Critical swimming speed at different temperatures for small-bodied freshwater native riverine fish species

Critical swimming speed at different temperatures for small-bodied freshwater native riverine fish species | Research Square window.SnipcartSettings = { analytics: { enabled: false } }; (function() { var accessVector = localStorage.getItem('access_vector') || ''; window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; if (accessVector) { window.dataLayer.push({ user: { profile: { profileInfo: { snid: accessVector } } } }); } })(); (function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start':new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0],j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src='https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f);})(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-K279D39R'); Browse Preprints In Review Journals COVID-19 Preprints AJE Video Bytes Research Tools Research Promotion AJE Professional Editing AJE Rubriq About Preprint Platform In Review Editorial Policies Our Team Advisory Board Help Center Sign In Submit a Preprint Cite Share Download PDF Article Critical swimming speed at different temperatures for small-bodied freshwater native riverine fish species CATTERINA SOBENES, Christian Díaz-Peralta, Francisca Sandoval This is a preprint; it has not been peer reviewed by a journal. https://doi.org/ 10.21203/rs.3.rs-3970780/v1 This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License Status: Published Journal Publication published 09 Aug, 2024 Read the published version in Scientific Reports → Version 1 posted 10 You are reading this latest preprint version Abstract This study evaluated the effect of fish total length ( L T ) and three water temperatures (10, 15 and 20 ºC) on the critical swimming speed ( U crit ) of the species Percilia irwini (2.9 – 6.3 cm L T ), Cheirodon galusdae (3.4 – 5.5 cm L T ), and Trichomycterus areolatus (4.0 – 6.3 cm L T ). An U cri t estimation model was constructed for each species as a function of temperature and size. The results showed mean U crit for P. irwini of 44.56, 53.83 and 63.2 cm s -1 at 10, 15 and 20 ºC, respectively: 55.34, 61.74 and 70.05 cm s -1 for C. galusdae and 56.18, 63.01 and 71.09 cm s -1 for T. areolatus . Critical velocity depended on the interaction between species, body length and water. The swimming performance increased significantly with rising temperature in all three species. The velocity also increased with greater LT. After controlling for LT, velocity also increased with higher temperature in the three species. This research is relevant to small fish species that require conservation measures. Biological sciences/Physiology Earth and environmental sciences/Environmental sciences Earth and environmental sciences/Hydrology small-bodied fish swimming swim-tunnel water temperature critical velocity river Chile Figures Figure 1 Figure 2 Introduction Possible extinction of fish in rivers depends on their life-history and their interaction with the ecosystem’s environmental conditions (Bergerot et al. 2015). Swimming performance is an important factor for survival of fish (Tudorache et al. 2008), distribution, migration, predator-prey interactions and reproduction (Wolter and Arlinghaus 2003). The movement within habitats allow fish to optimize access to resources, refuges, gene flow, reproduction and colonization of new territories (Albanese et al. 2004). Swimming speed and hydrodynamic resistance in fish varies according to the type of species, morphology, size, water temperature, oxygen levels, water quality and other variables (Hammer 1995; Plaut 2000; Tudorache et al. 2008; Zeng et al . 2009). However, temperature significantly influences the physiological functions and behavior of aquatic animals (Lee et al. 2003; MacNutt et al. 2004). Temperature fluctuations have a profound effect on swimming capacity (Beamish 1978; Lee et al. 2003; Zeng et al. 2009; Yan et al. 2012), influencing cardiovascular capacity and the respiratory system that sustains aerobic metabolism (Farrell et al. 1996). The body length of fish influences the strength and resistance to movement (Boily and Magnan, 2002). Critical swimming speed ( U crit ) is a special category of prolonged swimming used to estimate maximum sustained speed (Brett 1964). It is defined as the highest swimming speed that a fish can maintain for a period equal in magnitude to the time interval used in the test (Peake et al . 1997). It is measured by confining fish in a respirometer, which does not necessarily mimic swimming in the wild and should therefore be used cautiously (Cano-Barbacil et al. 2020). The relationship between temperature and U crit speed follows a normal distribution (Claireaux et al. 2006, Lee et al. 2003; MacNutt et al. 2004). Most studies on swimming capacity have been performed in laboratories with swim tunnel respirometers (Hammer 1995; Katopodis 2005), and in raceways (Colavecchia et al. 1998) with fixed water temperature. Therefore, it is necessary to evaluate swimming velocity considering the different factors that may affect it, such as water temperature and total length (Silva et al. 2018). This study evaluates the swimming capacity of three native small-bodied freshwater fish species from Chile ( L T <12 cm); Percilia irwini (Eigenmann, 1927), Cheirodon galusdae (Eigenmann, 1928), and Trichomycterus areolatus (Valenciennes 1840). They are all endemic species that inhabit high flow rivers in central Chile whose substrata have boulders mixed with sand (Arratia et al. 1983; Habit and Belk, 2007; García et al. 2012). In Chile these species are classified as vulnerable ( C. galsudae and T. areolatus ), and endangered ( P. irwini ) (Ministerio de Medio Ambiente 2023). In addition, most studies have been done on salmonids such as rainbow trout Oncorhynchus mykiss (Walbaum 1972), brown trout Salmo trutta (Linnaeus 1758), sockeye salmon O. nerka (Walbaum 1972) and coho salmon O. kisutchk (Walbaum 1972) (Birnie-Gauvien et al. 2019; Gregory and Wood 1998; Lee et al. 2003; Ojanguren and Brañta 2005), which are all introduced species in Chilean ecosystems (Arismendi et al . 2014). However, swimming studies in native Chilean fish are scarce. The objective of this study was to provide the swimming capacity of this native species by measuring critical swimming speed. The effect of species, fish lengths and water temperatures, on swimming performance was investigated. Results Critical swimming speed Critical swimming speeds and relative critical swimming speed at different temperatures for three species were ranging from 22.19 to 98.91 cm s -1 for P. irwini , from 45.68 to 92.73 cm s -1 for C. galusdae , and from 41.75 to 93.57 cm s -1 for T. areolatus (Fig. 1 (a)). The relative critical velocities (Fig.1 (b)) increased significantly with rising temperature in all three species. We found that critical velocity depended on the interaction between species, body length and temperature (Table 1). These results indicate that the effect of the temperature differed through body length. There was greater dispersion in the critical velocity in P. irwini than in the other two species. Table 1. PERMANOVA of velocity U crit (cm s -1 ) (species (S):fixed, water temperature(T): fixed, and length (L T ): random). Probabilities associated at each ratios F-ratio were obtained with 9999 permutations on residual under a reduced model. Source df MS F-ratio p-value Öc.v %c.v Specie (Sp) Water Temperature (T) Length (L T ) SpxT SpxL T TxL T SpxTxL T Residuals Total 2 2 23 4 12 46 24 228 341 1675.7 5120.1 2285.2 195.2 109.5 101.9 68.1 7.7 15.297 59.582 296.09 2.867 14.194 13.209 8.82 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 <0.05 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 4.99 7.44 12.9 2.46 3.36 4.54 4.49 2.78 12 17 30 6 8 11 10 6 100 Bold values represent statistically significant values with alpha=0.05 In all three species, the speeds depend significantly on the interaction between the temperature and the length of the fish (Table 2). Pair-wise comparisons between test temperatures showed significant differences across all species and temperature levels (Table 3). Patterns of U crit (cm s -1 ) were statiscally different among length of the fishes in P. irwini (PERMDISP, F 14,120 =3.43; p<0.001), C. galusade (PERMDISP, F 11,96 =8.83; p<0.001) and T. areolatus (PERMDISP, F 10,88 =3.9; p<0.001). Table 2. PERMANOVA based o Euclidean dissimilarity measure for velocity U crit (cm s -1 ) by species (water temperature (T): fixed, and length (L T ): random). Probabilities associated at each ratios F-ratio were obtained with 9999 permutations on residual under a reduced model. Source df MS F-ratio p-value Ö c.v %c.v Percilia irwini Water Temperature (T) Length (L T ) Tx L T Residuals Total Cheirodon galusdae Water Temperature (T) Length (L T ) Tx L T Residuals Total Trichomycterus areolatus Water Temperature (T) Length (L T ) Tx L T Residuals Total 2 14 28 90 134 2 11 22 72 107 2 10 20 66 98 3909 2370.6 92.77 11.02 1957.2 734.7 128.13 3.39 1838.8 1260.4 45.35 7.93 42.136 215.11 8.418 15.28 216.13 37.7 40.55 159.02 5.722 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 9.21 16.19 5.22 3.31 7.12 9.01 6.44 1.84 7.37 11.80 3.53 2.82 27 48 15 10 100 29 37 26 8 100 29 46 14 11 100 Bold values represent statistically significant values with alpha=0.05 Table 3. PERMANOVA pair-wise comparisons among water temperature for each species on the basis of the Euclidean dissimilarities on velocity U crit (cm s -1 ). Specie Water Temperature (ºC) t-value p-value Percilia irwini 10 – 15 10 – 20 15 - 20 8.22 2.12 3.89 <0.001 <0.001 <0.01 Cheirodon galusdae 10 – 15 10 – 20 15 - 20 4.04 4.61 2.83 <0.01 <0.001 <0.05 Trichomycterus areolatus 10 – 15 10 – 20 15 - 20 7.72 7.37 4.40 <0.001 <0.001 <0.01 Bold values represent statistically significant values with alpha=0.05 U crit models The regressions between U crit and fish length present linear fit in P. irwini and C. galusdae and a power function in T. areolatus is shown in Table 4. Table 4. Adjusted equations for critical velocity U crit (cm s -1 ) per species based on total length L T (cm). Species Water Temperature (ºC) Forms of regression a b R 2 F p Percilia irwini 10 15 20 Linear -12.59 -6.8 -12.57 12.95 13.73 17.2 0.87 0.82 0.89 307.1 203.8 360.9 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 Cheirodon galusdae 10 15 20 Linear 9.36 1.44 -10.1 10.41 13.7 18.14 0.57 0.71 0.72 44.74 88.5 93.04 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 Trichomycterus areolatus 10 15 20 Power function 2.3 2.5 1.93 1.05 1.03 1.41 0.76 0.74 0.92 103.74 95.9 375.5 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 Linear regression U crit = a + b * L T and power function Ln( U crit ) = a + b *Ln( L T ). Bold values represent statistically significant values with alpha=0.05 The relationship between the natural logarithm of critical velocity (Ln U crit ) and water temperature and fish length showed a significant fit in the three species (Table 5). The coefficients for temperature and body length were positive, showing their direct proportionality to the three species critical velocity. It can be observed that as temperature increases, velocity increases in P. irwini (parameter b in Table 5), while increases in velocity for C. galusdae and T. areolatus were similar. The increase in velocity as body length increases (parameter c in Table 5) was less pronounced in C. galusdae , while P. irwini and T. areolatus were similar. Table 5. Adjusted equations for critical velocity U crit (cm s -1 ) per species based on total length L T (cm) and water temperature WT(ºC): Ln ( U crit (cm s -1 )) = a + b T (°C) + c Ln ( L T (cm)). Species N a b c R 2 F p-value Percilia irwini 135 1.672 0.0355 1.184 0.88 489.73 <0.001 Cheirodon galusdae 108 2.362 0.0229 0.955 0.74 149.93 <0.001 Trichomycterus areolatus 99 1.881 0.0230 1.164 0.88 273.26 <0.001 Bold values represent statistically significant values with alpha=0.05 Discussion This is the first study that considers temperature as a factor affecting critical velocity in three native chilean species. The results show the importance of considering water temperature as a predictor of critical speed, being necessary in the future to evaluate other factors such as the body shape of the fish (Cano-Barbacil et al. 2020).The differences in swimming performance at different temperatures provides significant information to understand fish distribution (Buisson et al. 2008). Knowing swimming velocity behavior at different temperatures and body lengths of small native fish allows for better conservation decision, for example in the design of fishways for anthropic interventions in rivers (Rodgers et al. 2014; Hoagstrom 2015; Laborde et al. 2016). The tests performed on the three native fish at three water temperatures showed an increase in U crit as the temperature increased and were different (Table 3), similar to what has been found for other fish species including guppies Poecilia reticulata (Peters, 1859) (Kent and Ojanguren, 2015), juvenile Australian bass Percalates novemaculeata (Steindachner 1866) and empire gudgeon Hypseleotris compressa (Krefft, 1864) (Rodgers et al. 2014), juvenile Chines aturgeon Acipenser sinensis (Gray 1835) (He et al. 2013), giant danios Devario aequipinnatus (McClelland, 1839) (Bartolini et al. 2015), European bass Dicentrarchus labrax (Linnaeus, 1758) (Claireaux et al. 2006) and catfish Silurus meridionalis (Chen, 1977) (Zeng et al. 2009). In the present study, the increase in the average relative speed with increasing water temperature was 17.89 in P. irwini , 13.78 in C. galusdea and 