Enhanced Earth and Rockfill Dam Seepage Forecasting via an Integrated PLS-BO-BiLSTM Approach: A Novel Model Incorporating Lag Effects and Optimization Algorithms

Enhanced Earth and Rockfill Dam Seepage Forecasting via an Integrated PLS-BO-BiLSTM Approach: A Novel Model Incorporating Lag Effects and Optimization Algorithms | Research Square window.SnipcartSettings = { analytics: { enabled: false } }; (function() { var accessVector = localStorage.getItem('access_vector') || ''; window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; if (accessVector) { window.dataLayer.push({ user: { profile: { profileInfo: { snid: accessVector } } } }); } })(); (function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start':new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0],j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src='https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f);})(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-K279D39R'); Browse Preprints In Review Journals COVID-19 Preprints AJE Video Bytes Research Tools Research Promotion AJE Professional Editing AJE Rubriq About Preprint Platform In Review Editorial Policies Our Team Advisory Board Help Center Sign In Submit a Preprint Cite Share Download PDF Research Article Enhanced Earth and Rockfill Dam Seepage Forecasting via an Integrated PLS-BO-BiLSTM Approach: A Novel Model Incorporating Lag Effects and Optimization Algorithms Zhiwen Xie, Liang Chen This is a preprint; it has not been peer reviewed by a journal. https://doi.org/ 10.21203/rs.3.rs-4722789/v1 This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License Status: Published Journal Publication published 06 Jan, 2025 Read the published version in Pure and Applied Geophysics → Version 1 posted 8 You are reading this latest preprint version Abstract Seepage significantly impacts the stability of earth and rockfill dams, making effective monitoring essential. Traditional Partial Least Squares (PLS) methods handle multicollinearity well but often lack predictive accuracy. Integrating neural networks, particularly Bidirectional Long Short-Term Memory (BiLSTM) networks, enhances accuracy by improving nonlinear data processing and memory of long-term dependencies. This research presents a novel PLS-BO-BiLSTM seepage model for rockfill dams, combining PLS with BiLSTM and Bayesian Optimization (BO). The model employs normal and Rayleigh distribution functions to account for lags in water depth and precipitation, optimized using the Grey Wolf Optimization (GWO) algorithm. Engineering case studies demonstrate the model's high predictive accuracy and generalizability, especially during sudden seepage increases caused by heavy rainfall. Earth-rock dam Seepage monitoring model Lag effect Bidirectional Long Short-Term Memory Network Error compensation Full Text Additional Declarations No competing interests reported. Cite Share Download PDF Status: Published Journal Publication published 06 Jan, 2025 Read the published version in Pure and Applied Geophysics → Version 1 posted Editorial decision: Revision requested 30 Sep, 2024 Reviews received at journal 30 Sep, 2024 Reviewers agreed at journal 03 Sep, 2024 Reviewers agreed at journal 03 Sep, 2024 Reviewers invited by journal 03 Sep, 2024 Editor assigned by journal 12 Jul, 2024 Submission checks completed at journal 12 Jul, 2024 First submitted to journal 11 Jul, 2024 You are reading this latest preprint version Research Square lets you share your work early, gain feedback from the community, and start making changes to your manuscript prior to peer review in a journal. As a division of Research Square Company, we’re committed to making research communication faster, fairer, and more useful. We do this by developing innovative software and high quality services for the global research community. Our growing team is made up of researchers and industry professionals working together to solve the most critical problems facing scientific publishing. Also discoverable on Platform About Our Team In Review Editorial Policies Advisory Board Help Center Resources Author Services Accessibility API Access RSS feed Manage Cookie Preferences © Research Square 2026 | ISSN 2693-5015 (online) Privacy Policy Terms of Service Do Not Sell My Personal Information {"props":{"pageProps":{"initialData":{"identity":"rs-4722789","acceptedTermsAndConditions":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"archivedVersions":[],"articleType":"Research Article","associatedPublications":[],"authors":[{"id":329535008,"identity":"bc842ece-e1ac-4d8f-b44e-3260823f0b26","order_by":0,"name":"Zhiwen Xie","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Hohai University","correspondingAuthor":false,"submittingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Zhiwen","middleName":"","lastName":"Xie","suffix":""},{"id":329535009,"identity":"418f1728-be75-44db-b635-2b8018c0ce39","order_by":1,"name":"Liang Chen","email":"data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAZAAAAAyAQMAAABI0h/eAAAABlBMVEX///8AAABVwtN+AAAACXBIWXMAAA7EAAAOxAGVKw4bAAAA30lEQVRIiWNgGAWjYDACCSB+YAAk2HvYQHzGBqK0JIC08JwhSQuYkUOkFv7ZzcceJBTY5clHvj32mIfBRnbDAeZnD/BacudYukGCQXKx4e28dGMehjTjDQfYzA3waTGQyDGTSDBgTtw4O8dMmofhcOKGAzxsEvi15H8DaqlP3DjzDEjLf2K05LABtRxOnC/BA9JygLAWiRtpIIcdT9zAk2MmOccg2XjmYTYzvFr4ZyQ/k/jwpzpxfvsZM4k3FXayfcebn+HVgnDhATAJxMxEqQcC+QZiVY6CUTAKRsGIAwD8i0Qt/7zPmQAAAABJRU5ErkJggg==","orcid":"","institution":"Hohai University","correspondingAuthor":true,"submittingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Liang","middleName":"","lastName":"Chen","suffix":""}],"badges":[],"createdAt":"2024-07-11 08:25:13","currentVersionCode":1,"declarations":"","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-4722789/v1","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-4722789/v1","draftVersion":[],"editorialEvents":[{"content":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s00024-024-03625-7","type":"published","date":"2025-01-06T15:57:03+00:00"}],"editorialNote":"","failedWorkflow":false,"files":[{"id":73693816,"identity":"baea12a7-c276-40cb-b90e-25e831005bfc","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-01-13 