.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e78\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e500m\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e(6.5 m\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e/P)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5(15 P/R)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4(20 T /person)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eA\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNA\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eA\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e 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m\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e/P)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e13(8 P/R)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e8(14 T /person)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eA\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eA\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eA\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e26.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e46\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e500m\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e(11 m\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e/P)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5(9 P/R)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4(12 T /person)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eA\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNA\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eA\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e27.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e37\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e600m\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e(16 m\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e/P)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7(5 P/R)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4(10 T /person)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eA\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eA\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eA\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e28.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e185\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2200m\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e(12 m\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e/P)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e13(14 P/R)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e8(23 T /person)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eA\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e 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\u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e30.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e113\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1200m\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e(10.5 m\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e/P)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e13(8 P/R)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e8(14 T /person)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eA\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eA\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eA\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e31.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e229\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2000m\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e(8.5 m\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e/P)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e17(13 P/R)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e10(23 T /person)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eA\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNA\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eA\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e32.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e153\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1800m\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e(11.5 m\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e/P)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e15(10 P/R)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e8(19 T /person)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eA\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNA\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eA\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e33.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e215\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1800m\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e(8 m\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e/P)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e13(16 P/R)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e10(22 T /person)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eA\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNA\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eA\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e34.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e127\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e600m\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e(4.5 m\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e/P)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e11(11 P/R)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6(21 T /person)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eA\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNA\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eA\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e35.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e247\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2500m\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e(10 m\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e/P)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e17(14 P/R)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e10(25 T /person)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eA\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNA\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eA\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec12\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eP\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;Person R\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;Room T\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;Toilet A\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;acceptable NA\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;Not acceptable\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe presence of healthcare centers in and around the town significantly reduces the difficulties families face in accessing health services. The availability of hospitals in the area, along with the freedom of movement, is crucial. This access to healthcare is particularly vital for pregnant women, children, and other vulnerable groups. Some women were able to receive vaccination and delivery services at the hospital, and many children received vaccinations for common childhood diseases, (table 3). The children did not receive routine vaccinations because of the ignorance of mothers and their lack of direction, represented 8%. The challenge in accessing services stems from the displaced individuals\u0026rsquo; insufficient funds and lack of support, as many households reported low monthly incomes.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cb\u003eTable\u0026nbsp;(2): distribution demographic information of household heads in temporary displaced camps, Shendi locality- River Nile State\u003c/b\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"No\" id=\"Tabb\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"4\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c2\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eDemographic variables of household heads\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNo\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePercentage\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"3\" rowspan=\"4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAge\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e15\u0026ndash;20 years\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e8\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e8%\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e21\u0026ndash;25 years\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e14\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e14%\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e26-30years\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e18\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e18%\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMore than 