The Predictive Value of Neutrophil-to-Lymphocyte Ratio, Platelet-to-Lymphocyte Ratio, and Lymphocyte-to-Monocyte Ratio for Early Recurrence in Patients with Atrial Fibrillation After Radiofrequency Ablation

The Predictive Value of Neutrophil-to-Lymphocyte Ratio, Platelet-to-Lymphocyte Ratio, and Lymphocyte-to-Monocyte Ratio for Early Recurrence in Patients with Atrial Fibrillation After Radiofrequency Ablation | Research Square window.SnipcartSettings = { analytics: { enabled: false } }; (function() { var accessVector = localStorage.getItem('access_vector') || ''; window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; if (accessVector) { window.dataLayer.push({ user: { profile: { profileInfo: { snid: accessVector } } } }); } })(); (function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start':new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0],j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src='https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f);})(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-K279D39R'); Browse Preprints In Review Journals COVID-19 Preprints AJE Video Bytes Research Tools Research Promotion AJE Professional Editing AJE Rubriq About Preprint Platform In Review Editorial Policies Our Team Advisory Board Help Center Sign In Submit a Preprint Cite Share Download PDF Research Article The Predictive Value of Neutrophil-to-Lymphocyte Ratio, Platelet-to-Lymphocyte Ratio, and Lymphocyte-to-Monocyte Ratio for Early Recurrence in Patients with Atrial Fibrillation After Radiofrequency Ablation Zhang Lizhong¹, Li Yang², Wang Haitang¹, Liu Haiyan¹, Yang Bing³ This is a preprint; it has not been peer reviewed by a journal. https://doi.org/ 10.21203/rs.3.rs-7843975/v1 This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License Status: Under Review Version 1 posted 7 You are reading this latest preprint version Abstract Objective This study aimed to investigate the risk factors associated with early recurrence after radiofrequency catheter ablation for atrial fibrillation (AF). It specifically evaluated the predictive value of multiple inflammatory biomarkers, including the neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio (NLR), platelet-to-lymphocyte ratio (PLR), and lymphocyte-to-monocyte ratio (LMR). The goal was to identify potential therapeutic targets to reduce the rate of early post-ablation AF recurrence. Methods This was a retrospective, single-center study that included 267 patients with AF who underwent radiofrequency ablation between 2019 and 2024. The cohort included 114 patients with paroxysmal AF and 153 with persistent AF. All patients were observed for a 3-month period post-procedure to collect clinical and imaging data and to determine recurrence. The collected data included general patient information, clinical history, and laboratory parameters (such as complete blood count and high-sensitivity C-reactive protein). The inflammatory markers NLR, PLR, and LMR were calculated from these results. Echocardiography was used to measure cardiac structural parameters, such as left atrial diameter (LAD) and left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF). Statistical analysis was used to compare these variables between the recurrence group (n = 79) and the non-recurrence group (n = 188) and to assess the relationship between inflammation and cardiac structure. Results Multivariate logistic regression analysis indicated that PLR, LMR, and absolute monocyte count were independent risk factors for early recurrence after AF ablation. A Receiver Operating Characteristic (ROC) curve analysis based on this predictive model showed an area under the curve (AUC) of 0.9293, indicating high predictive accuracy. Subgroup analysis revealed that patients with persistent AF had a significantly higher rate of early recurrence than patients with paroxysmal AF (37% vs. 20%, respectively). Furthermore, the persistent AF group had significantly higher NLR levels and larger left atrial diameters. A significant correlation was observed between inflammatory markers and changes in cardiac structure. In the overall recurrence group, NLR was significantly positively correlated with LAD (r = 0.657, p < 0.05) and significantly negatively correlated with LVEF (r = − 0.467, p < 0.05). These correlations varied among different AF subtypes, suggesting that NLR, PLR, and LMR are all involved in the process of cardiac remodeling. Conclusion Elevated PLR, LMR, and absolute monocyte count are independent predictors of early AF recurrence after radiofrequency ablation. The higher inflammatory state indicated by these markers is associated with an increased risk of recurrence and is linked to adverse cardiac remodeling. These findings suggest that NLR, PLR, and LMR have potential clinical value in cardiac remodeling and predicting early AF recurrence, can be used for risk stratification, and may become therapeutic targets for managing patients with AF. Atrial Fibrillation Radiofrequency Catheter Ablation Inflammatory Biomarkers Neutrophil-to-Lymphocyte Ratio Cardiac Remodeling Figures Figure 1 Figure 2 Figure 3 Figure 4 Figure 5 Figure 6 Figure 7 1. Introduction Atrial fibrillation (AF) is a common sustained arrhythmia in clinical practice, characterized by rapid and disorganized atrial electrical activity 1 . This condition significantly increases the risk of serious complications, including heart failure and thromboembolic events (such as ischemic stroke), leading to a significant increase in its mortality rate 2 . Globally, the prevalence of AF is on the rise, posing a major challenge to public health 3 . The latest epidemiological survey in China shows that the total prevalence of AF is 0.8%, increasing sharply with age, with the prevalence reaching 7.5% in people over 80 years old 4 . Radiofrequency catheter ablation has now become the cornerstone therapy for symptomatic AF, especially for patients who are refractory to antiarrhythmic drug therapy. The procedure restores and maintains sinus rhythm by electrically isolating the pulmonary veins—the main source of ectopic triggers. However, despite advances in ablation techniques, the long-term effectiveness of the procedure is limited by a high recurrence rate 5 . Studies have reported that 30–40% of patients experience a recurrence of AF within one year post-procedure 6 . Such a high recurrence rate highlights our insufficient understanding of the underlying pathophysiology of AF and the urgent need for better risk stratification tools. The mechanisms leading to AF recurrence are multifactorial and have not yet been fully elucidated. Established risk factors include left atrial enlargement, atrial fibrosis, hypertension, and diabetes 7 , 8 . In recent years, evidence has suggested that systemic inflammation and oxidative stress play a key role in the onset and persistence of AF. Existing evidence indicates that inflammation is involved in the occurrence and development of AF recurrence by promoting atrial electrical and/or structural remodeling—two core processes in the pathophysiology of AF 9 . Furthermore, some studies have pointed out that inflammation induces cardiomyocyte apoptosis and fibrosis, thereby disrupting the stability of atrial electrical conduction and increasing susceptibility to AF 10 . Cardiac structural remodeling, especially of the left atrium, is a recognized predictor of AF recurrence. Parameters such as left atrial diameter (LAD) are routinely used to assess the extent of remodeling 11 . An enlarged atrium provides a larger substrate for sustaining fibrillatory waves. The interaction between inflammation and changes in cardiac structure is an active area of research. It has been confirmed that left atrial enlargement is a powerful independent predictor of post-ablation recurrence, highlighting the clinical importance of structural remodeling 12 . Systemic inflammatory markers, which are easily obtained from peripheral blood tests, have attracted widespread attention for their potential to predict cardiovascular outcomes. Traditional markers such as C-reactive protein (CRP) and white blood cell count have shown some association with AF 13, 14 . When AF occurs, CRP forms a complex with phosphatidylcholine on the surface of cardiomyocytes, thereby further altering the exchange between calcium and sodium ions, ultimately affecting the heart's electrophysiological structure and leading to AF recurrence 15 . Recently, composite indices such as the neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio (NLR), platelet-to-lymphocyte ratio (PLR), and lymphocyte-to-monocyte ratio (LMR) have been considered more stable and better indicators of the underlying inflammatory state. These ratios reflect the balance between different components of the innate and adaptive immune systems and have been validated as prognostic markers in various inflammatory, cardiovascular, and neoplastic diseases 16 , 17 . Studies have shown that an elevated NLR is associated with increased inflammation and oxidative stress, which may promote the atrial remodeling that forms the basis of AF recurrence 18 Therefore, as easily accessible novel inflammatory biomarkers, NLR, PLR, and LMR have shown high value in the clinical application of predicting cardiovascular diseases. Although previous studies have explored the link between single inflammatory markers and AF recurrence, there is still a need to simultaneously study multiple novel markers (NLR, PLR, LMR) and examine their relationship with changes in cardiac structure in different types of AF (paroxysmal and persistent). This study aims to fill this gap by evaluating the predictive value of NLR, PLR, and LMR for early post-ablation AF recurrence and to explore whether these inflammatory indices are associated with cardiac structural remodeling, thereby providing new therapeutic targets and theoretical bases for improving patient outcomes. 2. Materials and Methods 2.1 Study Design and Population This was a single-center, retrospective cohort study. The study subjects were 267 patients who were diagnosed with atrial fibrillation in a community hospital and then referred to a tertiary hospital for their first radiofrequency catheter ablation from January 2019 to April 2024. All patients successfully completed the ablation surgery and were followed up at the community hospital for at least three months.Based on the type of AF, the cohort was divided into a paroxysmal AF group (114 cases) and a persistent AF group (153 cases). The study was approved by the institutional ethics committee, and the approval number is SGL2025-4. 2.2 Inclusion and Exclusion Criteria Inclusion criteria were as follows: (1) Diagnosis of AF confirmed by at least two physicians at the associate chief level or above based on medical history, clinical symptoms, and a 12-lead ECG or 24-hour Holter monitoring; (2) Ineffective response or intolerance to antiarrhythmic drug therapy; (3) Undergoing a first-time AF ablation procedure. Exclusion criteria were as follows: (1) Presence of structural heart diseases such as organic, congenital, or hypertrophic cardiomyopathy; (2) Presence of acute or chronic infections, hematological diseases, autoimmune diseases, malignant tumors, or severe liver or kidney dysfunction; (3) Recent use of drugs that could affect inflammatory markers, such as glucocorticoids or immunosuppressants; (4) Presence of thyroid dysfunction, severe heart failure, or recent myocardial infarction; (5) Follow-up period of less than three months. 2.3 Data Collection (1) General Data: Age, gender, body mass index (BMI), duration of AF, and comorbidities such as hypertension, diabetes, coronary heart disease, and hyperthyroidism. Lifestyle factors such as smoking and alcohol consumption were also recorded. (2) Laboratory Data: Venous blood samples were collected. A complete blood count was performed using an automated hematology analyzer to obtain counts of white blood cells, neutrophils, lymphocytes, monocytes, and platelets. Based on these values, the following inflammatory ratios were calculated: NLR = absolute neutrophil count / absolute lymphocyte count PLR = platelet count / absolute lymphocyte count LMR = absolute lymphocyte count / absolute monocyte count (3) Echocardiographic Data: All patients underwent a transthoracic color Doppler echocardiogram performed by a senior sonographer using a Philips 7500 system with a 3.5MHz probe. The key cardiac structural parameters measured included left atrial diameter (LAD), right atrial diameter (RAD), left ventricular diameter (LVD), right ventricular diameter (RVD), and left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF). 2.4 Follow-up and Outcome After the ablation procedure, patients were followed up for a period of three months. During this period, patients underwent daily ECG monitoring while in the hospital and at least one 24-hour Holter monitoring after discharge. The primary study endpoint was early AF recurrence, defined as any episode of atrial fibrillation, atrial flutter, or atrial tachycardia lasting more than 30 seconds detected after the initial 3-month blanking period. Based on this outcome, patients were divided into a "Recurrence group" (n = 79) and a "Non-recurrence group" (n = 188). 2.5 Statistical Methods All statistical analyses were performed using SPSS version 24.0 software. Continuous variables were tested for normality. Normally distributed data were expressed as mean ± standard deviation (x ± s) and compared using an independent samples t-test. Non-normally distributed data were expressed as median and interquartile range (IQR) and compared using the Mann-Whitney U test. Categorical variables were expressed as frequency and percentage (n (%)) and compared using the Chi-square test or Fisher's exact test as appropriate. To identify independent predictors of AF recurrence, variables with a p-value < 0.05 in the univariate analysis were included in a binary logistic regression model. The predictive accuracy of the final model was assessed by constructing a Receiver Operating Characteristic (ROC) curve and calculating the area under the curve (AUC). Pearson correlation analysis was performed using Python software to evaluate the relationship between inflammatory markers and cardiac structural parameters. These correlations were visualized using heatmaps and scatter plots. A two-sided p-value < 0.05 was considered statistically significant for all tests. 