Terrestrial Orchids of Rajasthan, India
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Terrestrial Orchids of Rajasthan, India | Research Square window.SnipcartSettings = { analytics: { enabled: false } }; (function() { var accessVector = localStorage.getItem('access_vector') || ''; window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; if (accessVector) { window.dataLayer.push({ user: { profile: { profileInfo: { snid: accessVector } } } }); } })(); (function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start':new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0],j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src='https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f);})(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-K279D39R'); Browse Preprints In Review Journals COVID-19 Preprints AJE Video Bytes Research Tools Research Promotion AJE Professional Editing AJE Rubriq About Preprint Platform In Review Editorial Policies Our Team Advisory Board Help Center Sign In Submit a Preprint Cite Share Download PDF Research Article Terrestrial Orchids of Rajasthan, India Deepanshu Kumawat, Amit Kotiya, Shikha Gupta, Jai Singh This is a preprint; it has not been peer reviewed by a journal. https://doi.org/ 10.21203/rs.3.rs-8657600/v1 This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License Status: Posted Version 1 posted You are reading this latest preprint version Abstract During present investigation a total fifteen species of terrestrial orchids belonging to six genera were recorded from the Rajasthan state. Two endemic terrestrial orchids (Eulophia ochreata and Peristylus stocksii) which are endemic to India, also found in Rajasthan. Peristylus lawii was reported for the first time from the state. Habenaria thailandica (Syn: Habenaria gibsonii var. foetida Blatt. & McCann) was reported from Sitamata Wildlife Sanctuary for first time. Udaipur, Sirohi, Chittorgarh, and Pratapgarh Districts are reported with highest diversity of orchids. Figures Figure 1 Figure 2 Figure 3 Figure 4 Introduction Orchids show diverse morphological and phenotypic characteristics both in vegetative and reproductive parts. The family Orchidaceae represents one of the biggest and most diverse families of angiosperms comprised of approximately 736 genera and 27,800 species [1]. India harbors a rich orchid diversity, comprising 1,256 taxa distributed across 155 genera [2]. In India, orchids can be found from plain areas to the mountains, however the number of these plants varies from region to region depending on the local climate. This is the first study of terrestrial orchids in Rajasthan. It is essential to understand the present status of the orchid population in all wild habitats of Rajasthan. The initial work of the orchid study has been done by Mehta [3], who documented six species in Rajasthan. Singh [4] reported two orchids in “Flora of Banswara District, Rajasthan”. Shetty [5] documented four terrestrial species i.e., Eulophia ochreata, Habenaria digitata, Habenaria marginata, and Zeuxine strateumatica in state geographical boundaries . Sharma [6] recorded two new orchid species i.e., Eulophia herbacea and Geodorum densiflorum . All terrestrial orchid species have been reported from the semi-arid part of Rajasthan [7] i.e. , Eulophia ochreata, Geodorum recurvum, Habenaria digitata, Habenaria marginata, Habenaria longicorniculata, Habenaria furcifera, Habenaria plantaginea, Nervilia aragoana, Peristylus stocksii, and Zeuxine strateumatica . All the previous studies by [5, 7-14] confirm that orchid species confined only in Southern and Eastern part of Rajasthan, no orchid species documented in western part of state because of its adverse climate conditions for orchid. The more conductive environment of southern region supports for orchids growth. This study bridges the knowledge gap by documenting terrestrial orchids across Rajasthan's districts, offering insights into the state's orchid diversity. Methods Detailed exploration and study of orchid flora of Rajasthan were conducted in different forested areas. This study was done during different seasons, especially summer and monsoon when almost all orchids bear flowers and exhibit abundant and luxuriant growth and development. Standard methods for collection and preservation were used [15]. Periodic field surveys were carried out to locate various species of orchids from various geographical areas and geographic regions of Rajasthan. Study Area The survey was carried out in the state of Rajasthan, the northwest part of India. It occupies 2.4 % of India’s geographic area, situated between 23°3' to 30°12' N latitude (Borkunda village in Banswara District in the south to Kona village of Sri Fnagar District in the north) and 69°30' to78°17' E longitudes (From Silana village of the Dholpur district in the East to Katra village of the Jaisalmer District in the west) (Fig. 1). The Aravalli divides the climate of the state into two distinct parts. In the western part of the Aravalli range, the climate is marked by temperature extremes, while the climate in the east is semi-arid and comparatively milder. It supports comparatively dense, deciduous vegetation in eastern part. The state receives the monsoon currents from the Bay of Bengal and the Arabian Sea. From East to West of the Aravalli, rainfall drops quickly and noticeably, rendering Western Rajasthan the driest region in India. The summer months have the lowest relative humidity, whereas rainy season is when the humidity is at its highest, especially from mid-July to mid-August (90%). Results In the current study, fifteen terrestrial orchid species from six genera were documented from Rajasthan (Table 1). Except Zeuxine strateumatica , they show active growth around the rainy season (June–September) (Table 2). Epipactis veratrifolia was the only lithophytic orchid present on rocks of Menal waterfall. The genus Habenaria was the most dominant, represented by six species. Eulophia and Peristylus followed with three species each, while Epipactis, Nervilia, and Zeuxine were represented by a single species. Among the 33 districts, the most orchid species were found in Udaipur and Chittorgarh (9 each), followed by Pratapgarh (8), Sirohi (7), Baran and Rajsamand (4 each), Banswara (3), Bhilwara, Pali and Dungarpur (2), Sri Ganganagar, Bikaner, Bharatpur, Dausa, Jaipur, Tonk, Ajmer, Bhilwara, Kota and Jhalawar represent only single species of orchids (Fig. 2; Table 1). Representative images of some orchids, captured in situ during the survey are shown in the figure 3 and 4. Discussion According to the detailed inventory, a total of fifteen species of terrestrial orchids from six genera were reported from the state of Rajasthan. A new species Peristylus lawii was reported first time from the state [12]. Habenaria thailandica (Syn: Habenaria gibsonii var. foetida Blatt. & McCann)was reported from Sitamata Wildlife Sanctuary of Rajasthan for the first time [14]. There is no orchid species that is endemic to Rajasthan but two terrestrial orchid species i.e., Peristylus stocksii and Eulophia ochreata are endemic to India [2, 16]. It was revealed that some of those species which were recorded earlier on a particular area were not found in present investigation but some orchids are found in new areas. Due to introduction of IGNP (Indira Gandhi Nahar Pariyojana), now Zeuxine strateumatica is being found in Bikaner district. This indicates new geographic conditions in arid areas of state. Excessive use of orchids also made them vulnerable sometimes. In the present investigation, Eulophia ochreata was found exploited in the Mount Abu area. Natural threats are altered rain cycle, dependency on pollinators, aging of host trees and orchids and threat by invasive species whereas artificial/anthropogenic pressures are deforestation (logging), unscrupulous agricultural practices, mining, over-exploitation of valuable species, livestock grazing, inadequate urban development, plantation operations and plantation of non-orchid host trees, tourism and religious spots and pilgrimage. Conclusion There have been several studies on orchids in various regions, but a comprehensive account of the terrestrial orchids of the state of Rajasthan was lacking. In present investigation, fifteen terrestrial species were recorded. Udaipur, Sirohi, Chittorgarh, and Pratapgarh districts are reported with highest diversity of orchids. Declarations Acknowledgement Authors are grateful to University of Rajasthan for providing research and development Grant and to the Head, Department of Botany, for providing necessary facilities. We are also grateful to the forest officials of different areas for allowing and providing facilities to pursue the study. Author Contributions Jai Singh, Amit Kotiya, and Deepanshu Kumawat conducted the field surveys and data collection. Amit Kotiya was responsible for the photography and visual documentation. Deepanshu Kumawat performed the data analysis and constructed the tables and maps. Shikha Gupta and Deepanshu Kumawat drafted the manuscript and contributed to the final writing and technical editing. All authors reviewed the manuscript. Funding Authors are grateful to the partial financial