Assessment of the Knowledge of Thirdhand Smoke Awareness in Turkey: A Call to Action for Family Physicians

Assessment of the Knowledge of Thirdhand Smoke Awareness in Turkey: A Call to Action for Family Physicians | Research Square window.SnipcartSettings = { analytics: { enabled: false } }; (function() { var accessVector = localStorage.getItem('access_vector') || ''; window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; if (accessVector) { window.dataLayer.push({ user: { profile: { profileInfo: { snid: accessVector } } } }); } })(); (function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start':new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0],j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src='https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f);})(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-K279D39R'); Browse Preprints In Review Journals COVID-19 Preprints AJE Video Bytes Research Tools Research Promotion AJE Professional Editing AJE Rubriq About Preprint Platform In Review Editorial Policies Our Team Advisory Board Help Center Sign In Submit a Preprint Cite Share Download PDF Research Article Assessment of the Knowledge of Thirdhand Smoke Awareness in Turkey: A Call to Action for Family Physicians Hacı Ahmet Aydemir, Seda Aydemir, Abdulkadir Alğan This is a preprint; it has not been peer reviewed by a journal. https://doi.org/ 10.21203/rs.3.rs-6001657/v1 This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License Status: Posted Version 1 posted You are reading this latest preprint version Abstract Objective Thirdhand smoke (THS) refers to contaminants in cigarette smoke that contaminate surfaces and continue to be released for a long time. THS adversely affects human health. In this study, we aimed to investigate the level of knowledge and awareness of THS among individuals who applied to a family medicine unit in Turkey. Method This cross-sectional study included individuals over the age of 18 who were registered with a family medicine unit between October and December 2023. The questionnaire, which was created via Google Forms, asked individuals to provide demographic information and complete questions from the Beliefs About Third-Hand Smoking (BATHS-T) scale. The questionnaire was read to the individuals face-to-face by a clinician. Some individuals were asked to complete the questionnaire themselves in the virtual environment by reading the generated QR code. Results A total of 1025 participants were included in the study; the mean age was 34.24 ± 11.18 years, 74.24% (n = 761) were female, 79.22% (n = 812) were married, and 19.61% (n = 201) had chronic diseases. A total of 27.51% (n = 282) of the participants were smokers. Only 14,82% (n = 152) of the participants had information about thirdhand smoke. Those over 35 years of age had significantly lower total BATHS-T scores than did those aged 35 years and younger (p = 0.001). The total BATHS-T score of women was significantly greater than that of men (p < 0.001). The BATHS-T total score of those with chronic diseases was significantly lower than that of those without chronic diseases (p = 0,030). The BATHS-T total score of nonsmokers was significantly higher than that of smokers, those who had information about third-hand smoke were significantly higher than those who did not, and those who cared about the presence of cigarette smoke when buying a car or staying in a hotel room were significantly higher than those who did not (p < 0,001). Conclusion In this study, THS awareness levels were found to be quite low. Family physicians who have a preventive medicine mission have a great duty to increase this awareness. Thirdhand smoke Family medicine Tobacco use disorder Awareness Figures Figure 1 Figure 2 INTRODUCTION It is clear that there is no safe exposure to cigarette smoke ( 1 ). Smoking is the leading preventable cause of death and is responsible for 20% of cancer deaths worldwide ( 2 ). The links between active smoking and many diseases, such as stroke, cardiovascular disease, respiratory disease and cancer, are well established ( 3 ). Approximately 10 million people die each year from smoking-related diseases ( 2 ). The negative effects of smoking on the health of active smokers are undisputed. Nonsmokers are exposed to tobacco smoke through secondhand smoke (SHS) and thirdhand smoke (THS) ( 2 ). Studies have focused on the harms of SHSs and THSs ( 4 – 6 ). SHS refers to passive exposure to cigarette smoke ( 7 ). THS, on the other hand, is a fundamentally different concept that has evolved from SHS ( 7 ). THS refers to the fact that the pollutants in cigarette smoke contaminate surfaces, react with oxidants and secondary pollutants in the ambient air, transform into different pollutants, and continue to be released for a long time ( 7 ). While the damage caused by cigarette smoke in SHSs lasts from the beginning to the end of smoking, THS is a much longer process ( 7 , 8 ). Because smoke remains on surfaces, clothing, furniture and carpets in THS, people are exposed to these pollutants not only through inhalation but also through digestion and the skin ( 2 ). According to studies on THS, which is a relatively new concept, the clinical and biological evidence is negative for human health ( 9 , 10 ). There are many chemicals, such as nicotine, nitrosamines and cotinine, whose toxic properties have been studied as THS constituents ( 9 ). Nicotine is the most harmful organic compound emitted during smoking ( 4 ). Unlike other tobacco constituents, nicotine accumulates on surfaces and can persist for months ( 4 ). Nicotine can react with oxidizing gases in indoor air to form tobacco-specific nitrosamines (TSNAs) and is classified as a lung carcinogen ( 11 ). In addition, nicotine can react with volatile formaldehyde, a human carcinogen for which there is no safe level ( 4 ). THS poses a risk to all age groups because of the harmful components it contains. However, it poses a greater risk to children. Because children spend more time at home, their exposure to THS is greater ( 12 , 13 ). Exposure to THS may be increased by certain behaviors in children; in particular, behaviors such as hand feeding, crawling and sucking in infants increase the vulnerability of this population to THS ( 14 ). The high rate of breathing in children is another factor that increases this exposure ( 15 ). It is known that obtaining information about an issue and increasing risk awareness are important steps in developing behavior changes related to that issue ( 16 , 17 ). The negative health effects of smoking are among the most important factors in smoking cessation behavior ( 18 ). Therefore, increasing awareness of THS, which is a relatively new concept, may be an effective factor in smoking cessation and in the development of antismoking policies. In this study, we aimed to investigate the level of knowledge and awareness of THS among people who had applied to a family medicine unit. MATERIALS AND METHODS Ethics Committee and Approval Ethical committee approval was obtained from the Clinical Research Ethics Committee of Atatürk University Faculty of Medicine dated 7 September 2023 and numbered B.30.2.ATA.0.01.00/710. Design and Setting The population of our study, which was designed as a cross-sectional study, included individuals aged 18 years and older who were registered at Kayakyolu Family Health Centre Unit Number 33 in Erzurum, Turkey, between October and December 2023. Individuals who did not agree to participate in the study were not included. Using G-Power 3.1.9.7, the minimum sample size was calculated to be 354 participants, with α = 0.05, power (1-β) = 0.80 and an effect size of 0.298 when smoking status and the BATHS-T score were compared in the reference article( 19 ) (t test). We tried to include as many patients as possible in our study, provided that we did not fall below this sample size. The questionnaire, which was created in Google, was administered face-to-face and online. The first 12 questions of the study questionnaire consisted of questions about the individual's demographic information and questions about smoking status. The next part of the questionnaire consisted of the questions of the "Beliefs about Third-Hand Smoke (BATHS-T) Scale", the validity and reliability of which were assessed ( 20 ). The Turkish version had very similar overall reliability (Cronbach's alpha = 0.90), in addition to strong reliability in the subscales (Cronbach's alpha = 0.81 for THS persistence and 0.86 for THS health subdimensions). The scale consists of 9 items and 2 subscales. The health subdimension includes items 1 to 5, and the persistence subdimension includes items 6 to 9. The responses to the items are rated on a 5-point Likert scale ranging from 1 (strongly disagree) to 5 (strongly agree). Statistical analyses SPSS 25 (Statistical Package for the Social Sciences, version 25) was used to analyze the results of our study. Normal distribution was assessed via the Kolmogorov‒Smirnov and Shapiro‒Wilk tests. Descriptive statistics are presented as medians, interquartile ranges (IQRs), means and standard deviations for numerical variables. Categorical variables are expressed as numbers and percentages. For continuous variables, the Mann‒Whitney U test was used to compare two independent groups, and the Kruskal‒Wallis test was used to compare more than two groups for data that were not normally distributed. The p value was set at < 0.05 for statistical significance. RESULTS A total of 1023 people were contacted in the study. The mean age of the participants was 34.24 (± 11.18) years, and the median age was 31 (27–38) years. Among the participants, 74.24% (n = 761) were female, and 25.76% (n = 264) were male. The rate of chronic disease was 19.61% (n = 201), whereas the rate of those without chronic disease was 80.39% (n = 824). While 72.49% (n = 743) of the participants were nonsmokers, 27.51% (n = 282) were smokers. The mean BATHS-T health effects subdimension score was 19.34 (± 4.94), and the median score was 20 ( 17 – 23 ). The mean BATHS-T persistence effect in the environment subdimension score was 15.38 (± 4.08), with a median of 16 ( 14 – 19 ). The mean BATHS-T total score was 34.72 (± 8.78), and the median score was 36 (31–42). The BATHS-T total score of those aged over 35 years was significantly lower than that of those aged 35 years or younger (p = 0.001). The BATHS-T total score of males was significantly lower than that of females (p < 0.001). The distribution of BATHS-T scores by sex is shown in Fig. 1 . The BATHS-T total score of patients with chronic diseases was significantly lower than that of patients without chronic diseases (p = 0.030) (Table 2 ). The total BATHS-T score of nonsmokers was significantly greater than that of smokers, those who were aware of THS were significantly greater than those who were not aware of THS, and those who were concerned about smoking when buying a car or staying in a hotel room were significantly greater than those who were not (p < 0.001). Those who knew about THS represented 14.8% (n = 152) of all participants (Table 3 ). A comparison of participants' knowledge of THS and BATHS scores is shown in Fig. 2 . Table 1 Descriptive statistics Median (IQR) Mean ± Std. Age 31 (27–38) 34,24 ± 11,18 N (%) Gender Female 761 (74,24) Male 264 (25,76) Marital Status Married 812 (79,22) Unmarried 213 (20,78) Chronic İllness No 824 (80,39) Yes 201 (19,61) Cigarette smokers No 743 (72,49) Yes 282 (27,51) Duration of smoking 10 years 140 (50,36) Daily cigarette consumption 1 pack 60 (21,66) Do you smoke when you wake up? No 183 (61,41) Yes 115 (38,59) Does anyone in your household smoke or use smoking products? No 452 (44,1) Yes 573 (55,9) Do you know anything about third-hand smoke? No 873 (85,17) Yes 152 (14,83) When you buy a car or stay in a hotel room, do you have any concerns about whether there has been smoking in the room? No 260 (25,37) Yes 765 (74,63) Table 2 Comparison of participants' sociodemographic characteristics and BATHS-T scores N Health Effects Subdimension Score Persistent Effects in the Environment Subdimension Scores BATHS-T Total Score Age group ≥ 35 years 696 20 ( 18 – 24 ) 19,61 ± 4,99 16 ( 14 – 20 ) 15,59 ± 4,09 36 (31–43) 35,2 ± 8,85 > 35 years 329 19 ( 17 – 22 ) 18,78 ± 4,79 16 ( 14 – 18 ) 14,92 ± 4,04 34 (31–39) 33,7 ± 8,55 p a 0,002 ** a 0,005 ** a 0,001 ** Gender Female 761 20 ( 18 – 24 ) 19,67 ± 4,81 16 ( 14 – 19 ) 15,68 ± 3,96 36 (32–43) 35,36 ± 8,53 Male 264 19 ( 16 – 22 ) 18,38 ± 5,2 15 ( 13 – 17 ) 14,49 ± 4,31 34 (30–38,5) 32,86 ± 9,24 p a <0,001 *** a <0,001 *** a <0,001 *** Marital Status Married 812 20 ( 18 – 23 ) 19,39 ± 4,83 16 ( 14 – 19 ) 15,41 ± 4,02 35 (31–42) 34,8 ± 8,6 Unmarried 213 20 ( 17 – 24 ) 19,14 ± 5,35 16 ( 13 – 19 ) 15,26 ± 4,31 36 (30–42) 34,40 ± 9,44 p b 0,875 b 0,947 b 0,966 Chronic İllness No 824 20 ( 17 – 24 ) 19,38 ± 5,09 16 ( 14 – 19 ) 15,45 ± 4,17 36 (31–43) 34,84 ± 9,03 Yes 201 19 ( 18 – 22 ) 19,16 ± 4,32 16 ( 13 – 18 ) 15,06 ± 3,69 35 (31–39) 34,22 ± 7,66 p a 0,072 a 0,033 * a 0,030 * Median (IQR), mean ± standard deviation aMann‒Whitney U test, *p < 0,01, **p < 0,01, ***p < 0,001 bKruskal‒Wallis test Table 3 Comparison of participants' smoking characteristics and BATHS-T scores N Health Effects Subdimension Score Persistent Effects in the Environment Subdimension Scores BATHS-T Total Score Cigarette smokers No 743 20 ( 18 – 24 ) 19,77 ± 4,76 16 ( 14 – 19 ) 15,67 ± 3,95 36 (32–42) 35,45 ± 8,46 Yes 282 19 ( 16 – 22 ) 18,2 ± 5,22 15 ( 12 – 18 ) 14,6 ± 4,33 34 (28–39) 32,79 ± 9,31 p a <0,001 * a <0,001 * a <0,001 * Duration of smoking 10 years 140 19 ( 15 – 21 ) 18,14 ± 5,05 15 ( 12 – 17 ) 14,47 ± 4,14 33 (28,5–37) 32,61 ± 8,92 p b 0,399 b 0,702 b 0,440 Daily cigarette consumption 1 pack 60 19 ( 15 – 21 , 5 ) 18,18 ± 5,21 15 ( 13 – 17 , 5 ) 14,83 ± 4,06 34 (28–39) 33,02 ± 9,04 p b 0,961 b 0,860 b 0,994 Do you smoke when you wake up? No 183 19 ( 15 – 21 ) 17,84 ± 5,51 15 ( 12 – 18 ) 14,29 ± 4,61 34 (28–38) 32,13 ± 9,9 Yes 115 19 ( 15 – 22 ) 18,16 ± 5,5 15 ( 12 – 18 ) 14,54 ± 4,48 34 (28–41) 32,7 ± 9,76 p a 0,582 a 0,809 a 0,602 Does anyone in your household smoke or use smoking products? No 452 20 ( 18 – 23 ) 19,49 ± 5 16 ( 14 – 19 ) 15,48 ± 4,11 36 (32–42) 34,97 ± 8,85 Yes 573 20 ( 17 – 23 ) 19,22 ± 4,9 16 ( 13 – 19 ) 15,3 ± 4,06 35 (31–42) 34,51 ± 8,73 p a 0,196 a 0,305 a 0,216 Do you know anything about third-hand smoke? No 873 20 ( 17 – 23 ) 19,19 ± 4,82 16 ( 13 – 18 ) 15,21 ± 3,98 35 (31–41) 34,4 ± 