3. Results 3.1 Comparison Between Recurrence and Non-Recurrence Groups A total of 267 patients were included in this study, of whom 79 (29.6%) experienced early AF recurrence during the 3-month follow-up period, while 188 (70.4%) maintained sinus rhythm. Univariate analysis revealed significant differences between the recurrence and non-recurrence groups in several aspects (Table 1). The proportion of patients with persistent AF was significantly higher in the recurrence group (71% vs. 52%, p=0.006), as was the proportion with a history of diabetes (59% vs. 29%, p<0.001). There were also significant differences in blood cell counts: the recurrence group had lower platelet counts (median 168 vs. 230 x10⁹/L, p<0.001), higher absolute lymphocyte counts (median 2.77 vs. 2.37 x10⁹/L, p<0.001), higher absolute neutrophil counts (median 5.22 vs. 4.21 x10⁹/L, p<0.001), and lower absolute eosinophil counts (median 0.08 vs. 0.11 x10⁹/L, p=0.025). The absolute monocyte count in the recurrence group was also significantly lower than in the non-recurrence group (median 0.33 vs. 0.36 x10⁹/L, p=0.016). Analysis of the differences in inflammatory markers between the two groups revealed that all three inflammatory markers showed significant differences (Table 2). The recurrence group had significantly higher levels of NLR (median 2.29 vs. 1.80, p<0.001), PLR (median 94.31 vs. 79.07, p<0.001), and LMR (median 8.63 vs. 6.85, p<0.001). Echocardiographic analysis showed that patients in the recurrence group had a significantly larger LAD (median 43 mm vs. 41 mm, p=0.002) and a higher left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) (median 66% vs. 65%, p=0.012). The right atrial diameter (RAD) in the recurrence group was smaller (4.03 cm vs. 5.10 cm, p=0.016) (Table 3). To further evaluate the risk factors for post-ablation AF recurrence, variables that were significant in the univariate analysis were included in a binary logistic regression model. The results showed that PLR (OR 1.13, p<0.001), LMR (OR 2.60, p=0.00048), and absolute monocyte count (OR 4.27, p=0.0008) were independent predictors of early AF recurrence (Table 4). The ROC curve constructed based on these independent predictors showed high predictive accuracy, with an AUC of 0.9293 (Figure 1). Correlation Analysis: A heatmap of the correlation between cardiac structure and inflammatory factors in the AF recurrence group after radiofrequency ablation is shown (Figure 2). The heatmap of the 5 variables shows the correlation between them; the darker the color, the stronger the correlation. Variables with significant correlations are represented by scatter plots. In the recurrence group, there was a significant positive correlation between LAD and NLR (r=0.657, p<0.05), and a significant negative correlation between LVEF and NLR (r=−0.467, p<0.05) (Figure 3). 3.2 Comparison Between Paroxysmal and Persistent AF Groups The recurrence rate in the persistent AF group (56 of 153 cases, 37%) was significantly higher than in the paroxysmal AF group (23 of 114 cases, 20%) (p=0.006) (Table 5). Compared to patients with paroxysmal AF, patients with persistent AF had significantly higher absolute neutrophil counts (median 4.70 vs. 4.19 x10⁹/L, p=0.019), NLR (median 1.94 vs. 1.71, p=0.002), and LAD (median 43 mm vs. 40.5 mm, p<0.001) (Table 6). 3.3 Paroxysmal AF Subgroup Analysis Within the paroxysmal AF group, univariate analysis identified a history of alcohol consumption, PLR, LMR, absolute neutrophil count, and absolute lymphocyte count as important risk factors for recurrence (Table 7). Multivariate analysis confirmed that PLR (OR 1.07, p=0.0009), LMR (OR 1.41, p=0.067, trend), absolute neutrophil count (OR 2.38, p=0.0072), and absolute lymphocyte count (OR 19.6, p=0.003) were independent predictors of recurrence (Table 8). Inflammatory Factors and Imaging Indicators: In the paroxysmal AF recurrence subgroup, LAD was negatively correlated with LVEF (r=−0.467, p<0.05) and also negatively correlated with NLR (r=−0.511, p<0.05). Conversely, LVEF was positively correlated with NLR (r=0.649, p<0.05) (Figure 4, Figure 5). 3.4 Persistent AF Subgroup Analysis In the persistent AF group, the factors associated with recurrence were more extensive, including female gender, history of diabetes, white blood cell count, platelet count, absolute counts of neutrophils, lymphocytes, and eosinophils, degree of tricuspid regurgitation, as well as NLR, PLR, and LMR (Table 9). Multivariate analysis identified PLR (OR 1.18, p=0.0016) and absolute lymphocyte count (OR 50.8, p=0.003) as independent risk factors for recurrence in this subgroup (Table 10). Heatmap and Scatter Plot Analysis: In the persistent AF recurrence subgroup, LAD was negatively correlated with LMR (r=−0.327, p<0.05), and positively correlated with both PLR (r=0.361, p<0.05) and NLR (r=0.361, p<0.05) (Figure 6, Figure 7). 4. Discussion This study investigated the predictive value of the inflammatory markers NLR, PLR, and LMR for early recurrence of AF after radiofrequency catheter ablation. Our main findings indicate that higher PLR, LMR, and absolute monocyte count are independent predictors of early recurrence. Furthermore, we confirmed that a higher inflammatory state is associated with the progression from paroxysmal to persistent AF and is correlated with adverse cardiac structural remodeling, particularly left atrial enlargement. The association between inflammation and atrial fibrillation is well-documented, with the inflammatory process believed to create a proarrhythmic substrate in the atria. The potential mechanism for increased AF recurrence with a high NLR level after radiofrequency ablation is that the inflammatory response causes atrial myocyte calcium overload through related receptors and ion channels, leading to injury, apoptosis, and fibrosis of atrial myocytes related to AF, playing an important role in atrial electrical and structural remodeling, increasing AF susceptibility, and thus promoting the occurrence and maintenance of AF 19 . A high PLR often indicates a poor prognosis for cardiovascular disease; after percutaneous coronary intervention in patients with acute myocardial infarction, the high PLR group has a lower TIMI flow grade, a higher rate of no-reflow, and a worse prognosis 19 . Another study pointed out that LMR is a dynamically balanced inflammatory factor and shows differences between paroxysmal and persistent AF 20 . Our study found that PLR, LMR, and monocyte count are independent predictors of recurrence, which adds new evidence to the existing literature. The AUC value of 0.9293 from the ROC curve analysis indicates that a model including these inflammatory markers has excellent discriminatory power, highlighting their potential clinical value for risk stratification. Unlike some previous studies, our results did not find NLR to be an independent predictor in the overall multivariate model, although it was significantly elevated in the recurrence group and in patients with persistent AF. This may be due to the strong interaction and collinearity among various leukocyte subtypes 21 . In contrast, PLR and LMR emerged as more robust independent markers. The inflammatory markers NLR, PLR, and LMR are inexpensive, readily available from a standard blood test, and can be incorporated into pre-ablation risk assessment models. Identifying patients at high risk of recurrence can help with closer follow-up, optimization of medical therapy, or consideration of more aggressive ablation strategies. The pathological mechanism of inflammatory factors in cardiac structural remodeling is quite complex 22 , 23 . Previous studies have pointed out that an imbalance between inflammatory factors and anti-inflammatory mediators, as well as between oxidative factors and antioxidants, plays an important role in atrial remodeling 24 . Long-term inflammation and oxidative stress can lead to mitochondrial DNA damage in atrial myocytes, which in turn impairs mitochondrial function, ultimately forming a vicious cycle of oxidative stress 25 . The remodeling of the atria can exacerbate pathophysiological changes, increase the occurrence of multiple small re-entry circuits and persistence, and promote the sustained onset of atrial fibrillation. All this evidence indicates that persistent inflammation can trigger the sustained onset of atrial fibrillation by promoting atrial remodeling 26 . This study found that in the persistent AF recurrence group, higher NLR and PLR were associated with a larger LAD, while a higher LMR was associated with a smaller LAD. This suggests that in advanced AF, a pro-inflammatory state (higher NLR/PLR, lower LMR) drives atrial dilation. However, the correlation was different in the paroxysmal AF recurrence group. A higher NLR was associated with a smaller LAD. This may represent a compensatory mechanism in the early stages of the disease, where an acute inflammatory response may lead to temporary changes in atrial dimensions, which is worthy of further study. This study confirms the key role of structural remodeling in AF recurrence. We observed that a larger LAD is an important risk factor for recurrence, which is consistent with previous research. An enlarged atrium provides a larger surface area for stabilizing re-entry rotors, making AF more likely to persist and recur after ablation. However, this study has several limitations. First, as a retrospective, single-center study, it is susceptible to selection bias, and its findings may not be applicable to all populations. Second, the sample size, especially in the subgroup analyses, was relatively small, which may limit the statistical power to detect some associations. Third, we only measured inflammatory markers at a single time point before ablation; serial measurements might provide more insight into the dynamic nature of inflammation. Finally, we did not have direct measurement data of atrial fibrosis, such as from late gadolinium enhancement MRI, which could have provided a more direct link between inflammation and the atrial substrate. Large-scale, prospective studies are needed in the future to validate these findings and to explore whether targeting inflammation can improve the long-term success of AF ablation. Abbreviations AF : Atrial fibrillation CRP : C-reactive protein NLR : Neutrophil to lymphocyte ratio PLR : Platelet to lymphocyte ratio LMR : Lymphocytes to monocytes ratio LVD : Left ventricular diameter LAD : Left atrial diameter LVPWT : Left ventricular posterior wall thickness RVD : Right ventricular diameter RAD : Right atrial diameter Declarations Funding statement: This work received no specific grant from any funding agency, commercial or not-for-profit sectors. Ethics approval and consent to participate As this study is retrospective, it does not infringe upon the rights of the patients included. Therefore, informed consent was waived. This study was approved by the Ethics Committee of Shanghai Pudong New Area Shanggang Community Health Service Center. The ethical approval number is SGL2025-4. Our study adhered to the Declaration of Helsinki to this effect. Consent for publication Not applicable Availability of data and materials Not applicable Competing Interests The authors declare no competing interests. Funding Not applicable Authors' contributions Zhang Lizhong and Li Yang. designed the study and wrote the main manuscript text. Wang Haitang and Liu Haiyan assisted in the experimental design and manuscript revision. Yang Bing contributed to data collection and analysis and supervised the research and critically reviewed the final manuscript. All authors read and approved the final version of the manuscript. Zhang Lizhong and Li Yang contributed equally to this work and are co–first authors. Acknowledgements Not applicable Clinical trial number: not applicable. Human Ethics and Consent to Participate declarations: not applicable References Oldgren J, Åsberg S, Hijazi Z, Wester P, Bertilsson M, Norrving B. Early Versus Delayed Non-Vitamin K Antagonist Oral Anticoagulant Therapy After Acute Ischemic Stroke in Atrial Fibrillation (TIMING): A Registry-Based Randomized Controlled Noninferiority Study. Circulation . Oct 4 2022;146(14):1056-1066. doi:10.1161/circulationaha.122.060666 Poole JE, Bahnson TD, Monahan KH, et al. Recurrence of Atrial Fibrillation After Catheter Ablation or Antiarrhythmic Drug Therapy in the CABANA Trial. J Am Coll Cardiol . Jun 30 2020;75(25):3105-3118. doi:10.1016/j.jacc.2020.04.065 Sohns C, Fox H, Marrouche NF, et al. Catheter Ablation in End-Stage Heart Failure with Atrial Fibrillation. N Engl J Med . 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Oct 1 2016;220:208-13. doi:10.1016/j.ijcard.2016.06.197 Tani H, Sadahiro T, Yamada Y, et al. Direct Reprogramming Improves Cardiac Function and Reverses Fibrosis in Chronic Myocardial Infarction. Circulation . Jan 17 2023;147(3):223-238. doi:10.1161/circulationaha.121.058655 Hanna A, Frangogiannis NG. Inflammatory Cytokines and Chemokines as Therapeutic Targets in Heart Failure. Cardiovasc Drugs Ther . Dec 2020;34(6):849-863. doi:10.1007/s10557-020-07071-0 Tables Table 1 Comparison of clinical data between the group with and without recurrence of atrial fibrillation after radiofrequency ablation Variable Recurrence Group (n = 79) Non-Recurrence Group (n = 188) p Statistic Age 75 (70, 78.5) 73 (68, 78) 0.164 6624 Disease duration 5 (4.5, 5) 5 (5, 5.25) 0.847 7530 Sex (%) 0.21 1.569 Female 46 (58) 92 (49) Male 33 (42) 96 (51) AF type (%) 0.006 7.69 1 91 (48) 23 (29) 2 97 (52) 56 (71) Hypertension (%) 0.838 0.042 No 31 (39) 78 (41) Yes 48 (61) 110 (59) Diabetes (%) < 0.001 21.105 No 32 (41) 134 (71) Yes 47 (59) 54 (29) Hyperthyroidism (%) 1 Fisher No 79 (100) 187 (99) Yes 0 (0) 1 (1) Coronary Heart Disease (%) 0.731 0.118 No 72 (91) 167 (89) Yes 7 (9) 21 (11) Smoking (%) 0.767 0.088 No 72 (91) 175 (93) Yes 7 (9) 13 (7) Alcohol consumption (%) 0.573 Fisher No 73 (92) 178 (95) Yes 6 (8) 10 (5) Cardiac function class (%) 0.858 0.763 I 23 (26) 16 (20) 0.756 0.056 II 18 (22) 26 (33) III 20 (21) 17 (22) IV 18 (24) 20 (25) RBC 4.16 ± 0.49 4.2 ± 0.5 0.51 0.661 Hemoglobin 129 (115.5, 139) 129 (119, 140) 0.482 7831.5 WBC 5.42 (4.39, 6.37) 5.2 (4.47, 6.04) 0.601 7124.5 Platelets 168 (136, 194.5) 230 (184, 272) < 0.001 11503.5 Absolute lymphocyte count 2.77 (2.48, 3.24) 2.37 (2.11, 2.72) < 0.001 4078 Absolute neutrophil count 5.22 (4.58, 6.03) 4.21 (3.61, 4.94) < 0.001 4249.5 Absolute eosinophil count 0.08 (0.05, 0.15) 0.11 (0.07, 0.17) 0.025 8713 Absolute monocyte count 0.33 (0.26, 0.41) 0.36 (0.3, 0.42) 0.016 8807.5 Table 2: Comparison of Inflammatory Factors Between AF Recurrence and Non-Recurrence Groups After Radiofrequency Ablation Variable Recurrence Group (n = 79) Non-Recurrence Group (n = 188) p Statistic C-reactive protein 1.6 (1.6, 1.73) 1.6 (1.6, 1.6) 0.707 7256.5 White blood cell count 5.42 (4.39, 6.37) 5.2 (4.47, 6.04) 0.601 7124.5 NLR 2.29 (1.6, 2.82) 1.8 (1.39, 2.11) <0.001 5435 PLR 94.31 (78.85, 111.2) 79.07 (65.25, 96.7) <0.001 5043 LMR 8.63 (6.87, 10.85) 6.85 (5.58, 8.09) <0.001 4363.5 Table 3: Comparison of Cardiac Structures Between AF Recurrence and Non-Recurrence Groups After Radiofrequency