Design of TI-TMS System for Deep Brain Stimulation with Higher Focus in Neural Modulation

Design of TI-TMS System for Deep Brain Stimulation with Higher Focus in Neural Modulation | Research Square window.SnipcartSettings = { analytics: { enabled: false } }; (function() { var accessVector = localStorage.getItem('access_vector') || ''; window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; if (accessVector) { window.dataLayer.push({ user: { profile: { profileInfo: { snid: accessVector } } } }); } })(); (function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start':new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0],j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src='https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f);})(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-K279D39R'); Browse Preprints In Review Journals COVID-19 Preprints AJE Video Bytes Research Tools Research Promotion AJE Professional Editing AJE Rubriq About Preprint Platform In Review Editorial Policies Our Team Advisory Board Help Center Sign In Submit a Preprint Cite Share Download PDF Article Design of TI-TMS System for Deep Brain Stimulation with Higher Focus in Neural Modulation Yanqing Zhang, Tingyu Wang, Chao Cui, Guizhi Xu This is a preprint; it has not been peer reviewed by a journal. https://doi.org/ 10.21203/rs.3.rs-6187368/v1 This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License Status: Published Journal Publication published 01 Jul, 2025 Read the published version in Scientific Reports → Version 1 posted 12 You are reading this latest preprint version Abstract Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) is a non-invasive procedure that uses magnetic fields to stimulate neurons in the brain and has been widely applied in the field of clinical neuromodulation. However, traditional TMS has limitations in terms of focality and stimulation depth, making it unable to achieve precise modulation of deep brain regions. And as the stimulation depth increases, the focal area also expands, potentially stimulating non-target regions and causing negative side effects. Moreover, strong induced electric fields can lead to adverse effects such as seizures. Temporal interference transcranial magnetic stimulation (TI-TMS) is a novel non-invasive neuromodulation technique that effectively resolves the trade-off between focality and stimulation depth. To study the mechanisms and effects of TI-TMS, this research first established a TI-TMS simulation platform based on a five-layer spherical model. Then, this paper designed a double curved-elliptical coils structure, increasing the stimulation depth of TI-TMS to 5.02 cm while reducing the focal area to 18.61 cm². Finally, a TI-TMS system was developed, with a focus on the design and development of the IGBT driving circuit and the coil capacitor resonance part. The current amplitude and frequency in the coils were measured to validate the system's effectiveness. This study confirmed that TI-TMS can effectively stimulate deep brain regions and provide new insights for the application of TMS in the rehabilitation of neurological diseases. Physical sciences/Engineering/Biomedical engineering Physical sciences/Engineering/Electrical and electronic engineering Transcranial magnetic stimulation temporal interference double curved-elliptical coils temporal interference transcranial magnetic stimulation system Full Text Additional Declarations No competing interests reported. Cite Share Download PDF Status: Published Journal Publication published 01 Jul, 2025 Read the published version in Scientific Reports → Version 1 posted Editorial decision: Revision requested 30 Apr, 2025 Reviews received at journal 25 Apr, 2025 Reviewers agreed at journal 24 Apr, 2025 Reviewers agreed at journal 10 Apr, 2025 Reviews received at journal 30 Mar, 2025 Reviewers agreed at journal 27 Mar, 2025 Reviewers agreed at journal 27 Mar, 2025 Reviewers invited by journal 27 Mar, 2025 Editor assigned by journal 27 Mar, 2025 Editor invited by journal 18 Mar, 2025 Submission checks completed at journal 17 Mar, 2025 First submitted to journal 09 Mar, 2025 You are reading this latest preprint version Research Square lets you share your work early, gain feedback from the community, and start making changes to your manuscript prior to peer review in a journal. As a division of Research Square Company, we’re committed to making research communication faster, fairer, and more useful. 