assistance provided by the RUSA 2.0 Thematic Proposal IV (Order No. Bot/22/578 Dated 21.01.22). Data availability All the data related to this research is included in the uploaded manuscript. Code availability Not applicable. Ethics approval and consent to participate The collection of plant specimens for the present study was carried out in accordance with applicable national and regional biodiversity and forest regulations. Prior to field sampling, the necessary permissions and permits were obtained from the relevant authorities wherever required. All collections were conducted responsibly and in compliance with institutional guidelines, ensuring minimal disturbance to natural populations and habitats. No protected or endangered species were collected. Permissions to collect the plants Prior permission for plant sample collection was obtained from the Additional Principal Chief Conservator of Forest and Chief Wildlife Warden, Rajasthan vide Order No. F 19 (02) Permission/CWLW/2017/2080–86 dated 03/07/2020. All procedures were carried out in accordance with the terms and conditions specified in the permit, ensuring minimal disturbance to natural habitats and compliance with applicable regulations. Consent to participate Not applicable. Consent for publication Not applicable. Competing interests The authors declare no competing interests. Author details 1 Department of Botany, University of Rajasthan, Jaipur 302004, India References Chase MW, Cameron KM, Freudenstein JV, Pridgeon AM, Salazar G, Berg CVD, et al. An updated classification of Orchidaceae. Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society. 2015;177(2):151-174. https://doi.org/10.1111/boj.12234 Singh SK, Agarwal DK, Jalal JS, Dash SS, Mao AA, Singh S. Orchids of India. Botanical Survey of India, Kolkata; 2019. Mehta MR. The flora of Mount Abu. [PhD thesis], University of Jodhpur, Jodhpur, Rajasthan; 1979. Singh V. Flora of Banswara, Rajasthan: Botanical Survey of India, Department of Environment. 1983. Shetty BV, Singh V. Flora of Rajasthan Vol. II. Botanical Survey of India, Howrah, Kolkata. 1991. Sharma SK, Banu F. Addition to the flora of Rajasthan. Indian Journal of Environmental Sciences. 2017; 21(1):46-48. Kotiya A, Solanki Y, Reddy GV. Flora of Rajasthan. Jaipur, Rajasthan: Rajasthan State Biodiversity Board; 2020. Sharma SK, Kotia A. Orchids of Rajasthan. In: Verma A, editor. Conservation of Biodiversity of Rajasthan. New Delhi: Himanshu Publication; 2008. p. 432-438. Tiwari UKL, Kotia A, Mewada T, Rawat GS. New distributional record of an endemic orchid, Peristylus stocksii (Hook. f.) Kraenzl., from Rajasthan. Indian Journal of Forestry. 2009;32(1):149-152. DOI:10.54207/bsmps1000-2009-5U0R04 Yadav BL, Meena KL. Flora of South Central Rajasthan, Scientific Publisher’s, Jodhpur, Rajasthan. Mitich LW. 1994. Beggarticks. Weed Technol. 2011;8:172–175. Tiwari UL, Ravikumar K, Balachandran N, Sharma SK. Some new records of plants from the state of Rajasthan, India. Journal of Threatened Taxa.2016;8(3):8632-8637. DOI:10.11609/jott.2012.8.3.8632-8637 Kotia A, Singh J, Jalal JS, Singh GP, Reddy GV. Peristylus lawii (Orchidaceae): A New Record for Rajasthan State, India. International Journal of Botany Studies. 2020;5(4):147-149. Singh J, Gupta S, Arya M, Poonar N, Raskar S, Kotiya A. Acampe rigida (Buchanan-Hamilton ex Smith) PF Hunt: New Record for Rajasthan State, India. The Journal of Plant Science Research.2023;39(2):245-248. DOI:10.32381/JPSR.2023.39.02.26 Singh J, Gupta S, Kumar V, Kotiya A, Singh GP, Mukherjee P. Habenaria gibsonii foetida Blatt. & McCann (Orchidaceae): New distribution recorded from Sitamata Wildlife Sanctuary, Rajasthan, India. Biospectra.2022;16(2):5-8. DOI:10.13140/RG.2.2.24312.62727 Jain SK, Rao RR. A handbook of field and herbarium methods. New Delhi: Today and Tomorrow s Printers and Publishers; 1977. Agarwal DK, Jalal JS, Bhattacharjee A, Deori C, Mao AA, Yadav VK. Wild orchids of West Bengal. Botanical Survey of India, Kolkata; 2023 Tables Table 1 Checklist of Terrestrial orchids collected from Rajasthan S. No. Species District Banswara Baran Bharatpur Bhilwara Chittorgarh Dungarpur Pali Pratapgarh Rajsamand Serohi Udaipur Epipactis veratrifolia Boiss. & Hohen. + + Eulophia herbacea Lindl. + + + Eulophia ochreata Lindl. + + + + + + + + + Eulophia recurva (Roxb.) M.W.Chase, Kumar & Schuit. + + Habenaria digitata Lindl. + + + + Habenaria furcifera Lindl. + + + + Habenaria thailandica Seidenf. + + + Habenaria longicorniculata J.Graham + + + Habenaria marginata Colebr. + Habenaria plantaginea Lindl. + Nervilia concolor (Blume) Schltr. + + + + + + Peristylus constrictus (Lindl.) Lindl. + + + Peristylus lawii Wight + Peristylus stocksii (Hook.f.) Kraenzl. + Zeuxine strateumatica (L.) Schltr.** + + + + + + + + Note: [+ for Species present; blank for Species absent; ** species were also reported in Bikaner, Jaipur, Dausa, Tonk, Ajmer, Jhalawar, Kota and Sri Ganganagar District. Table 2 Showing Phenology of orchid species No. Species Phenology Flowering Fruiting Epipactis veratrifolia Boiss. & Hohen. February-March April-July Eulophia herbacea Lindl. June-July August Eulophia ochreata Lindl. June - October September – October Eulophia recurva (Roxb.) M.W.Chase, Kumar & Schuit. June – July August – February Habenaria digitata Lindl. July August - September Habenaria furcifera Lindl. August- September October–November Habenaria thailandica Seidenf. July – August October – November Habenaria longicorniculata J.Graham August-September September – October Habenaria marginata Colebr. August–October October–November Habenaria plantaginea Lindl. August – September September – October Nervilia concolor (Blume) Schltr. May - June June Peristylus constrictus (Lindl.) Lindl. July-September September–October Peristylus lawii Wight July-August August-September Peristylus stocksii (Hook.f.) Kraenzl. July-August August Zeuxine strateumatica (L.) Schltr. January – March March Additional Declarations No competing interests reported. Supplementary Files Tables.doc Cite Share Download PDF Status: Posted Version 1 posted You are reading this latest preprint version Research Square lets you share your work early, gain feedback from the community, and start making changes to your manuscript prior to peer review in a journal. As a division of Research Square Company, we’re committed to making research communication faster, fairer, and more useful. We do this by developing innovative software and high quality services for the global research community. Our growing team is made up of researchers and industry professionals working together to solve the most critical problems facing scientific publishing. Also discoverable on Platform About Our Team In Review Editorial Policies Advisory Board Help Center Resources Author Services Accessibility API Access RSS feed Manage Cookie Preferences © Research Square 2026 | ISSN 2693-5015 (online) Privacy Policy Terms of Service Do Not Sell My Personal Information {"props":{"pageProps":{"initialData":{"identity":"rs-8657600","acceptedTermsAndConditions":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"archivedVersions":[],"articleType":"Research Article","associatedPublications":[],"authors":[{"id":597283565,"identity":"3aed9c80-4b2f-46d2-8e4e-cf2a2092d25b","order_by":0,"name":"Deepanshu Kumawat","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"University of Rajasthan","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Deepanshu","middleName":"","lastName":"Kumawat","suffix":""},{"id":597283566,"identity":"9bbf80ec-e39f-4275-aa24-fb93dd04879b","order_by":1,"name":"Amit Kotiya","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"University of Rajasthan","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Amit","middleName":"","lastName":"Kotiya","suffix":""},{"id":597283567,"identity":"337e33b2-01c3-40a5-ac4d-8b3c9037ad3d","order_by":2,"name":"Shikha Gupta","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"University of Rajasthan","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Shikha","middleName":"","lastName":"Gupta","suffix":""},{"id":597283568,"identity":"06640d5a-f014-4d87-99b7-1bf4393f82cb","order_by":3,"name":"Jai Singh","email":"data:image/png;base64,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","orcid":"","institution":"University of Rajasthan","correspondingAuthor":true,"prefix":"","firstName":"Jai","middleName":"","lastName":"Singh","suffix":""}],"badges":[],"createdAt":"2026-01-21 09:20:02","currentVersionCode":1,"declarations":"","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-8657600/v1","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-8657600/v1","draftVersion":[],"editorialEvents":[],"editorialNote":"","failedWorkflow":false,"files":[{"id":103564235,"identity":"64874954-8c7c-4405-9b08-5328ddd270f4","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2026-02-27 06:48:12","extension":"jpeg","order_by":1,"title":"Figure 1","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":121788,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eStudy area Map (Rajasthan State, India)\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"Figure1.jpeg","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-8657600/v1/a48f9cfd6c46448b6e381ca2.jpeg"},{"id":104398911,"identity":"5b0ea256-1a1f-4fcb-8546-760bd12011ad","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2026-03-11 12:04:11","extension":"jpg","order_by":2,"title":"Figure 2","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":215156,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eStudy area map with distribution pattern of orchid richness in Rajasthan State\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"Figure2.jpg","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-8657600/v1/3d24bc15c753e47cc37880e0.jpg"},{"id":103564238,"identity":"47db30df-049e-4111-b6ca-c25a2bd3d794","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2026-02-27 06:48:12","extension":"jpeg","order_by":3,"title":"Figure 3","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":214356,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eTerrestrial orchid species in Rajasthan, India: A. \u003cem\u003eEulophia herbacea, \u003c/em\u003eB.