Ablation Variable Recurrence Group (n = 79) Non-Recurrence Group (n = 188) p Statistic RAD (cm) 4.03 ± 1.16 5.10 ± 1.36 0.016 2.36 RVD (cm) 4.57 ± 0.48 4.62 ± 0.62 0.182 0.987 Left Ventricular Ejection Fraction 66 (63, 69) 65 (62, 67.25) 0.012 5985.5 Left Atrial Diameter (mm) 43 (40.5, 49) 41 (37, 45) 0.002 5601.5 Table 4: Multivariate Analysis of AF Recurrence and Non-Recurrence Groups After Radiofrequency Ablation Statistic B SE Wald OR 95% CI P PLR 0.12 0.23 27.95 1.13 0.084, 0.178 < 0.001 LMR 0.96 0.27 12.18 2.60 0.42, 1.52 0.00048 Absolute monocyte count 15.26 4.58 11.08 4.27 5.72, 24.49 0.0008 Table 5: Univariate Analysis of Clinical Data for Different Categories of Atrial Fibrillation Variable Paroxysmal AF (n = 114) Persistent AF (n = 153) p Statistic Outcome (%) 0.006 7.69 No recurrence 91 (80) 97 (63) Recurrence 23 (20) 56 (37) Age 74 (68.25, 80) 74 (68, 78) 0.555 9089.5 Sex (%) 0.034 4.511 Female 68 (60) 70 (46) Male 46 (40) 83 (54) Hypertension (%) 0.794 0.068 No 45 (39) 64 (42) Yes 69 (61) 89 (58) Diabetes (%) 0.238 1.391 No 76 (67) 90 (59) Yes 38 (33) 63 (41) Hyperthyroidism (%) 1 Fisher No 114 (100) 152 (99) Yes 0 (0) 1 (1) Coronary Heart Disease (%) 0.826 0.048 No 101 (89) 138 (90) Yes 13 (11) 15 (10) Smoking (%) 0.985 0 No 106 (93) 141 (92) Yes 8 (7) 12 (8) Alcohol consumption (%) 1 0 No 107 (94) 144 (94) Yes 7 (6) 9 (6) Disease duration 5 (5, 6.75) 5 (4, 5) 0.133 9596.5 Mitral regurgitation (%) 0.232 None 72 (63) 90 (59) Mild 30 (26) 38 (25) Moderate 12 (11) 19 (12) Severe 0 (0) 6 (4) Aortic regurgitation (%) 0.053 Fisher None 93 (81) 106 (69) Mild 14 (12) 37 (24) Moderate 7 (6) 9 (6) Severe 0 (0) 1 (1) Tricuspid regurgitation (%) 0.364 Fisher None 72 (63) 86 (57) Mild 30 (26) 40 (26) Moderate 10 (9) 24 (16) Severe 2 (2) 3 (2) Cardiac function class (%) 0.685 1.489 I 38 (25) II 43 (28) III 35 (23) IV 37 (24) RBC 4.18 ± 0.48 4.2 ± 0.51 0.762 -0.304 Hemoglobin 127 (117, 139) 130 (119, 140) 0.131 7777.5 Platelets 219.5 (173.5, 268.75) 195.5 (158.75, 241.5) 0.013 10198.5 Absolute lymphocyte count 2.5 (2.19, 2.91) 2.47 (2.15, 2.92) 0.766 8907 Absolute neutrophil count 4.19 (3.64, 5.1) 4.7 (3.89, 5.51) 0.019 7251 Absolute eosinophil count 0.11 (0.07, 0.17) 0.1 (0.06, 0.16) 0.47 9171.5 Absolute monocyte count 0.35 (0.29, 0.42) 0.34 (0.28, 0.42) 0.763 8532 Table 6: Analysis of Inflammatory Factors for Different Categories of Atrial Fibrillation Variable Paroxysmal AF (n = 114) Persistent AF (n = 153) p Statistic C-reactive protein 1.6 (1.6, 1.67) 1.6 (1.6, 1.6) 0.728 8551 White blood cell count 5.28 (4.44, 6.03) 5.22 (4.46, 6.14) 0.882 8627.5 NLR 1.71 (1.31, 2.11) 1.94 (1.61, 2.49) 0.002 6779.5 PLR 80.92 (66.73, 98.34) 86.83 (68.64, 103.73) 0.178 7879 LMR 7.44 (5.81, 8.75) 7.29 (5.79, 8.94) 0.634 9018.5 Table 7: Analysis of Inflammatory Factors in Recurrence and Non-Recurrence Groups for Paroxysmal AF Patients Variable Recurrence Group (n = 23) Non-Recurrence Group (n = 91) p Statistic C-reactive protein 1.6 (1.6, 2.01) 1.6 (1.6, 1.6) 0.397 950 White blood cell count 5.19 (4.48, 5.85) 5.66 (4.31, 7.29) 0.234 877.5 NLR 2 (1.34, 2.64) 1.69 (1.31, 1.98) 0.152 843 PLR 94.08 (78.35, 108.18) 79.09 (65.79, 93.87) 0.031 741 LMR 9.37 (6.97, 11.06) 7.33 (5.74, 8.21) 0.006 658 Table 8: Multivariate Analysis of Recurrence and Non-Recurrence Groups for Paroxysmal AF Patients Variable B SE Wald OR 95% CI P PLR 0.08 0.02 10.91 1.07 0.03, 0.13 0.0009 LMR 0.34 0.19 3.35 1.41 0.12, 0.74 0.067 Absolute neutrophil count 0.87 0.33 7.21 2.38 0.24, 1.57 0.0072 Absolute lymphocyte count 2.97 1.01 8.63 19.6 1.16, 5.24 0.003 Table 9: Analysis of Inflammatory Factors in Recurrence and Non-Recurrence Groups for Persistent AF Patients Variable Recurrence Group (n = 23) Non-Recurrence Group (n = 91) Statistic P-value C-reactive protein 1.60 (1.60-1.60) 1.60 (1.60-1.66) 0.061 0.805 White blood cell count 5.25 (4.47-5.97) 5.22 (4.46-6.14) 0.835 0.043 NLR 2.31 (1.70-2.85) 1.85 (1.59-2.30) 7.191 0.007 PLR 94.43 (80.85-113.26) 78.91 (64.45-99.17) 10.536 0.001 LMR 8.42 (6.72-10.69) 6.54 (5.35-7.90) 21.65 <0.001 Table 10: Analysis of Inflammatory Factors in Recurrence and Non-Recurrence Groups for Persistent AF Patients Variable B SE Wald OR 95% CI P PLR 0.17 5.4 9.8 1.18 0.09, 0.31 0.0016 Absolute lymphocyte count 1.99 1.18 2.85 50.8 1.63, 7.11 0.003 Additional Declarations No competing interests reported. Cite Share Download PDF Status: Under Review Version 1 posted Reviews received at journal 27 Jan, 2026 Reviewers agreed at journal 11 Jan, 2026 Reviewers invited by journal 07 Jan, 2026 Editor assigned by journal 23 Dec, 2025 Editor invited by journal 18 Dec, 2025 Submission checks completed at journal 17 Dec, 2025 First submitted to journal 17 Dec, 2025 You are reading this latest preprint version Research Square lets you share your work early, gain feedback from the community, and start making changes to your manuscript prior to peer review in a journal. As a division of Research Square Company, we’re committed to making research communication faster, fairer, and more useful. We do this by developing innovative software and high quality services for the global research community. Our growing team is made up of researchers and industry professionals working together to solve the most critical problems facing scientific publishing. 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1","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":92391,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eROC curves were used to evaluate the efficacy of PLR, LMR and absolute monocyte count as independent risk factors\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"1.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7843975/v1/2e742d25d91dc62e030b43e7.png"},{"id":100010074,"identity":"9a2448d3-1848-448c-ab4f-b91b20d9a33f","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2026-01-12 06:04:24","extension":"png","order_by":2,"title":"Figure 2","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":119956,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eHeat map of cardiac structure and inflammatory factors in the atrial fibrillation recurrence group after radiofrequency ablation\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"2.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7843975/v1/b0208325ae3e1adfe4c4bb97.png"},{"id":100010075,"identity":"cbf5a4a8-36ce-4542-aeef-adea8cd41016","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2026-01-12 06:04:24","extension":"png","order_by":3,"title":"Figure 3","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":104677,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eScatter plot of cardiac structure and inflammatory factors in the group with recurrent atrial fibrillation after radiofrequency ablation. Figure (A): Left ventricular ejection fraction and NLR showed a significant negative correlation (r=-0.467, p\u0026lt;0.05); Figure (B): Left atrial diameter and NLR showed a significant positive correlation (r=0.657, p\u0026lt;0.05)\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"3.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7843975/v1/c9c57ed5c968897a0332237e.png"},{"id":100362092,"identity":"1b6c4433-7954-46d1-a224-6ee874ee0c73","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2026-01-16 07:46:11","extension":"png","order_by":4,"title":"Figure 4","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":142054,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eHeatmap of the correlation between cardiac structure and inflammatory factors in the recurrent group of patients with paroxysmal atrial fibrillation\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"4.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7843975/v1/f2d47f99860c1b210741559d.png"},{"id":100010084,"identity":"7f301319-f563-4282-9bec-25a24dcf6141","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2026-01-12 06:04:24","extension":"png","order_by":5,"title":"Figure 5","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":210622,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eScatter plot of the correlation between cardiac structure and inflammatory factors in the recurrent group of patients with paroxysmal atrial fibrillation. Figure (A): Left atrial diameter and left ventricular ejection fraction showed a significant negative correlation (r=-0.467, p\u0026lt;0.05); Figure (B): Left atrial diameter and NLR showed a significant negative correlation (r=-0.511, p\u0026lt;0.05); Figure (C): Left ventricular ejection fraction and NLR showed a significant positive correlation (r=0.649, p\u0026lt;0.05).\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"5.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7843975/v1/038c03bc1e896a0901a819c1.png"},{"id":100010085,"identity":"89ab7662-770c-4546-a99e-2efeae3b2065","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2026-01-12 06:04:24","extension":"png","order_by":6,"title":"Figure 6","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":224000,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eHeatmap of the correlation between cardiac structure and inflammatory factors in the recurrent group of patients with persistent atrial fibrillation\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"6.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7843975/v1/cdf88ac114b5c643af4e5752.png"},{"id":100361918,"identity":"66952dba-7421-4b0d-886e-41db95f28aea","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2026-01-16 07:45:56","extension":"png","order_by":7,"title":"Figure 7","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":124041,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eScatter plots of the correlation between cardiac structure and inflammatory factors in the recurrent group of patients with persistent atrial fibrillation. Figure A: Left atrial diameter and LMR showed a significant negative correlation (r=-0.327, p\u0026lt;0.05); Figure B: Left atrial diameter and PLR showed a significant positive correlation (r=0.361, p\u0026lt;0.05); Figure C: Left atrial diameter and NLR showed a significant positive correlation (r=0.650, p\u0026lt;0.05).\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"7.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7843975/v1/5abdcac22ba93af81c616b83.png"},{"id":100381268,"identity":"1e2cba74-778d-4899-aa30-c845979560f3","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2026-01-16 10:37:37","extension":"pdf","order_by":0,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"manuscript-pdf","size":2081290,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"manuscript.pdf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7843975/v1/b59c6e96-b782-490d-b6fc-930275bf6b75.pdf"}],"financialInterests":"No competing interests reported.","formattedTitle":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eThe Predictive Value of Neutrophil-to-Lymphocyte Ratio, Platelet-to-Lymphocyte Ratio, and Lymphocyte-to-Monocyte Ratio for Early Recurrence in Patients with Atrial Fibrillation After Radiofrequency Ablation\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","fulltext":[{"header":"1. Introduction","content":"\u003cp\u003eAtrial fibrillation (AF) is a common sustained arrhythmia in clinical practice, characterized by rapid and disorganized atrial electrical activity\u003csup\u003e\u003cspan citationid=\"CR1\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e. This condition significantly increases the risk of serious complications, including heart failure and thromboembolic events (such as ischemic stroke), leading to a significant increase in its mortality rate\u003csup\u003e\u003cspan citationid=\"CR2\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e. Globally, the prevalence of AF is on the rise, posing a major challenge to public health\u003csup\u003e\u003cspan citationid=\"CR3\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e. The latest epidemiological survey in China shows that the total prevalence of AF is 0.8%, increasing sharply with age, with the prevalence reaching 7.5% in people over 80 years old\u003csup\u003e\u003cspan citationid=\"CR4\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eRadiofrequency catheter ablation has now become the cornerstone therapy for symptomatic AF, especially for patients who are refractory to antiarrhythmic drug therapy. The procedure restores and maintains sinus rhythm by electrically isolating the pulmonary veins\u0026mdash;the main source of ectopic triggers. However, despite advances in ablation techniques, the long-term effectiveness of the procedure is limited by a high recurrence rate\u003csup\u003e\u003cspan citationid=\"CR5\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e5\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e. Studies have reported that 30\u0026ndash;40% of patients experience a recurrence of AF within one year post-procedure\u003csup\u003e\u003cspan citationid=\"CR6\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e6\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e. Such a high recurrence rate highlights our insufficient understanding of the underlying pathophysiology of AF and the urgent need for better risk stratification tools.