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Also discoverable on Platform About Our Team In Review Editorial Policies Advisory Board Help Center Resources Author Services Accessibility API Access RSS feed Manage Cookie Preferences © Research Square 2026 | ISSN 2693-5015 (online) Privacy Policy Terms of Service Do Not Sell My Personal Information {"props":{"pageProps":{"initialData":{"identity":"rs-6187368","acceptedTermsAndConditions":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"archivedVersions":[],"articleType":"Article","associatedPublications":[],"authors":[{"id":442045013,"identity":"71523f36-b2ba-4ebd-b13f-80a116baea75","order_by":0,"name":"Yanqing Zhang","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Hebei University of Technology","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Yanqing","middleName":"","lastName":"Zhang","suffix":""},{"id":442045014,"identity":"8bde586c-4f27-4f46-a66a-79a5092a0f91","order_by":1,"name":"Tingyu Wang","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Hebei University of Technology","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Tingyu","middleName":"","lastName":"Wang","suffix":""},{"id":442045015,"identity":"071d4856-f161-479b-a340-79b5ce29513c","order_by":2,"name":"Chao Cui","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Hebei University of Technology","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Chao","middleName":"","lastName":"Cui","suffix":""},{"id":442045016,"identity":"4633d0e9-6089-49b4-8c76-7aa311c92bbb","order_by":3,"name":"Guizhi Xu","email":"data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAZAAAAAyAQMAAABI0h/eAAAABlBMVEX///8AAABVwtN+AAAACXBIWXMAAA7EAAAOxAGVKw4bAAAAxElEQVRIiWNgGAWjYLCCjw0MCWAGD7E6GGeCtLCRooWZlyQt8v5nzKRtd9jkGdxvYHzwto1B3pyQFsMDx9Kkc8+kFRscY2A2nNvGYLizgZCWxuZj0rlthxM3HGNgk+ZtY0gwOEBISzNjm7Rl23+QFvbfRGmRZ2M+Js3YdgBsCzNRWgx42JIte9uSiyWPJTZLzjknYbiBoC39Zwxv/Gyzy+M7fPjghzdlNvKEbUEoYGwAEhIE1INsaSCsZhSMglEwCkY6AADsrz3oKIC/fQAAAABJRU5ErkJggg==","orcid":"","institution":"Hebei University of Technology","correspondingAuthor":true,"prefix":"","firstName":"Guizhi","middleName":"","lastName":"Xu","suffix":""}],"badges":[],"createdAt":"2025-03-09 07:38:17","currentVersionCode":1,"declarations":"","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-6187368/v1","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-6187368/v1","draftVersion":[],"editorialEvents":[{"content":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-025-08598-8","type":"published","date":"2025-07-01T15:58:19+00:00"}],"editorialNote":"","failedWorkflow":false,"files":[{"id":86179149,"identity":"7b2f6838-ba07-40fd-8547-ae20e4229027","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-07-07 16:16:23","extension":"pdf","order_by":1,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"manuscript-pdf","size":1117775,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"DesignofTITMSSystemforDeepBrainStimulationwithHigherFocusinNeuralModulation.pdf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-6187368/v1_covered_09f34322-341c-49de-9102-a619ddbcb3f3.pdf"}],"financialInterests":"No competing interests reported.","formattedTitle":"Design of TI-TMS System for Deep Brain Stimulation with Higher Focus in Neural Modulation","fulltext":[],"fulltextSource":"","fullText":"","funders":[],"hasAdminPriorityOnWorkflow":false,"hasManuscriptDocX":false,"hasOptedInToPreprint":true,"hasPassedJournalQc":"","hasAnyPriority":false,"hideJournal":false,"highlight":"","institution":"","isAcceptedByJournal":true,"isAuthorSuppliedPdf":true,"isDeskRejected":"","isHiddenFromSearch":false,"isInQc":false,"isInWorkflow":false,"isPdf":true,"isPdfUpToDate":true,"isWithdrawnOrRetracted":false,"journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"scientific-reports","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"externalIdentity":"scirep","sideBox":"Learn more about [Scientific Reports](http://www.nature.com/srep/)","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"","title":"Scientific Reports","twitterHandle":"","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":true,"editorialSystem":"stoa","reportingPortfolio":"Scientific Reports","inReviewEnabled":true,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true},"keywords":"Transcranial magnetic stimulation, temporal interference, double curved-elliptical coils, temporal interference transcranial magnetic stimulation system","lastPublishedDoi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-6187368/v1","lastPublishedDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-6187368/v1","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"},"manuscriptAbstract":"\u003cp\u003eTranscranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) is a non-invasive procedure that uses magnetic fields to stimulate neurons in the brain and has been widely applied in the field of clinical neuromodulation. 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