8,54 Yes 152 22 ( 18 – 25 ) 20,18 ± 5,54 17,5 ( 15 – 20 ) 16,36 ± 4,5 39 (34–45) 36,54 ± 9,89 p a <0,001 * a <0,001 * a <0,001 * When you buy a car or stay in a hotel room, do you have any concerns about whether there has been smoking in the room? No 260 19 ( 15 , 5 – 21 ) 17,95 ± 5,03 15 ( 12 – 17 ) 14,18 ± 4,08 33 (28–37) 32,13 ± 8,83 Yes 765 20 ( 18 – 24 ) 19,81 ± 4,82 16 ( 14 – 20 ) 15,78 ± 4 36 (32–43) 35,59 ± 8,59 p a <0,001 * a <0,001 * a <0,001 * Median (IQR), mean ± standard deviation aMann‒Whitney U test, *p < 0,001 bKruskal‒Wallis test DISCUSSION THS is a serious public health problem whose effects are often ignored ( 21 ). Research into how THS affects health is continuing to grow. However, studies on awareness of THS are limited. According to our literature review, our study is the first on THS in a family medicine unit. As a result of our study, we found that very few people had heard of THS. The percentage of those who answered 'yes' to the question 'Do you know about THS' was only 14.8%. The BATHS-T total score, the health effects score and the environmental persistence effects score of these individuals were significantly higher than those of the group with no knowledge of THS. Female sex, being under 35 years of age, not being a smoker and not having a chronic disease were found to be associated with a high BATHS-T score. In a study of university students by Salimoğlu et al., the percentage of 'yes' answers to the same question was 15.5% ( 22 ). Even in Blanca Quispe et al.'s study of health professionals, the rate of 'yes' to the same question was 34.8% ( 23 ). In the study by Akça et al., the rate of awareness of THS was 8.7%. In this study, an increase in awareness was observed with income and education level ( 24 ). These factors were not asked about in our study. Awareness of THS among smokers was similarly low in our study. While there was no difference in awareness between age groups in this study, in our study, awareness was significantly greater in people under 35 years of age. The sample of the study by Akbal et al. consisted of only 6th-year medical students, whereas the level of education was not assessed in our study( 25 ). Similarly, the BATHS-T total score and the BATHS-T health effects score of the female participants in our study were significantly greater than those of the male participants. In this study, there was no statistically significant difference between the sexes in terms of the environmental permanence effects score, whereas in our study, the score of the female sex was statistically significantly greater than that of the male sex in terms of the environmental permanence effects score ( 25 ). In terms of smoking status, the BATHS-T total score, the health effects score and the environmental permanence effects score were statistically significantly different in our study, similar to the findings of this study, and were greater in the nonsmoking group. According to the question 'When buying a car or staying in a hotel room, is it important to you that there is smoking in it? ', the BATHS-T total score, health effects score and environmental permanence effects score were significantly higher in those who answered 'yes'. In the questionnaire used by Akbal et al. with similar questions, the BATHS-T total score, the health impact score and the environmental permanence impact score were significantly higher in those who answered 'always', 'sometimes', 'usually' and 'never' ( 25 ). In our study, unlike Akbal et al., the presence of chronic disease was investigated, and while the total BATHS-T score and the environmental permanence effects score were significantly greater in those without chronic disease, no significant difference in the health effects score was detected between these two groups ( 25 ). In a study of health professionals by Quispe-Cristóbal et al., approximately seven-tenths of the participants had not heard of the term THS at the beginning ( 26 ). This study did not use a scale to collect the data. In our study, the data were collected via the BATHS scale. In this study, the population consisted of people with a high level of education. However, in our study, there were no questions about the participants' level of education. THS awareness was also found to be quite low in our study, and in this study, THS awareness of females was found to be statistically significant, as in our study. In Darlow et al.’s study of health professionals, which did not use a scale, it was found that only one in three participants had information about THS ( 27 ). In a study conducted by Sargın et al. on pediatricians using the BATHS scale, awareness of THS was found to be significantly greater in women than in nonsmokers, as in our study. In this study, THS awareness was not significantly different among those living alone. The THS awareness of those with chronic diseases was found to be statistically significant in our study, but no difference was found in this study. There was a statistically significant difference between the age groups in our study, but no difference was found in this study. ( 28 ). In a study conducted by Çoşğun et al. on medical students via the BATHS scale, THS awareness was found to be quite high. However, no significant difference was found in terms of sex or smoking status. In this respect, the results differ from those of our study ( 29 ). According to a study conducted in Spain, THS awareness was greater in smokers than in nonsmokers and quitters ( 30 ). In our study, THS knowledge was significantly greater in nonsmokers than in smokers. Increased awareness of THS may increase rates of tobacco use and quitting attempts. In the study by Patel et al., a change in smoking behavior was observed in 75% of parents who were informed about THS ( 31 ). In the study by Drehmer et al., parents were followed for 12 months, and their beliefs about THS were assessed. According to this study, parents who believed in harmful effects at the end of the 12-month period attempted to quit smoking at least once during the 12-month period and were strict about not smoking in a car or at home ( 32 ). The attitudes of users toward the harms of tobacco may change with THS awareness. CONCLUSION This study assessed THS awareness and the factors influencing it in a family medicine unit in Turkey and revealed that THS awareness was quite low. Awareness of THS can be an important factor in reducing tobacco consumption, which is a social problem. Family medicine, which has a preventive medical mission, has a great duty to increase this awareness. Therefore, awareness-raising initiatives should be strengthened in family health units. LIMITATION We believe that our study makes an important contribution to the literature, as it is the first in the field of family medicine with a relatively large number of participants. However, the fact that our study is a single-center study is a limitation and makes it difficult to generalize the data obtained. Declarations Ethics approval and consent to participate: Ethical committee approval was obtained from the Clinical Research Ethics Committee of Atatürk University Faculty of Medicine dated 7 September 2023 and numbered B.30.2.ATA.0.01.00/710. During the course of the research, the rules of Good Clinical Practice of the Declaration of Helsinki were followed. The subjects provided written informed consent. Consent for publication: Not applicable. Competing interest: The authors declare no conflicts of interest. Financial Support None. Conflict of interest: There are conflicts of interest to declare. Funding: None. Author Contribution H.A.A. conceptualized and designed the study, collected the data, performed the analyses, drafted and wrote the manuscript, reviewed and discussed the results, and supervised the study.S.A. performed the analyses, wrote the paper, assisted with the implementation phase of the study, reviewed and discussed the results and finalized the paper.A.A. performed the analyses and reviewed and discussed the results. Acknowledgments: Not applicable. Availability of data and material: The datasets used and/or analyzed during the current study are available from the corresponding author upon reasonable request. References Winickoff JP, Friebely J, Tanski SE, Sherrod C, Matt GE, Hovell MF, et al. Beliefs about the health effects of "thirdhand" smoke and home smoking bans. Pediatrics. 2009;123(1):e74-9. Wu JX, Lau ATY, Xu YM. Indoor Secondary Pollutants Cannot Be Ignored: Third-Hand Smoke. Toxics. 2022;10(7). Arguder E. Third–hand smoke exposure and results. 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Sargin F, Buldu E. Turkish Pediatrician Beliefs About Third-hand Smoking. Journal of pediatric health care: official publication of National Association of Pediatric Nurse Associates & Practitioners. 2024;38(1):97–104. Çoşğun İ G, Çilekar Ş, Balcı A, Köymen BN, Moral S, Nur B, et al. The beliefs of medical faculty students about thirdhand smoke. Tobacco induced diseases. 2023;21:17. Díez-Izquierdo A, Cassanello P, Cartanyà A, Matilla-Santander N, Balaguer Santamaria A, Martinez-Sanchez JM. Knowledge and attitudes toward thirdhand smoke among parents with children under 3 years in Spain. Pediatric research. 2018;84(5):645–9. Patel S, Hendry P, Kalynych C, Butterfield R, Lott M, Lukens-Bull K. The impact of third-hand smoke education in a pediatric emergency department on caregiver smoking policies and quit status: A pilot study. International Journal on Disability and Human Development. 2012;11(4):335–42. Drehmer JE, Ossip DJ, Nabi-Burza E, Rigotti NA, Hipple B, Woo H, et al. Thirdhand smoke beliefs of parents. Pediatrics. 2014;133(4):e850-6. Additional Declarations No competing interests reported. Cite Share Download PDF Status: Posted Version 1 posted You are reading this latest preprint version Research Square lets you share your work early, gain feedback from the community, and start making changes to your manuscript prior to peer review in a journal. As a division of Research Square Company, we’re committed to making research communication faster, fairer, and more useful. We do this by developing innovative software and high quality services for the global research community. Our growing team is made up of researchers and industry professionals working together to solve the most critical problems facing scientific publishing. Also discoverable on Platform About Our Team In Review Editorial Policies Advisory Board Help Center Resources Author Services Accessibility API Access RSS feed Manage Cookie Preferences © Research Square 2026 | ISSN 2693-5015 (online) Privacy Policy Terms of Service Do Not Sell My Personal Information {"props":{"pageProps":{"initialData":{"identity":"rs-6001657","acceptedTermsAndConditions":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"archivedVersions":[],"articleType":"Research Article","associatedPublications":[],"authors":[{"id":414187574,"identity":"30e437c3-6eb6-4d27-8045-3245a75db691","order_by":0,"name":"Hacı Ahmet Aydemir","email":"data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAZAAAAAyAQMAAABI0h/eAAAABlBMVEX///8AAABVwtN+AAAACXBIWXMAAA7EAAAOxAGVKw4bAAABCElEQVRIiWNgGAWjYDACCQjF2ABCHypsQOzGAwS1HIBqYZxxJg2snVgtDAzMvG2HwYJ4tfDP7k58/KHmsGy/2OG2D7xt5+3Wth8G2lJjE43TkjtnNxscOHbYeObsxOYZEuduJ287kwjUciwttwGXnhu52yQOsB1O3HA7sZnBoOx2stkBoBbGhsM4tcjfyN3+48C/w4n7QVoS2M4lm51/iF+LAdAWhoNtQFukgVoOtB2wM7tBwBbDG7mbJc72pRvPANrC2HAmOcHsBtCWBDx+kbuRu/FDxTdr2f7Z6Y+Z/1TY2ZudT3/44EONDW7vQ0AznJUIVpmAXzkI1MFZ9oQVj4JRMApGwUgDAFdjcrKfAbICAAAAAElFTkSuQmCC","orcid":"","institution":"Dr. Filiz Dolunay Family Health Center","correspondingAuthor":true,"prefix":"","firstName":"Hacı","middleName":"Ahmet","lastName":"Aydemir","suffix":""},{"id":414187575,"identity":"78e8d379-6793-493d-97c0-304d345bba1c","order_by":1,"name":"Seda Aydemir","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Ataturk University","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Seda","middleName":"","lastName":"Aydemir","suffix":""},{"id":414187576,"identity":"73a86a8f-cdfa-4672-8cdf-110c2f7578bf","order_by":2,"name":"Abdulkadir Alğan","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Balıkesir State Hospital","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Abdulkadir","middleName":"","lastName":"Alğan","suffix":""}],"badges":[],"createdAt":"2025-02-10 19:08:10","currentVersionCode":1,"declarations":"","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-6001657/v1","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-6001657/v1","draftVersion":[],"editorialEvents":[],"editorialNote":"","failedWorkflow":false,"files":[{"id":76648049,"identity":"02c049a7-dd61-4321-a485-d8899b2c32d0","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-02-19 09:12:03","extension":"png","order_by":1,"title":"Figure 1","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":56332,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eComparison of participants' sex and BATHS-T scores\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"1.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-6001657/v1/7bd0a0578e24b0234f7ba99b.png"},{"id":76648048,"identity":"29019618-ebc2-4c8a-84be-e535301f2793","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-02-19 09:12:03","extension":"png","order_by":2,"title":"Figure 2","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":62120,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eComparison of BATHS-T scores with the participants' knowledge of thirdhand smoke\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"2.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-6001657/v1/0e3ebbf042e297cdf020582b.png"},{"id":76936347,"identity":"d13973dd-a3dc-4fbb-92c3-39bbf0254d57","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-02-22 17:46:27","extension":"pdf","order_by":0,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"manuscript-pdf","size":1092462,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"manuscript.pdf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-6001657/v1/4554a715-4eee-4341-9415-7a816f680a54.pdf"}],"financialInterests":"No competing interests reported.","formattedTitle":"Assessment of the Knowledge of Thirdhand Smoke Awareness in Turkey: A Call to Action for Family Physicians","fulltext":[{"header":"INTRODUCTION","content":"\u003cp\u003eIt is clear that there is no safe exposure to cigarette smoke (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR1\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e). Smoking is the leading preventable cause of death and is responsible for 20% of cancer deaths worldwide (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR2\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e). The links between active smoking and many diseases, such as stroke, cardiovascular disease, respiratory disease and cancer, are well established (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR3\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e). Approximately 10\u0026nbsp;million people die each year from smoking-related diseases (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR2\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e). The negative effects of smoking on the health of active smokers are undisputed.