30years\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e60\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e60%\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eGender\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMale\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e12\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e12%\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFemale\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e88\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e88%\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"3\" rowspan=\"4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eEduacation level\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eUn educate\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e24\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e12%\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePrimary\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e30\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e30%\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSecondary\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e36\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e36%\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eUniversity and above\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e22\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e22%\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"2\" rowspan=\"3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eOccupation\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eHomemaker\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e66\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e66%\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eEmployee\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e8\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e8%\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFree job\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e26\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e26%\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"3\" rowspan=\"4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNumber of family members\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eLess than 4members\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e20\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e20%\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4-6members\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e46\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e46%\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7\u0026ndash;9 members\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e26\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e26%\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMore than 10 member\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e8\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e8%\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"3\" rowspan=\"4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFamily income\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eLess than 100 thousand\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e50\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e50%\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e100\u0026ndash;150 thousand\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e30\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e30%\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e160\u0026ndash;200 thousand\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2%\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMore than 200 thousand\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e18\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e18%\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThis financial strain forces households to choose between seeking healthcare and securing food, which is a significant concern given the high prices. As a result, households are often compelled to consume smaller amounts of lower-quality food. This is illustrated in (Table\u0026nbsp;3); most households primarily eat legumes, and over time, this limited diet may lead to a deficiency in essential nutrients that legumes do not provide. With these data, most of the displaced households are considered below the poverty line. Poverty is considered one of the most important causes of malnutrition as a result of the families\u0026rsquo; inability to obtain sufficient food or diversity in food. This is what appeared among the displaced households that they depend only on legumes (98%) of the families, (6%) get meat and only (2%) get milk (table 3), which is very important, especially for household with children, considering that milk is a complete meal. The public health of any region or community is highly dependent on Immunization against various deadly diseases.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe more immunization coverage a community has access to, the less vulnerable it is to epidemics and outbreaks.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eDisplaced populations are at a high risk of epidemics and outbreaks, vulnerable to malnutrition, and exposed to environmental hazards due to the poor sanitation and hygiene of the crowded camps.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cb\u003eTable\u0026nbsp;(3): health and nutrition standards among displaced households in temporary camps management for displaced population in Shendy locality, River Nile State- Sudan\u003c/b\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"No\" id=\"Tabc\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"4\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c2\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eInformation about Health and nutrition standards\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNo (%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMinimum standard\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"3\" rowspan=\"4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eWoman Vaccination status\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eUnvaccinated\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e42(42%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\" morerows=\"3\" rowspan=\"4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAll woman must vaccinated by necessary vaccines\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTetanus\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e52(52)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMeningitis\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4(4%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eYellow fever\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2(2%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eWoman's delivered in last pregnant after displacement\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eIn hospital\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e72(72%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMaternity services must be available to pregnant women in ideal health conditions\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eIn camp\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e28(28%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"2\" rowspan=\"3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eUnder one year children vaccination status\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eUn applicable\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e82(82%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\" morerows=\"2\" rowspan=\"3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAll children should receive vaccines\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eVaccinated\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e10 (10%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eUnvaccinated\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e8(8%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAvailability of Mosquito net\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAvailable\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e30(30%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAll people exposed to mosquitoes should have access to mosquito nets\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eUnavailable\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e70(70%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003efood available in sufficient quantities\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e66(66%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2,100 kcals/person/day\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNo\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e34(34%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"2\" rowspan=\"3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFood consumed among displaced household\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eLegumes\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e92(92%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\" morerows=\"2\" rowspan=\"3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e10 per cent of total energy provided by protein,\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e17 per cent of total energy provided by fat,\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAdequate micronutrient intake.