12.83 in T. areolatus , values higher than those found in small-bodied fishes by Rodgers et al. (2014). Considering water temperature and fish body length together, the U crit value was greater in C. galusdae than in P. irwini , which in turn was greater than the value for T. areolatus (Table 1). These three species are allopatric in rivers with current velocities between 0.2 and 300 cm s-1. They use different habitats within the rivers, the catfish T. areolatus , for example, uses the bottom more frequently (Arratia, 1983). Differences in swimming speed have been reported between species with anguilliform swimming such as T. areolatus and subcarangiform and carangiform species such as P. irwini and C. galusdae (Katopodis and Gervais 2016). The mean U crit values found in this analysis are similar to those found in other studies of freshwater fish with similar body length at a water test temperature between 15 and 20ºC (Egger et al. 2021; Zhao et al. 2020). The results for C. galusdae at 15 and 20ºC were like those found by Laborde et al. (2016) using a fixed water test temperature of 17ºC. The U crit model estimated including temperature (Table 5) shows a significant relationship similar to those founded by Cano-Barbacil et al. (2020). When the effect of L T is isolated (Fig. 1 (b)), speed also increases with temperature. As has been previously reported in several studies of freshwater fish (Cai et al. 2020; Starrs et al. 2011; Zupa et al. 2015), at a given temperature, critical velocity increased as the studied species L T increased. There was a linear relationship between critical velocity and L T , similar to what was reported by Hou et al. (2018). Thus, fish L T is relevant when estimating critical velocity (Table 5 and 6), increasing at larger sizes as has been observed in many studies (Mateus et al. 2008; Mu et al. 2019; Rodgers et al. 2014; Zupa et al. 2015; Cano-Barbacil et al. 2020). We found a positive relationship between U crit and L T , in the three studied species (Table 4), which could be related to increased muscle mass and metabolism during the swim (Beamish 1978; Peake 2008). The U crit model estimated by temperature for the three species (Table 4 and 5) shows a positive linear increase with L T for P. iriwini and C. galusdae , with a best fit than other studies for carp fishes (Tan et al. 2021) and for European sea bass (Zupa et al. 2015). For T. areolatus a power function was the one with the best fit as found by Cano-Barbacil et al. (2020) for most Iberian dish species. However, this estimated function is only valid for the tested range of temperatures; at higher temperatures we would expect the swimming velocity to decrease (Pang et al. 2011). The rivers inhabited by the studied species may reach temperatures between 9 and 25ºC in pools and shallow areas with low current velocity (Dirección General de Aguas 2018); a wider range of temperatures might result in a bell-shaped curve, and should be further investigated. Our results are conservative, since swimming capacity may be underestimated in the laboratory (Peake 2004; Egger et al. 2021). Fish swimming behavior may change in the wild, depending on the time of year, their reproductive status and the medium’s hydrodynamic conditions. Therefore, the velocity values must be validated in natural conditions. The results of this study are relevant, given the little research in small-bodied fish in Chile with conservation problem, and other countries with similar species (Habit et al. 2018; Marsden and Stuart 2019; Pompeau et al. 2012; Wolter and Schomaker 2019). Methods Fish sampling and acclimatization Individuals of P. irwini and C. galusdae were collected from the Andalién River (36°49'4.13"S, 72°51'11.89"W) and T. areolatus from the Itata River (36°41'8.22"S, 72°26'45.31"O), between November 2017 (spring) and January 2018 (summer). Both rivers are located in the Biobío Region and Ñuble Region, in Chile (see Fig. 2). Fish were caught using a Halltech backpack electrofishing (Halltech Environmental Inc., Guelph, ON, Canada) and transported into bags and then sent to the Ecohydraulics Laboratory at the Universidad Católica de la Santísima Concepción. The minimum sample size defined for each species was 11 fish of different total body length and three specimens of similar size, with a total of 33 fish per species. The sample number was increased when at least three specimens of a different total body length were captured. Total body length (cm) and the weight of each fish was measured by vernier caliper and electronic scale respectively (Table 6). All fish were housed in an aquarium using the methodology of Sobenes et al. (2012). Fish were separated by species, and acclimated to the lowest test temperature gradually (10°C). Each fish was placed in a closed plastic bag with 300 ml of river water, and placed in a tank with water at 10ºC for 30 minutes. Then, the bags were opened and mixed with 300 ml of water from the reservoir for 15 minutes, and placed in an aquarium with water from the laboratory at 10ºC. They were fed ad libitum with Enchitrea sp. daily, which was interrupted 48 hours before each experiment. Tests were performed at 10, 15 and 20°C, based on the temperature ranges observed in the two rivers (Monsalve et al. 2012; Pedreros et al. 2013). Fish were acclimated to the test temperature for at least 15 days before the trial. All fish were returned in good health to their habitats after the experiments. Table 6. Length (cm) and weight (g) of fish species in trials. N=number of fish; s.e.=standard error. Species N Total length (cm) Weight (g) Range mean ± s.e. Range mean ± s.e. Percilia irwini 45 2.9 – 6.3 4.4 ± 1.1 0.29-2.12 1.1 ± 0.7 Cheirodon galusdae 36 3.4–5.5 4.4 ± 0.6 0.37-1.61 0.97 ± 0.4 Trichomycterus areolatus 33 4.0-6.3 5.2 ± 0.8 0.4-1.59 0.88 ± 0.45 Swimmimg trials Swimming trials were carried out in a Steffensen type respirometer (20 L, 4 L swim chamber: 40 cm x 10 cm x 40 cm), submerged in an 80 L tank to maintain a constant temperature. Fish were selected randomly, and once the swimming trial was finished they were separated for 24 hours to begin the acclimatization process to the next trial temperature. Total swimming time until fatigue and water velocity at fatigue were recorded to calculate critical swimming speed U crit , using Brett’s (1964) equation: where U f is penultimate velocity (cm s -1 ), U i is the water velocity increment (0.5 of the L T in cm s -1 ), T f is the time swum in the final increment and T i is the time interval (300 s). This provide a measurement of the maximum velocity at which a fish can sustainably swim without fatiguing (Hammer 1995; Peake 2004). The obstruction of the water flow by fish was negligible, since the cross-sectional area of the fish was less than 10% of the cross-section area of the test chamber (Webb 1971). The critical velocity was evaluated for each fish, for each of the three temperatures, obtaining a total of 342 velocity records for the three species. Fish swimming e was compared between standardized total length, U crit (cm s -1 ) divided by L T (cm) and denoted as relative critical swimming speed ( R U crit (BL/s)). Statistical Analysis To compare critical velocity between species and for each species, it was used a permutational analysis of variance with 9999 permutations (PERMANOVA), with the fixed factors species and temperature and the random factor body length. A pair - wise test were also performed when significant differences were observed between fix factors. Differences in dispersion between fish body length were analyzed using permutational analyses of multivariate dispersion (PERMDISP). This analysis was performed for each species. The multivariate analyses were carried out using Euclidean distance on critical velocity data. The PERMANOVA analyses were performed with PRIMER v7 (Anderson et al. 2008). The significance level to reject the null hypotheses was set at 0.05. To understand the relationship between U crit (cm s -1 ) of each species with the total length ( L T ) by water temperature, different forms of regression were estimated, selecting the form with the best regression fit R 2 . The relationship between the U crit (cm s -1 ) of each species to total length ( L T ) and water temperature (WT(ºC)) was estimated using a linear function based on Williams and Brett (1987) sensu Hammer (1995): where a , b , and c are parameters estimated from the multivariate regression. Declarations Ethics approval The experimental protocols were approved and financed by the Dirección de Investigación de la Universidad Católica de la Santísima Concepción through the DIN-UCSC 10/2014 project. The care and use of experimental animals complied with Subsecretaría de Pesca y Acuicultura of the Ministerio de Economía, Fomento y Turismo of Chile, animal welfare laws, guidelines and policies as approved by Res. Ex Nº 3542, 2014. All methods were executed in accordance with ARRIVE guidelines Data Availability The datasets used and analyzed during the current study are available from the corresponding author on reasonable request. Acknowledgements The authors would like to thank Seiji Machino, Jennifer Martin, Yael Montecino and José Pedreros, for their help in fish collection and maintenance. Author contributions C.S and C.D design the research, F.S. run the experiments, collected the data, performed the data analyses, C.S and C.D wrote the paper and data analysis. Funding This study was funded by the Dirección de Investigación de la Universidad Católica de la Santísima Concepción through the DIN-UCSC 10/2014 project. Competing interests The authors declare no competing interests. Additional Information Correspondence and requests for materials should be addressed to C.S. References Albanese B, Angermeier PL, Dorai-Raj S (2004) Ecological correlates of fish movement in a network of Virginia streams. 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Régimen Térmico de Ríos: Desarrollo, Verificación y Aplicación de un Modelo Numérico. Tecnol y Cienc del Agua3: 41–56. Mu X, Cao P, Gong L, Baiyin B, Li X (2019) A Classification Method for Fish Swimming Behaviors under Incremental Water Velocity for Fishway Hydraulic Design. Water 11(10) 2131. https://doi.org/10.3390/w11102131 Ojanguren AF, Brañta F (2005) Thermal dependence of swimming endurance in juvenile brown trout. J Fish Biol 56(6): 1342–1347. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1095-8649.2000.tb02147.x Pang X, Cao ZD, Fu SJ (2011) The effects of temperature on metabolic interaction between digestion and locomotion in juveniles of three cyprinid fish ( Carassius auratus , Cyprinus carpio and Spinibarbus sinensis ). Comp Bioch Physiol Part A Mol Integr Physiol 159(3): 253-260. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cbpa.2011.03.013 Peake S, Beamish FWH, McKinley RS, Scruton DA, Katopodis C (1997) Relating swimming performance of lake sturgeon, Acipenser fulvescens , to fishway design. 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Limnetica 32: 87-96. https://doi.org/10.23818/limn.32.09 Plaut I (2000) Effects of fin size on swimming performance, swimming behaviour and routine activity of zebrafish Danio rerio . J Exp Biol 203(4): 813-820. https://doi.org/10.1242/jeb.203.4.813 Pompeu PS, Agostinhom AA, Pelicice FM (2012) Existing and future challenges: the concept of successful fish passage in south America. River Res Appl 28: 504-512. https://doi.org/10.1002/rra.1557 Rodgers EM, Cramp RL, Gordos M, Weier A, Fairfall S, Riches M, Franklin CE (2014) Facilitating upstream passage of small-bodied fishes: linking the thermal dependence of swimming ability to culvert design. Mar Freshw Res 65(8): 710-719. https://doi.org/10.1071/MF13170 Silva AT, Lucas MC, Castro-Santos T, Katopodis C, Baumgartner LJ, Thiem JD, Aarestrup K, Pompeu PS, O’Brien GC, Braun DC, Burnett NJ, Zhu DZ, Fjeldstad HP, Forseth T, Rajaratnam N, Williams JG, Cooke SJ (2018) The future of fish passage science, engineering, and practice. Fish Fish (Oxf) , 19(2): 340-362. https://doi.org/10.1111/faf.12258 Sobenes C, García A, Habit E, Link O (2012) Mantención de peces nativos dulceacuícolas en Chile en cautiverio: un aporte a su conservación ex situ . Boletín de Biodiversidad de Chile 7: 27-41. http://www.bbchile.com/2012/09/ Accesed 06 August 2013 Starrs D, Ebner BC, Lintermans M, Fulton CJ (2011) Using sprint swimming performance to predict upstream passage of the endangered Macquarie perch in a highly regulated river. Fish Manag Ecol 18(5): 360-374. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2400.2011.00788.x Tan J, Hong L, Guo W, Honglin T, Ke S, Wang J, Shi X (2021) Swimming performance of four carps on the Yangtze River for Fish Passage Design. Sustainability 13:1575. https://doi.org/10.3390/su13031575 Tudorache C, Viaene P, Blust R, Vereecken H, De Boeck G (2008) A comparison of swimming capacity and energy use in seven European freshwater fish species. Ecol Freshw Fis h 17(2): 284-291. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-0633.2007.00280.x Webb PW (1971) The swimming energetics of trout. I. Thrust and power output at cruising speeds. J Exp Biol 55(2): 489-520. https://doi.org/10.1242/jeb.55.2.489 Wolter C, Schomaker C (2019) Fish passes design discharge requirements for successful operation. River Res Appl 35: 1697-1701. https://doi-org.dti.sibucsc.cl/10.1002/rra.3399 Wolter C, Arlinghaus R (2003) Navigation impacts on freshwater assemblages: the ecological relevance of swimming performance. Rev. Fish Biol. Fish. 13: 63–89. Yan GJ, He XK, Cao ZD, Fu SJ (2012) The trade-off between steady and unsteady swimming performance in six cyprinids at two temperatures J Therm Biol 37: 424-431. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jtherbio.2012.04.006 Zeng LQ, Cao ZD, Fu SJ, Peng JL, Wang YX (2009) Effect of temperature on swimming performance in juvenile southern catfish ( Silurus meridionalis ). Comp Biochem Physiol Part A Mol Integr Physiol 153(2), 125-30. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cbpa.2009.01.013 Zhao Z, Liang R, Wang Y, Yuan Q, Zhang Z, Li K (2020) Study on the swimming ability of endemic fish in the lower reaches of the Yangtze River: A case study. Glob Ecol Conserv 22 e01014. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gecco.2020.e01014 Zupa W, Carbonara P, Spedicato MT, Lembo G (2015) Modelling swimming activities and energetic costs in European sea bass ( Dicentrarchus labrax L., 1758) during critical swimming tests. Mar Freshw Behav Physiol 48(5): 341-357. https://doi.org/10.1080/10236244.2015.1073456 Additional Declarations No competing interests reported. Cite Share Download PDF Status: Published Journal Publication published 09 Aug, 2024 Read the published version in Scientific Reports → Version 1 posted Editorial decision: Revision requested 20 May, 2024 Reviews received at journal 30 Apr, 2024 Reviews received at journal 17 Apr, 2024 Reviewers agreed at journal 16 Apr, 2024 Reviewers agreed at journal 15 Apr, 2024 Reviewers invited by journal 14 Apr, 2024 Editor assigned by journal 14 Apr, 2024 Editor invited by journal 09 Mar, 2024 Submission checks completed at journal 09 Mar, 2024 First submitted to journal 19 Feb, 2024 You are reading this latest preprint version Research Square lets you share your work early, gain feedback from the community, and start making changes to your manuscript prior to peer review in a journal. As a division of Research Square Company, we’re committed to making research communication faster, fairer, and more useful. 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Also discoverable on Platform About Our Team In Review Editorial Policies Advisory Board Help Center Resources Author Services Accessibility API Access RSS feed Manage Cookie Preferences © Research Square 2026 | ISSN 2693-5015 (online) Privacy Policy Terms of Service Do Not Sell My Personal Information {"props":{"pageProps":{"initialData":{"identity":"rs-3970780","acceptedTermsAndConditions":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"archivedVersions":[],"articleType":"Article","associatedPublications":[],"authors":[{"id":278815804,"identity":"93db0b12-d65c-4321-9989-4e6315b0618a","order_by":0,"name":"CATTERINA SOBENES","email":"data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAZAAAAAyAQMAAABI0h/eAAAABlBMVEX///8AAABVwtN+AAAACXBIWXMAAA7EAAAOxAGVKw4bAAAAq0lEQVRIiWNgGAWjYHACNjDJD+XJEK9FsgHC4yFei8EBYrXw9x8+9uDjDht74xvJjz/8YLAjrEXiRlq64cwzaYnbbqSZSfYwJBPWYiDBYybN23Y4wexGDhszA8MBIrTwnzGT/tv23954Rg7zZ+K0MOSYSTO2HWDcIJHDIE2UFrBfetuSE2eceQb0iwERfgGH2M82O3v+dlCIVdjJEdSC4c5RMApGwSgYBdQAAIB7NEmm1I0OAAAAAElFTkSuQmCC","orcid":"","institution":"Universidad Católica de la Santísima Concepción","correspondingAuthor":true,"prefix":"","firstName":"CATTERINA","middleName":"","lastName":"SOBENES","suffix":""},{"id":278815805,"identity":"a2e108f5-8c92-4afa-8ca9-0178e74d3751","order_by":1,"name":"Christian Díaz-Peralta","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Universidad Católica de la Santísima Concepción","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Christian","middleName":"","lastName":"Díaz-Peralta","suffix":""},{"id":278815806,"identity":"42d631b7-b535-4699-97b0-ed025e15f1de","order_by":2,"name":"Francisca Sandoval","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Universidad Católica de la Santísima Concepción","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Francisca","middleName":"","lastName":"Sandoval","suffix":""}],"badges":[],"createdAt":"2024-02-19 19:47:18","currentVersionCode":1,"declarations":"","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-3970780/v1","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-3970780/v1","draftVersion":[],"editorialEvents":[{"content":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-024-69355-x","type":"published","date":"2024-08-09T15:57:08+00:00"}],"editorialNote":"","failedWorkflow":false,"files":[{"id":52597578,"identity":"e5499646-c89c-4d4d-9713-a887cbceea7e","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-03-13 12:32:10","extension":"png","order_by":1,"title":"Figure 1","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":76496,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eMaximum, minimum, mean (x), median (horizontal bar) quartile and outlier values of critical velocity \u003c/strong\u003e\u003cem\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eU\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/em\u003e\u003csub\u003e\u003cem\u003e\u003cstrong\u003ecrit\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/sub\u003e\u003cem\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e \u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/em\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eexpressed in cm s\u003c/strong\u003e\u003csup\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e-1\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e (a) and relative critical swimming speed (\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cem\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eRU\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/em\u003e\u003csub\u003e\u003cem\u003e\u003cstrong\u003ecrit\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/sub\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e) expressed in \u003c/strong\u003e\u003cem\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eL\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/em\u003e\u003csub\u003e\u003cem\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eT\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/sub\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e s\u003c/strong\u003e\u003csup\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e-1 \u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e(b) for the three native species tested at three water temperatures (10, 15 and 20°C).\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"1.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-3970780/v1/b929abece2cd018f9585554c.png"},{"id":52597577,"identity":"d7d7355b-b9a4-44c4-8a45-35fa027434b1","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-03-13 12:32:10","extension":"png","order_by":2,"title":"Figure 2","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":119576,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eMap of the study sites in the Andalién and Itata rivers, Chile.\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"2.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-3970780/v1/814377658c5e4ea841a2441d.png"},{"id":62298214,"identity":"0e2131e4-4e17-47c1-8efe-4e55f1feade1","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-08-12 16:10:47","extension":"pdf","order_by":0,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"manuscript-pdf","size":955314,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"manuscript.pdf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-3970780/v1/a1034339-190a-45f4-9145-40956be67dc8.pdf"}],"financialInterests":"No competing interests reported.","formattedTitle":"Critical swimming speed at different temperatures for small-bodied freshwater native riverine fish species","fulltext":[{"header":"Introduction","content":"\u003cp\u003ePossible extinction of fish in rivers depends on their life-history and their interaction with the ecosystem\u0026rsquo;s environmental conditions (Bergerot\u003cem\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003eet al.\u003cem\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003e2015). Swimming performance is an important factor for survival of fish (Tudorache et al. 2008), distribution, migration, predator-prey interactions and reproduction (Wolter and Arlinghaus 2003). The movement within habitats allow fish to optimize access to resources, refuges, gene flow, reproduction and colonization of new territories (Albanese et al. 2004).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eSwimming speed and hydrodynamic resistance in fish varies according to the type of species, morphology, size, water temperature, oxygen levels, water quality and other variables (Hammer 1995; Plaut 2000; Tudorache et al. 2008; Zeng\u003cem\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003eet al\u003cem\u003e.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003e2009). However, temperature significantly influences the physiological functions and behavior of aquatic animals (Lee et al. 2003; MacNutt\u003cem\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003eet al.\u003cem\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003e2004). Temperature fluctuations have a profound effect on swimming capacity (Beamish 1978; Lee et al. 2003; Zeng et al. 2009; Yan\u003cem\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003eet al.\u003cem\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003e2012), influencing cardiovascular capacity and the respiratory system that sustains aerobic metabolism (Farrell\u003cem\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003eet al.\u003cem\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003e1996). The body length of fish influences the strength and resistance to movement (Boily and Magnan, 2002).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eCritical swimming speed (\u003cem\u003eU\u003csub\u003ecrit\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/em\u003e) is a special category of prolonged swimming used to estimate maximum sustained speed (Brett 1964). It is defined as the highest swimming speed that a fish can maintain for a period equal in magnitude to the time interval used in the test (Peake\u0026nbsp;et al\u003cem\u003e.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003e1997). \u0026nbsp;It is measured by confining fish in a respirometer, which does not necessarily mimic swimming in the wild and should therefore be used cautiously (Cano-Barbacil et al. 2020). The relationship between temperature and \u003cem\u003eU\u003csub\u003ecrit\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/em\u003e speed follows a normal distribution (Claireaux\u003cem\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003eet al.\u003cem\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003e2006, Lee et al. 2003; MacNutt et al. 2004).\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eMost studies on swimming capacity have been performed in laboratories with swim tunnel respirometers (Hammer 1995; Katopodis 2005), and in raceways (Colavecchia\u003cem\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003eet al.\u003cem\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003e1998) with fixed water temperature. Therefore, it is necessary to evaluate swimming velocity considering the different factors that may affect it, such as water temperature and total length (Silva et al. 2018).\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThis study evaluates the swimming capacity of three native small-bodied freshwater fish species from Chile (\u003cem\u003eL\u003csub\u003eT\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/em\u003e\u0026lt;12 cm); \u003cem\u003ePercilia irwini\u003c/em\u003e (Eigenmann, 1927), \u003cem\u003eCheirodon galusdae\u003c/em\u003e (Eigenmann, 1928), and \u003cem\u003eTrichomycterus areolatus\u003c/em\u003e (Valenciennes 1840). They are all endemic species that inhabit high flow rivers in central Chile whose substrata have boulders mixed with sand (Arratia et al. 1983; Habit and Belk, 2007; Garc\u0026iacute;a\u003cem\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003eet al. 2012). In Chile these species are classified as vulnerable (\u003cem\u003eC. galsudae\u003c/em\u003e and \u003cem\u003eT. areolatus\u003c/em\u003e), and endangered (\u003cem\u003eP. irwini\u003c/em\u003e) (Ministerio de Medio Ambiente 2023). In addition, most studies have been done on salmonids such as rainbow trout \u003cem\u003eOncorhynchus mykiss\u003c/em\u003e (Walbaum 1972), brown trout \u003cem\u003eSalmo trutta\u003c/em\u003e (Linnaeus 1758), sockeye salmon \u003cem\u003eO. nerka\u003c/em\u003e (Walbaum 1972) and coho salmon \u003cem\u003eO. kisutchk\u003c/em\u003e (Walbaum 1972) \u0026nbsp;(Birnie-Gauvien\u003cem\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003eet al.\u003cem\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003e2019; Gregory and Wood 1998; Lee et al. 2003; Ojanguren and Bra\u0026ntilde;ta 2005), which are all introduced species in Chilean ecosystems (Arismendi et al\u003cem\u003e.\u003c/em\u003e 2014). However, swimming studies in native Chilean fish are scarce.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe objective of this study was to provide the swimming capacity of this native species by measuring critical swimming speed. The effect of species, fish lengths and water temperatures, on swimming performance was investigated.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Results","content":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eCritical swimming speed\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eCritical swimming speeds and relative critical swimming speed at different temperatures\u0026nbsp;for three species were ranging from 22.19 to 98.91 cm s\u003csup\u003e-1\u003c/sup\u003e for \u003cem\u003eP. irwini\u003c/em\u003e, from 45.68 to 92.73 cm s\u003csup\u003e-1\u003c/sup\u003e for \u003cem\u003eC. galusdae\u003c/em\u003e, and from 41.75 to 93.57 cm s\u003csup\u003e-1\u003c/sup\u003e for \u003cem\u003eT. areolatus\u003c/em\u003e (Fig. 1 (a)). The relative critical velocities (Fig.1 (b)) increased significantly with rising temperature in all three species.