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eNonsmokers are exposed to tobacco smoke through secondhand smoke (SHS) and thirdhand smoke (THS) (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR2\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e). Studies have focused on the harms of SHSs and THSs (\u003cspan additionalcitationids=\"CR5\" citationid=\"CR4\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003e\u0026ndash;\u003cspan citationid=\"CR6\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e6\u003c/span\u003e). SHS refers to passive exposure to cigarette smoke (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR7\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e7\u003c/span\u003e). THS, on the other hand, is a fundamentally different concept that has evolved from SHS (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR7\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e7\u003c/span\u003e). THS refers to the fact that the pollutants in cigarette smoke contaminate surfaces, react with oxidants and secondary pollutants in the ambient air, transform into different pollutants, and continue to be released for a long time (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR7\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e7\u003c/span\u003e). While the damage caused by cigarette smoke in SHSs lasts from the beginning to the end of smoking, THS is a much longer process (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR7\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e7\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR8\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e8\u003c/span\u003e). Because smoke remains on surfaces, clothing, furniture and carpets in THS, people are exposed to these pollutants not only through inhalation but also through digestion and the skin (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR2\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAccording to studies on THS, which is a relatively new concept, the clinical and biological evidence is negative for human health (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR9\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e9\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR10\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e10\u003c/span\u003e). There are many chemicals, such as nicotine, nitrosamines and cotinine, whose toxic properties have been studied as THS constituents (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR9\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e9\u003c/span\u003e). Nicotine is the most harmful organic compound emitted during smoking (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR4\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003e). Unlike other tobacco constituents, nicotine accumulates on surfaces and can persist for months (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR4\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003e). Nicotine can react with oxidizing gases in indoor air to form tobacco-specific nitrosamines (TSNAs) and is classified as a lung carcinogen (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR11\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e11\u003c/span\u003e). In addition, nicotine can react with volatile formaldehyde, a human carcinogen for which there is no safe level (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR4\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eTHS poses a risk to all age groups because of the harmful components it contains. However, it poses a greater risk to children. Because children spend more time at home, their exposure to THS is greater (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR12\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e12\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR13\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e13\u003c/span\u003e). Exposure to THS may be increased by certain behaviors in children; in particular, behaviors such as hand feeding, crawling and sucking in infants increase the vulnerability of this population to THS (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR14\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e14\u003c/span\u003e). The high rate of breathing in children is another factor that increases this exposure (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR15\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e15\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIt is known that obtaining information about an issue and increasing risk awareness are important steps in developing behavior changes related to that issue (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR16\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e16\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR17\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e17\u003c/span\u003e). The negative health effects of smoking are among the most important factors in smoking cessation behavior (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR18\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e18\u003c/span\u003e). Therefore, increasing awareness of THS, which is a relatively new concept, may be an effective factor in smoking cessation and in the development of antismoking policies. In this study, we aimed to investigate the level of knowledge and awareness of THS among people who had applied to a family medicine unit.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"MATERIALS AND METHODS","content":"\u003cdiv id=\"Sec3\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eEthics Committee and Approval\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003e Ethical committee approval was obtained from the Clinical Research Ethics Committee of Atat\u0026uuml;rk University Faculty of Medicine dated 7 September 2023 and numbered B.30.2.ATA.0.01.00/710.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003eDesign and Setting\u003c/h3\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe population of our study, which was designed as a cross-sectional study, included individuals aged 18 years and older who were registered at Kayakyolu Family Health Centre Unit Number 33 in Erzurum, Turkey, between October and December 2023. Individuals who did not agree to participate in the study were not included. Using G-Power 3.1.9.7, the minimum sample size was calculated to be 354 participants, with α\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.05, power (1-β)\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.80 and an effect size of 0.298 when smoking status and the BATHS-T score were compared in the reference article(\u003cspan citationid=\"CR19\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e19\u003c/span\u003e) (t test). We tried to include as many patients as possible in our study, provided that we did not fall below this sample size.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe questionnaire, which was created in Google, was administered face-to-face and online. The first 12 questions of the study questionnaire consisted of questions about the individual's demographic information and questions about smoking status. The next part of the questionnaire consisted of the questions of the \"Beliefs about Third-Hand Smoke (BATHS-T) Scale\", the validity and reliability of which were assessed (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR20\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e20\u003c/span\u003e). The Turkish version had very similar overall reliability (Cronbach's alpha\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.90), in addition to strong reliability in the subscales (Cronbach's alpha\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.81 for THS persistence and 0.86 for THS health subdimensions). The scale consists of 9 items and 2 subscales. The health subdimension includes items 1 to 5, and the persistence subdimension includes items 6 to 9. The responses to the items are rated on a 5-point Likert scale ranging from 1 (strongly disagree) to 5 (strongly agree).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003eStatistical analyses\u003c/h3\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eSPSS 25 (Statistical Package for the Social Sciences, version 25) was used to analyze the results of our study. Normal distribution was assessed via the Kolmogorov‒Smirnov and Shapiro‒Wilk tests. Descriptive statistics are presented as medians, interquartile ranges (IQRs), means and standard deviations for numerical variables. Categorical variables are expressed as numbers and percentages. For continuous variables, the Mann‒Whitney U test was used to compare two independent groups, and the Kruskal‒Wallis test was used to compare more than two groups for data that were not normally distributed. The p value was set at \u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.05 for statistical significance.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"RESULTS","content":"\u003cp\u003eA total of 1023 people were contacted in the study. The mean age of the participants was 34.24 (\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;11.18) years, and the median age was 31 (27\u0026ndash;38) years. Among the participants, 74.24% (n\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;761) were female, and 25.76% (n\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;264) were male. The rate of chronic disease was 19.61% (n\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;201), whereas the rate of those without chronic disease was 80.39% (n\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;824). While 72.49% (n\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;743) of the participants were nonsmokers, 27.51% (n\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;282) were smokers. The mean BATHS-T health effects subdimension score was 19.34 (\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;4.94), and the median score was 20 (\u003cspan additionalcitationids=\"CR18 CR19 CR20 CR21 CR22\" citationid=\"CR17\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e17\u003c/span\u003e\u0026ndash;\u003cspan citationid=\"CR23\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e23\u003c/span\u003e). The mean BATHS-T persistence effect in the environment subdimension score was 15.38 (\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;4.08), with a median of 16 (\u003cspan additionalcitationids=\"CR15 CR16 CR17 CR18\" citationid=\"CR14\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e14\u003c/span\u003e\u0026ndash;\u003cspan citationid=\"CR19\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e19\u003c/span\u003e). The mean BATHS-T total score was 34.72 (\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;8.78), and the median score was 36 (31\u0026ndash;42).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe BATHS-T total score of those aged over 35 years was significantly lower than that of those aged 35 years or younger (p\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.001). The BATHS-T total score of males was significantly lower than that of females (p\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001). The distribution of BATHS-T scores by sex is shown in Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig2\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e. The BATHS-T total score of patients with chronic diseases was significantly lower than that of patients without chronic diseases (p\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.030) (Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab2\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e). The total BATHS-T score of nonsmokers was significantly greater than that of smokers, those who were aware of THS were significantly greater than those who were not aware of THS, and those who were concerned about smoking when buying a car or staying in a hotel room were significantly greater than those who were not (p\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001). Those who knew about THS represented 14.8% (n\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;152) of all participants (Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab3\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e). A comparison of participants' knowledge of THS and BATHS scores is shown in Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig3\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab1\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 1\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eDescriptive statistics\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"4\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c2\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMedian (IQR)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMean\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;Std.