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMeat\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6(6%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMilk\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2(2%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003efood be stored in closed container\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e90(90%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFood is kept in suitable containers and covered to prevent insect access and to protect it from the surrounding environmental conditions\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNo\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e10(10%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eTo make the population resilient against possible outbreaks, in addition to shelter, food, and adequate clean water supplies, immunization is required. The risk of epidemics is usually high in camps, and therefore this study analyzed the immunization coverage to assess the vulnerability of the study population. The camps ranked very high to very low in accordance with their vulnerability due to insufficient immunization coverage.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003ePeople have safe and equitable access to sufficient quantity of water for drinking, cooking and personal and domestic hygiene. Public water points are sufficiently close to households to enables of the minimum water requirement. (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR8\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e8\u003c/span\u003e) Water is essential for life, health and human dignity. In (table4) noted that the source of water for 98% of household was relied on tap water and 2% on well water (pump). The tap was not flowing continuously, and this contradicts what was mentioned in (Sphere handbook for water supply standards, 2018) 250 people per tap based on a flow of 7.5liters/minute), (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR8\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e8\u003c/span\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eWater it wasn't is sufficiently available due to the distance of the water source from the camp, and most of the residents there are over thirty years old, and its quality is poor due to the presence of stagnant water nearby, which helps in the proliferation of disease vector and algae as well as unpleasant odors. In a disaster, and until minimum standards for both water quantity and quality are met. More that \u003cb\u003e56%\u003c/b\u003e of heads of households, preserved water in bouquets and \u003cb\u003e30%\u003c/b\u003e in containers.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cb\u003eTable\u0026nbsp;(4); status of water supply standard, source, storage, quantity and quality in temporary displaced camps, Shendi locality- River Nile State\u003c/b\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"No\" id=\"Tabd\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"4\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c2\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eInvestigated Water standards\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNo (%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMinimum standards\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eWater source\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTap\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e95 (95%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePublic water points are sufficiently close to households\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eWell\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5(5%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"2\" rowspan=\"3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eDistance of water point\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eLess than 50 m\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e78(78%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\" morerows=\"2\" rowspan=\"3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAll people have safe and equitable access to a sufficient quantity of water for drinking, cooking and personal and domestic hygiene.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMore than 50m\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e20(20%\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eOutside the temporary camp\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4(4%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eContainer capacity\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eLess than 20 liters\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e78(78%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e10\u0026ndash;20 litre capacity water container\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e20 to 40 liters\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e22 (22%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"2\" rowspan=\"3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eWater quantity\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u0026ndash;2 L/P/D\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e60(60%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\" morerows=\"2\" rowspan=\"3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.5\u0026ndash;15 Liters/person/day\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3-4L/P/D\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e34(34%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5-6L/P/D\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6(6%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ewater containers clean\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e74(74%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eKeep water in clean containers to prevent accidental contamination\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNo\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e26(26%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003edefecation near a water source\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e20(20%\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe distance of soak pits, trench latrines and/or toilets from water sources should be at least 30 metres\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNo\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e80(80%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ewater source protected from contamination\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e70(70%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe water source is protected from pollution causes\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNo\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e30(30%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAs for buttons and barrels, their percentage was \u003cb\u003e2%\u003c/b\u003e and \u003cb\u003e12%\u003c/b\u003e, respectively. The level of cleanliness of the storage containers was not as required, and this is due to the ignorance of a part of them about the importance of cleanliness. but personal behavior played a role in the low level of cleanliness, their percentage being \u003cb\u003e36%\u003c/b\u003e and \u003cb\u003e22%\u003c/b\u003e, respectively. The capacity of the storage containers was small and insufficient, as most houshold had between \u003cb\u003e4\u003c/b\u003e and \u003cb\u003e6\u003c/b\u003e members, meaning \u003cb\u003e46%\u003c/b\u003e. This contradicts what were stated in (\u003cb\u003e15\u003c/b\u003eliters per person per day (l/p/d)) (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR1\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e). the sources of contamination were 78% wrong practices, \u003cb\u003e22%\u003c/b\u003e insect breeding, and protecting the source from these contamination was insufficient, \u003cb\u003e20%\u003c/b\u003e defecate near it, \u003cb\u003e26%\u003c/b\u003e do not distinguish between drinking water and other uses, and \u003cb\u003e26%\u003c/b\u003e do not have a tap under storage containers, and this applies. To some extent with; the main health problems are caused by poor hygiene due to insufficient water and by the consumption of contaminated water. (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR8\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e8\u003c/span\u003e) The study results indicates that \u003cb\u003e96%\u003c/b\u003e do not have access to soap per person per month, and this contradicts what was stated in (\u003cb\u003e250g\u003c/b\u003e bathing soap One per person per month,\u003cb\u003e200g\u003c/b\u003e laundry soap One per person per month). (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR8\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e8\u003c/span\u003e) also explained that washing clothes and personal hygiene were not continuous, and this is due to insufficient water and soap, and that most of the residents are female, with a percentage of \u003cb\u003e88%\u003c/b\u003e, and this contradicts what was mentioned in (may require increased quantities of personal hygiene items such as soap underwear for women and girls of menstrual age, one hairbrush and/or comb, nail clippers ,nappies (diapers) and potties (dependent on household nee ).