\u003cem\u003e Eulophia recurva\u003c/em\u003e, C. \u003cem\u003eHabenaria furcifera, \u003c/em\u003eD.\u003cem\u003e Habenaria longicorniculata, \u003c/em\u003eE\u003cem\u003e. Habenaria marginata, \u003c/em\u003eF.\u003cem\u003eHabenaria plantaginea.\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"Figure3.jpeg","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-8657600/v1/786df965a2305eaee00a79de.jpeg"},{"id":104398526,"identity":"03c463a8-eadb-4068-921d-b8dcdfc0179b","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2026-03-11 12:02:48","extension":"jpeg","order_by":4,"title":"Figure 4","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":234661,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eTerrestrial orchid species in Rajasthan, India: A. \u003cem\u003eHabenaria thailandica, \u003c/em\u003eB.\u003cem\u003e Nervilia concolor, \u003c/em\u003eC.\u003cem\u003e Epipactis veratrifolia, \u003c/em\u003eD.\u003cem\u003ePeristylus constrictus, \u003c/em\u003eE.\u003cem\u003e Peristylus lawii, \u003c/em\u003eF.\u003cem\u003e Zeuxine strateumatica\u003c/em\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"Figure4.jpeg","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-8657600/v1/0cb8dab2e47077e29b317a86.jpeg"},{"id":108096977,"identity":"ece9ba2d-5589-47d6-a2c8-7062d748eeb5","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2026-04-29 10:11:26","extension":"pdf","order_by":0,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"manuscript-pdf","size":1126204,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"manuscript.pdf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-8657600/v1/e83511ca-2a72-499d-9c71-990f0c28a0c0.pdf"},{"id":103564236,"identity":"71c1ae1b-531b-45fe-9eea-51de3d680b72","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2026-02-27 06:48:12","extension":"doc","order_by":0,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"supplement","size":69120,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"Tables.doc","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-8657600/v1/2891adde096ae53ea2aa44f1.doc"}],"financialInterests":"No competing interests reported.","formattedTitle":"Terrestrial Orchids of Rajasthan, India","fulltext":[{"header":"Introduction","content":"\u003cp\u003eOrchids show diverse morphological and phenotypic characteristics both in vegetative and reproductive parts.\u0026nbsp;The family Orchidaceae represents one of the biggest and most diverse families of angiosperms comprised of approximately 736 genera and 27,800 species [1]. India harbors a rich orchid diversity, comprising 1,256 taxa distributed across 155 genera [2]. In India, orchids can be found from plain areas to the mountains, however the number of these plants varies from region to region depending on the local climate.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThis is the first study of terrestrial orchids in Rajasthan. It is essential to understand the present status of the orchid population in all wild habitats of Rajasthan.\u0026nbsp;The initial work of the orchid study has been done by Mehta\u0026nbsp;[3], who documented six species in\u0026nbsp;Rajasthan. Singh [4] reported two orchids in “Flora of Banswara District, Rajasthan”. Shetty [5] documented four terrestrial species i.e., \u003cem\u003eEulophia ochreata, Habenaria digitata, Habenaria marginata,\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003eand\u003cem\u003e\u0026nbsp;Zeuxine strateumatica\u003c/em\u003e in state geographical boundaries\u003cem\u003e.\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eSharma\u0026nbsp;[6]\u0026nbsp;recorded two new orchid species i.e., \u003cem\u003eEulophia herbacea\u003c/em\u003e and \u003cem\u003eGeodorum densiflorum\u003c/em\u003e. All terrestrial orchid species have been reported from the semi-arid part of Rajasthan\u0026nbsp;[7]\u0026nbsp;i.e.\u003cem\u003e, Eulophia ochreata, Geodorum recurvum, Habenaria digitata, Habenaria marginata, Habenaria longicorniculata, Habenaria furcifera, Habenaria plantaginea, Nervilia aragoana, Peristylus stocksii,\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003eand \u003cem\u003eZeuxine strateumatica\u003c/em\u003e. All the previous studies by\u0026nbsp;[5, 7-14]\u0026nbsp;confirm that orchid species confined only in Southern and Eastern part of Rajasthan, no orchid species documented in western part of state because of its adverse climate conditions for orchid.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe more conductive environment of southern region supports for orchids growth. This study bridges the knowledge gap by documenting terrestrial orchids across Rajasthan's districts, offering insights into the state's orchid diversity.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Methods","content":"\u003cp\u003eDetailed exploration and study of orchid flora of Rajasthan were conducted in different forested areas. This study was done during different seasons, especially summer and monsoon when almost all orchids bear flowers and exhibit abundant and luxuriant growth and development. Standard methods for collection and preservation were used [15]. Periodic field surveys were carried out to locate various species of orchids from various geographical areas and geographic regions of Rajasthan.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eStudy Area \u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe survey was carried out in the state of Rajasthan, the northwest part of India. It occupies 2.4 % of India\u0026rsquo;s geographic area, situated between 23\u0026deg;3' to 30\u0026deg;12' N latitude (Borkunda village in Banswara District in the south to Kona village of Sri Fnagar District in the north) and 69\u0026deg;30' to78\u0026deg;17' E longitudes (From Silana village of the Dholpur district in the East to Katra village of the Jaisalmer District in the west) (Fig. 1).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe Aravalli divides the climate of the state into two distinct parts. In the western part of the Aravalli range, the climate is marked by temperature extremes, while the climate in the east is semi-arid and comparatively milder. It supports comparatively dense, deciduous vegetation in eastern part. The state receives the monsoon currents from the Bay of Bengal and the Arabian Sea. From East to West of the Aravalli, rainfall drops quickly and noticeably, rendering Western Rajasthan the driest region in India. The summer months have the lowest relative humidity, whereas rainy season is when the humidity is at its highest, especially from mid-July to mid-August (90%).\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Results","content":"\u003cp\u003eIn the current study, fifteen terrestrial orchid species from six genera were documented from Rajasthan (Table 1). Except \u003cem\u003eZeuxine strateumatica\u003c/em\u003e, they show active growth around the rainy season (June–September) (Table 2). \u003cem\u003eEpipactis veratrifolia\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003ewas the only lithophytic orchid present on rocks of Menal waterfall.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe genus \u003cem\u003eHabenaria\u003c/em\u003e was the most dominant, represented by six species. \u003cem\u003eEulophia\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003eand \u003cem\u003ePeristylus\u003c/em\u003e followed with three species each, while \u003cem\u003eEpipactis,\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003e\u003cem\u003eNervilia,\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003eand \u003cem\u003eZeuxine\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003ewere represented by a single species.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAmong the 33 districts,\u0026nbsp;the most orchid species were found in Udaipur and Chittorgarh (9 each), followed by Pratapgarh (8), Sirohi (7), Baran and Rajsamand (4 each), Banswara (3), Bhilwara, Pali and Dungarpur (2), Sri Ganganagar, Bikaner, Bharatpur, Dausa, Jaipur, Tonk, Ajmer, Bhilwara, Kota and Jhalawar represent only single species of orchids (Fig. 2; Table 1). Representative images of some orchids, captured \u003cem\u003ein situ\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003eduring the survey are shown in the figure 3 and 4.