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c2\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAge\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e31 (27\u0026ndash;38)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e34,24\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;11,18\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c2\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c4\" namest=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eN (%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eGender\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFemale\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c4\" namest=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e761 (74,24)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMale\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c4\" namest=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e264 (25,76)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMarital Status\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMarried\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c4\" namest=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e812 (79,22)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eUnmarried\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c4\" namest=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e213 (20,78)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eChronic İllness\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNo\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c4\" namest=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e824 (80,39)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c4\" namest=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e201 (19,61)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCigarette smokers\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNo\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c4\" namest=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e743 (72,49)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c4\" namest=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e282 (27,51)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"2\" rowspan=\"3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eDuration of smoking\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;5 years\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c4\" namest=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e74 (26,62)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5\u0026ndash;10 years\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c4\" namest=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e64 (23,02)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026gt;\u0026thinsp;10 years\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c4\" namest=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e140 (50,36)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"2\" rowspan=\"3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eDaily cigarette consumption\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0,5 pack\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c4\" namest=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e100 (36,1)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0,5\u0026thinsp;\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1 pack\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c4\" namest=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e117 (42,24)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026gt;\u0026thinsp;1 pack\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c4\" namest=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e60 (21,66)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eDo you smoke when you wake up?\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNo\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c4\" namest=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e183 (61,41)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c4\" namest=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e115 (38,59)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eDoes anyone in your household smoke or use smoking products?\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNo\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c4\" namest=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e452 (44,1)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c4\" namest=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e573 (55,9)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eDo you know anything about third-hand smoke?\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNo\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c4\" namest=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e873 (85,17)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c4\" namest=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e152 (14,83)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eWhen you buy a car or stay in a hotel room, do you have any concerns about whether there has been smoking in the room?\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNo\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c4\" namest=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e260 (25,37)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c4\" namest=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e765 (74,63)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab2\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 2\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eComparison of participants' sociodemographic characteristics and BATHS-T scores\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"9\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c6\" colnum=\"6\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c7\" colnum=\"7\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c8\" colnum=\"8\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c9\" colnum=\"9\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c2\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eN\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c5\" namest=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eHealth Effects Subdimension Score\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c7\" namest=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePersistent Effects in the Environment Subdimension Scores\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c9\" namest=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eBATHS-T Total Score\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"2\" rowspan=\"3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAge group\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026ge;\u0026thinsp;35 years\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e696\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e20 (\u003cspan additionalcitationids=\"CR19 CR20 CR21 CR22 CR23\" citationid=\"CR18\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e18\u003c/span\u003e\u0026ndash;\u003cspan citationid=\"CR24\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e24\u003c/span\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e19,61\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;4,99\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e16 (\u003cspan additionalcitationids=\"CR15 CR16 CR17 CR18 CR19\" citationid=\"CR14\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e14\u003c/span\u003e\u0026ndash;\u003cspan citationid=\"CR20\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e20\u003c/span\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e15,59\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;4,09\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e36 (31\u0026ndash;43)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e35,2\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;8,85\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026gt;\u0026thinsp;35 years\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e329\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e19 (\u003cspan additionalcitationids=\"CR18 CR19 CR20 CR21\" citationid=\"CR17\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e17\u003c/span\u003e\u0026ndash;\u003cspan citationid=\"CR22\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e22\u003c/span\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e18,78\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;4,79\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e16 (\u003cspan additionalcitationids=\"CR15 CR16 CR17\" citationid=\"CR14\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e14\u003c/span\u003e\u0026ndash;\u003cspan citationid=\"CR18\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e18\u003c/span\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e14,92\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;4,04\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e34 (31\u0026ndash;39)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e33,7\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;8,55\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ep\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c5\" namest=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003csup\u003e\u003cb\u003ea\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e\u003cb\u003e0,002\u003c/b\u003e\u003csup\u003e\u003cb\u003e**\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c7\" namest=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003csup\u003e\u003cb\u003ea\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e\u003cb\u003e0,005\u003c/b\u003e\u003csup\u003e\u003cb\u003e**\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c9\" namest=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003csup\u003e\u003cb\u003ea\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e\u003cb\u003e0,001\u003c/b\u003e\u003csup\u003e\u003cb\u003e**\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"2\" rowspan=\"3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eGender\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFemale\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e761\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e20 (\u003cspan additionalcitationids=\"CR19 CR20 CR21 CR22 CR23\" citationid=\"CR18\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e18\u003c/span\u003e\u0026ndash;\u003cspan citationid=\"CR24\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e24\u003c/span\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e19,67\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;4,81\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e16 (\u003cspan additionalcitationids=\"CR15 CR16 CR17 CR18\" citationid=\"CR14\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e14\u003c/span\u003e\u0026ndash;\u003cspan citationid=\"CR19\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e19\u003c/span\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e15,68\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;3,96\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e36 (32\u0026ndash;43)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e35,36\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;8,53\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMale\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e264\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e19 (\u003cspan additionalcitationids=\"CR17 CR18 CR19 CR20 CR21\" citationid=\"CR16\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e16\u003c/span\u003e\u0026ndash;\u003cspan citationid=\"CR22\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e22\u003c/span\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e18,38\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;5,2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e15 (\u003cspan additionalcitationids=\"CR14 CR15 CR16\" citationid=\"CR13\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e13\u003c/span\u003e\u0026ndash;\u003cspan citationid=\"CR17\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e17\u003c/span\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e14,49\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;4,31\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e34 (30\u0026ndash;38,5)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e32,86\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;9,24\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ep\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c5\" namest=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003csup\u003e\u003cb\u003ea\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e\u003cb\u003e\u0026lt;0,001\u003c/b\u003e\u003csup\u003e\u003cb\u003e***\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c7\" namest=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003csup\u003e\u003cb\u003ea\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e\u003cb\u003e\u0026lt;0,001\u003c/b\u003e\u003csup\u003e\u003cb\u003e***\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c9\" namest=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003csup\u003e\u003cb\u003ea\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e\u003cb\u003e\u0026lt;0,001\u003c/b\u003e\u003csup\u003e\u003cb\u003e***\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"2\" rowspan=\"3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMarital Status\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMarried\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e812\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e20 (\u003cspan additionalcitationids=\"CR19 CR20 CR21 CR22\" citationid=\"CR18\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e18\u003c/span\u003e\u0026ndash;\u003cspan citationid=\"CR23\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e23\u003c/span\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e19,39\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;4,83\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e16 (\u003cspan additionalcitationids=\"CR15 CR16 CR17 CR18\" citationid=\"CR14\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e14\u003c/span\u003e\u0026ndash;\u003cspan citationid=\"CR19\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e19\u003c/span\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e15,41\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;4,02\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e35 (31\u0026ndash;42)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e34,8\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;8,6\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eUnmarried\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e213\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e20 (\u003cspan additionalcitationids=\"CR18 CR19 CR20 CR21 CR22 CR23\" citationid=\"CR17\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e17\u003c/span\u003e\u0026ndash;\u003cspan citationid=\"CR24\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e24\u003c/span\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e19,14\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;5,35\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e16 (\u003cspan additionalcitationids=\"CR14 CR15 CR16 CR17 