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cb\u003eTable\u0026nbsp;(5); situation of hygiene and sanitation standards in temporary displaced camps, Shendi locality- River Nile State\u003c/b\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"No\" id=\"Tabe\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"4\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c2\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003esurveyed hygiene and Sanitation standards\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNo (%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMinimum standards\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"2\" rowspan=\"3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAvailability of soap for household/month\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNot available\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e96(96%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\" morerows=\"2\" rowspan=\"3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAt least(200g laundry soap, 250g bathing soap) per person/month\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eA household of 6 persons needs 6 laundry soaps and the same for bathing per month\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eLess than 4 soups/household/month\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2(2%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4\u0026ndash;6 soups/household/month\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2(%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eopen defecation\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eExist\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e44(44%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe living environment in general and specifically the habitat, food production areas, public centres and surroundings of drinking water sources are free from human faecal contamination.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNot exist\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e66(66%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSolid waste disposal\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eOpen dump\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e90(90%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSolid waste must be managed in a way that prevents the community from causing health risks and visual pollution\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFormal disposal\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e10(10%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThis is considered a serious health risk that affects the displaced and society as a whole, through odors and diseases transmitted by vectors and feces. The study showed the presence of open defecation behaviors near water sources and near camps. The site should be free of major water and vector borne disease. If endemic diseases are present, care should be taken to avoid or control vector habitats and provide personal protection against mosquitoes, black flies, tsetse flies, etc.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe study showed that the widespread insects are mosquitoes, flies, and cockroaches, and their prevalence rates are \u003cb\u003e48%, 42%\u003c/b\u003e, and \u003cb\u003e10%\u003c/b\u003e, respectively and \u003cb\u003e98%\u003c/b\u003e use personal protection from the damage caused by these insects, and the methods used to combat them are repellents and traps, at a rate of \u003cb\u003e73.5\u003c/b\u003e% and \u003cb\u003e23.5%\u003c/b\u003e, respectively. \u003cb\u003e32%\u003c/b\u003e use mosquito nets, and they differ in the time of tying them, but \u003cb\u003e67%\u003c/b\u003e tie them in the evening, and \u003cb\u003e68%\u003c/b\u003e do not use mosquito nets due to their lack of availability and the possibility of purchasing them themselves if \u003cb\u003e50%\u003c/b\u003e of them have an income of less than \u003cb\u003e100,000\u003c/b\u003e per month.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eWhen interviewing camp officials, they all praised the role of families in environmental sanitation, their formation of a committee for this, and also their effective role in eliminating disease vectors, through some activities, which include filling ponds, properly disposing of stagnant water and solid waste, and using pesticides to spray these vectors, as well as health education initiatives. These activities are at the camp level, and this is consistent with what was mentioned in(Vector-borne diseases can be controlled through a variety of initiatives. including appropriate site selection and provision of shelter, water supply, excreta disposal, solid waste management and drainage, provision of health services (including community mobilization and health promotion), use of chemical controls, family and individual protection, and effective protection of food stores). (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR8\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e8\u003c/span\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cb\u003eTable\u0026nbsp;(6): Direct observation for environment around shelters in temporary displaced camps, Shendi locality- River Nile State\u003c/b\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"No\" id=\"Tabf\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"4\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c2\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eObserved items around households shelters\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNo\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c2\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eToilet close to where food is prepared\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e52(52%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e48(48%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c2\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eDefecation in toilet\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e78(78%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e22(22%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c2\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eProper disposal of children\u0026rsquo;s feces\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e82(82%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e18(18%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c2\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eWash hand after cleaning child\u0026rsquo;s a stool\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e93(93%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7(7%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c2\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCovers for garbage cans\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e60(60%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e40(40%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c2\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eGarbage disposal\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e84(84%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e16(16%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c2\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eDispose of stagnant water\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e42(42%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e58(58%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c2\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eChildren play in stagnant water\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e29(29%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e71(71%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c2\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eHousehold waste removed regular\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e96(96%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4(4%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c2\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eBreeding of files and rodents\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e96(96%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4(4%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c2\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eUsed mosquito nets\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e32(32%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e68(68%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c2\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eUse