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Discussion","content":"\u003cp\u003eAccording to the detailed inventory, a total of fifteen\u0026nbsp;species of terrestrial orchids from six genera were reported from the state of Rajasthan. A new species \u003cem\u003ePeristylus lawii\u003c/em\u003e was reported first time from the state [12]. \u003cem\u003eHabenaria thailandica\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003e(Syn: \u003cem\u003eHabenaria gibsonii\u003c/em\u003e\u003cem\u003e\u0026nbsp;var.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003e\u003cem\u003efoetida\u003c/em\u003eBlatt. \u0026amp; McCann)was reported from Sitamata Wildlife Sanctuary of Rajasthan for the first time\u0026nbsp;[14]. There is no orchid species that is endemic to Rajasthan but two terrestrial orchid species i.e., \u003cem\u003ePeristylus stocksii\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003eand \u003cem\u003eEulophia ochreata\u003c/em\u003e are endemic to India [2, 16].\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eIt was revealed that some of those species which were recorded earlier on a particular area were not found in present investigation but some orchids are found in new areas. Due to introduction of IGNP (Indira Gandhi Nahar Pariyojana), now \u003cem\u003eZeuxine strateumatica\u003c/em\u003e is being found in Bikaner district. This indicates new geographic conditions in arid areas of state.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eExcessive use of orchids also made them vulnerable sometimes. In the present investigation, \u003cem\u003eEulophia ochreata\u003c/em\u003e was found exploited in the Mount Abu area. Natural threats are altered rain cycle, dependency on pollinators, aging of host trees and orchids and threat by invasive species whereas artificial/anthropogenic pressures are deforestation (logging), unscrupulous agricultural practices, mining, over-exploitation of valuable species, livestock grazing, inadequate urban development, plantation operations and plantation of non-orchid host trees, tourism and religious spots and pilgrimage.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Conclusion","content":"\u003cp\u003eThere have been several studies on orchids in various regions, but a comprehensive account of the terrestrial orchids of the state of Rajasthan was lacking. In present investigation, fifteen terrestrial species were recorded. Udaipur, Sirohi, Chittorgarh, and Pratapgarh districts are reported with highest diversity of orchids.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Declarations","content":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAcknowledgement\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAuthors are grateful to University of Rajasthan for providing research and development Grant and to the Head, Department of Botany, for providing necessary facilities. We are also grateful to the forest officials of different areas for allowing and providing facilities to pursue the study.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAuthor Contributions\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eJai Singh, Amit Kotiya, and Deepanshu Kumawat conducted the field surveys and data collection. Amit Kotiya was responsible for the photography and visual documentation. Deepanshu Kumawat performed the data analysis and constructed the tables and maps. Shikha Gupta and Deepanshu Kumawat drafted the manuscript and contributed to the final writing and technical editing.\u0026nbsp;All authors reviewed the manuscript.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eFunding\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAuthors are grateful to the partial financial assistance provided by the RUSA 2.0 Thematic Proposal IV (Order No. Bot/22/578 Dated 21.01.22).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eData availability\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAll the data related to this research is included in the uploaded manuscript.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eCode availability\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eNot applicable.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eEthics approval and consent to participate\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe collection of plant specimens for the present study was carried out in accordance with applicable national and regional biodiversity and forest regulations. Prior to field sampling, the necessary permissions and permits were obtained from the relevant authorities wherever required. All collections were conducted responsibly and in compliance with institutional guidelines, ensuring minimal disturbance to natural populations and habitats. No protected or endangered species were collected.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003ePermissions to collect the plants\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003ePrior permission for plant sample collection was obtained from the Additional Principal Chief Conservator of Forest and Chief Wildlife Warden, Rajasthan vide Order No. F 19 (02) Permission/CWLW/2017/2080\u0026ndash;86 dated 03/07/2020. All procedures were carried out in accordance with the terms and conditions specified in the permit, ensuring minimal disturbance to natural habitats and compliance with applicable regulations.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eConsent to participate\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eNot applicable.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eConsent for publication\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eNot applicable.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eCompeting interests\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe authors declare no competing interests.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAuthor details\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003csup\u003e1\u003c/sup\u003eDepartment of Botany, University of Rajasthan, Jaipur 302004, India\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"References","content":"\u003col\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eChase MW, Cameron KM, Freudenstein JV, Pridgeon AM, Salazar G, Berg CVD, et al. An updated classification of Orchidaceae. Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society. 2015;177(2):151-174. https://doi.org/10.1111/boj.12234\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eSingh SK, Agarwal DK, Jalal JS, Dash SS, Mao AA, Singh S. Orchids of India. Botanical Survey of India, Kolkata; 2019.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eMehta MR. The flora of Mount Abu. [PhD thesis], University of Jodhpur, Jodhpur, Rajasthan; 1979.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eSingh V. Flora of Banswara, Rajasthan: Botanical Survey of India, Department of Environment. 1983.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eShetty BV, Singh V. Flora of Rajasthan Vol. II. Botanical Survey of India, Howrah, Kolkata. 1991.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eSharma SK, Banu F. Addition to the flora of Rajasthan. Indian Journal of Environmental Sciences. 2017; 21(1):46-48.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eKotiya A, Solanki Y, Reddy GV. Flora of Rajasthan. Jaipur, Rajasthan: Rajasthan State Biodiversity Board; 2020.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eSharma SK, Kotia A. Orchids of Rajasthan. In: Verma A, editor. Conservation of Biodiversity of Rajasthan. New Delhi: Himanshu Publication; 2008. p. 432-438.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eTiwari UKL, Kotia A, Mewada T, Rawat GS. New distributional record of an endemic orchid, \u003cem\u003ePeristylus stocksii\u003c/em\u003e (Hook. f.) Kraenzl., from Rajasthan. Indian Journal of Forestry. 2009;32(1):149-152. DOI:10.54207/bsmps1000-2009-5U0R04\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eYadav BL, Meena KL. Flora of South Central Rajasthan, Scientific Publisher\u0026rsquo;s, Jodhpur, Rajasthan. Mitich LW. 1994. Beggarticks. Weed Technol. 2011;8:172\u0026ndash;175.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eTiwari UL, Ravikumar K, Balachandran N, Sharma SK. Some new records of plants from the state of Rajasthan, India. Journal of Threatened Taxa.2016;8(3):8632-8637. DOI:10.11609/jott.2012.8.3.8632-8637\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eKotia A, Singh J, Jalal JS, Singh GP, Reddy GV. \u003cem\u003ePeristylus lawii\u003c/em\u003e (Orchidaceae): A New Record for Rajasthan State, India. International Journal of Botany Studies. 2020;5(4):147-149.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eSingh J, Gupta S, Arya M, Poonar N, Raskar S, Kotiya A. \u003cem\u003eAcampe rigida\u003c/em\u003e (Buchanan-Hamilton ex Smith) PF Hunt: New Record for Rajasthan State, India. The Journal of Plant Science Research.2023;39(2):245-248. DOI:10.32381/JPSR.2023.39.02.26\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eSingh J, Gupta S, Kumar V, Kotiya A, Singh GP, Mukherjee P. \u003cem\u003eHabenaria gibsonii \u003c/em\u003e\u003cem\u003e foetida\u003c/em\u003e Blatt. \u0026amp; McCann (Orchidaceae): New distribution recorded from Sitamata Wildlife Sanctuary, Rajasthan, India. Biospectra.2022;16(2):5-8. DOI:10.13140/RG.2.2.24312.62727\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eJain SK, Rao RR. A handbook of field and herbarium methods. New Delhi: Today and Tomorrow s Printers and Publishers; 1977.