CR18\" citationid=\"CR13\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e13\u003c/span\u003e\u0026ndash;\u003cspan citationid=\"CR19\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e19\u003c/span\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e15,26\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;4,31\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e36 (30\u0026ndash;42)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e34,40\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;9,44\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ep\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c5\" namest=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e0,875\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c7\" namest=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e0,947\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c9\" namest=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e0,966\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"2\" rowspan=\"3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eChronic İllness\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNo\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e824\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e20 (\u003cspan additionalcitationids=\"CR18 CR19 CR20 CR21 CR22 CR23\" citationid=\"CR17\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e17\u003c/span\u003e\u0026ndash;\u003cspan citationid=\"CR24\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e24\u003c/span\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e19,38\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;5,09\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e16 (\u003cspan additionalcitationids=\"CR15 CR16 CR17 CR18\" citationid=\"CR14\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e14\u003c/span\u003e\u0026ndash;\u003cspan citationid=\"CR19\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e19\u003c/span\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e15,45\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;4,17\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e36 (31\u0026ndash;43)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e34,84\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;9,03\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e201\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e19 (\u003cspan additionalcitationids=\"CR19 CR20 CR21\" citationid=\"CR18\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e18\u003c/span\u003e\u0026ndash;\u003cspan citationid=\"CR22\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e22\u003c/span\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e19,16\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;4,32\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e16 (\u003cspan additionalcitationids=\"CR14 CR15 CR16 CR17\" citationid=\"CR13\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e13\u003c/span\u003e\u0026ndash;\u003cspan citationid=\"CR18\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e18\u003c/span\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e15,06\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;3,69\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e35 (31\u0026ndash;39)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e34,22\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;7,66\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ep\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c5\" namest=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e0,072\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c7\" namest=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003csup\u003e\u003cb\u003ea\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e\u003cb\u003e0,033\u003c/b\u003e\u003csup\u003e\u003cb\u003e*\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c9\" namest=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003csup\u003e\u003cb\u003ea\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e\u003cb\u003e0,030\u003c/b\u003e\u003csup\u003e\u003cb\u003e*\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003ctfoot\u003e \u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd colspan=\"9\"\u003e\u003cem\u003eMedian (IQR), mean\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;standard deviation\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd colspan=\"9\"\u003e\u003cem\u003eaMann‒Whitney U test, *p\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0,01, **p\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0,01, ***p\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0,001\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd colspan=\"9\"\u003e\u003cem\u003ebKruskal‒Wallis test\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tfoot\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab3\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 3\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eComparison of participants' smoking characteristics and BATHS-T scores\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"11\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c6\" colnum=\"6\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c7\" colnum=\"7\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c8\" colnum=\"8\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c9\" colnum=\"9\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c10\" colnum=\"10\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c11\" colnum=\"11\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c2\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eN\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c5\" namest=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eHealth Effects Subdimension Score\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c8\" namest=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePersistent Effects in the Environment Subdimension Scores\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"4\" nameend=\"c11\" namest=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eBATHS-T Total Score\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"2\" rowspan=\"3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCigarette smokers\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNo\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e743\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e20 (\u003cspan additionalcitationids=\"CR19 CR20 CR21 CR22 CR23\" citationid=\"CR18\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e18\u003c/span\u003e\u0026ndash;\u003cspan citationid=\"CR24\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e24\u003c/span\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e19,77\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;4,76\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e16 (\u003cspan additionalcitationids=\"CR15 CR16 CR17 CR18\" citationid=\"CR14\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e14\u003c/span\u003e\u0026ndash;\u003cspan citationid=\"CR19\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e19\u003c/span\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e15,67\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;3,95\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c9\" namest=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e36 (32\u0026ndash;42)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e35,45\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;8,46\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"1\" nameend=\"c11\" namest=\"c11\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e282\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e19 (\u003cspan additionalcitationids=\"CR17 CR18 CR19 CR20 CR21\" citationid=\"CR16\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e16\u003c/span\u003e\u0026ndash;\u003cspan citationid=\"CR22\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e22\u003c/span\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e18,2\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;5,22\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e15 (\u003cspan additionalcitationids=\"CR13 CR14 CR15 CR16 CR17\" citationid=\"CR12\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e12\u003c/span\u003e\u0026ndash;\u003cspan citationid=\"CR18\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e18\u003c/span\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e14,6\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;4,33\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c9\" namest=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e34 (28\u0026ndash;39)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e32,79\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;9,31\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"1\" nameend=\"c11\" namest=\"c11\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ep\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c5\" namest=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003csup\u003e\u003cb\u003ea\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e\u003cb\u003e\u0026lt;0,001\u003c/b\u003e\u003csup\u003e\u003cb\u003e*\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c7\" namest=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003csup\u003e\u003cb\u003ea\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e\u003cb\u003e\u0026lt;0,001\u003c/b\u003e\u003csup\u003e\u003cb\u003e*\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c10\" namest=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003csup\u003e\u003cb\u003ea\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e\u003cb\u003e\u0026lt;0,001\u003c/b\u003e\u003csup\u003e\u003cb\u003e*\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"1\" nameend=\"c11\" namest=\"c11\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"3\" rowspan=\"4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eDuration of smoking\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;5 years\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e74\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e19 (\u003cspan additionalcitationids=\"CR17 CR18 CR19 CR20 CR21 CR22 CR23\" citationid=\"CR16\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e16\u003c/span\u003e\u0026ndash;\u003cspan citationid=\"CR24\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e24\u003c/span\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e18,68\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;5,54\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e15 (\u003cspan additionalcitationids=\"CR14 CR15 CR16 CR17 CR18\" citationid=\"CR13\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e13\u003c/span\u003e\u0026ndash;\u003cspan citationid=\"CR19\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e19\u003c/span\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e14,85\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;4,48\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c9\" namest=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e35 (29\u0026ndash;43)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e33,53\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;9,80\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"1\" nameend=\"c11\" namest=\"c11\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5\u0026ndash;10 years\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e64\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e18 (\u003cspan additionalcitationids=\"CR17 CR18 CR19 CR20\" citationid=\"CR16\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e16\u003c/span\u003e\u0026ndash;\u003cspan citationid=\"CR21\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e21\u003c/span\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e17,69\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;4,99\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e15 (\u003cspan additionalcitationids=\"CR13 CR14 CR15 CR16\" citationid=\"CR12\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e12\u003c/span\u003e\u0026ndash;\u003cspan citationid=\"CR17\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e17\u003c/span\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e14,42\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;4,43\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c9\" namest=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e34 (28\u0026ndash;37)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e32,11\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;9,2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"1\" nameend=\"c11\" namest=\"c11\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026gt;\u0026thinsp;10 years\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e140\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e19 (\u003cspan additionalcitationids=\"CR16 CR17 CR18 CR19 CR20\" citationid=\"CR15\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e15\u003c/span\u003e\u0026ndash;\u003cspan citationid=\"CR21\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e21\u003c/span\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e18,14\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;5,05\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e15 (\u003cspan additionalcitationids=\"CR13 CR14 CR15 CR16\" citationid=\"CR12\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e12\u003c/span\u003e\u0026ndash;\u003cspan citationid=\"CR17\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e17\u003c/span\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e14,47\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;4,14\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c9\" namest=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e33 (28,5\u0026ndash;37)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e32,61\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;8,92\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"1\" nameend=\"c11\" namest=\"c11\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ep\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c5\" namest=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e0,399\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c7\" namest=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e0,702\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c10\" namest=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e0,440\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"1\" nameend=\"c11\" namest=\"c11\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"3\" rowspan=\"4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eDaily