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eWe found that critical velocity depended on the interaction between species, body length and temperature (Table 1). These results indicate that the effect of the temperature differed through body length. There was greater dispersion in the critical velocity in \u003cem\u003eP. irwini\u003c/em\u003e than in the other two species.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTable 1.\u003c/strong\u003e PERMANOVA of velocity \u003cem\u003eU\u003csub\u003ecrit\u003c/sub\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003e(cm s\u003csup\u003e-1\u003c/sup\u003e) (species (S):fixed, water temperature(T): fixed, and length (L\u003csub\u003eT\u003c/sub\u003e): random). Probabilities associated at each ratios \u003cem\u003eF-ratio\u003c/em\u003e were obtained with 9999 permutations on residual under a reduced model.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ctable border=\"1\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\" width=\"599\"\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"23.706176961602672%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSource\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.517529215358932%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003edf\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.856427378964941%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMS\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.689482470784641%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eF-ratio\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.856427378964941%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003ep-value\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.186978297161936%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026Ouml;c.v\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.186978297161936%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e%c.v\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"23.706176961602672%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSpecie (Sp)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eWater Temperature (T)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eLength (L\u003csub\u003eT\u003c/sub\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSpxT\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSpxL\u003csub\u003eT\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eTxL\u003csub\u003eT\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSpxTxL\u003csub\u003eT\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eResiduals\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eTotal\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.517529215358932%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e23\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e12\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e46\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e24\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e228\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e341\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.856427378964941%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1675.7\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5120.1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2285.2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e195.2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e109.5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e101.9\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e68.1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7.7\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.689482470784641%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e15.297\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e59.582\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e296.09\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.867\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e14.194\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e13.209\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e8.82\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.856427378964941%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;0.001\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;0.001\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;0.001\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;0.05\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;0.001\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;0.001\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026lt;0.001\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.186978297161936%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.99\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7.44\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e12.9\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.46\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.36\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.54\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.49\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.78\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.186978297161936%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e12\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e17\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e30\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e8\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e11\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e10\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e100\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n\u003c/table\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eBold values represent statistically significant values with alpha=0.05\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eIn all three species, the speeds depend significantly on the interaction between the temperature and the length of the fish (Table 2). Pair-wise comparisons between test temperatures showed significant differences across all species and temperature levels (Table 3). Patterns of \u003cem\u003eU\u003csub\u003ecrit\u003c/sub\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003e(cm s\u003csup\u003e-1\u003c/sup\u003e) were statiscally different among length of the fishes in \u003cem\u003eP. irwini\u003c/em\u003e (PERMDISP, F\u003csub\u003e14,120\u003c/sub\u003e=3.43; p\u0026lt;0.001), \u003cem\u003eC. galusade\u003c/em\u003e (PERMDISP, F\u003csub\u003e11,96\u003c/sub\u003e=8.83; p\u0026lt;0.001) and \u003cem\u003eT. areolatus\u003c/em\u003e (PERMDISP, F\u003csub\u003e10,88\u003c/sub\u003e=3.9; p\u0026lt;0.001).\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTable 2.\u003c/strong\u003e PERMANOVA based o Euclidean dissimilarity measure for velocity \u003cem\u003eU\u003csub\u003ecrit\u003c/sub\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003e(cm s\u003csup\u003e-1\u003c/sup\u003e) by species (water temperature (T): fixed, and length (L\u003csub\u003eT\u003c/sub\u003e): random). Probabilities associated at each ratios \u003cem\u003eF-ratio\u003c/em\u003e were obtained with 9999 permutations on residual under a reduced model.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ctable style=\"width:459.3pt;border-collapse:collapse;border:none;\"\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 116.7pt;border-top: 1.5pt solid windowtext;border-left: none;border-bottom: 1.5pt solid windowtext;border-right: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:13px;\"\u003eSource\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 47.35pt;border-top: 1.5pt solid windowtext;border-left: none;border-bottom: 1.5pt solid windowtext;border-right: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;text-align:right;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:13px;\"\u003edf\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 14.0702%; border-top: 1.5pt solid windowtext; border-left: none; border-bottom: 1.5pt solid windowtext; border-right: none; padding: 0in 5.4pt; vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;text-align:right;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:13px;\"\u003eMS\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 13.2174%; border-top: 1.5pt solid windowtext; border-left: none; border-bottom: 1.5pt solid windowtext; border-right: none; padding: 0in 5.4pt; vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;text-align:right;'\u003e\u003cem\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:13px;\"\u003eF-ratio\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 61.95pt;border-top: 1.5pt solid windowtext;border-left: none;border-bottom: 1.5pt solid windowtext;border-right: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;text-align:right;'\u003e\u003cem\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:13px;\"\u003ep-value\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 54.7pt;border-top: 1.5pt solid windowtext;border-left: none;border-bottom: 1.5pt solid windowtext;border-right: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;text-align:right;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:13px;font-family:Symbol;\"\u003e\u0026Ouml;\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:13px;\"\u003ec.v\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 54.7pt;border-top: 1.5pt solid windowtext;border-left: none;border-bottom: 1.5pt solid windowtext;border-right: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;text-align:right;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:13px;\"\u003e%c.v\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 116.7pt;border-top: none;border-right: none;border-left: none;border-image: initial;border-bottom: 1.5pt solid windowtext;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e\u003cem\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:13px;\"\u003ePercilia irwini\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:13px;\"\u003eWater Temperature (T)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:13px;\"\u003eLength (L\u003csub\u003eT\u003c/sub\u003e)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:13px;\"\u003eTx L\u003csub\u003eT\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:13px;\"\u003eResiduals\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:13px;\"\u003eTotal\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:13px;\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e\u003cem\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:13px;\"\u003eCheirodon galusdae\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:13px;\"\u003eWater Temperature (T)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:13px;\"\u003eLength (L\u003csub\u003eT\u003c/sub\u003e)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:13px;\"\u003eTx L\u003csub\u003eT\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:13px;\"\u003eResiduals\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:13px;\"\u003eTotal\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:13px;\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e\u003cem\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:13px;\"\u003eTrichomycterus areolatus\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:13px;\"\u003eWater Temperature (T)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:13px;\"\u003eLength (L\u003csub\u003eT\u003c/sub\u003e)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:13px;\"\u003eTx L\u003csub\u003eT\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:13px;\"\u003eResiduals\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:13px;\"\u003eTotal\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 47.35pt;border-top: none;border-right: none;border-left: none;border-image: initial;border-bottom: 1.5pt solid windowtext;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;text-align:right;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:13px;\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;text-align:right;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:13px;\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;text-align:right;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:13px;\"\u003e14\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;text-align:right;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:13px;\"\u003e28\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;text-align:right;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:13px;\"\u003e90\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;text-align:right;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:13px;\"\u003e134\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;text-align:right;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:13px;\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;text-align:right;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:13px;\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;text-align:right;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:13px;\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;text-align:right;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:13px;\"\u003e11\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;text-align:right;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:13px;\"\u003e22\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;text-align:right;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:13px;\"\u003e72\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;text-align:right;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:13px;\"\u003e107\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Times