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eAgarwal DK, Jalal JS, Bhattacharjee A, Deori C, Mao AA, Yadav VK. Wild orchids of West Bengal. Botanical Survey of India, Kolkata; 2023\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003c/ol\u003e"},{"header":"Tables","content":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTable 1\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003eChecklist of Terrestrial orchids collected from Rajasthan\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ctable border=\"1\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\" width=\"709\"\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 64px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eS. No.\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 227px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eSpecies\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"11\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 418px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eDistrict\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 38px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eBanswara\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 38px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eBaran\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 38px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eBharatpur\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 38px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eBhilwara\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 38px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eChittorgarh\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 38px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eDungarpur\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 38px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003ePali\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 38px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003ePratapgarh\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 38px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eRajsamand\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 38px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eSerohi\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 40px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eUdaipur\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 64px;\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003col start=\"1\" type=\"1\"\u003e\n \u003cli\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003c/ol\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 227px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eEpipactis veratrifolia\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003eBoiss. \u0026amp; Hohen.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 38px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 38px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 38px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 38px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e+\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 38px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e+\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 38px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 38px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 38px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 38px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 38px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 40px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 64px;\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003col start=\"2\" type=\"1\"\u003e\n \u003cli\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003c/ol\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 227px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eEulophia herbacea\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003eLindl.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 38px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 38px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 38px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 38px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 38px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e+\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 38px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 38px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 38px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e+\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 38px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 38px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 40px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e+\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 64px;\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003col start=\"3\" type=\"1\"\u003e\n \u003cli\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003c/ol\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 227px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eEulophia ochreata\u003c/em\u003e\u003cem\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003eLindl.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 38px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e+\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 38px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e+\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 38px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 38px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 38px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e+\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 38px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e+\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 38px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e+\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 38px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e+\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 38px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e+\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 38px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e+\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 40px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e+\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 64px;\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003col start=\"4\" type=\"1\"\u003e\n \u003cli\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003c/ol\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 227px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eEulophia\u003c/em\u003e\u003cem\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003e\u003cem\u003erecurva\u003c/em\u003e\u003cem\u003e\u0026nbsp;(Roxb.)\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003eM.W.Chase, Kumar \u0026amp; Schuit.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 38px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 38px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 38px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 38px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 38px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e+\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 38px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 38px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 38px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e+\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 38px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 38px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 40px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 64px;\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003col start=\"5\" type=\"1\"\u003e\n \u003cli\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003c/ol\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 227px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eHabenaria digitata\u003c/em\u003e\u003cem\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003eLindl.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 38px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 38px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e+\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 38px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 38px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 38px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e+\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 38px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 38px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 38px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e+\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 38px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 38px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e+\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 40px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 64px;\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003col start=\"6\" type=\"1\"\u003e\n \u003cli\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003c/ol\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 227px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eHabenaria furcifera\u003c/em\u003e\u003cem\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003eLindl.