cigarette consumption\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0,5 pack\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e100\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e19 (\u003cspan additionalcitationids=\"CR17 CR18 CR19 CR20\" citationid=\"CR16\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e16\u003c/span\u003e\u0026ndash;\u003cspan citationid=\"CR21\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e21\u003c/span\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e18,16\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;5,04\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e15 (\u003cspan additionalcitationids=\"CR13 CR14 CR15 CR16 CR17\" citationid=\"CR12\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e12\u003c/span\u003e\u0026ndash;\u003cspan citationid=\"CR18\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e18\u003c/span\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e14,62\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;4,27\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c9\" namest=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e34 (28\u0026ndash;39)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e32,78\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;9,07\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"1\" nameend=\"c11\" namest=\"c11\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0,5\u0026thinsp;\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1 pack\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e117\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e19 (\u003cspan additionalcitationids=\"CR17 CR18 CR19 CR20\" citationid=\"CR16\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e16\u003c/span\u003e\u0026ndash;\u003cspan citationid=\"CR21\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e21\u003c/span\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e18,14\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;5,27\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e15 (\u003cspan additionalcitationids=\"CR13 CR14 CR15 CR16\" citationid=\"CR12\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e12\u003c/span\u003e\u0026ndash;\u003cspan citationid=\"CR17\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e17\u003c/span\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e14,32\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;4,43\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c9\" namest=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e34 (30\u0026ndash;37)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e32,46\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;9,44\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"1\" nameend=\"c11\" namest=\"c11\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026gt;\u0026thinsp;1 pack\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e60\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e19 (\u003cspan additionalcitationids=\"CR16 CR17 CR18 CR19 CR20\" citationid=\"CR15\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e15\u003c/span\u003e\u0026ndash;\u003cspan citationid=\"CR21\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e21\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR5\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e5\u003c/span\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e18,18\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;5,21\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e15 (\u003cspan additionalcitationids=\"CR14 CR15 CR16\" citationid=\"CR13\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e13\u003c/span\u003e\u0026ndash;\u003cspan citationid=\"CR17\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e17\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR5\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e5\u003c/span\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e14,83\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;4,06\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c9\" namest=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e34 (28\u0026ndash;39)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e33,02\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;9,04\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"1\" nameend=\"c11\" namest=\"c11\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ep\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c5\" namest=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e0,961\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c7\" namest=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e0,860\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c10\" namest=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e0,994\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"1\" nameend=\"c11\" namest=\"c11\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"2\" rowspan=\"3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eDo you smoke when you wake up?\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNo\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e183\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e19 (\u003cspan additionalcitationids=\"CR16 CR17 CR18 CR19 CR20\" citationid=\"CR15\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e15\u003c/span\u003e\u0026ndash;\u003cspan citationid=\"CR21\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e21\u003c/span\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e17,84\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;5,51\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e15 (\u003cspan additionalcitationids=\"CR13 CR14 CR15 CR16 CR17\" citationid=\"CR12\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e12\u003c/span\u003e\u0026ndash;\u003cspan citationid=\"CR18\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e18\u003c/span\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e14,29\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;4,61\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c9\" namest=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e34 (28\u0026ndash;38)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e32,13\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;9,9\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"1\" nameend=\"c11\" namest=\"c11\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e115\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e19 (\u003cspan additionalcitationids=\"CR16 CR17 CR18 CR19 CR20 CR21\" citationid=\"CR15\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e15\u003c/span\u003e\u0026ndash;\u003cspan citationid=\"CR22\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e22\u003c/span\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e18,16\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;5,5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e15 (\u003cspan additionalcitationids=\"CR13 CR14 CR15 CR16 CR17\" citationid=\"CR12\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e12\u003c/span\u003e\u0026ndash;\u003cspan citationid=\"CR18\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e18\u003c/span\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e14,54\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;4,48\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c9\" namest=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e34 (28\u0026ndash;41)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e32,7\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;9,76\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"1\" nameend=\"c11\" namest=\"c11\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ep\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c5\" namest=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e0,582\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c7\" namest=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e0,809\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c10\" namest=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e0,602\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"1\" nameend=\"c11\" namest=\"c11\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"2\" rowspan=\"3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eDoes anyone in your household smoke or use smoking products?\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNo\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e452\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e20 (\u003cspan additionalcitationids=\"CR19 CR20 CR21 CR22\" citationid=\"CR18\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e18\u003c/span\u003e\u0026ndash;\u003cspan citationid=\"CR23\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e23\u003c/span\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e19,49\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e16 (\u003cspan additionalcitationids=\"CR15 CR16 CR17 CR18\" citationid=\"CR14\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e14\u003c/span\u003e\u0026ndash;\u003cspan citationid=\"CR19\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e19\u003c/span\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e15,48\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;4,11\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c9\" namest=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e36 (32\u0026ndash;42)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e34,97\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;8,85\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"1\" nameend=\"c11\" namest=\"c11\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e573\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e20 (\u003cspan additionalcitationids=\"CR18 CR19 CR20 CR21 CR22\" citationid=\"CR17\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e17\u003c/span\u003e\u0026ndash;\u003cspan citationid=\"CR23\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e23\u003c/span\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e19,22\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;4,9\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e16 (\u003cspan additionalcitationids=\"CR14 CR15 CR16 CR17 CR18\" citationid=\"CR13\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e13\u003c/span\u003e\u0026ndash;\u003cspan citationid=\"CR19\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e19\u003c/span\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e15,3\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;4,06\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c9\" namest=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e35 (31\u0026ndash;42)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e34,51\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;8,73\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"1\" nameend=\"c11\" namest=\"c11\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ep\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c5\" namest=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e0,196\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c7\" namest=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e0,305\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c10\" namest=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e0,216\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"1\" nameend=\"c11\" namest=\"c11\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"2\" rowspan=\"3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eDo you know anything about third-hand smoke?\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNo\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e873\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e20 (\u003cspan additionalcitationids=\"CR18 CR19 CR20 CR21 CR22\" citationid=\"CR17\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e17\u003c/span\u003e\u0026ndash;\u003cspan citationid=\"CR23\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e23\u003c/span\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e19,19\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;4,82\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e16 (\u003cspan additionalcitationids=\"CR14 CR15 CR16 CR17\" citationid=\"CR13\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e13\u003c/span\u003e\u0026ndash;\u003cspan citationid=\"CR18\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e18\u003c/span\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e15,21\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;3,98\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c9\" namest=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e35 (31\u0026ndash;41)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e34,4\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;8,54\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"1\" nameend=\"c11\" namest=\"c11\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e152\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e22 (\u003cspan additionalcitationids=\"CR19 CR20 CR21 CR22 CR23 CR24\" citationid=\"CR18\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e18\u003c/span\u003e\u0026ndash;\u003cspan citationid=\"CR25\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e25\u003c/span\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e20,18\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;5,54\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e17,5 (\u003cspan additionalcitationids=\"CR16 CR17 CR18 CR19\" citationid=\"CR15\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e15\u003c/span\u003e\u0026ndash;\u003cspan citationid=\"CR20\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e20\u003c/span\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e16,36\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;4,5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c9\" namest=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e39 (34\u0026ndash;45)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e36,54\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;9,89\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"1\" nameend=\"c11\" namest=\"c11\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ep\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c5\" namest=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003csup\u003e\u003cb\u003ea\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e\u003cb\u003e\u0026lt;0,001\u003c/b\u003e\u003csup\u003e\u003cb\u003e*\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c7\" namest=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003csup\u003e\u003cb\u003ea\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e\u003cb\u003e\u0026lt;0,001\u003c/b\u003e\u003csup\u003e\u003cb\u003e*\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c10\" namest=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003csup\u003e\u003cb\u003ea\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e\u003cb\u003e\u0026lt;0,001\u003c/b\u003e\u003csup\u003e\u003cb\u003e*\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"1\" nameend=\"c11\" namest=\"c11\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"2\" rowspan=\"3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eWhen you buy a car or stay in a hotel room, do you have any concerns about whether there has been smoking in the room?