16:07:31","extension":"pdf","order_by":1,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"manuscript-pdf","size":1077237,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"Manuscript.pdf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-4722789/v1_covered_61f0d156-d361-4786-acdd-7f9e73c9be16.pdf"}],"financialInterests":"No competing interests reported.","formattedTitle":"Enhanced Earth and Rockfill Dam Seepage Forecasting via an Integrated PLS-BO-BiLSTM Approach: A Novel Model Incorporating Lag Effects and Optimization Algorithms","fulltext":[],"fulltextSource":"","fullText":"","funders":[],"hasAdminPriorityOnWorkflow":false,"hasManuscriptDocX":false,"hasOptedInToPreprint":true,"hasPassedJournalQc":"","hasAnyPriority":false,"hideJournal":false,"highlight":"","institution":"","isAcceptedByJournal":true,"isAuthorSuppliedPdf":true,"isDeskRejected":"","isHiddenFromSearch":false,"isInQc":false,"isInWorkflow":false,"isPdf":true,"isPdfUpToDate":true,"isWithdrawnOrRetracted":false,"journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"pure-and-applied-geophysics","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"externalIdentity":"paag","sideBox":"Learn more about [Pure and Applied Geophysics](https://www.springer.com/journal/24)","snPcode":"24","submissionUrl":"https://submission.nature.com/new-submission/24/3","title":"Pure and Applied Geophysics","twitterHandle":"","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":true,"editorialSystem":"em","reportingPortfolio":"Springer Hybrid","inReviewEnabled":true,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":false},"keywords":"Earth-rock dam, Seepage monitoring model, Lag effect, Bidirectional Long Short-Term Memory Network, Error compensation","lastPublishedDoi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-4722789/v1","lastPublishedDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-4722789/v1","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"},"manuscriptAbstract":"\u003cp\u003eSeepage significantly impacts the stability of earth and rockfill dams, making effective monitoring essential. Traditional Partial Least Squares (PLS) methods handle multicollinearity well but often lack predictive accuracy. Integrating neural networks, particularly Bidirectional Long Short-Term Memory (BiLSTM) networks, enhances accuracy by improving nonlinear data processing and memory of long-term dependencies. This research presents a novel PLS-BO-BiLSTM seepage model for rockfill dams, combining PLS with BiLSTM and Bayesian Optimization (BO). The model employs normal and Rayleigh distribution functions to account for lags in water depth and precipitation, optimized using the Grey Wolf Optimization (GWO) algorithm. Engineering case studies demonstrate the model's high predictive accuracy and generalizability, especially during sudden seepage increases caused by heavy rainfall.\u003c/p\u003e","manuscriptTitle":"Enhanced Earth and Rockfill Dam Seepage Forecasting via an Integrated PLS-BO-BiLSTM Approach: A Novel Model Incorporating Lag Effects and Optimization Algorithms","msid":"","msnumber":"","nonDraftVersions":[{"code":1,"date":"2024-08-06 05:55:41","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-4722789/v1","editorialEvents":[{"type":"communityComments","content":0},{"type":"decision","content":"Revision requested","date":"2024-09-30T17:00:23+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorInvitedReview","content":"","date":"2024-09-30T06:43:56+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"61110903521382149289985652819599421153","date":"2024-09-03T12:02:10+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"272404055271532734905531300391556687668","date":"2024-09-03T10:54:46+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewersInvited","content":"","date":"2024-09-03T09:42:57+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorAssigned","content":"","date":"2024-07-12T14:46:44+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"checksComplete","content":"","date":"2024-07-12T12:46:30+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"submitted","content":"Pure and Applied Geophysics","date":"2024-07-11T08:23:50+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""}],"status":"published","journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"pure-and-applied-geophysics","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"externalIdentity":"paag","sideBox":"Learn more about [Pure and Applied Geophysics](https://www.springer.com/journal/24)","snPcode":"24","submissionUrl":"https://submission.nature.com/new-submission/24/3","title":"Pure and Applied Geophysics","twitterHandle":"","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":true,"editorialSystem":"em","reportingPortfolio":"Springer Hybrid","inReviewEnabled":true,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":false}}],"origin":"","ownerIdentity":"d5e41a0c-f372-4e1f-a193-3ac268f4d3b0","owner":[],"postedDate":"August 6th, 2024","published":true,"recentEditorialEvents":[],"rejectedJournal":[],"revision":"","amendment":"","status":"published-in-journal","subjectAreas":[],"tags":[],"updatedAt":"2025-01-13T15:59:27+00:00","versionOfRecord":{"articleIdentity":"rs-4722789","link":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s00024-024-03625-7","journal":{"identity":"pure-and-applied-geophysics","isVorOnly":false,"title":"Pure and Applied Geophysics"},"publishedOn":"2025-01-06 15:57:03","publishedOnDateReadable":"January 6th, 2025"},"versionCreatedAt":"2024-08-06 05:55:41","video":"","vorDoi":"10.1007/s00024-024-03625-7","vorDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s00024-024-03625-7","workflowStages":[]},"version":"v1","identity":"rs-4722789","journalConfig":"researchsquare"},"__N_SSP":true},"page":"/article/[identity]/[[...version]]","query":{"redirect":"/article/rs-4722789","identity":"rs-4722789","version":["v1"]},"buildId":"7rjqhiLT3MXkJMwkYKINL","isFallback":false,"isExperimentalCompile":false,"dynamicIds":[84888],"gssp":true,"scriptLoader":[]}