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 38px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 38px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 38px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 38px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 38px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e+\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 38px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 38px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 38px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e+\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 38px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e+\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 38px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 40px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e+\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 64px;\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003col start=\"7\" type=\"1\"\u003e\n \u003cli\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003c/ol\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 227px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eHabenaria thailandica\u003c/em\u003e\u003cem\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003eSeidenf.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 38px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 38px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 38px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 38px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 38px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e+\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 38px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 38px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 38px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e+\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 38px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 38px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e+\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 40px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 64px;\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003col start=\"8\" type=\"1\"\u003e\n \u003cli\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003c/ol\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 227px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eHabenaria longicorniculata\u003c/em\u003e\u003cem\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003eJ.Graham\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 38px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 38px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 38px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 38px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 38px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 38px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 38px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 38px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 38px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e+\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 38px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e+\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 40px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e+\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 64px;\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003col start=\"9\" type=\"1\"\u003e\n \u003cli\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003c/ol\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 227px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eHabenaria marginata\u003c/em\u003e\u003cem\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003eColebr.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 38px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 38px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 38px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 38px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 38px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 38px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 38px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 38px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 38px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 38px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e+\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 40px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 64px;\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003col start=\"10\" type=\"1\"\u003e\n \u003cli\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003c/ol\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 227px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eHabenaria plantaginea\u003c/em\u003e\u003cem\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003eLindl.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 38px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 38px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 38px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 38px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 38px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 38px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 38px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 38px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 38px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 38px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 40px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e+\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 64px;\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003col start=\"11\" type=\"1\"\u003e\n \u003cli\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003c/ol\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 227px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eNervilia concolor\u003c/em\u003e (Blume) Schltr.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 38px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e+\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 38px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e+\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 38px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 38px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 38px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e+\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 38px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e+\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 38px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 38px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 38px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 38px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e+\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 40px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e+\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 64px;\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003col start=\"12\" type=\"1\"\u003e\n \u003cli\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003c/ol\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 227px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003ePeristylus constrictus\u003c/em\u003e\u003cem\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003e(Lindl.) Lindl.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 38px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 38px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 38px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 38px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 38px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e+\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 38px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 38px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 38px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e+\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 38px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 38px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 40px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e+\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 64px;\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003col start=\"13\" type=\"1\"\u003e\n \u003cli\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003c/ol\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 227px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003ePeristylus lawii\u003c/em\u003e\u003cem\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003eWight\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 38px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 38px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 38px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 38px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 38px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 38px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 38px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 38px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 38px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 38px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 40px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e+\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 64px;\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003col start=\"14\" type=\"1\"\u003e\n \u003cli\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003c/ol\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 227px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003ePeristylus stocksii\u003c/em\u003e\u003cem\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003e(Hook.f.) Kraenzl.