WoundMx: Multiplexed Detection of Wound Infection Biomarkers with a Multimodal Sensor System based on Laser-Induced Graphene

WoundMx: Multiplexed Detection of Wound Infection Biomarkers with a Multimodal Sensor System based on Laser-Induced Graphene | Research Square window.SnipcartSettings = { analytics: { enabled: false } }; (function() { var accessVector = localStorage.getItem('access_vector') || ''; window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; if (accessVector) { window.dataLayer.push({ user: { profile: { profileInfo: { snid: accessVector } } } }); } })(); (function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start':new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0],j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src='https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f);})(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-K279D39R'); Browse Preprints In Review Journals COVID-19 Preprints AJE Video Bytes Research Tools Research Promotion AJE Professional Editing AJE Rubriq About Preprint Platform In Review Editorial Policies Our Team Advisory Board Help Center Sign In Submit a Preprint Cite Share Download PDF Article WoundMx: Multiplexed Detection of Wound Infection Biomarkers with a Multimodal Sensor System based on Laser-Induced Graphene Heshmat Asgharian, Vinay Kammarchedu, Scott J. Gu, Aida Ebrahimi This is a preprint; it has not been peer reviewed by a journal. https://doi.org/ 10.21203/rs.3.rs-7274589/v1 This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License Status: Published Journal Publication published 26 Dec, 2025 Read the published version in npj 2D Materials and Applications → Version 1 posted 12 You are reading this latest preprint version Abstract Real-time, multiplexed monitoring of wound infection biomarkers is essential for early detection of infection and inflammation, as well as for evaluating wound healing progression. However, existing biosensing technologies lack the sensitivity, specificity, and integration needed to meet these clinical demands. To address current limitations in wound monitoring, we developed a portable and multimodal sensor system capable of simultaneously detecting uric acid (UA), phenazine-1-carboxylic acid (PCA), interleukin-6 (IL-6), and pH. The device integrates laser-induced graphene (LIG) electrodes with differential pulse voltammetry for UA and PCA sensing, open-circuit potential sensing using polyaniline-modified LIG for pH, and an extended-gate field-effect transistor-based component for IL-6 detection. We validated the performance of the sensors in phosphate-buffered saline and a wound simulating medium, demonstrating accurate, multiplexed detection across clinically relevant ranges. Furthermore, in-vitro experiments with an agar-based wound model highlighted the system’s promise for future application in wound monitoring. A custom-designed wireless analyzer was integrated to enable real-time, multiplexed data acquisition at the point-of-care. This minimally invasive platform offers a comprehensive solution for continuous wound assessment, with potential applications in infection detection, inflammatory disease monitoring, and next-generation smart wound dressings. Biological sciences/Biological techniques Health sciences/Biomarkers Biological sciences/Biotechnology Physical sciences/Engineering Laser-Induced Graphene Wound Monitoring Multiplexed Detection Multimodal Sensing Full Text Additional Declarations No competing interests reported. Supplementary Files SIAsghariannpj2DMaterialsandApplicationsSensingwith2DMaterialscollection.docx VideoS1.mp4 VideoS2.mp4 VideoS3.mp4 Cite Share Download PDF Status: Published Journal Publication published 26 Dec, 2025 Read the published version in npj 2D Materials and Applications → Version 1 posted Editorial decision: Revision requested 29 Aug, 2025 Reviews received at journal 25 Aug, 2025 Reviews received at journal 21 Aug, 2025 Reviewers agreed at journal 20 Aug, 2025 Reviewers agreed at journal 19 Aug, 2025 Reviewers agreed at journal 19 Aug, 2025 Reviewers agreed at journal 13 Aug, 2025 Reviewers agreed at journal 13 Aug, 2025 Reviewers invited by journal 12 Aug, 2025 Editor assigned by journal 06 Aug, 2025 Submission checks completed at journal 06 Aug, 2025 First submitted to journal 01 Aug, 2025 You are reading this latest preprint version Research Square lets you share your work early, gain feedback from the community, and start making changes to your manuscript prior to peer review in a journal. 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