Situation and Influencing Factors of Knowledge, Attitude, and Practice of nurses in Intensive Care Units on prevention of Blood Culture Contamination: A Multicenter Cross-sectional Study

Situation and Influencing Factors of Knowledge, Attitude, and Practice of nurses in Intensive Care Units on prevention of Blood Culture Contamination: A Multicenter Cross-sectional Study | Research Square window.SnipcartSettings = { analytics: { enabled: false } }; (function() { var accessVector = localStorage.getItem('access_vector') || ''; window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; if (accessVector) { window.dataLayer.push({ user: { profile: { profileInfo: { snid: accessVector } } } }); } })(); (function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start':new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0],j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src='https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f);})(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-K279D39R'); Browse Preprints In Review Journals COVID-19 Preprints AJE Video Bytes Research Tools Research Promotion AJE Professional Editing AJE Rubriq About Preprint Platform In Review Editorial Policies Our Team Advisory Board Help Center Sign In Submit a Preprint Cite Share Download PDF Research Article Situation and Influencing Factors of Knowledge, Attitude, and Practice of nurses in Intensive Care Units on prevention of Blood Culture Contamination: A Multicenter Cross-sectional Study Han Zhang, Yani Zhou, Lixia Chen, Yanan Zheng, Daihong Ji This is a preprint; it has not been peer reviewed by a journal. https://doi.org/ 10.21203/rs.3.rs-8390564/v1 This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License Status: Posted Version 1 posted You are reading this latest preprint version Abstract Objective: This study aimed to investigate the knowledge, attitudes, and practices (KAP) of intensive care unit (ICU) nurses regarding blood culture contamination, analyze the factors influencing them, and provide nursing managers and ICU nurses with education on blood culture contamination, as well as a basis for blood culture training. Background: Blood culture contamination is a major challenge in Chinese ICUs, causing diagnostic inaccuracies and increased healthcare costs. Assessing ICU nurses’ KAP toward prevention of blood culture contamination is vital for informing strategies to enhance infection control and patient safety. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted from August to October 2024 among ICU nurses in 10 hospitals in China. Data were collected using a self-administered questionnaire, and the KAP instrument focused on preventing blood culture contamination. Multiple linear regression analysis was performed to identify the influencing factors, with statistical significance defined as ( P <0.05). Results: A total of 553 ICU nurses participated in this study. The total KAP score of ICU nurses for preventing blood culture contamination was 87.25 ± 17.31, with knowledge, attitude, and behavior scores of 7.24 ±2.76, 51.81 ± 9.94, and 28.20 ±4.61, respectively. Multiple regression analysis indicated that hospital grade, department, and professional title were significant predictors of knowledge ( P < 0.05). Attitudes were influenced by department, professional title, age, gender, education level, and leadership emphasis on blood culture contamination management ( P < 0.05). The practices were associated with hospital grade, department, professional title, age, gender, and leadership emphasis ( P < 0.05). Conclusion: ICU nurses exhibited a positive attitude and practice regarding blood culture contamination; however, their knowledge level was unsatisfactory and influenced by various factors. Nursing managers should enhance the training and skill assessment processes, as well as regularly standardize operational behavior. Simultaneously, hospitals can formulate relevant rules, regulations, and guidelines to reduce the occurrence of blood culture contamination. KAP ICU nurse blood culture contamination cross-sectional study Full Text Additional Declarations No competing interests reported. Cite Share Download PDF Status: Posted Version 1 posted You are reading this latest preprint version Research Square lets you share your work early, gain feedback from the community, and start making changes to your manuscript prior to peer review in a journal. As a division of Research Square Company, we’re committed to making research communication faster, fairer, and more useful. We do this by developing innovative software and high quality services for the global research community. Our growing team is made up of researchers and industry professionals working together to solve the most critical problems facing scientific publishing. Also discoverable on Platform About Our Team In Review Editorial Policies Advisory Board Help Center Resources Author Services Accessibility API Access RSS feed Manage Cookie Preferences © Research Square 2026 | ISSN 2693-5015 (online) Privacy Policy Terms of Service Do Not Sell My Personal Information {"props":{"pageProps":{"initialData":{"identity":"rs-8390564","acceptedTermsAndConditions":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"archivedVersions":[],"articleType":"Research Article","associatedPublications":[],"authors":[{"id":578281534,"identity":"216c7f41-74a9-423d-8ba2-1e5c4345c618","order_by":0,"name":"Han Zhang","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Affiliated Zhongshan Hospital of Dalian