enough water for washing and bathing\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e58(58%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e62(62%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c2\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eOpen defecation\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e22(22%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e78(78%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c2\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eWashing facilities available\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e60(60%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e40(40%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c2\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eHouse fly\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e42(42%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e58(58%\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c2\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMosquito\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e48(48%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e52(52%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c2\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCockroach\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e10(10%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e90(90%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"2\" rowspan=\"3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003emethod used for mosquitoes\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSpraying\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3%\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eUsing repellents\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e73\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e73%\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTraps\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e24\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e24%\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003emosquito nets available\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e30\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e30%\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNo\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e70\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e70%\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"2\" rowspan=\"3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003etime during connected\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMorning\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2%\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eEvening\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e67\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e67%\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNight\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e31\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e31%\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e"},{"header":"CONCLUSION","content":"\u003cp\u003eThe assessment of temporary displaced camps in Shendi Locality, Sudan, highlights critical deficiencies in humanitarian standards, particularly in nutrition, sanitation, and hygiene, posing significant health risks. To address these issues, it is essential to improve food security and dietary diversity through targeted nutritional programs, enhance sanitation facilities and waste management practices, and promote better hygiene education among residents. Collaborative efforts involving government agencies and NGOs are crucial to implement sustainable solutions that will improve living conditions and reduce the risk of disease spread in these camps.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Abbreviations","content":"\u003ctable border=\"1\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\" width=\"652\"\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 18.9916%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAIDS\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 81.0084%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAcquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 18.9916%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eECO-SAN\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 81.0084%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eEcological \u0026nbsp;Sanitation\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 18.9916%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eHIV\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 81.0084%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eHuman Immunodeficiency Virus\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 18.9916%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eIDP\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 81.0084%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eInternally Displaced Person\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 18.9916%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePH-RAM\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 81.0084%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePublic Health Risk Assessment Model\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 18.9916%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSPSS\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 81.0084%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eStatistical Package For Social Sciences\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 18.9916%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eUDT\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 81.0084%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eUrine Division Toilet\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 18.9916%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eVIP\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 81.0084%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eVentilated Improved\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 18.9916%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eWASH\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 81.0084%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eWater Supplies and Sanitation and Hygiene Promotion\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n\u003c/table\u003e"},{"header":"Declarations","content":" \u003ch2\u003eEthical approval and consent to participate:\u003c/strong\u003e \u003cp\u003e The study was firstly approved by ethical committee of the faculty of public health (institution research board) at Shendi University. Permission was also taken from health and population department \u0026ndash; Shendi locality, directors of temporary camps and household heads in shelters to be studied. Names and personal data were completely secured.\u003c/p\u003e \u003ch2\u003eConsent for publication\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eNot applicable\u003c/p\u003e \u003ch2\u003eCompeting interests\u003c/strong\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe authors declared no conflict of interest.\u003c/p\u003e \u003ch2\u003eFunding\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe researchers did not receive any fund from any source.\u003c/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eAuthor Contribution\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eASMA designed the study and wrote the manuscript. RAAK collect and analyzed the data and designed tables. All authors reviewed manuscript. All authors read and approved the final manuscript. All authors contributed significantly to this work, conceiving the idea of the research, collection and analysis of data, writing and editing of the manuscript. All authors read and approved the manuscript.\u003c/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eAcknowledgement\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe cooperation and devotion of the health teams in all health institutions and camps selected for the study is very much appreciated. Their support and detection should be acknowledgment\u003c/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eData Availability\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe datasets used and analyzed during this study are available from the corresponding author or reasonable request.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"References","content":"\u003col\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eTopluoglu S. (2023). Impact of wars and natural disasters on emerging and re-emerging infectious diseases. Natl Institutes Health. \u003cspan class=\"ExternalRef\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"RefSource\"\u003ehttps://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10505936/\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan address=\"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10505936/\" targettype=\"URL\" class=\"RefTarget\"\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eReliefWeb. (2024). Sudan crisis response plan 2024\u0026ndash;2025. \u003cspan class=\"ExternalRef\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"RefSource\"\u003ehttps://reliefweb.int/report/sudan/sudan-crisis-response-plan-2024-2025\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan address=\"https://reliefweb.int/report/sudan/sudan-crisis-response-plan-2024-2025\" targettype=\"URL\" class=\"RefTarget\"\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eAwuah WA. (2023). The unmet surgical needs of global refugee populations. 