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe mechanisms leading to AF recurrence are multifactorial and have not yet been fully elucidated. Established risk factors include left atrial enlargement, atrial fibrosis, hypertension, and diabetes\u003csup\u003e\u003cspan citationid=\"CR7\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e7\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR8\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e8\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e. In recent years, evidence has suggested that systemic inflammation and oxidative stress play a key role in the onset and persistence of AF. Existing evidence indicates that inflammation is involved in the occurrence and development of AF recurrence by promoting atrial electrical and/or structural remodeling\u0026mdash;two core processes in the pathophysiology of AF\u003csup\u003e9\u003c/sup\u003e. Furthermore, some studies have pointed out that inflammation induces cardiomyocyte apoptosis and fibrosis, thereby disrupting the stability of atrial electrical conduction and increasing susceptibility to AF\u003csup\u003e10\u003c/sup\u003e. Cardiac structural remodeling, especially of the left atrium, is a recognized predictor of AF recurrence. Parameters such as left atrial diameter (LAD) are routinely used to assess the extent of remodeling\u003csup\u003e\u003cspan citationid=\"CR11\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e11\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e. An enlarged atrium provides a larger substrate for sustaining fibrillatory waves. The interaction between inflammation and changes in cardiac structure is an active area of research. It has been confirmed that left atrial enlargement is a powerful independent predictor of post-ablation recurrence, highlighting the clinical importance of structural remodeling\u003csup\u003e\u003cspan citationid=\"CR12\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e12\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSystemic inflammatory markers, which are easily obtained from peripheral blood tests, have attracted widespread attention for their potential to predict cardiovascular outcomes. Traditional markers such as C-reactive protein (CRP) and white blood cell count have shown some association with AF\u003csup\u003e13, 14\u003c/sup\u003e. When AF occurs, CRP forms a complex with phosphatidylcholine on the surface of cardiomyocytes, thereby further altering the exchange between calcium and sodium ions, ultimately affecting the heart's electrophysiological structure and leading to AF recurrence\u003csup\u003e\u003cspan citationid=\"CR15\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e15\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e. Recently, composite indices such as the neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio (NLR), platelet-to-lymphocyte ratio (PLR), and lymphocyte-to-monocyte ratio (LMR) have been considered more stable and better indicators of the underlying inflammatory state. These ratios reflect the balance between different components of the innate and adaptive immune systems and have been validated as prognostic markers in various inflammatory, cardiovascular, and neoplastic diseases\u003csup\u003e\u003cspan citationid=\"CR16\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e16\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR17\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e17\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e. Studies have shown that an elevated NLR is associated with increased inflammation and oxidative stress, which may promote the atrial remodeling that forms the basis of AF recurrence\u003csup\u003e\u003cspan citationid=\"CR18\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e18\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e Therefore, as easily accessible novel inflammatory biomarkers, NLR, PLR, and LMR have shown high value in the clinical application of predicting cardiovascular diseases.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAlthough previous studies have explored the link between single inflammatory markers and AF recurrence, there is still a need to simultaneously study multiple novel markers (NLR, PLR, LMR) and examine their relationship with changes in cardiac structure in different types of AF (paroxysmal and persistent). This study aims to fill this gap by evaluating the predictive value of NLR, PLR, and LMR for early post-ablation AF recurrence and to explore whether these inflammatory indices are associated with cardiac structural remodeling, thereby providing new therapeutic targets and theoretical bases for improving patient outcomes.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"2. Materials and Methods","content":"\u003cdiv id=\"Sec3\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e2.1 Study Design and Population\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThis was a single-center, retrospective cohort study. The study subjects were 267 patients who were diagnosed with atrial fibrillation in a community hospital and then referred to a tertiary hospital for their first radiofrequency catheter ablation from January 2019 to April 2024. All patients successfully completed the ablation surgery and were followed up at the community hospital for at least three months.Based on the type of AF, the cohort was divided into a paroxysmal AF group (114 cases) and a persistent AF group (153 cases). The study was approved by the institutional ethics committee, and the approval number is SGL2025-4.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec4\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e2.2 Inclusion and Exclusion Criteria\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eInclusion criteria were as follows: (1) Diagnosis of AF confirmed by at least two physicians at the associate chief level or above based on medical history, clinical symptoms, and a 12-lead ECG or 24-hour Holter monitoring; (2) Ineffective response or intolerance to antiarrhythmic drug therapy; (3) Undergoing a first-time AF ablation procedure.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eExclusion criteria were as follows: (1) Presence of structural heart diseases such as organic, congenital, or hypertrophic cardiomyopathy; (2) Presence of acute or chronic infections, hematological diseases, autoimmune diseases, malignant tumors, or severe liver or kidney dysfunction; (3) Recent use of drugs that could affect inflammatory markers, such as glucocorticoids or immunosuppressants; (4) Presence of thyroid dysfunction, severe heart failure, or recent myocardial infarction; (5) Follow-up period of less than three months.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec5\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e2.3 Data Collection\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003e(1) General Data: Age, gender, body mass index (BMI), duration of AF, and comorbidities such as hypertension, diabetes, coronary heart disease, and hyperthyroidism. Lifestyle factors such as smoking and alcohol consumption were also recorded.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e(2) Laboratory Data: Venous blood samples were collected. A complete blood count was performed using an automated hematology analyzer to obtain counts of white blood cells, neutrophils, lymphocytes, monocytes, and platelets. Based on these values, the following inflammatory ratios were calculated:\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eNLR\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;absolute neutrophil count / absolute lymphocyte count\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003ePLR\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;platelet count / absolute lymphocyte count\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eLMR\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;absolute lymphocyte count / absolute monocyte count\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e(3) Echocardiographic Data: All patients underwent a transthoracic color Doppler echocardiogram performed by a senior sonographer using a Philips 7500 system with a 3.5MHz probe. The key cardiac structural parameters measured included left atrial diameter (LAD), right atrial diameter (RAD), left ventricular diameter (LVD), right ventricular diameter (RVD), and left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF).\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec6\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e2.4 Follow-up and Outcome\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eAfter the ablation procedure, patients were followed up for a period of three months. During this period, patients underwent daily ECG monitoring while in the hospital and at least one 24-hour Holter monitoring after discharge. The primary study endpoint was early AF recurrence, defined as any episode of atrial fibrillation, atrial flutter, or atrial tachycardia lasting more than 30 seconds detected after the initial 3-month blanking period. Based on this outcome, patients were divided into a \"Recurrence group\" (n\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;79) and a \"Non-recurrence group\" (n\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;188).\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec7\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e2.5 Statistical Methods\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eAll statistical analyses were performed using SPSS version 24.0 software. Continuous variables were tested for normality. Normally distributed data were expressed as mean\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;standard deviation (x\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;s) and compared using an independent samples t-test. Non-normally distributed data were expressed as median and interquartile range (IQR) and compared using the Mann-Whitney U test. Categorical variables were expressed as frequency and percentage (n (%)) and compared using the Chi-square test or Fisher's exact test as appropriate. To identify independent predictors of AF recurrence, variables with a p-value\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.05 in the univariate analysis were included in a binary logistic regression model. The predictive accuracy of the final model was assessed by constructing a Receiver Operating Characteristic (ROC) curve and calculating the area under the curve (AUC). Pearson correlation analysis was performed using Python software to evaluate the relationship between inflammatory markers and cardiac structural parameters. These correlations were visualized using heatmaps and scatter plots. A two-sided p-value\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.05 was considered statistically significant for all tests.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e"},{"header":"3. Results","content":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e3.1 Comparison Between Recurrence and Non-Recurrence Groups\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eA total of 267 patients were included in this study, of whom 79 (29.6%) experienced early AF recurrence during the 3-month follow-up period, while 188 (70.4%) maintained sinus rhythm. Univariate analysis revealed significant differences between the recurrence and non-recurrence groups in several aspects (Table 1). The proportion of patients with persistent AF was significantly higher in the recurrence group (71% vs. 52%, p=0.006), as was the proportion with a history of diabetes (59% vs. 29%, p\u0026lt;0.001). There were also significant differences in blood cell counts: the recurrence group had lower platelet counts (median 168 vs. 230 x10⁹/L, p\u0026lt;0.001), higher absolute lymphocyte counts (median 2.77 vs. 2.37 x10⁹/L, p\u0026lt;0.001), higher absolute neutrophil counts (median 5.22 vs. 4.21 x10⁹/L, p\u0026lt;0.001), and lower absolute eosinophil counts (median 0.08 vs. 0.11 x10⁹/L, p=0.025). The absolute monocyte count in the recurrence group was also significantly lower than in the non-recurrence group (median 0.33 vs. 0.36 x10⁹/L, p=0.016).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAnalysis of the differences in inflammatory markers between the two groups revealed that all three inflammatory markers showed significant differences (Table 2). The recurrence group had significantly higher levels of NLR (median 2.29 vs. 1.80, p\u0026lt;0.001), PLR (median 94.31 vs. 79.07, p\u0026lt;0.001), and LMR (median 8.63 vs. 6.85, p\u0026lt;0.001). Echocardiographic analysis showed that patients in the recurrence group had a significantly larger LAD (median 43 mm vs. 41 mm, p=0.002) and a higher left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) (median 66% vs. 65%, p=0.012). The right atrial diameter (RAD) in the recurrence group was smaller (4.03 cm vs. 5.10 cm, p=0.016) (Table 3).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eTo further evaluate the risk factors for post-ablation AF recurrence, variables that were significant in the univariate analysis were included in a binary logistic regression model. The results showed that PLR (OR 1.13, p\u0026lt;0.001), LMR (OR 2.60, p=0.00048), and absolute monocyte count (OR 4.27, p=0.0008) were independent predictors of early AF recurrence (Table 4). The ROC curve constructed based on these independent predictors showed high predictive accuracy, with an AUC of 0.9293 (Figure 1).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eCorrelation Analysis: A heatmap of the correlation between cardiac structure and inflammatory factors in the AF recurrence group after radiofrequency ablation is shown (Figure 2). The heatmap of the 5 variables shows the correlation between them; the darker the color, the stronger the correlation. Variables with significant correlations are represented by scatter plots. In the recurrence group, there was a significant positive correlation between LAD and NLR (r=0.657, p\u0026lt;0.05), and a significant negative correlation between LVEF and NLR (r=\u0026minus;0.467, p\u0026lt;0.05) (Figure 3).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e3.2 Comparison Between Paroxysmal and Persistent AF Groups\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe recurrence rate in the persistent AF group (56 of 153 cases, 37%) was significantly higher than in the paroxysmal AF group (23 of 114 cases, 20%) (p=0.006) (Table 5). Compared to patients with paroxysmal AF, patients with persistent AF had significantly higher absolute neutrophil counts (median 4.70 vs. 4.19 x10⁹/L, p=0.019), NLR (median 1.94 vs. 1.71, p=0.002), and LAD (median 43 mm vs. 40.5 mm, p\u0026lt;0.001) (Table 6).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e3.3 Paroxysmal AF Subgroup Analysis\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eWithin the paroxysmal AF group, univariate analysis identified a history of alcohol consumption, PLR, LMR, absolute neutrophil count, and absolute lymphocyte count as important risk factors for recurrence (Table 7). Multivariate analysis confirmed that PLR (OR 1.07, p=0.0009), LMR (OR 1.41, p=0.067, trend), absolute neutrophil count (OR 2.38, p=0.0072), and absolute lymphocyte count (OR 19.6, p=0.003) were independent predictors of recurrence (Table 8). Inflammatory Factors and Imaging Indicators: In the paroxysmal AF recurrence subgroup, LAD was negatively correlated with LVEF (r=\u0026minus;0.467, p\u0026lt;0.05) and also negatively correlated with NLR (r=\u0026minus;0.511, p\u0026lt;0.05). Conversely, LVEF was positively correlated with NLR (r=0.649, p\u0026lt;0.05) (Figure 4, Figure 5).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e3.4 Persistent AF Subgroup Analysis\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eIn the persistent AF group, the factors associated with recurrence were more extensive, including female gender, history of diabetes, white blood cell count, platelet count, absolute counts of neutrophils, lymphocytes, and eosinophils, degree of tricuspid regurgitation, as well as NLR, PLR, and LMR (Table 9). Multivariate analysis identified PLR (OR 1.18, p=0.0016) and absolute lymphocyte count (OR 50.8, p=0.003) as independent risk factors for recurrence in this subgroup (Table 10). Heatmap and Scatter Plot Analysis: In the persistent AF recurrence subgroup, LAD was negatively correlated with LMR (r=\u0026minus;0.327, p\u0026lt;0.05), and positively correlated with both PLR (r=0.361, p\u0026lt;0.05) and NLR (r=0.361, p\u0026lt;0.05) (Figure 6, Figure 7).