University","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Han","middleName":"","lastName":"Zhang","suffix":""},{"id":578281536,"identity":"c2d9e534-78d5-4ce2-a586-aae01812e8d4","order_by":1,"name":"Yani Zhou","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Affiliated Zhongshan Hospital of Dalian University","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Yani","middleName":"","lastName":"Zhou","suffix":""},{"id":578281539,"identity":"90409160-1b18-4c3f-ba7f-08a52dec7ee0","order_by":2,"name":"Lixia Chen","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Shaanxi Provincial People's Hospital","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Lixia","middleName":"","lastName":"Chen","suffix":""},{"id":578281540,"identity":"ebf48b45-a7cc-4f6b-81c4-bd2cd160e2b8","order_by":3,"name":"Yanan Zheng","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Affiliated Zhongshan Hospital of Dalian University","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Yanan","middleName":"","lastName":"Zheng","suffix":""},{"id":578281541,"identity":"b44f7b01-b492-4d24-95b2-95a54e9ded56","order_by":4,"name":"Daihong Ji","email":"data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAZAAAAAyAQMAAABI0h/eAAAABlBMVEX///8AAABVwtN+AAAACXBIWXMAAA7EAAAOxAGVKw4bAAAA8ElEQVRIiWNgGAWjYLCCCgYJIJnAcODDDxsefv4GIrScgWhhPDizJ01GcsYBorSAQALzYR62wzYGDQn4VRsc7zH7cHCPhZw5O9BhPDzneQwYDjB++JiDR8uZM8YzDjyTMLbsecBwQMLiNo85cwOz5MxteLTcyDFm/nBAInHDDaAtBjy3eSwbDrAx8xLQwnDggEQ9WEsC2zkeAyBJlJYEA5CWA2wHCGuRPHOsGKTFcMOZhw0HG3uSeSRnHGzG6xe+482bgVrq5A2OJx/+/OeHnT0/f/PBDx/xaFE4AGcyNqAzsAN5/NKjYBSMglEwCoAAAKRWW5vV6FwoAAAAAElFTkSuQmCC","orcid":"","institution":"Affiliated Zhongshan Hospital of Dalian University","correspondingAuthor":true,"prefix":"","firstName":"Daihong","middleName":"","lastName":"Ji","suffix":""}],"badges":[],"createdAt":"2025-12-18 03:38:22","currentVersionCode":1,"declarations":"","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-8390564/v1","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-8390564/v1","draftVersion":[],"editorialEvents":[],"editorialNote":"","failedWorkflow":false,"files":[{"id":100951281,"identity":"43b218bf-5300-4e63-931c-d220837071eb","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2026-01-23 07:10:25","extension":"docx","order_by":0,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":113477,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"AMulticenterCrosssectionalStudy.docx","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-8390564/v1/10c42b5b50afdf61749e5733.docx"},{"id":100916829,"identity":"95ca5806-811c-41b9-8930-c4db99e7547f","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2026-01-22 18:51:53","extension":"json","order_by":1,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":7797,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"2ef84a21523e43559e6ea225828bda71.json","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-8390564/v1/6db3a3e7c6494d55da36d787.json"},{"id":100952038,"identity":"f2c4b5b2-85cc-42ba-88f7-bb2c5243e4db","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2026-01-23 07:11:44","extension":"xml","order_by":2,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":130033,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"2ef84a21523e43559e6ea225828bda711enriched.xml","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-8390564/v1/b8c32886d830c3845aa7d883.xml"},{"id":100951718,"identity":"a7b85e78-e3ca-46e9-b264-df66a19ffa83","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2026-01-23 07:11:08","extension":"wmf","order_by":3,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":380,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"image1.wmf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-8390564/v1/9d072eefcb57c4ec8e4f276d.wmf"},{"id":100916826,"identity":"31f6d1ff-c128-4188-949f-695eaf062c59","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2026-01-22 18:51:53","extension":"png","order_by":4,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":248,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"Onlineimage1.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-8390564/v1/18ed5683f1180f06f16e6ddc.png"},{"id":100916831,"identity":"ff972668-450b-4751-befb-83dfb58e1afe","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2026-01-22 18:51:53","extension":"xml","order_by":5,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":126854,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"2ef84a21523e43559e6ea225828bda711structuring.xml","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-8390564/v1/967426023b9ce8e558621a67.xml"},{"id":100916832,"identity":"fbe157ea-7c97-494c-98a8-795a876b7344","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2026-01-22 18:51:53","extension":"html","order_by":6,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":136467,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"earlyproof.html","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-8390564/v1/d609e58312f4eea0d3050576.html"},{"id":103883392,"identity":"7fe568be-0170-494b-80d2-eb08b94bf6d0","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2026-03-04 06:11:13","extension":"pdf","order_by":1,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"manuscript-pdf","size":575577,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"AMulticenterCrosssectionalStudy.pdf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-8390564/v1_covered_22da4f71-9ed7-4522-b343-01fc22fcb740.pdf"}],"financialInterests":"No competing interests reported.","formattedTitle":"Situation and Influencing Factors of Knowledge, Attitude, and Practice of nurses in Intensive Care Units on prevention of Blood Culture Contamination: A Multicenter Cross-sectional