New 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style=\"font-size:13px;\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;text-align:right;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:13px;\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;text-align:right;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:13px;\"\u003e7.12\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;text-align:right;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:13px;\"\u003e9.01\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;text-align:right;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:13px;\"\u003e6.44\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;text-align:right;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:13px;\"\u003e1.84\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n 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New Roman\",serif;text-align:right;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:13px;\"\u003e3.53\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;text-align:right;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:13px;\"\u003e2.82\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;text-align:right;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:13px;\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 54.7pt;border-top: none;border-right: none;border-left: none;border-image: initial;border-bottom: 1.5pt solid windowtext;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:13px;\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;text-align:right;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:13px;\"\u003e27\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;text-align:right;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:13px;\"\u003e48\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;text-align:right;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:13px;\"\u003e15\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;text-align:right;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:13px;\"\u003e10\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;text-align:right;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:13px;\"\u003e100\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;text-align:right;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:13px;\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;text-align:right;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:13px;\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;text-align:right;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:13px;\"\u003e29\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;text-align:right;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:13px;\"\u003e37\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;text-align:right;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:13px;\"\u003e26\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;text-align:right;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:13px;\"\u003e8\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;text-align:right;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:13px;\"\u003e100\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;text-align:right;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:13px;\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;text-align:right;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:13px;\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;text-align:right;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:13px;\"\u003e29\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;text-align:right;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:13px;\"\u003e46\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;text-align:right;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:13px;\"\u003e14\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;text-align:right;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:13px;\"\u003e11\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;text-align:right;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:13px;\"\u003e100\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n\u003c/table\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eBold values represent statistically significant values with alpha=0.05\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTable 3.\u003c/strong\u003e PERMANOVA pair-wise comparisons among water temperature for each species on the basis of the Euclidean dissimilarities on velocity \u003cem\u003eU\u003csub\u003ecrit\u003c/sub\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003e(cm s\u003csup\u003e-1\u003c/sup\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ctable border=\"1\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\"\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"39.17274939172749%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSpecie\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"29.927007299270073%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eWater Temperature (\u0026ordm;C)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.62530413625304%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003et-value\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"17.27493917274939%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003ep-value\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"39.17274939172749%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003ePercilia irwini\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"29.927007299270073%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e10 \u0026ndash; 15\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e10 \u0026ndash; 20\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e15 - 20\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.62530413625304%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e8.22\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.12\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.89\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"17.27493917274939%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026lt;0.001\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026lt;0.001\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026lt;0.01\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"39.17274939172749%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eCheirodon galusdae\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"29.927007299270073%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e10 \u0026ndash; 15\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e10 \u0026ndash; 20\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e15 - 20\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.62530413625304%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.04\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.61\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.83\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"17.27493917274939%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026lt;0.01\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026lt;0.001\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026lt;0.05\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"39.17274939172749%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eTrichomycterus areolatus\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"29.927007299270073%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e10 \u0026ndash; 15\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e10 \u0026ndash; 20\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e15 - 20\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.62530413625304%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7.72\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7.37\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.40\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"17.27493917274939%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026lt;0.001\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026lt;0.001\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026lt;0.01\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n\u003c/table\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eBold values represent statistically significant values with alpha=0.05\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cem\u003eU\u003csub\u003ecrit\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;models\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe regressions between\u003cem\u003e\u0026nbsp;U\u003csub\u003ecrit\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/em\u003e\u003csub\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/sub\u003eand fish length present linear fit in \u003cem\u003eP. irwini\u003c/em\u003e and \u003cem\u003eC. galusdae\u003c/em\u003e and a power function \u0026nbsp;in \u003cem\u003eT. areolatus\u003c/em\u003e is shown in Table 4.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTable 4.\u003c/strong\u003e Adjusted equations for critical velocity \u003cem\u003eU\u003csub\u003ecrit\u003c/sub\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003e(cm s\u003csup\u003e-1\u003c/sup\u003e) per species based on total length \u003cem\u003eL\u003csub\u003eT\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/em\u003e (cm).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ctable border=\"1\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\" width=\"609\"\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"26.39344262295082%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eSpecies\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"14.754098360655737%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eWater Temperature (\u0026ordm;C)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.967213114754099%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eForms of regression\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.672131147540984%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cem\u003ea\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.836065573770492%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cem\u003eb\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.360655737704919%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cem\u003eR\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.508196721311476%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cem\u003eF\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.508196721311476%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cem\u003ep\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"26.39344262295082%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003ePercilia irwini\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"14.754098360655737%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e10\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e15\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e20\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.967213114754099%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eLinear\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.672131147540984%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-12.59\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-6.8\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-12.57\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.836065573770492%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e12.95\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e13.73\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e17.2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.360655737704919%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.87\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.82\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.89\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.508196721311476%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e307.1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e203.8\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e360.9\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.508196721311476%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026lt;0.001\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026lt;0.001\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026lt;0.001\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"26.39344262295082%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eCheirodon galusdae\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"14.754098360655737%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e10\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e15\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e20\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.967213114754099%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eLinear\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.672131147540984%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e9.36\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.44\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-10.1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.836065573770492%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e10.41\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e13.7\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e18.14\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.360655737704919%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.57\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.71\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.72\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.508196721311476%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e44.74\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e88.5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e93.04\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.508196721311476%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026lt;0.001\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026lt;0.001\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026lt;0.001\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"26.39344262295082%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eTrichomycterus