\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"4. Discussion","content":"\u003cp\u003eThis study investigated the predictive value of the inflammatory markers NLR, PLR, and LMR for early recurrence of AF after radiofrequency catheter ablation. Our main findings indicate that higher PLR, LMR, and absolute monocyte count are independent predictors of early recurrence. Furthermore, we confirmed that a higher inflammatory state is associated with the progression from paroxysmal to persistent AF and is correlated with adverse cardiac structural remodeling, particularly left atrial enlargement.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe association between inflammation and atrial fibrillation is well-documented, with the inflammatory process believed to create a proarrhythmic substrate in the atria. The potential mechanism for increased AF recurrence with a high NLR level after radiofrequency ablation is that the inflammatory response causes atrial myocyte calcium overload through related receptors and ion channels, leading to injury, apoptosis, and fibrosis of atrial myocytes related to AF, playing an important role in atrial electrical and structural remodeling, increasing AF susceptibility, and thus promoting the occurrence and maintenance of AF\u003csup\u003e19\u003c/sup\u003e. A high PLR often indicates a poor prognosis for cardiovascular disease; after percutaneous coronary intervention in patients with acute myocardial infarction, the high PLR group has a lower TIMI flow grade, a higher rate of no-reflow, and a worse prognosis\u003csup\u003e\u003cspan citationid=\"CR19\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e19\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e. Another study pointed out that LMR is a dynamically balanced inflammatory factor and shows differences between paroxysmal and persistent AF\u003csup\u003e20\u003c/sup\u003e. Our study found that PLR, LMR, and monocyte count are independent predictors of recurrence, which adds new evidence to the existing literature. The AUC value of 0.9293 from the ROC curve analysis indicates that a model including these inflammatory markers has excellent discriminatory power, highlighting their potential clinical value for risk stratification. Unlike some previous studies, our results did not find NLR to be an independent predictor in the overall multivariate model, although it was significantly elevated in the recurrence group and in patients with persistent AF. This may be due to the strong interaction and collinearity among various leukocyte subtypes\u003csup\u003e\u003cspan citationid=\"CR21\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e21\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e. In contrast, PLR and LMR emerged as more robust independent markers. The inflammatory markers NLR, PLR, and LMR are inexpensive, readily available from a standard blood test, and can be incorporated into pre-ablation risk assessment models. Identifying patients at high risk of recurrence can help with closer follow-up, optimization of medical therapy, or consideration of more aggressive ablation strategies.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe pathological mechanism of inflammatory factors in cardiac structural remodeling is quite complex\u003csup\u003e\u003cspan citationid=\"CR22\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e22\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR23\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e23\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e. Previous studies have pointed out that an imbalance between inflammatory factors and anti-inflammatory mediators, as well as between oxidative factors and antioxidants, plays an important role in atrial remodeling\u003csup\u003e\u003cspan citationid=\"CR24\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e24\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e. Long-term inflammation and oxidative stress can lead to mitochondrial DNA damage in atrial myocytes, which in turn impairs mitochondrial function, ultimately forming a vicious cycle of oxidative stress\u003csup\u003e\u003cspan citationid=\"CR25\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e25\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e. The remodeling of the atria can exacerbate pathophysiological changes, increase the occurrence of multiple small re-entry circuits and persistence, and promote the sustained onset of atrial fibrillation. All this evidence indicates that persistent inflammation can trigger the sustained onset of atrial fibrillation by promoting atrial remodeling\u003csup\u003e\u003cspan citationid=\"CR26\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e26\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThis study found that in the persistent AF recurrence group, higher NLR and PLR were associated with a larger LAD, while a higher LMR was associated with a smaller LAD. This suggests that in advanced AF, a pro-inflammatory state (higher NLR/PLR, lower LMR) drives atrial dilation. However, the correlation was different in the paroxysmal AF recurrence group. A higher NLR was associated with a smaller LAD. This may represent a compensatory mechanism in the early stages of the disease, where an acute inflammatory response may lead to temporary changes in atrial dimensions, which is worthy of further study.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThis study confirms the key role of structural remodeling in AF recurrence. We observed that a larger LAD is an important risk factor for recurrence, which is consistent with previous research. An enlarged atrium provides a larger surface area for stabilizing re-entry rotors, making AF more likely to persist and recur after ablation.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eHowever, this study has several limitations. First, as a retrospective, single-center study, it is susceptible to selection bias, and its findings may not be applicable to all populations. Second, the sample size, especially in the subgroup analyses, was relatively small, which may limit the statistical power to detect some associations. Third, we only measured inflammatory markers at a single time point before ablation; serial measurements might provide more insight into the dynamic nature of inflammation. Finally, we did not have direct measurement data of atrial fibrosis, such as from late gadolinium enhancement MRI, which could have provided a more direct link between inflammation and the atrial substrate. Large-scale, prospective studies are needed in the future to validate these findings and to explore whether targeting inflammation can improve the long-term success of AF ablation.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Abbreviations","content":"\u003cp\u003eAF\u003cstrong\u003e:\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003eAtrial fibrillation\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eCRP\u003cstrong\u003e:\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003eC-reactive protein\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eNLR\u003cstrong\u003e:\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003eNeutrophil to lymphocyte ratio\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003ePLR\u003cstrong\u003e:\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003ePlatelet to lymphocyte ratio\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eLMR\u003cstrong\u003e:\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003eLymphocytes to monocytes ratio\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eLVD\u003cstrong\u003e:\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003eLeft ventricular diameter\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eLAD\u003cstrong\u003e:\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003eLeft atrial diameter\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eLVPWT\u003cstrong\u003e:\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003eLeft ventricular posterior wall thickness\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eRVD\u003cstrong\u003e:\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003eRight ventricular diameter\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eRAD\u003cstrong\u003e:\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003eRight atrial diameter\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Declarations","content":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eFunding statement:\u003c/strong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThis work received no specific grant from any funding agency, commercial or not-for-profit sectors.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eEthics approval and consent to participate\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAs this study is retrospective, it does not infringe upon the rights of the patients included. Therefore, informed consent was waived. This study was approved by the Ethics Committee of Shanghai Pudong New Area Shanggang Community Health Service Center. The ethical approval number is SGL2025-4. Our study adhered to the Declaration of Helsinki to this effect.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eConsent for publication\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eNot applicable\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAvailability of data and materials\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eNot applicable\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eCompeting Interests\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe authors declare no competing interests.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eFunding\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eNot applicable\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAuthors\u0026apos; contributions\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eZhang Lizhong and Li Yang. designed the study and wrote the main manuscript text. \u0026nbsp; Wang Haitang and Liu Haiyan assisted in the experimental design and manuscript revision. Yang Bing contributed to data collection and analysis and supervised the research and critically reviewed the final manuscript. All authors read and approved the final version of the manuscript.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eZhang Lizhong and Li Yang contributed equally to this work and are co\u0026ndash;first authors.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAcknowledgements\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eNot applicable\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eClinical trial number:\u003c/strong\u003e not applicable.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eHuman Ethics and Consent to Participate declarations: \u003c/strong\u003enot applicable\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"References","content":"\u003col\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eOldgren J, \u0026Aring;sberg S, Hijazi Z, Wester P, Bertilsson M, Norrving B. 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Neutrophil-to-Lymphocyte ratio (NLR) and Platelet-to-Lymphocyte ratio (PLR) as prognostic markers in patients with non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) treated with nivolumab. \u003cem\u003eLung Cancer\u003c/em\u003e. Sep 2017;111:176-181. doi:10.1016/j.lungcan.2017.07.024\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eSalzano G, Barone S, De Luca P, et al. Predictive value of neutrophil to lymphocyte ratio, platelet to lymphocyte ratio, and systemic inflammatory index for detection of recurrence of pleomorphic adenoma of the major salivary glands: a multicenter study. \u003cem\u003eOral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol\u003c/em\u003e. Jan 2025;139(1):73-79. doi:10.1016/j.oooo.2024.08.014\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eNattel S, Heijman J, Zhou L, Dobrev D. Molecular Basis of Atrial Fibrillation Pathophysiology and Therapy: A Translational Perspective. \u003cem\u003eCirc Res\u003c/em\u003e. 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Left atrial structure and function among different subtypes of atrial fibrillation: an echocardiographic substudy of the AMIO-CAT trial. \u003cem\u003eEur Heart J Cardiovasc Imaging\u003c/em\u003e. Dec 1 2020;21(12):1386-1394. doi:10.1093/ehjci/jeaa222\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eCameli M, Mandoli GE, Loiacono F, Sparla S, Iardino E, Mondillo S. Left atrial strain: A useful index in atrial fibrillation. \u003cem\u003eInt J Cardiol\u003c/em\u003e. Oct 1 2016;220:208-13. doi:10.1016/j.ijcard.2016.06.197\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eTani H, Sadahiro T, Yamada Y, et al. Direct Reprogramming Improves Cardiac Function and Reverses Fibrosis in Chronic Myocardial Infarction. \u003cem\u003eCirculation\u003c/em\u003e. Jan 17 2023;147(3):223-238. doi:10.1161/circulationaha.121.058655\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eHanna A, Frangogiannis NG. Inflammatory Cytokines and Chemokines as Therapeutic Targets in Heart Failure. \u003cem\u003eCardiovasc Drugs Ther\u003c/em\u003e. Dec 2020;34(6):849-863. doi:10.1007/s10557-020-07071-0\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003c/ol\u003e"},{"header":"Tables","content":"\u003cp\u003eTable 1 Comparison of clinical data between the group with and without recurrence of atrial fibrillation after radiofrequency ablation\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ctable border=\"1\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\" width=\"0\"\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eVariable\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eRecurrence Group (n = 79)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNon-Recurrence Group (n = 188)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ep\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eStatistic\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAge\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e75 (70, 78.5)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e73 (68, 78)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.164\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6624\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eDisease duration\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5 (4.5, 5)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5 (5, 5.25)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.847\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7530\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSex (%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.21\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.569\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; Female\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e46 (58)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e92 (49)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; Male\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e33 (42)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e96 (51)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAF type (%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.006\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7.69\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e91 (48)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e23 (29)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e97 (52)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e56 (71)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eHypertension (%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.838\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.042\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; No\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e31 (39)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e78 (41)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; Yes\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e48 (61)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e110 (59)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eDiabetes (%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt; 0.001\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e21.105\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; No\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e32 (41)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e134 (71)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; Yes\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e47 (59)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e54 (29)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eHyperthyroidism (%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eFisher\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; No\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e79 (100)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e187 (99)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; Yes\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0 (0)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1 (1)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eCoronary Heart Disease (%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.731\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.118\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; No\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e72 (91)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e167 (89)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; Yes\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7 (9)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e21 (11)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSmoking (%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.767\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.088\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; No\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e72 (91)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e175 (93)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; Yes\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7 (9)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e13 (7)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAlcohol consumption (%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.573\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eFisher\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; No\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e73 (92)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e178 (95)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; Yes\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6 (8)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e10 (5)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eCardiac function class (%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.858\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.763\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; I\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e23 (26)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e16 (20)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.756\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.056\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; II\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e18 (22)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e26 (33)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; III\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e20 (21)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e17 (22)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; IV\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e18 (24)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e20 (25)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eRBC\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.16 \u0026plusmn; 0.49\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.2 \u0026plusmn; 0.5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.51\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.661\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eHemoglobin\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e129 (115.5, 139)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e129 (119, 140)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.482\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7831.5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eWBC\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5.42 (4.39, 6.37)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5.2 (4.47, 6.04)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.601\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7124.5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePlatelets\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e168 (136, 194.5)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e230 (184, 272)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt; 0.001\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e11503.5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAbsolute lymphocyte count\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.77 (2.48, 3.24)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.37 (2.11, 2.72)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt; 0.001\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4078\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAbsolute neutrophil count\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5.22 (4.58, 6.03)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.21 (3.61, 4.94)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt; 0.001\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4249.5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAbsolute eosinophil count\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.08 (0.05, 0.15)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.11 (0.07, 0.17)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.025\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e8713\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAbsolute monocyte count\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.33 (0.26, 0.41)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.36 (0.3, 0.42)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.016\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e8807.5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n\u003c/table\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eTable 2: Comparison of Inflammatory Factors Between AF Recurrence and Non-Recurrence Groups After Radiofrequency Ablation\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ctable border=\"0\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\"\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eVariable\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eRecurrence Group (n = 79)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNon-Recurrence Group (n = 188)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ep\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eStatistic\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eC-reactive protein\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.6 (1.6, 1.73)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.6 (1.6, 1.6)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.707\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7256.5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eWhite blood cell count\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5.42 (4.39, 6.37)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5.2 (4.47, 6.04)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.601\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7124.5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNLR\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.29 (1.6, 2.82)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.8 (1.39, 2.11)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;0.001\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5435\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePLR\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e94.31 (78.85, 111.2)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e79.07 (65.25, 96.7)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;0.001\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5043\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eLMR\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e8.63 (6.87, 10.85)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6.85 (5.58, 8.09)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;0.001\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4363.5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n\u003c/table\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eTable 3: Comparison of Cardiac Structures Between AF Recurrence and Non-Recurrence Groups After Radiofrequency Ablation\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ctable border=\"1\" cellspacing=\"3\" cellpadding=\"0\"\u003e\n \u003cthead\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eVariable\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eRecurrence Group (n = 79)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNon-Recurrence Group (n = 188)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ep\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eStatistic\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/thead\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eRAD (cm)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.03 \u0026plusmn; 1.16\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5.10 \u0026plusmn; 1.36\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.016\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.36\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eRVD (cm)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.57 \u0026plusmn; 0.48\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.62 \u0026plusmn; 0.62\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.182\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.987\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eLeft Ventricular Ejection Fraction\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e66 (63, 69)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e65 (62, 67.25)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.012\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5985.5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eLeft Atrial Diameter (mm)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e43 (40.5, 49)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e41 (37, 45)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.002\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5601.5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n\u003c/table\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eTable 4: Multivariate Analysis of AF Recurrence and Non-Recurrence Groups After Radiofrequency Ablation\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ctable border=\"1\" cellspacing=\"3\" cellpadding=\"0\"\u003e\n \u003cthead\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eStatistic\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eB\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSE\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eWald\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eOR\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e95% CI\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eP\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/thead\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePLR\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.12\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.23\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e27.95\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.13\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.084, 0.178\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt; 0.001\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eLMR\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.96\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.27\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e12.18\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.60\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.42, 1.52\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.00048\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAbsolute monocyte count\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e15.26\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.58\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e11.08\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.27\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5.72, 24.49\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.0008\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n\u003c/table\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eTable 5: Univariate Analysis of Clinical Data for Different Categories of Atrial Fibrillation\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ctable border=\"1\" cellspacing=\"3\" cellpadding=\"0\"\u003e\n \u003cthead\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eVariable\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eParoxysmal AF (n = 114)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePersistent AF (n = 153)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ep\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eStatistic\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/thead\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eOutcome (%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.006\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7.69\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; No recurrence\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e91 (80)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e97 (63)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; Recurrence\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e23 (20)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e56 (37)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAge\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e74 (68.25, 80)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e74 (68, 78)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.555\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e9089.5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSex (%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.034\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.511\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; Female\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e68 (60)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e70 (46)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; Male\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e46 (40)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e83 (54)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eHypertension (%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.794\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.068\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; No\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e45 (39)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e64 (42)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; Yes\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e69 (61)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e89 (58)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eDiabetes (%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.238\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.391\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; No\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e76 (67)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e90 (59)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; Yes\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e38 (33)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e63 (41)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eHyperthyroidism (%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eFisher\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; No\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e114 (100)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e152 (99)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; Yes\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0 (0)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1 (1)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eCoronary Heart Disease (%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.826\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.048\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; No\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e101 (89)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e138 (90)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; Yes\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e13 (11)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e15 (10)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSmoking (%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.985\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; No\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e106 (93)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e141 (92)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; Yes\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e8 (7)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e12 (8)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAlcohol consumption (%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; No\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e107 (94)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e144 (94)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; Yes\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7 (6)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e9 (6)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eDisease duration\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5 (5, 6.75)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5 (4, 5)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.133\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e9596.5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMitral regurgitation (%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.232\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; None\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e72 (63)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e90 (59)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; Mild\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e30 (26)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e38 (25)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; Moderate\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e12 (11)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e19 (12)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; Severe\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0 (0)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6 (4)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAortic regurgitation (%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.053\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eFisher\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; None\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e93 (81)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e106 (69)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; Mild\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e14 (12)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e37 (24)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; Moderate\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7 (6)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e9 (6)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; Severe\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0 (0)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1 (1)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eTricuspid regurgitation (%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.364\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eFisher\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; None\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e72 (63)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e86 (57)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; Mild\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e30 (26)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e40 (26)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; Moderate\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e10 (9)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e24 (16)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; Severe\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2 (2)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3 (2)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eCardiac function class (%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.685\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.489\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; I\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e38 (25)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; II\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e43 (28)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; III\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e35 (23)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; IV\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e37 (24)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eRBC\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.18 \u0026plusmn; 0.48\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.2 \u0026plusmn; 0.51\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.762\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.304\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eHemoglobin\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e127 (117, 139)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e130 (119, 140)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.131\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7777.5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePlatelets\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e219.5 (173.5, 268.75)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e195.5 (158.75, 241.5)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.013\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e10198.5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAbsolute lymphocyte count\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.5 (2.19, 2.91)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.47 (2.15, 2.92)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.766\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e8907\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAbsolute neutrophil count\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.19 (3.64, 5.1)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.7 (3.89, 5.51)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.019\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7251\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAbsolute eosinophil count\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.11 (0.07, 0.17)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.1 (0.06, 0.16)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.47\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e9171.5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAbsolute monocyte count\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.35 (0.29, 0.42)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.34 (0.28, 0.42)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.763\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e8532\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n\u003c/table\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eTable 6: Analysis of Inflammatory Factors for Different Categories of Atrial Fibrillation\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ctable border=\"1\" cellspacing=\"3\" cellpadding=\"0\"\u003e\n \u003cthead\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eVariable\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eParoxysmal AF (n = 114)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePersistent AF (n = 153)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ep\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eStatistic\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/thead\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eC-reactive protein\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.6 (1.6, 1.67)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.6 (1.6, 1.6)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.728\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e8551\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eWhite blood cell count\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5.28 (4.44, 6.03)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5.22 (4.46, 6.14)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.882\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e8627.5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNLR\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.71 (1.31, 2.11)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.94 (1.61, 2.49)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.002\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6779.5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePLR\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e80.92 (66.73, 98.34)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e86.83 (68.64, 103.73)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.178\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7879\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eLMR\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7.44 (5.81, 8.75)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7.29 (5.79, 8.94)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.634\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e9018.5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n\u003c/table\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eTable 7: Analysis of Inflammatory Factors in Recurrence and Non-Recurrence Groups for Paroxysmal AF Patients\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ctable border=\"1\" cellspacing=\"3\" cellpadding=\"0\"\u003e\n \u003cthead\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eVariable\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eRecurrence Group (n = 23)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNon-Recurrence Group (n = 91)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ep\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eStatistic\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/thead\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eC-reactive protein\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.6 (1.6, 2.01)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.6 (1.6, 1.6)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.397\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e950\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eWhite blood cell count\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5.19 (4.48, 5.85)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5.66 (4.31, 7.29)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.234\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e877.5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNLR\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2 (1.34, 2.64)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.69 (1.31, 1.98)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.152\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e843\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePLR\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e94.08 (78.35, 108.18)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e79.09 (65.79, 