Study","fulltext":[],"fulltextSource":"","fullText":"","funders":[],"hasAdminPriorityOnWorkflow":false,"hasManuscriptDocX":false,"hasOptedInToPreprint":true,"hasPassedJournalQc":"","hasAnyPriority":false,"hideJournal":true,"highlight":"","institution":"","isAcceptedByJournal":false,"isAuthorSuppliedPdf":true,"isDeskRejected":"","isHiddenFromSearch":false,"isInQc":false,"isInWorkflow":false,"isPdf":true,"isPdfUpToDate":true,"isWithdrawnOrRetracted":false,"journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"researchsquare","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"/submission","title":"Research Square","twitterHandle":"researchsquare","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"","reportingPortfolio":"","inReviewEnabled":false,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true},"keywords":"KAP, ICU nurse, blood culture, contamination, cross-sectional study","lastPublishedDoi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-8390564/v1","lastPublishedDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-8390564/v1","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"},"manuscriptAbstract":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eObjective:\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/em\u003eThis study aimed to investigate the knowledge, attitudes, and practices (KAP) of intensive care unit (ICU) nurses regarding blood culture contamination, analyze the factors influencing them, and provide nursing managers and ICU nurses with education on blood culture contamination, as well as a basis for blood culture training.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eBackground: \u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/em\u003eBlood culture contamination is a major challenge in Chinese ICUs, causing diagnostic inaccuracies and increased healthcare costs. Assessing ICU nurses’ KAP toward prevention of blood culture contamination is vital for informing strategies to enhance infection control and patient safety.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eMethods: \u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/em\u003eA cross-sectional study was conducted from August to October 2024 among ICU nurses in 10 hospitals in China. Data were collected using a self-administered questionnaire, and the KAP instrument focused on preventing blood culture contamination. Multiple linear regression analysis was performed to identify the influencing factors, with statistical significance defined as (\u003cem\u003eP\u003c/em\u003e \u0026lt;0.05).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eResults:\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/em\u003eA total of 553 ICU nurses participated in this study. The total KAP score of ICU nurses for preventing blood culture contamination was 87.25 ± 17.31, with knowledge, attitude, and behavior scores of 7.24 ±2.76, 51.81 ± 9.94, and 28.20 ±4.61, respectively. Multiple regression analysis indicated that hospital grade, department, and professional title were significant predictors of knowledge (\u003cem\u003eP \u003c/em\u003e\u0026lt; 0.05). Attitudes were influenced by department, professional title, age, gender, education level, and leadership emphasis on blood culture contamination management (\u003cem\u003eP \u003c/em\u003e\u0026lt; 0.05). The practices were associated with hospital grade, department, professional title, age, gender, and leadership emphasis (\u003cem\u003eP \u003c/em\u003e\u0026lt; 0.05).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eConclusion: \u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/em\u003eICU nurses exhibited a positive attitude and practice regarding blood culture contamination; however, their knowledge level was unsatisfactory and influenced by various factors. Nursing managers should enhance the training and skill assessment processes, as well as regularly standardize operational behavior. Simultaneously, hospitals can formulate relevant rules, regulations, and guidelines to reduce the occurrence of blood culture contamination.\u003c/p\u003e","manuscriptTitle":"Situation and Influencing Factors of Knowledge, Attitude, and Practice of nurses in Intensive Care Units on prevention of Blood Culture Contamination: A Multicenter Cross-sectional Study","msid":"","msnumber":"","nonDraftVersions":[{"code":1,"date":"2026-01-22 18:51:48","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-8390564/v1","editorialEvents":[{"type":"communityComments","content":0}],"status":"published","journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"researchsquare","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"/submission","title":"Research Square","twitterHandle":"researchsquare","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"","reportingPortfolio":"","inReviewEnabled":false,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true}}],"origin":"","ownerIdentity":"66d8a281-2552-4958-a4e8-6356db9ac652","owner":[],"postedDate":"January 22nd, 2026","published":true,"recentEditorialEvents":[],"rejectedJournal":[],"revision":"","amendment":"","status":"posted","subjectAreas":[],"tags":[],"updatedAt":"2026-03-04T06:10:57+00:00","versionOfRecord":[],"versionCreatedAt":"2026-01-22 18:51:48","video":"","vorDoi":"","vorDoiUrl":"","workflowStages":[]},"version":"v1","identity":"rs-8390564","journalConfig":"researchsquare"},"__N_SSP":true},"page":"/article/[identity]/[[...version]]","query":{"redirect":"/article/rs-8390564","identity":"rs-8390564","version":["v1"]},"buildId":"XKTyCvWXoU3ODBz1xrDgd","isFallback":false,"isExperimentalCompile":false,"dynamicIds":[84888],"gssp":true,"scriptLoader":[]}