areolatus\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"14.754098360655737%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e10\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e15\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e20\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.967213114754099%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePower function\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.672131147540984%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.93\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.836065573770492%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.05\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.03\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.41\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.360655737704919%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.76\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.74\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.92\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.508196721311476%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e103.74\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e95.9\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e375.5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.508196721311476%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026lt;0.001\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026lt;0.001\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026lt;0.001\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n\u003c/table\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eLinear regression \u003cem\u003eU\u003csub\u003ecrit\u0026nbsp;\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/em\u003e= \u003cem\u003ea\u003c/em\u003e+\u003cem\u003eb\u003c/em\u003e*\u003cem\u003eL\u003csub\u003eT\u003c/sub\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003eand power function\u003cem\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003eLn(\u003cem\u003eU\u003csub\u003ecrit\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/em\u003e) = \u003cem\u003ea\u003c/em\u003e+\u003cem\u003eb\u003c/em\u003e*Ln(\u003cem\u003eL\u003csub\u003eT\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/em\u003e). Bold values represent statistically significant values with alpha=0.05\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe relationship between the natural logarithm of critical velocity (Ln\u003cem\u003e\u0026nbsp;U\u003csub\u003ecrit\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/em\u003e) and water temperature and fish length showed a significant fit in the three species (Table 5). The coefficients for temperature and body length were positive, showing their direct proportionality to the three species critical velocity. It can be observed that as temperature increases, velocity increases in \u003cem\u003eP. irwini\u003c/em\u003e (parameter \u003cem\u003eb\u003c/em\u003e in Table 5), while increases in velocity for \u003cem\u003eC. galusdae\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003eand \u003cem\u003eT. areolatus\u003c/em\u003e were similar. \u0026nbsp;The increase in velocity as body length increases (parameter \u003cem\u003ec\u003c/em\u003e in Table 5) was less pronounced in \u003cem\u003eC. galusdae\u003c/em\u003e, while \u003cem\u003eP. irwini\u003c/em\u003e and \u003cem\u003eT. areolatus\u003c/em\u003e were similar.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTable 5.\u003c/strong\u003e Adjusted equations for critical velocity \u003cem\u003eU\u003csub\u003ecrit\u003c/sub\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003e(cm s\u003csup\u003e-1\u003c/sup\u003e) per species based on total length \u003cem\u003eL\u003csub\u003eT\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/em\u003e (cm) and water temperature WT(\u0026ordm;C): Ln\u003cem\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003e(\u003cem\u003eU\u003csub\u003ecrit\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/em\u003e (cm s\u003csup\u003e-1\u003c/sup\u003e)) = \u003cem\u003ea\u003c/em\u003e + \u003cem\u003eb\u003c/em\u003eT (\u0026deg;C) + \u003cem\u003ec\u003c/em\u003eLn\u003cem\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003e(\u003cem\u003eL\u003csub\u003eT\u0026nbsp;\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/em\u003e(cm)).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ctable border=\"1\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\"\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"26.485568760611205%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSpecies\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.526315789473685%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eN\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.03565365025467%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003ea\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.03565365025467%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eb\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.03565365025467%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003ec\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.33786078098472%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eR\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.356536502546689%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eF\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.186757215619695%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003ep-value\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"26.485568760611205%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003ePercilia irwini\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.526315789473685%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e135\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.03565365025467%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.672\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.03565365025467%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.0355\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.03565365025467%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.184\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.33786078098472%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.88\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.356536502546689%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e489.73\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.186757215619695%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026lt;0.001\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"26.485568760611205%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eCheirodon galusdae\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.526315789473685%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e108\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.03565365025467%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.362\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.03565365025467%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.0229\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.03565365025467%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.955\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.33786078098472%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.74\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.356536502546689%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e149.93\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.186757215619695%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026lt;0.001\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"26.485568760611205%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eTrichomycterus areolatus\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.526315789473685%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e99\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.03565365025467%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.881\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.03565365025467%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.0230\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.03565365025467%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.164\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.33786078098472%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.88\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.356536502546689%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e273.26\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.186757215619695%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026lt;0.001\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n\u003c/table\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eBold values represent statistically significant values with alpha=0.05\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Discussion","content":"\u003cp\u003eThis is the first study that considers temperature as a factor affecting critical velocity in three native chilean species. The results show the importance of considering water temperature as a predictor of critical speed, being necessary in the future to evaluate other factors such as the body shape of the fish (Cano-Barbacil et al. 2020).The differences in swimming performance at different temperatures provides significant information to understand fish distribution (Buisson et al. 2008). Knowing swimming velocity behavior at different temperatures and body lengths of small native fish allows for better conservation decision, for example in the design of fishways for anthropic interventions in rivers (Rodgers et al. 2014; Hoagstrom 2015; Laborde et al. 2016).\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe tests performed on the three native fish at three water temperatures showed an increase in \u003cem\u003eU\u003csub\u003ecrit\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/em\u003e as the temperature increased and were different (Table 3), similar to what has been found for other fish species including guppies \u003cem\u003ePoecilia reticulata\u003c/em\u003e (Peters, 1859) (Kent and Ojanguren, 2015), juvenile Australian bass \u003cem\u003ePercalates novemaculeata\u003c/em\u003e (Steindachner 1866) and empire gudgeon \u003cem\u003eHypseleotris compressa\u003c/em\u003e (Krefft, 1864) (Rodgers et al. 2014), juvenile Chines aturgeon \u003cem\u003eAcipenser sinensis\u003c/em\u003e (Gray 1835) (He et al. 2013), giant danios \u003cem\u003eDevario aequipinnatus\u003c/em\u003e (McClelland, 1839) (Bartolini et al. 2015), European bass \u003cem\u003eDicentrarchus labrax\u003c/em\u003e (Linnaeus, 1758) (Claireaux et al. 2006) and catfish \u003cem\u003eSilurus meridionalis\u003c/em\u003e (Chen, 1977) (Zeng et al. 2009). In the present study, the increase in the average relative speed with increasing water temperature was 17.89 in \u003cem\u003eP. irwini\u003c/em\u003e, 13.78 in \u003cem\u003eC. galusdea\u003c/em\u003e\u0026nbsp; and 12.83 in \u003cem\u003eT. areolatus\u003c/em\u003e, values higher than those found in small-bodied fishes by Rodgers et al. (2014).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eConsidering water temperature and fish body length together, the \u003cem\u003eU\u003csub\u003ecrit\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/em\u003e value was greater in \u003cem\u003eC. galusdae\u003c/em\u003e than in \u003cem\u003eP. irwini\u003c/em\u003e, which in turn was greater than the value for \u003cem\u003eT. areolatus\u003c/em\u003e (Table 1). These three species are allopatric in rivers with current velocities between 0.2 and 300 cm s-1. They use different habitats within the rivers, the catfish \u003cem\u003eT. areolatus\u003c/em\u003e, for example, uses the bottom more frequently (Arratia, 1983). Differences in swimming speed have been reported between species with anguilliform swimming such as \u003cem\u003eT. areolatus\u003c/em\u003e and subcarangiform and carangiform species such as \u003cem\u003eP. irwini\u003c/em\u003e and \u003cem\u003eC. galusdae\u003c/em\u003e (Katopodis and Gervais 2016).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe mean \u003cem\u003eU\u003csub\u003ecrit\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/em\u003e values found in this analysis are similar to those found in other studies of freshwater fish with similar body length at a water test temperature between 15 and 20\u0026ordm;C (Egger et al. 2021; Zhao et al. 2020). The results for \u003cem\u003eC. galusdae\u003c/em\u003e at 15 and 20\u0026ordm;C were like those found by Laborde et al. (2016) using a fixed water test temperature of 17\u0026ordm;C.