93.87)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.031\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e741\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eLMR\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e9.37 (6.97, 11.06)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7.33 (5.74, 8.21)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.006\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e658\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n\u003c/table\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eTable 8: Multivariate Analysis of Recurrence and Non-Recurrence Groups for Paroxysmal AF Patients\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ctable border=\"1\" cellspacing=\"3\" cellpadding=\"0\"\u003e\n \u003cthead\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eVariable\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eB\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSE\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eWald\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eOR\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e95% CI\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eP\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/thead\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePLR\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.08\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.02\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e10.91\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.07\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.03, 0.13\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.0009\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eLMR\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.34\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.19\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.35\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.41\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.12, 0.74\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.067\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAbsolute neutrophil count\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.87\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.33\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7.21\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.38\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.24, 1.57\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.0072\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAbsolute lymphocyte count\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.97\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.01\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e8.63\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e19.6\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.16, 5.24\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.003\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n\u003c/table\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eTable 9: Analysis of Inflammatory Factors in Recurrence and Non-Recurrence Groups for Persistent AF Patients\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ctable border=\"1\" cellspacing=\"3\" cellpadding=\"0\"\u003e\n \u003cthead\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eVariable\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eRecurrence Group (n = 23)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNon-Recurrence Group (n = 91)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eStatistic\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eP-value\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/thead\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eC-reactive protein\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.60 (1.60-1.60)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.60 (1.60-1.66)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.061\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.805\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eWhite blood cell count\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5.25 (4.47-5.97)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5.22 (4.46-6.14)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.835\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.043\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNLR\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.31 (1.70-2.85)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.85 (1.59-2.30)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7.191\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.007\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePLR\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e94.43 (80.85-113.26)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e78.91 (64.45-99.17)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e10.536\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.001\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eLMR\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e8.42 (6.72-10.69)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6.54 (5.35-7.90)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e21.65\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;0.001\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n\u003c/table\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eTable 10: Analysis of Inflammatory Factors in Recurrence and Non-Recurrence Groups for Persistent AF Patients\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ctable border=\"1\" cellspacing=\"3\" cellpadding=\"0\"\u003e\n \u003cthead\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eVariable\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eB\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSE\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eWald\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eOR\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e95% CI\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eP\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/thead\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePLR\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.17\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5.4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e9.8\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.18\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.09, 0.31\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.0016\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAbsolute lymphocyte count\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.99\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.18\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.85\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e50.8\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.63, 7.11\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.003\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n\u003c/table\u003e"}],"fulltextSource":"","fullText":"","funders":[],"hasAdminPriorityOnWorkflow":false,"hasManuscriptDocX":true,"hasOptedInToPreprint":true,"hasPassedJournalQc":"","hasAnyPriority":false,"hideJournal":false,"highlight":"","institution":"","isAcceptedByJournal":false,"isAuthorSuppliedPdf":false,"isDeskRejected":"","isHiddenFromSearch":false,"isInQc":false,"isInWorkflow":false,"isPdf":false,"isPdfUpToDate":true,"isWithdrawnOrRetracted":false,"journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"bmc-cardiovascular-disorders","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"externalIdentity":"bcar","sideBox":"Learn more about [BMC Cardiovascular Disorders](http://bmccardiovascdisord.biomedcentral.com/)","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"https://www.editorialmanager.com/bcar/default.aspx","title":"BMC Cardiovascular Disorders","twitterHandle":"BMC_series","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"em","reportingPortfolio":"BMC Series","inReviewEnabled":true,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true},"keywords":"Atrial Fibrillation; Radiofrequency Catheter Ablation; Inflammatory Biomarkers; Neutrophil-to-Lymphocyte Ratio; Cardiac Remodeling","lastPublishedDoi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-7843975/v1","lastPublishedDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-7843975/v1","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"},"manuscriptAbstract":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eObjective\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThis study aimed to investigate the risk factors associated with early recurrence after radiofrequency catheter ablation for atrial fibrillation (AF). It specifically evaluated the predictive value of multiple inflammatory biomarkers, including the neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio (NLR), platelet-to-lymphocyte ratio (PLR), and lymphocyte-to-monocyte ratio (LMR). The goal was to identify potential therapeutic targets to reduce the rate of early post-ablation AF recurrence.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eMethods\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThis was a retrospective, single-center study that included 267 patients with AF who underwent radiofrequency ablation between 2019 and 2024. The cohort included 114 patients with paroxysmal AF and 153 with persistent AF. All patients were observed for a 3-month period post-procedure to collect clinical and imaging data and to determine recurrence. The collected data included general patient information, clinical history, and laboratory parameters (such as complete blood count and high-sensitivity C-reactive protein). The inflammatory markers NLR, PLR, and LMR were calculated from these results. Echocardiography was used to measure cardiac structural parameters, such as left atrial diameter (LAD) and left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF). Statistical analysis was used to compare these variables between the recurrence group (n\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;79) and the non-recurrence group (n\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;188) and to assess the relationship between inflammation and cardiac structure.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eResults\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eMultivariate logistic regression analysis indicated that PLR, LMR, and absolute monocyte count were independent risk factors for early recurrence after AF ablation. A Receiver Operating Characteristic (ROC) curve analysis based on this predictive model showed an area under the curve (AUC) of 0.9293, indicating high predictive accuracy. Subgroup analysis revealed that patients with persistent AF had a significantly higher rate of early recurrence than patients with paroxysmal AF (37% vs. 20%, respectively). Furthermore, the persistent AF group had significantly higher NLR levels and larger left atrial diameters. A significant correlation was observed between inflammatory markers and changes in cardiac structure. In the overall recurrence group, NLR was significantly positively correlated with LAD (r\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.657, p\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.05) and significantly negatively correlated with LVEF (r\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;0.467, p\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.05). These correlations varied among different AF subtypes, suggesting that NLR, PLR, and LMR are all involved in the process of cardiac remodeling.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eConclusion\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eElevated PLR, LMR, and absolute monocyte count are independent predictors of early AF recurrence after radiofrequency ablation. The higher inflammatory state indicated by these markers is associated with an increased risk of recurrence and is linked to adverse cardiac remodeling. These findings suggest that NLR, PLR, and LMR have potential clinical value in cardiac remodeling and predicting early AF recurrence, can be used for risk stratification, and may become therapeutic targets for managing patients with AF.\u003c/p\u003e","manuscriptTitle":"The Predictive Value of Neutrophil-to-Lymphocyte Ratio, Platelet-to-Lymphocyte Ratio, and Lymphocyte-to-Monocyte Ratio for Early Recurrence in Patients with Atrial Fibrillation After Radiofrequency Ablation","msid":"","msnumber":"","nonDraftVersions":[{"code":1,"date":"2026-01-12 06:04:19","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-7843975/v1","editorialEvents":[{"type":"communityComments","content":0},{"type":"editorInvitedReview","content":"","date":"2026-01-27T08:56:28+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"198034402969336850258999465836310941451","date":"2026-01-11T10:40:35+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewersInvited","content":"","date":"2026-01-07T07:38:37+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorAssigned","content":"","date":"2025-12-23T14:25:15+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorInvited","content":"","date":"2025-12-18T09:06:29+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"checksComplete","content":"","date":"2025-12-17T14:51:42+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"submitted","content":"BMC Cardiovascular Disorders","date":"2025-12-17T14:39:20+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""}],"status":"published","journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"bmc-cardiovascular-disorders","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"externalIdentity":"bcar","sideBox":"Learn more about [BMC Cardiovascular Disorders](http://bmccardiovascdisord.biomedcentral.com/)","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"https://www.editorialmanager.com/bcar/default.aspx","title":"BMC Cardiovascular Disorders","twitterHandle":"BMC_series","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"em","reportingPortfolio":"BMC Series","inReviewEnabled":true,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true}}],"origin":"","ownerIdentity":"b2750efb-145a-4924-a650-5a36c8a2d5f8","owner":[],"postedDate":"January 12th, 2026","published":true,"recentEditorialEvents":[],"rejectedJournal":[],"revision":"","amendment":"","status":"under-review","subjectAreas":[],"tags":[],"updatedAt":"2026-01-12T06:04:19+00:00","versionOfRecord":[],"versionCreatedAt":"2026-01-12 06:04:19","video":"","vorDoi":"","vorDoiUrl":"","workflowStages":[]},"version":"v1","identity":"rs-7843975","journalConfig":"researchsquare"},"__N_SSP":true},"page":"/article/[identity]/[[...version]]","query":{"redirect":"/article/rs-7843975","identity":"rs-7843975","version":["v1"]},"buildId":"XKTyCvWXoU3ODBz1xrDgd","isFallback":false,"isExperimentalCompile":false,"dynamicIds":[84888],"gssp":true,"scriptLoader":[]}