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 38px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 38px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 38px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 38px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 38px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 38px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 38px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 38px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 38px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 38px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e+\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 40px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 64px;\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003col start=\"15\" type=\"1\"\u003e\n \u003cli\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003c/ol\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 227px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eZeuxine strateumatica\u003c/em\u003e\u003cem\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003e(L.) Schltr.**\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 38px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e+\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 38px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e+\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 38px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e+\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 38px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e+\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 38px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 38px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 38px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e+\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 38px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e+\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 38px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e+\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 38px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 40px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e+\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n\u003c/table\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eNote: [+ for Species present; blank for Species absent; ** species were also reported in Bikaner, Jaipur, Dausa, Tonk, Ajmer, Jhalawar, Kota and Sri Ganganagar District.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTable 2\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003eShowing Phenology of orchid species\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ctable border=\"1\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\" width=\"638\"\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 64px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eNo.\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 236px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eSpecies\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 338px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003ePhenology\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 161px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eFlowering\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 178px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eFruiting\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 64px;\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003col start=\"1\" type=\"1\"\u003e\n \u003cli\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003c/ol\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 236px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eEpipactis veratrifolia\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003eBoiss. \u0026amp; Hohen.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 161px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eFebruary-March\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 178px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eApril-July\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 64px;\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003col start=\"2\" type=\"1\"\u003e\n \u003cli\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003c/ol\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 236px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eEulophia herbacea\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003eLindl.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 161px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eJune-July\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 178px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAugust\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 64px;\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003col start=\"3\" type=\"1\"\u003e\n \u003cli\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003c/ol\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 236px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eEulophia ochreata\u003c/em\u003e\u003cem\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003eLindl.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 161px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eJune - October\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 178px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSeptember \u0026ndash; October\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 64px;\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003col start=\"4\" type=\"1\"\u003e\n \u003cli\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003c/ol\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 236px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eEulophia\u003c/em\u003e\u003cem\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003e\u003cem\u003erecurva\u003c/em\u003e\u003cem\u003e\u0026nbsp;(Roxb.)\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003eM.W.Chase, Kumar \u0026amp; Schuit.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 161px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eJune \u0026ndash; July\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 178px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAugust \u0026ndash; February\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 64px;\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003col start=\"5\" type=\"1\"\u003e\n \u003cli\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003c/ol\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 236px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eHabenaria digitata\u003c/em\u003e\u003cem\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003eLindl.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 161px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eJuly\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 178px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAugust - September\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 64px;\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003col start=\"6\" type=\"1\"\u003e\n \u003cli\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003c/ol\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 236px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eHabenaria furcifera\u003c/em\u003e\u003cem\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003eLindl.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 161px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAugust- September\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 178px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eOctober\u0026ndash;November\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 64px;\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003col start=\"7\" type=\"1\"\u003e\n \u003cli\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003c/ol\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 236px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eHabenaria thailandica\u003c/em\u003e\u003cem\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003eSeidenf.