\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNo\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e260\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e19 (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR15\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e15\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan additionalcitationids=\"CR6 CR7 CR8 CR9 CR10 CR11 CR12 CR13 CR14 CR15 CR16 CR17 CR18 CR19 CR20\" citationid=\"CR5\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e5\u003c/span\u003e\u0026ndash;\u003cspan citationid=\"CR21\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e21\u003c/span\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e17,95\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;5,03\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e15 (\u003cspan additionalcitationids=\"CR13 CR14 CR15 CR16\" citationid=\"CR12\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e12\u003c/span\u003e\u0026ndash;\u003cspan citationid=\"CR17\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e17\u003c/span\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e14,18\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;4,08\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c9\" namest=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e33 (28\u0026ndash;37)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e32,13\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;8,83\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"1\" nameend=\"c11\" namest=\"c11\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e765\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e20 (\u003cspan additionalcitationids=\"CR19 CR20 CR21 CR22 CR23\" citationid=\"CR18\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e18\u003c/span\u003e\u0026ndash;\u003cspan citationid=\"CR24\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e24\u003c/span\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e19,81\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;4,82\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e16 (\u003cspan additionalcitationids=\"CR15 CR16 CR17 CR18 CR19\" citationid=\"CR14\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e14\u003c/span\u003e\u0026ndash;\u003cspan citationid=\"CR20\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e20\u003c/span\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e15,78\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c9\" namest=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e36 (32\u0026ndash;43)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e35,59\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;8,59\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"1\" nameend=\"c11\" namest=\"c11\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ep\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c5\" namest=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003csup\u003e\u003cb\u003ea\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e\u003cb\u003e\u0026lt;0,001\u003c/b\u003e\u003csup\u003e\u003cb\u003e*\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c7\" namest=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003csup\u003e\u003cb\u003ea\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e\u003cb\u003e\u0026lt;0,001\u003c/b\u003e\u003csup\u003e\u003cb\u003e*\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c10\" namest=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003csup\u003e\u003cb\u003ea\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e\u003cb\u003e\u0026lt;0,001\u003c/b\u003e\u003csup\u003e\u003cb\u003e*\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"1\" nameend=\"c11\" namest=\"c11\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003ctfoot\u003e \u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd colspan=\"11\"\u003e\u003cem\u003eMedian (IQR), mean\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;standard deviation\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd colspan=\"11\"\u003e\u003cem\u003eaMann‒Whitney U test, *p\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0,001\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd colspan=\"11\"\u003e\u003cem\u003ebKruskal‒Wallis test\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tfoot\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"DISCUSSION","content":"\u003cp\u003eTHS is a serious public health problem whose effects are often ignored (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR21\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e21\u003c/span\u003e). Research into how THS affects health is continuing to grow. However, studies on awareness of THS are limited. According to our literature review, our study is the first on THS in a family medicine unit. As a result of our study, we found that very few people had heard of THS. The percentage of those who answered 'yes' to the question 'Do you know about THS' was only 14.8%. The BATHS-T total score, the health effects score and the environmental persistence effects score of these individuals were significantly higher than those of the group with no knowledge of THS. Female sex, being under 35 years of age, not being a smoker and not having a chronic disease were found to be associated with a high BATHS-T score. In a study of university students by Salimoğlu et al., the percentage of 'yes' answers to the same question was 15.5% (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR22\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e22\u003c/span\u003e). Even in Blanca Quispe et al.'s study of health professionals, the rate of 'yes' to the same question was 34.8% (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR23\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e23\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIn the study by Ak\u0026ccedil;a et al., the rate of awareness of THS was 8.7%. In this study, an increase in awareness was observed with income and education level (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR24\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e24\u003c/span\u003e). These factors were not asked about in our study. Awareness of THS among smokers was similarly low in our study. While there was no difference in awareness between age groups in this study, in our study, awareness was significantly greater in people under 35 years of age. The sample of the study by Akbal et al. consisted of only 6th-year medical students, whereas the level of education was not assessed in our study(\u003cspan citationid=\"CR25\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e25\u003c/span\u003e). Similarly, the BATHS-T total score and the BATHS-T health effects score of the female participants in our study were significantly greater than those of the male participants. In this study, there was no statistically significant difference between the sexes in terms of the environmental permanence effects score, whereas in our study, the score of the female sex was statistically significantly greater than that of the male sex in terms of the environmental permanence effects score (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR25\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e25\u003c/span\u003e). In terms of smoking status, the BATHS-T total score, the health effects score and the environmental permanence effects score were statistically significantly different in our study, similar to the findings of this study, and were greater in the nonsmoking group. According to the question 'When buying a car or staying in a hotel room, is it important to you that there is smoking in it? ', the BATHS-T total score, health effects score and environmental permanence effects score were significantly higher in those who answered 'yes'. In the questionnaire used by Akbal et al. with similar questions, the BATHS-T total score, the health impact score and the environmental permanence impact score were significantly higher in those who answered 'always', 'sometimes', 'usually' and 'never' (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR25\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e25\u003c/span\u003e). In our study, unlike Akbal et al., the presence of chronic disease was investigated, and while the total BATHS-T score and the environmental permanence effects score were significantly greater in those without chronic disease, no significant difference in the health effects score was detected between these two groups (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR25\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e25\u003c/span\u003e). In a study of health professionals by Quispe-Crist\u0026oacute;bal et al., approximately seven-tenths of the participants had not heard of the term THS at the beginning (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR26\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e26\u003c/span\u003e). This study did not use a scale to collect the data. In our study, the data were collected via the BATHS scale. In this study, the population consisted of people with a high level of education. However, in our study, there were no questions about the participants' level of education. THS awareness was also found to be quite low in our study, and in this study, THS awareness of females was found to be statistically significant, as in our study. In Darlow et al.\u0026rsquo;s study of health professionals, which did not use a scale, it was found that only one in three participants had information about THS (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR27\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e27\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIn a study conducted by Sargın et al. on pediatricians using the BATHS scale, awareness of THS was found to be significantly greater in women than in nonsmokers, as in our study. In this study, THS awareness was not significantly different among those living alone. The THS awareness of those with chronic diseases was found to be statistically significant in our study, but no difference was found in this study. There was a statistically significant difference between the age groups in our study, but no difference was found in this study. (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR28\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e28\u003c/span\u003e). In a study conducted by \u0026Ccedil;oşğun et al. on medical students via the BATHS scale, THS awareness was found to be quite high. However, no significant difference was found in terms of sex or smoking status. In this respect, the results differ from those of our study (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR29\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e29\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAccording to a study conducted in Spain, THS awareness was greater in smokers than in nonsmokers and quitters (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR30\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e30\u003c/span\u003e). In our study, THS knowledge was significantly greater in nonsmokers than in smokers. Increased awareness of THS may increase rates of tobacco use and quitting attempts. In the study by Patel et al., a change in smoking behavior was observed in 75% of parents who were informed about THS (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR31\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e31\u003c/span\u003e). In the study by Drehmer et al., parents were followed for 12 months, and their beliefs about THS were assessed. According to this study, parents who believed in harmful effects at the end of the 12-month period attempted to quit smoking at least once during the 12-month period and were strict about not smoking in a car or at home (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR32\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e32\u003c/span\u003e). The attitudes of users toward the harms of tobacco may change with THS awareness.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"CONCLUSION","content":"\u003cp\u003eThis study assessed THS awareness and the factors influencing it in a family medicine unit in Turkey and revealed that THS awareness was quite low. Awareness of THS can be an important factor in reducing tobacco consumption, which is a social problem. Family medicine, which has a preventive medical mission, has a great duty to increase this awareness. Therefore, awareness-raising initiatives should be strengthened in family health units.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"LIMITATION","content":"\u003cp\u003e We believe that our study makes an important contribution to the literature, as it is the first in the field of family medicine with a relatively large number of participants. However, the fact that our study is a single-center study is a limitation and makes it difficult to generalize the data obtained.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Declarations","content":" \u003cp\u003e \u003cstrong\u003eEthics approval and consent to participate:\u003c/strong\u003e \u003cp\u003eEthical committee approval was obtained from the Clinical Research Ethics Committee of Atat\u0026uuml;rk University Faculty of Medicine dated 7 September 2023 and numbered B.30.2.ATA.0.01.00/710. During the course of the research, the rules of Good Clinical Practice of the Declaration of Helsinki were followed. The subjects provided written informed consent.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cstrong\u003eConsent for publication:\u003c/strong\u003e \u003cp\u003eNot applicable.