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe \u003cem\u003eU\u003csub\u003ecrit\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/em\u003e model estimated including temperature (Table 5) shows a significant relationship similar to those founded by Cano-Barbacil et al. (2020). When the effect of\u003cem\u003e\u0026nbsp;L\u003csub\u003eT\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/em\u003e is isolated (Fig. 1 (b)), speed also increases with temperature. As has been previously reported in several studies of freshwater fish (Cai et al. 2020; Starrs et al. 2011; Zupa et al. 2015), at a given temperature, critical velocity increased as the studied species \u003cem\u003eL\u003csub\u003eT\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/em\u003e increased. There was a linear relationship between critical velocity and \u003cem\u003eL\u003csub\u003eT\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/em\u003e, similar to what was reported by Hou et al. (2018). Thus, fish \u003cem\u003eL\u003csub\u003eT\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/em\u003e is relevant when estimating critical velocity (Table 5 and 6), increasing at larger sizes as has been observed in many studies (Mateus et al. \u0026nbsp;2008; Mu et al. 2019; Rodgers et al. 2014; Zupa et al. 2015; Cano-Barbacil et al. 2020).\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eWe found a positive relationship between \u003cem\u003eU\u003csub\u003ecrit\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/em\u003e and \u003cem\u003eL\u003csub\u003eT\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/em\u003e, in the three studied species (Table 4), which could be \u0026nbsp; related to increased muscle mass and metabolism during the swim (Beamish 1978; Peake 2008). The \u003cem\u003eU\u003csub\u003ecrit\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/em\u003e model estimated by temperature for the three species (Table 4 and 5) shows a positive linear increase with \u003cem\u003eL\u003csub\u003eT\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/em\u003e for \u003cem\u003eP. iriwini\u003c/em\u003e and \u003cem\u003eC. galusdae\u003c/em\u003e, with a best fit than other studies for carp fishes (Tan et al. 2021) and for European sea bass (Zupa et al. 2015). For \u003cem\u003eT. areolatus\u003c/em\u003e a power function was the one with the best fit as found by Cano-Barbacil et al. (2020) for most Iberian dish species.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eHowever, this estimated function is only valid for the tested range of temperatures; at higher temperatures we would expect the swimming velocity to decrease (Pang et al. 2011). The rivers inhabited by the studied species may reach temperatures between 9 and 25\u0026ordm;C in pools and shallow areas with low current velocity (Direcci\u0026oacute;n General de Aguas 2018); a wider range of temperatures might result in a bell-shaped curve, and should be further investigated.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eOur results are conservative, since swimming capacity may be underestimated in the laboratory (Peake 2004; Egger et al. 2021). Fish swimming behavior may change in the wild, depending on the time of year, their reproductive status and the medium\u0026rsquo;s hydrodynamic conditions. Therefore, the velocity values must be validated in natural conditions. The results of this study are relevant, given the little research in small-bodied fish in Chile with conservation problem, and other countries with similar species (Habit et al. 2018; Marsden and Stuart 2019; Pompeau et al. 2012; Wolter and Schomaker 2019).\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Methods","content":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eFish sampling and acclimatization\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eIndividuals of \u003cem\u003eP. irwini\u003c/em\u003e and \u003cem\u003eC. galusdae\u003c/em\u003e were collected from the Andali\u0026eacute;n River (36\u0026deg;49\u0026apos;4.13\u0026quot;S, 72\u0026deg;51\u0026apos;11.89\u0026quot;W) and \u003cem\u003eT. areolatus\u003c/em\u003e from the Itata River (36\u0026deg;41\u0026apos;8.22\u0026quot;S, 72\u0026deg;26\u0026apos;45.31\u0026quot;O), between November 2017 (spring) and January 2018 (summer). Both rivers are located in the Biob\u0026iacute;o Region and \u0026Ntilde;uble Region, in Chile (see Fig. 2). Fish were caught using a Halltech backpack electrofishing (Halltech Environmental Inc., Guelph, ON, Canada) and transported into bags and then sent to the Ecohydraulics Laboratory at the Universidad Cat\u0026oacute;lica de la Sant\u0026iacute;sima Concepci\u0026oacute;n. The minimum sample size defined for each species was 11 fish of different total body length and three specimens of similar size, with a total of 33 fish per species. The sample number was increased when at least three specimens of a different total body length were captured. Total body length (cm) and the weight of each fish was measured by vernier caliper and electronic scale respectively (Table 6).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAll fish were housed in an aquarium using the methodology of Sobenes \u003cem\u003eet al.\u003c/em\u003e (2012). Fish were separated by species, and acclimated to the lowest test temperature gradually (10\u0026deg;C). Each fish was placed in a closed plastic bag with 300 ml of river water, and placed in a tank with water at 10\u0026ordm;C for 30 minutes. \u0026nbsp;Then, the bags were opened and mixed with 300 ml of water from the reservoir for 15 minutes, and placed in an aquarium with water from the laboratory at 10\u0026ordm;C.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThey were fed \u003cem\u003ead libitum\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003ewith \u003cem\u003eEnchitrea sp.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003edaily, which was interrupted 48 hours before each experiment. Tests were performed at 10, 15 and 20\u0026deg;C, based on the temperature ranges observed in the two rivers (Monsalve et al. 2012; Pedreros et al. 2013). Fish were acclimated to the test temperature for at least 15 days before the trial. All fish were returned in good health to their habitats after the experiments.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTable 6.\u003c/strong\u003e Length (cm) and weight (g) of fish species in trials. N=number of fish; s.e.=standard error.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cdiv\u003e\n \u003ctable border=\"1\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\" width=\"538\"\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"31.598513011152416%\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eSpecies\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"5.204460966542751%\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eN\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"29.925650557620816%\" colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTotal length (cm)\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"33.27137546468401%\" colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eWeight (g)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"22.352941176470587%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eRange\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"25%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003emean \u0026plusmn; s.e.\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"27.647058823529413%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eRange\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"25%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003emean \u0026plusmn; s.e.\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"31.598513011152416%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003ePercilia irwini\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"5.204460966542751%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e45\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"14.12639405204461%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.9 \u0026ndash; 6.3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"15.799256505576208%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.4 \u0026plusmn; 1.1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"17.472118959107807%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.29-2.12\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"15.799256505576208%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.1 \u0026plusmn; 0.7\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"31.598513011152416%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eCheirodon galusdae\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"5.204460966542751%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e36\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"14.12639405204461%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.4\u0026ndash;5.5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"15.799256505576208%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.4 \u0026plusmn; 0.6\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"17.472118959107807%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.37-1.61\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"15.799256505576208%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.97 \u0026plusmn; 0.4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"31.598513011152416%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eTrichomycterus areolatus\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"5.204460966542751%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e33\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"14.12639405204461%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.0-6.3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"15.799256505576208%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5.2 \u0026plusmn; 0.8\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"17.472118959107807%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.4-1.59\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"15.799256505576208%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.88 \u0026nbsp;\u0026plusmn; 0.45\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n \u003c/table\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eSwimmimg trials\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eSwimming trials were carried out in a Steffensen type respirometer (20 L, 4 L swim chamber: 40 cm x 10 cm x 40 cm), submerged in an 80 L tank to maintain a constant temperature. Fish were selected randomly, and once the swimming trial was finished they were separated for 24 hours to begin the acclimatization process to the next trial temperature.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eTotal swimming time until fatigue and water velocity at fatigue were recorded to calculate critical swimming speed \u003cem\u003eU\u003csub\u003ecrit\u003c/sub\u003e,\u003c/em\u003e using Brett\u0026rsquo;s (1964) equation:\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cimg src=\"data:image/png;base64,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\" width=\"245\" height=\"38\"\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003ewhere \u003cem\u003eU\u003csub\u003ef\u003c/sub\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003e is penultimate velocity \u0026nbsp;(cm s\u003csup\u003e-1\u003c/sup\u003e), \u003cem\u003eU\u003csub\u003ei\u003c/sub\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003eis the water velocity increment (0.5 of the \u003cem\u003eL\u003csub\u003eT\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/em\u003e in cm s\u003csup\u003e-1\u003c/sup\u003e), \u003cem\u003eT\u003csub\u003ef\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/em\u003e\u003cem\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003e is the time swum in the final increment and \u003cem\u003eT\u003csub\u003ei\u003c/sub\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003eis the time interval (300 s). This provide a measurement of the maximum velocity at which a fish can sustainably swim without fatiguing (Hammer 1995; Peake 2004).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe obstruction of the water flow by fish was negligible, since the cross-sectional area of the fish was less than 10% of the cross-section area of the test chamber (Webb 1971). The critical velocity was evaluated for each fish, for each of the three temperatures, obtaining a total of 342 velocity records for the three species. Fish swimming e was compared between standardized total length, \u003cem\u003eU\u003csub\u003ecrit\u003c/sub\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003e(cm s\u003csup\u003e-1\u003c/sup\u003e) divided by \u003cem\u003eL\u003csub\u003eT\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/em\u003e (cm) and denoted as relative critical swimming speed (\u003cem\u003eR\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003e\u003cem\u003eU\u003csub\u003ecrit\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/em\u003e (BL/s)).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eStatistical Analysis\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eTo compare critical velocity between species and for each species, it was used a permutational analysis of variance with 9999 permutations (PERMANOVA), with the fixed factors species and temperature and the random factor body length. A pair - wise test were also performed when significant differences were observed between fix factors. Differences in dispersion between fish body length were analyzed using permutational analyses of multivariate dispersion (PERMDISP). This analysis was performed for each species. The multivariate analyses were carried out using Euclidean distance on critical velocity data. The PERMANOVA analyses were performed with PRIMER v7\u0026nbsp;(Anderson et al. 2008). The significance level to reject the null hypotheses was set at 0.05.