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Effectiveness of humanitarian action in protracted crisis: case of the health sector response in Lebanon\u0026rsquo;s border town of Arsal (Doctoral dissertation).\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eSphere Association, editor. (2018). Sphere handbook: humanitarian charter and minimum standards in humanitarian response. Practical Action.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eKouadio IK, Aljunid S, Kamigaki T, Hammad K, Oshitani H. Infectious diseases following natural disasters: prevention and control measures. Expert Rev anti-infective therapy. 2012;10(1):95\u0026ndash;104.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eWorld Health Organization. WHO water, sanitation and hygiene strategy 2018\u0026ndash;2025. 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Understanding the Handling of Drinking Water in local communities in Kenya (Doctoral dissertation, Hochschule f\u0026uuml;r angewandte Wissenschaften Hamburg).\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eZiraba AK, Haregu TN, Mberu B. A review and framework for understanding the potential impact of poor solid waste management on health in developing countries. Archives Public Health. 2016;74:1\u0026ndash;11.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eBrown C, Milke M, Seville E. Disaster waste management: A review article. Waste Manag. 2011;31(6):1085\u0026ndash;98.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eAbubakar IR, Maniruzzaman KM, Dano UL, AlShihri FS, AlShammari MS, Ahmed SMS, Al-Gehlani WAG, Alrawaf TI. Environmental Sustainability Impacts of Solid Waste Management Practices in the Global South. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2022;19(19):12717. \u003cspan class=\"ExternalRef\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"RefSource\"\u003e10.3390/ijerph191912717\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan address=\"10.3390/ijerph191912717\" targettype=\"DOI\" class=\"RefTarget\"\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e. PMID: 36232017; PMCID: PMC9566108.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eKhan S, Anjum R, Raza ST, Bazai NA, Ihtisham M. Technologies for municipal solid waste management: Current status, challenges, and future perspectives. Chemosphere. 2022;288:132403.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eMishra AK, Aithal PS. Cost-Effective Design of Latrine for Low Income Group. Int J Manage Technol Social Sci (IJMTS). 2022;7(1):306\u0026ndash;21.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eHandzel T. (2018). Water, Sanitation, and Hygiene (WASH). Health in Humanitarian Emergencies: Principles and Practice for Public Health and Healthcare Practitioners, 136.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eMajorin F, Torondel B, Chan GKS, Clasen T. (2019). Interventions to improve disposal of child faeces for preventing diarrhoea and soil-transmitted helminth infection. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, (9).\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003c/ol\u003e"}],"fulltextSource":"","fullText":"","funders":[],"hasAdminPriorityOnWorkflow":false,"hasManuscriptDocX":true,"hasOptedInToPreprint":true,"hasPassedJournalQc":"","hasAnyPriority":false,"hideJournal":true,"highlight":"","institution":"","isAcceptedByJournal":false,"isAuthorSuppliedPdf":false,"isDeskRejected":"","isHiddenFromSearch":false,"isInQc":false,"isInWorkflow":false,"isPdf":false,"isPdfUpToDate":true,"isWithdrawnOrRetracted":false,"journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"researchsquare","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"/submission","title":"Research Square","twitterHandle":"researchsquare","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"","reportingPortfolio":"","inReviewEnabled":false,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true},"keywords":"minimum Sphere standards, displaced camp, conflict","lastPublishedDoi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-5315458/v1","lastPublishedDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-5315458/v1","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"},"manuscriptAbstract":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eBackground\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eMinimum standards these are qualitative in nature and specify the minimum levels to be attained in humanitarian response regarding the provision location conditions, water, Sanitation and hygiene promotion.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eStudy design and Methods:\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003ecross-sectional- Sample survey and household based study was conducted on the displaced shelters in the temporary camps in Shendi locality, between August to October \u003cstrong\u003e2024\u003c/strong\u003e for the purpose of observe the minimum humanitarian standards in the shelter camps. Data was collected through face-to-face interviews through a written questionnaire (\u003cstrong\u003e100\u003c/strong\u003e questionnaires were distributed to the displaced households heads in the camps) and also through the checklist and non-structural interview. The data was analyzed using SPSS software.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eResults\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe assessment of temporary displaced camps in Shendi Locality, Sudan, reveals significant deficiencies in minimum humanitarian standards, including nutrition. While displaced households reside in schools with some facilities like toilets and kitchens, access to water is high (98% use tap water), and hygiene practices vary, with 66% maintaining good hygiene but 78% engaging in risky behaviors that may contaminate water. Nutritional standards are also lacking, with many households facing food insecurity and inadequate dietary diversity. Waste management is problematic, as 90% of waste is disposed of in open dumps, contributing to the breeding of flies and mosquitoes. Despite 98% taking protective measures against insects, the overall inadequacy of sanitation, hygiene, and nutrition practices poses a serious risk of disease spread, highlighting the urgent need for coordinated efforts by the government and organizations to improve conditions in these camps.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eConclusion\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe assessment of temporary displaced camps in Shendi Locality, Sudan, reveals significant shortcomings in nutrition, sanitation, and hygiene, posing serious health risks. Key recommendations include improving food security, enhancing sanitation and waste management, and promoting hygiene education. Collaborative efforts between government and NGOs are vital for implementing sustainable solutions to improve conditions and reduce disease spread in these camps.\u003c/p\u003e","manuscriptTitle":"Minimum Humanitarian Standards of basic needs in temporary Displaced Camps in Shendi Locality, River Nile State, Sudan","msid":"","msnumber":"","nonDraftVersions":[{"code":1,"date":"2024-11-06 04:11:30","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-5315458/v1","editorialEvents":[{"type":"communityComments","content":0}],"status":"published","journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"researchsquare","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"/submission","title":"Research Square","twitterHandle":"researchsquare","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"","reportingPortfolio":"","inReviewEnabled":false,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true}}],"origin":"","ownerIdentity":"fe7a4008-98d2-4119-97a1-157e1264a119","owner":[],"postedDate":"November 6th, 2024","published":true,"recentEditorialEvents":[],"rejectedJournal":[],"revision":"","amendment":"","status":"posted","subjectAreas":[],"tags":[],"updatedAt":"2025-01-17T16:08:29+00:00","versionOfRecord":[],"versionCreatedAt":"2024-11-06 04:11:30","video":"","vorDoi":"","vorDoiUrl":"","workflowStages":[]},"version":"v1","identity":"rs-5315458","journalConfig":"researchsquare"},"__N_SSP":true},"page":"/article/[identity]/[[...version]]","query":{"redirect":"/article/rs-5315458","identity":"rs-5315458","version":["v1"]},"buildId":"qtupq5eGEP_6zYnWcrvyt","isFallback":false,"isExperimentalCompile":false,"dynamicIds":[84888],"gssp":true,"scriptLoader":[]}