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e \u003ch2\u003eCompeting interest:\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe authors declare no conflicts of interest.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e \u003ch2\u003eFinancial Support\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eNone.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cstrong\u003eConflict of interest:\u003c/strong\u003e \u003cp\u003eThere are conflicts of interest to declare.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eFunding:\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eNone.\u003c/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eAuthor Contribution\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eH.A.A. conceptualized and designed the study, collected the data, performed the analyses, drafted and wrote the manuscript, reviewed and discussed the results, and supervised the study.S.A. performed the analyses, wrote the paper, assisted with the implementation phase of the study, reviewed and discussed the results and finalized the paper.A.A. performed the analyses and reviewed and discussed the results.\u003c/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eAcknowledgments:\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eNot applicable.\u003c/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eAvailability of data and material:\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe datasets used and/or analyzed during the current study are available from the corresponding author upon reasonable request.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"References","content":"\u003col\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eWinickoff JP, Friebely J, Tanski SE, Sherrod C, Matt GE, Hovell MF, et al. Beliefs about the health effects of \"thirdhand\" smoke and home smoking bans. Pediatrics. 2009;123(1):e74-9.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eWu JX, Lau ATY, Xu YM. Indoor Secondary Pollutants Cannot Be Ignored: Third-Hand Smoke. Toxics. 2022;10(7).\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eArguder E. Third\u0026ndash;hand smoke exposure and results. Eurasian Journal of Pulmonology. 2019;21(2):81.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eFerrante G, Simoni M, Cibella F, Ferrara F, Liotta G, Malizia V, et al. Third-hand smoke exposure and health hazards in children. Monaldi archives for chest disease\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;Archivio Monaldi per le malattie del torace. 2013;79(1):38\u0026ndash;43.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eKarim ZA, Alshbool FZ, Vemana HP, Adhami N, Dhall S, Espinosa EV, et al. Third-hand Smoke: Impact on Hemostasis and Thrombogenesis. 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Environmental health perspectives. 2011;119(2):A70-4.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eD\u0026iacute;ez-Izquierdo A, Lid\u0026oacute;n-Moyano C, Mart\u0026iacute;n-S\u0026aacute;nchez JC, Matilla-Santander N, Cassanello-Pe\u0026ntilde;arroya P, Balaguer A, et al. Smoke-free homes and attitudes towards banning smoking in vehicles carrying children in Spain (2016). Environmental research. 2017;158:590-7.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eMartins-Green M, Adhami N, Frankos M, Valdez M, Goodwin B, Lyubovitsky J, et al. Cigarette smoke toxins deposited on surfaces: implications for human health. PloS one. 2014;9(1):e86391.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eRoberts C, Wagler G, Carr MM. Environmental Tobacco Smoke: Public Perception of Risks of Exposing Children to Second- and Third-Hand Tobacco Smoke. Journal of pediatric health care: official publication of National Association of Pediatric Nurse Associates \u0026amp; Practitioners. 2017;31(1):e7-e13.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eJung JW, Ju YS, Kang HR. Association between parental smoking behavior and children's respiratory morbidity: 5-year study in an urban city of South Korea. Pediatric pulmonology. 2012;47(4):338\u0026ndash;45.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eEvans KA, Sims M, Judge K, Gilmore A. Assessing the knowledge of the potential harm to others caused by second-hand smoke and its impact on protective behaviours at home. Journal of public health (Oxford, England). 2012;34(2):183\u0026ndash;94.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eRabinerson D, From A, Borovich A. Active and secondhand (passive) smoking during pregnancy. Harefuah. 2020;159(7):503\u0026ndash;7.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003e\u0026Ouml;zpinar S, Demir Y, Yazicioğlu B, Bay\u0026ccedil;elebi S. Pregnant women's beliefs about third-hand smoke and exposure to tobacco smoke. Central European journal of public health. 2022;30(3):154\u0026ndash;9.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eAkbay, M. \u0026Ouml;., Soğukpınar, \u0026Ouml;., Aka Akt\u0026uuml;rk, \u0026Uuml;., \u0026amp; Ernam, D. (2023). Thirdhand smoke: How aware are patients?. Eurasian Journal of Pulmonology, \u003cem\u003e25\u003c/em\u003e(1), 39.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003e\u0026Ccedil;adirci D, Terzi NK, Terzi R, Cihan FG. Validity and reliability of Turkish version of Beliefs About Third-Hand Smoke Scale: BATHS-T. Central European journal of public health. 2021;29(1):56\u0026ndash;61.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eAcuff L, Fristoe K, Hamblen J, Smith M, Chen J. Third-Hand Smoke: Old Smoke, New Concerns. Journal of community health. 2016;41(3):680\u0026ndash;7.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eSalimoğlu S, \u0026Ccedil;ağatay HT, Akdur R. Determining University Students' Smoking Habits and Awareness Levels About Thirdhand Smoke. Addicta: The Turkish Journal on Addictions. 2023;10(1).\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eQuispe-Crist\u0026oacute;bal B, Lid\u0026oacute;n-Moyano C, Mart\u0026iacute;n-S\u0026aacute;nchez JC, P\u0026eacute;rez-Mart\u0026iacute;n H, Cartany\u0026agrave;-Hueso \u0026Agrave;, Cabriada-S\u0026aacute;ez \u0026Iacute;, et al., editors. Knowledge and opinions of healthcare professionals about thirdhand smoke: a multi-national, cross-sectional study. Healthcare; 2022: MDPI.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eAkca G, Akca U. Thirdhand smoke: Are parents aware of it. Research Square. 2022:1\u0026ndash;20.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eAkbal E, \u0026Uuml;nal E, G\u0026ouml;kler ME, Mollahaliloğlu S. Evaluation of Third Hand Cigarette Smoke Exposure and Awareness in University Students. Acıbadem \u0026Uuml;niversitesi Sağlık Bilimleri Dergisi. 2023;14(4):610\u0026ndash;20.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eQuispe-Crist\u0026oacute;bal B, Lid\u0026oacute;n-Moyano C, Mart\u0026iacute;n-S\u0026aacute;nchez JC, P\u0026eacute;rez-Mart\u0026iacute;n H, Cartany\u0026agrave;-Hueso \u0026Agrave;, Cabriada-S\u0026aacute;ez \u0026Iacute;, et al. Knowledge and Opinions of Healthcare Professionals about Thirdhand Smoke: A Multi-National, Cross-Sectional Study. Healthcare (Basel, Switzerland). 2022;10(5).\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eDarlow SD, Heckman CJ, Munshi T, Collins BN. Thirdhand smoke beliefs and behaviors among healthcare professionals. Psychology, health \u0026amp; medicine. 2017;22(4):415\u0026ndash;24.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eSargin F, Buldu E. Turkish Pediatrician Beliefs About Third-hand Smoking. Journal of pediatric health care: official publication of National Association of Pediatric Nurse Associates \u0026amp; Practitioners. 2024;38(1):97\u0026ndash;104.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003e\u0026Ccedil;oşğun İ G, \u0026Ccedil;ilekar Ş, Balcı A, K\u0026ouml;ymen BN, Moral S, Nur B, et al. The beliefs of medical faculty students about thirdhand smoke. Tobacco induced diseases. 2023;21:17.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eD\u0026iacute;ez-Izquierdo A, Cassanello P, Cartany\u0026agrave; A, Matilla-Santander N, Balaguer Santamaria A, Martinez-Sanchez JM. Knowledge and attitudes toward thirdhand smoke among parents with children under 3 years in Spain. Pediatric research. 2018;84(5):645\u0026ndash;9.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003ePatel S, Hendry P, Kalynych C, Butterfield R, Lott M, Lukens-Bull K. The impact of third-hand smoke education in a pediatric emergency department on caregiver smoking policies and quit status: A pilot study. International Journal on Disability and Human Development. 2012;11(4):335\u0026ndash;42.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eDrehmer JE, Ossip DJ, Nabi-Burza E, Rigotti NA, Hipple B, Woo H, et al. Thirdhand smoke beliefs of parents. Pediatrics. 2014;133(4):e850-6.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003c/ol\u003e"}],"fulltextSource":"","fullText":"","funders":[],"hasAdminPriorityOnWorkflow":false,"hasManuscriptDocX":true,"hasOptedInToPreprint":true,"hasPassedJournalQc":"","hasAnyPriority":false,"hideJournal":true,"highlight":"","institution":"","isAcceptedByJournal":false,"isAuthorSuppliedPdf":false,"isDeskRejected":"","isHiddenFromSearch":false,"isInQc":false,"isInWorkflow":false,"isPdf":false,"isPdfUpToDate":true,"isWithdrawnOrRetracted":false,"journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"researchsquare","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"/submission","title":"Research Square","twitterHandle":"researchsquare","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"","reportingPortfolio":"","inReviewEnabled":false,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true},"keywords":"Thirdhand smoke, Family medicine, Tobacco use disorder, Awareness","lastPublishedDoi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-6001657/v1","lastPublishedDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-6001657/v1","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"},"manuscriptAbstract":"\u003ch2\u003eObjective\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThirdhand smoke (THS) refers to contaminants in cigarette smoke that contaminate surfaces and continue to be released for a long time. THS adversely affects human health. In this study, we aimed to investigate the level of knowledge and awareness of THS among individuals who applied to a family medicine unit in Turkey.\u003c/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eMethod\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThis cross-sectional study included individuals over the age of 18 who were registered with a family medicine unit between October and December 2023. The questionnaire, which was created via Google Forms, asked individuals to provide demographic information and complete questions from the Beliefs About Third-Hand Smoking (BATHS-T) scale. The questionnaire was read to the individuals face-to-face by a clinician. Some individuals were asked to complete the questionnaire themselves in the virtual environment by reading the generated QR code.\u003c/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eResults\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eA total of 1025 participants were included in the study; the mean age was 34.24\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;11.18 years, 74.24% (n\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;761) were female, 79.22% (n\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;812) were married, and 19.61% (n\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;201) had chronic diseases. A total of 27.51% (n\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;282) of the participants were smokers. Only 14,82% (n\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;152) of the participants had information about thirdhand smoke. Those over 35 years of age had significantly lower total BATHS-T scores than did those aged 35 years and younger (p\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.001). The total BATHS-T score of women was significantly greater than that of men (p\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001). The BATHS-T total score of those with chronic diseases was significantly lower than that of those without chronic diseases (p\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0,030). The BATHS-T total score of nonsmokers was significantly higher than that of smokers, those who had information about third-hand smoke were significantly higher than those who did not, and those who cared about the presence of cigarette smoke when buying a car or staying in a hotel room were significantly higher than those who did not (p\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0,001).\u003c/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eConclusion\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eIn this study, THS awareness levels were found to be quite low. Family physicians who have a preventive medicine mission have a great duty to increase this awareness.\u003c/p\u003e","manuscriptTitle":"Assessment of the Knowledge of Thirdhand Smoke Awareness in Turkey: A Call to Action for Family Physicians","msid":"","msnumber":"","nonDraftVersions":[{"code":1,"date":"2025-02-19 09:11:58","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-6001657/v1","editorialEvents":[{"type":"communityComments","content":0}],"status":"published","journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"researchsquare","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"/submission","title":"Research Square","twitterHandle":"researchsquare","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"","reportingPortfolio":"","inReviewEnabled":false,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true}}],"origin":"","ownerIdentity":"08ab34af-6470-49e5-bd73-63608b2fb670","owner":[],"postedDate":"February 19th, 2025","published":true,"recentEditorialEvents":[],"rejectedJournal":[],"revision":"","amendment":"","status":"posted","subjectAreas":[],"tags":[],"updatedAt":"2025-02-22T17:38:15+00:00","versionOfRecord":[],"versionCreatedAt":"2025-02-19 09:11:58","video":"","vorDoi":"","vorDoiUrl":"","workflowStages":[]},"version":"v1","identity":"rs-6001657","journalConfig":"researchsquare"},"__N_SSP":true},"page":"/article/[identity]/[[...version]]","query":{"redirect":"/article/rs-6001657","identity":"rs-6001657","version":["v1"]},"buildId":"8U1c8b4HqxoKbykW_rLl7","isFallback":false,"isExperimentalCompile":false,"dynamicIds":[84888],"gssp":true,"scriptLoader":[]}