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 161px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eJuly \u0026ndash; August\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 178px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eOctober \u0026ndash; November\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 64px;\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003col start=\"8\" type=\"1\"\u003e\n \u003cli\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003c/ol\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 236px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eHabenaria longicorniculata\u003c/em\u003e\u003cem\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003eJ.Graham\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 161px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAugust-September\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 178px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSeptember \u0026ndash; October\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 64px;\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003col start=\"9\" type=\"1\"\u003e\n \u003cli\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003c/ol\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 236px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eHabenaria marginata\u003c/em\u003e\u003cem\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003eColebr.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 161px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAugust\u0026ndash;October\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 178px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eOctober\u0026ndash;November\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 64px;\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003col start=\"10\" type=\"1\"\u003e\n \u003cli\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003c/ol\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 236px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eHabenaria plantaginea\u003c/em\u003e\u003cem\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003eLindl.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 161px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAugust \u0026ndash; September\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 178px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSeptember \u0026ndash; October\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 64px;\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003col start=\"11\" type=\"1\"\u003e\n \u003cli\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003c/ol\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 236px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eNervilia concolor\u003c/em\u003e (Blume) Schltr.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 161px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMay\u003cstrong\u003e-\u003c/strong\u003eJune\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 178px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eJune\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 64px;\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003col start=\"12\" type=\"1\"\u003e\n \u003cli\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003c/ol\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 236px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003ePeristylus constrictus\u003c/em\u003e\u003cem\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003e(Lindl.) Lindl.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 161px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eJuly-September\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 178px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSeptember\u0026ndash;October\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 64px;\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003col start=\"13\" type=\"1\"\u003e\n \u003cli\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003c/ol\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 236px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003ePeristylus lawii\u003c/em\u003e\u003cem\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003eWight\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 161px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eJuly-August\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 178px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAugust-September\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 64px;\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003col start=\"14\" type=\"1\"\u003e\n \u003cli\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003c/ol\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 236px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003ePeristylus stocksii\u003c/em\u003e\u003cem\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003e(Hook.f.) Kraenzl.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 161px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eJuly-August\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 178px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAugust\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 64px;\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003col start=\"15\" type=\"1\"\u003e\n \u003cli\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003c/ol\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 236px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eZeuxine strateumatica\u003c/em\u003e\u003cem\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003e(L.) Schltr.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 161px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eJanuary \u0026ndash; March\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 178px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMarch\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n\u003c/table\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e"}],"fulltextSource":"","fullText":"","funders":[],"hasAdminPriorityOnWorkflow":false,"hasManuscriptDocX":true,"hasOptedInToPreprint":true,"hasPassedJournalQc":"","hasAnyPriority":false,"hideJournal":true,"highlight":"","institution":"","isAcceptedByJournal":false,"isAuthorSuppliedPdf":false,"isDeskRejected":"","isHiddenFromSearch":false,"isInQc":false,"isInWorkflow":false,"isPdf":false,"isPdfUpToDate":true,"isWithdrawnOrRetracted":false,"journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"researchsquare","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"/submission","title":"Research Square","twitterHandle":"researchsquare","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"","reportingPortfolio":"","inReviewEnabled":false,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true},"keywords":"","lastPublishedDoi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-8657600/v1","lastPublishedDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-8657600/v1","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"},"manuscriptAbstract":"During present investigation a total fifteen species of terrestrial orchids belonging to six genera were recorded from the Rajasthan state. Two endemic terrestrial orchids (Eulophia ochreata and Peristylus stocksii) which are endemic to India, also found in Rajasthan. Peristylus lawii was reported for the first time from the state. Habenaria thailandica (Syn: Habenaria gibsonii var. foetida Blatt. \u0026 McCann) was reported from Sitamata Wildlife Sanctuary for first time. Udaipur, Sirohi, Chittorgarh, and Pratapgarh Districts are reported with highest diversity of orchids.","manuscriptTitle":"Terrestrial Orchids of Rajasthan, India","msid":"","msnumber":"","nonDraftVersions":[{"code":1,"date":"2026-02-27 06:48:08","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-8657600/v1","editorialEvents":[{"type":"communityComments","content":0}],"status":"published","journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"researchsquare","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"/submission","title":"Research Square","twitterHandle":"researchsquare","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"","reportingPortfolio":"","inReviewEnabled":false,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true}}],"origin":"","ownerIdentity":"09c64bd9-e096-41d6-aaad-6e50a1833bd3","owner":[],"postedDate":"February 27th, 2026","published":true,"recentEditorialEvents":[{"type":"decision","content":"Rejected","date":"2026-04-29T09:57:07+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""}],"rejectedJournal":[],"revision":"","amendment":"","status":"posted","subjectAreas":[],"tags":[],"updatedAt":"2026-04-29T10:10:36+00:00","versionOfRecord":[],"versionCreatedAt":"2026-02-27 06:48:08","video":"","vorDoi":"","vorDoiUrl":"","workflowStages":[]},"version":"v1","identity":"rs-8657600","journalConfig":"researchsquare"},"__N_SSP":true},"page":"/article/[identity]/[[...version]]","query":{"redirect":"/article/rs-8657600","identity":"rs-8657600","version":["v1"]},"buildId":"XKTyCvWXoU3ODBz1xrDgd","isFallback":false,"isExperimentalCompile":false,"dynamicIds":[84888],"gssp":true,"scriptLoader":[]}
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