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eTo understand the relationship between \u003cem\u003eU\u003csub\u003ecrit\u003c/sub\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003e(cm s\u003csup\u003e-1\u003c/sup\u003e)\u0026nbsp;of each species with the total length (\u003cem\u003eL\u003csub\u003eT\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/em\u003e) by water temperature, different forms of regression were estimated, selecting the form with the best regression fit R\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe relationship between the \u003cem\u003eU\u003csub\u003ecrit\u003c/sub\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003e(cm s\u003csup\u003e-1\u003c/sup\u003e)\u0026nbsp;of each species to total length (\u003cem\u003eL\u003csub\u003eT\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/em\u003e) and water temperature (WT(\u0026ordm;C)) was estimated using a linear function based on Williams and Brett (1987) \u003cem\u003esensu\u003c/em\u003e Hammer (1995):\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cimg src=\"data:image/png;base64,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\" width=\"387\" height=\"30\"\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003ewhere \u003cem\u003ea\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003eb\u003c/em\u003e, and \u003cem\u003ec\u003c/em\u003e are parameters estimated from the multivariate regression.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Declarations","content":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eEthics approval\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe experimental protocols were approved and financed by the Direcci\u0026oacute;n de Investigaci\u0026oacute;n de la Universidad Cat\u0026oacute;lica de la Sant\u0026iacute;sima Concepci\u0026oacute;n through the DIN-UCSC 10/2014 project. The care and use of experimental animals complied with Subsecretar\u0026iacute;a de Pesca y Acuicultura of the Ministerio de Econom\u0026iacute;a, Fomento y Turismo of Chile, animal welfare laws, guidelines and policies as approved by Res. Ex N\u0026ordm; 3542, 2014. All methods were executed in accordance with ARRIVE guidelines\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eData Availability\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe datasets used and analyzed during the current study are available from the corresponding author on reasonable request.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAcknowledgements\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe authors would like to thank Seiji Machino, Jennifer Martin, Yael Montecino and Jos\u0026eacute; Pedreros, for their help in fish collection and maintenance.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAuthor contributions\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eC.S and C.D design the research, F.S. run the experiments, collected the data, performed the data analyses, C.S and C.D wrote the paper and data analysis.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eFunding\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThis study was funded by the Direcci\u0026oacute;n de Investigaci\u0026oacute;n de la Universidad Cat\u0026oacute;lica de la Sant\u0026iacute;sima Concepci\u0026oacute;n through the DIN-UCSC 10/2014 project.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eCompeting interests\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe authors declare no competing interests.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAdditional Information\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eCorrespondence and requests for materials should be addressed to C.S.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"References","content":"\u003col\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eAlbanese B, Angermeier PL, Dorai-Raj S (2004) Ecological correlates of fish movement in a network of Virginia streams. 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Fish Fish (Oxf)\u003cem\u003e,\u003c/em\u003e 19(2): 340-362. https://doi.org/10.1111/faf.12258\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eSobenes C, Garc\u0026iacute;a A, Habit E, Link O (2012) Mantenci\u0026oacute;n de peces nativos dulceacu\u0026iacute;colas en Chile en cautiverio: un aporte a su conservaci\u0026oacute;n \u003cem\u003eex situ\u003c/em\u003e. Bolet\u0026iacute;n de Biodiversidad de Chile 7: 27-41. http://www.bbchile.com/2012/09/ Accesed 06 August 2013\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eStarrs D, Ebner BC, Lintermans M, Fulton CJ (2011) Using sprint swimming performance to predict upstream passage of the endangered Macquarie perch in a highly regulated river. Fish Manag Ecol 18(5): 360-374. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2400.2011.00788.x\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eTan J, Hong L, Guo W, Honglin T, Ke S, Wang J, Shi X (2021) Swimming performance of four carps on the Yangtze River for Fish Passage Design. Sustainability 13:1575. https://doi.org/10.3390/su13031575\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eTudorache C, Viaene P, Blust R, Vereecken H, De Boeck G (2008) A comparison of swimming capacity and energy use in seven European freshwater fish species. Ecol Freshw Fis\u003cem\u003eh\u003c/em\u003e 17(2): 284-291. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-0633.2007.00280.x\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eWebb PW (1971) The swimming energetics of trout. I. Thrust and power output at cruising speeds. J Exp Biol 55(2): 489-520. https://doi.org/10.1242/jeb.55.2.489\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eWolter C, Schomaker C (2019) Fish passes design discharge requirements for successful operation. River Res Appl 35: 1697-1701. https://doi-org.dti.sibucsc.cl/10.1002/rra.3399\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eWolter C, Arlinghaus R (2003) Navigation impacts on freshwater assemblages: the ecological relevance of swimming performance. Rev. Fish Biol. 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Glob Ecol Conserv 22 e01014. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gecco.2020.e01014\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eZupa W, Carbonara P, Spedicato MT, Lembo G (2015) Modelling swimming activities and energetic costs in European sea bass (\u003cem\u003eDicentrarchus labrax\u003c/em\u003e L., 1758) during critical swimming tests. Mar Freshw Behav Physiol\u003cem\u003e \u003c/em\u003e48(5): 341-357. https://doi.org/10.1080/10236244.2015.1073456\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003c/ol\u003e"}],"fulltextSource":"","fullText":"","funders":[],"hasAdminPriorityOnWorkflow":false,"hasManuscriptDocX":true,"hasOptedInToPreprint":true,"hasPassedJournalQc":"","hasAnyPriority":false,"hideJournal":false,"highlight":"","institution":"","isAcceptedByJournal":true,"isAuthorSuppliedPdf":false,"isDeskRejected":"","isHiddenFromSearch":false,"isInQc":false,"isInWorkflow":false,"isPdf":false,"isPdfUpToDate":true,"isWithdrawnOrRetracted":false,"journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"scientific-reports","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"externalIdentity":"scirep","sideBox":"Learn more about [Scientific Reports](http://www.nature.com/srep/)","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"","title":"Scientific Reports","twitterHandle":"","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":true,"editorialSystem":"stoa","reportingPortfolio":"Scientific Reports","inReviewEnabled":true,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true},"keywords":"small-bodied fish, swimming, swim-tunnel, water temperature, critical velocity, river, Chile","lastPublishedDoi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-3970780/v1","lastPublishedDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-3970780/v1","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"},"manuscriptAbstract":"\u003cp\u003eThis study evaluated the effect of fish total length (\u003cem\u003eL\u003c/em\u003e\u003csub\u003e\u003cem\u003eT\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/sub\u003e) and three water temperatures (10, 15 and 20 ºC) on the critical swimming speed (\u003cem\u003eU\u003c/em\u003e\u003csub\u003e\u003cem\u003ecrit\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/sub\u003e) of the species \u003cem\u003ePercilia irwini \u003c/em\u003e(2.9 – 6.3 cm \u003cem\u003eL\u003c/em\u003e\u003csub\u003e\u003cem\u003eT\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/sub\u003e), \u003cem\u003eCheirodon galusdae\u003c/em\u003e (3.4 – 5.5 cm \u003cem\u003eL\u003c/em\u003e\u003csub\u003e\u003cem\u003eT\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/sub\u003e), and \u003cem\u003eTrichomycterus areolatus \u003c/em\u003e(4.0 – 6.3 cm \u003cem\u003eL\u003c/em\u003e\u003csub\u003e\u003cem\u003eT\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/sub\u003e). An \u003cem\u003eU\u003c/em\u003e\u003csub\u003e\u003cem\u003ecri\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/sub\u003e\u003csub\u003et\u003c/sub\u003e estimation model was constructed for each species as a function of temperature and size. The results showed mean \u003cem\u003eU\u003c/em\u003e\u003csub\u003e\u003cem\u003ecrit\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/sub\u003e\u003cem\u003e \u003c/em\u003efor \u003cem\u003eP. irwini\u003c/em\u003e of 44.56, 53.83 and 63.2 cm s\u003csup\u003e-1\u003c/sup\u003e at 10, 15 and 20 ºC, respectively: 55.34, 61.74 and 70.05 cm s\u003csup\u003e-1\u003c/sup\u003e for \u003cem\u003eC. galusdae\u003c/em\u003e and 56.18, 63.01 and 71.09 cm s\u003csup\u003e-1\u003c/sup\u003e for \u003cem\u003eT. areolatus\u003c/em\u003e. Critical velocity depended on the interaction between species, body length and water. The swimming performance increased significantly with rising temperature in all three species. The velocity also increased with greater LT. After controlling for LT, velocity also increased with higher temperature in the three species. This research is relevant to small fish species that require conservation measures.\u003c/p\u003e","manuscriptTitle":"Critical swimming speed at different temperatures for small-bodied freshwater native riverine fish species","msid":"","msnumber":"","nonDraftVersions":[{"code":1,"date":"2024-03-13 12:32:05","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-3970780/v1","editorialEvents":[{"type":"communityComments","content":0},{"type":"decision","content":"Revision requested","date":"2024-05-20T12:50:07+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorInvitedReview","content":"","date":"2024-04-30T14:25:16+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorInvitedReview","content":"","date":"2024-04-17T11:27:16+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"176b77d5-089f-4e85-a878-81aaad5385aa","date":"2024-04-16T08:24:46+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"7f0d9a30-53ca-4f3f-8ff2-e4d34d9e9348","date":"2024-04-15T04:33:44+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewersInvited","content":"","date":"2024-04-14T09:32:23+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorAssigned","content":"","date":"2024-04-14T09:28:15+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorInvited","content":"","date":"2024-03-09T14:29:28+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"checksComplete","content":"","date":"2024-03-09T14:26:05+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"submitted","content":"Scientific Reports","date":"2024-02-19T19:41:02+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""}],"status":"published","journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"scientific-reports","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"externalIdentity":"scirep","sideBox":"Learn more about [Scientific Reports](http://www.nature.com/srep/)","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"","title":"Scientific Reports","twitterHandle":"","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":true,"editorialSystem":"stoa","reportingPortfolio":"Scientific Reports","inReviewEnabled":true,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true}}],"origin":"","ownerIdentity":"27583efd-dd6b-4c61-a4a3-45a3a609aad4","owner":[],"postedDate":"March 13th, 2024","published":true,"recentEditorialEvents":[],"rejectedJournal":[],"revision":"","amendment":"","status":"published-in-journal","subjectAreas":[{"id":29365639,"name":"Biological sciences/Physiology"},{"id":29365640,"name":"Earth and environmental sciences/Environmental sciences"},{"id":29365641,"name":"Earth and environmental sciences/Hydrology"}],"tags":[],"updatedAt":"2024-08-12T16:00:11+00:00","versionOfRecord":{"articleIdentity":"rs-3970780","link":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-024-69355-x","journal":{"identity":"scientific-reports","isVorOnly":false,"title":"Scientific Reports"},"publishedOn":"2024-08-09 15:57:08","publishedOnDateReadable":"August 9th, 2024"},"versionCreatedAt":"2024-03-13 12:32:05","video":"","vorDoi":"10.1038/s41598-024-69355-x","vorDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-024-69355-x","workflowStages":[]},"version":"v1","identity":"rs-3970780","journalConfig":"researchsquare"},"__N_SSP":true},"page":"/article/[identity]/[[...version]]","query":{"redirect":"/article/rs-3970780","identity":"rs-3970780","version":["v1"]},"buildId":"qtupq5eGEP_6zYnWcrvyt","isFallback":false,"isExperimentalCompile":false,"dynamicIds":[84888],"gssp":true,"scriptLoader":[]}