Intangible Cultural Heritage Protection and Employment Dynamics: Empirical Evidence for China

Intangible Cultural Heritage Protection and Employment Dynamics: Empirical Evidence for China | Research Square window.SnipcartSettings = { analytics: { enabled: false } }; (function() { var accessVector = localStorage.getItem('access_vector') || ''; window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; if (accessVector) { window.dataLayer.push({ user: { profile: { profileInfo: { snid: accessVector } } } }); } })(); (function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start':new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0],j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src='https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f);})(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-K279D39R'); Browse Preprints In Review Journals COVID-19 Preprints AJE Video Bytes Research Tools Research Promotion AJE Professional Editing AJE Rubriq About Preprint Platform In Review Editorial Policies Our Team Advisory Board Help Center Sign In Submit a Preprint Cite Share Download PDF Article Intangible Cultural Heritage Protection and Employment Dynamics: Empirical Evidence for China xue Li, Na Tan This is a preprint; it has not been peer reviewed by a journal. https://doi.org/ 10.21203/rs.3.rs-7780223/v1 This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License Status: Posted Version 1 posted You are reading this latest preprint version Abstract This paper empirically investigates the impact of intangible cultural heritage (ICH) protection on employment dynamics in China’s prefecture-level cities from 2000 to 2019. By integrating data from China’s national ICH list with prefecture-level statistics, the study examines the employment effects of different ICH types. Empirical results show that ICH protection has an overall positive influence on employment growth. However, significant heterogeneity exists across industries: handicraft ICH notably drives employment in the secondary and tertiary sectors, while performance ICH has a more pronounced effect on the tertiary industry. Mechanism analysis highlights external factors—such as digital economy development and cultural market vitality—as positive moderators of ICH’s employment-pulling effect. This research provides empirical evidence for the employment-driving role of ICH and offers policy insights for local governments to leverage ICH preservation for regional employment and economic development. JEL Classification: I25, Z13, J21 Social science/Development studies Business and commerce/Economics Social science/Economics Intangible Cultural Heritage Employment Development Empirical Analysis Figures Figure 1 Figure 2 Introduction The protection and promotion of intangible cultural heritage (ICH) have garnered increasing attention in recent years due to their significant socio-economic implications (UNESCO, 2003 1 ). Unlike tangible cultural heritage, which primarily comprises physical artifacts and structures, ICH encompasses living traditions, knowledge, and practices passed down across generations within communities (Lai, 2015; Li & Zhang, 2019). Central to ICH preservation is its role in fostering cultural identity, social cohesion, and sustainable development. However, beyond its cultural significance, there is growing recognition of ICH’s potential to stimulate employment and drive economic growth (Tudorache, P.,2016；Macrì, E., Cristofaro, C.L., 2021; Shakya, M., & Vagnarelli, G., 2024). Various initiatives aimed at safeguarding and promoting ICH have emerged globally. These initiatives include the establishment of ICH workshops, cultural tourism integration, and the utilization of digital technologies to enhance heritage preservation and dissemination (Smith & Akagawa, 2018). Despite these efforts, there is limited empirical evidence on the effectiveness of such strategies in fostering employment opportunities. The focus of this paper is to empirically investigate the employment dynamics associated with the protection of intangible cultural heritage (ICH) in China, particularly across diverse industries and regional contexts. While existing research has highlighted the socio-cultural importance of ICH (e.g., UNESCO, 2003; Zhang, 2018; Wang, 2020; Li & Chen, 2021), there remains a gap in understanding its direct impact on employment generation and economic development in China. In recent years, the establishment of Intangible Cultural Heritage (ICH) workshops—spaces that leverage representative ICH projects or traditional handicrafts for heritage safeguarding, skill transmission, and local employment promotion—has emerged as a quintessential model of ICH-driven employment in China 2 . As of 2024, China has built more than 9,100 intangible cultural heritage workshops nationwide, spanning over 1,721 county-level areas. These workshops have directly employed more than 270,000 people who were lifted out of destitution under the country's poverty alleviation campaign, offering them a per capita yearly income of over 36,000 yuan (about $5,006). 3 with successful cases often characterized by high project activation rates, strong community embedding, and agglomeration effects of ICH clusters. Supported by multi-stakeholder partnerships—including universities, enterprises, e-commerce platforms, and industry associations—these workshops not only preserve industrial heritage and stimulate job creation but also drive development-through-employment, effectively elevating local living standards (Li et al., 2023; Zhang & Wang, 2022). Despite initial evidence of employment stimulation through Intangible Cultural Heritage (ICH), significant disparities exist in ICH-driven employment effects, attributable to variations in ICH typologies and their industry-specific impacts (Li & Zhang, 2023). This heterogeneity leads to divergent employment outcomes across regions with differing resource endowments, prompting critical questions: What is the actual employment impact of ICH protection? How do different ICH types vary in their employment stimulation? Using China’s national ICH list matched with prefecture-level city panel data (2010–2023), this paper empirically examines ICH’s employment effects and heterogeneity. Results show that ICH protection generally drives employment growth, but significant heterogeneities exist: craft-based ICH significantly impacts overall employment and the secondary/tertiary industries, while performance-based ICH exerts stronger effects on tertiary industry employment. Mechanistic analysis reveals that improvements in digital economic development and cultural market vitality positively moderate these employment effects (see Figure 1 for the conceptual framework). This study provides empirical evidence on ICH’s employment impact in China, advocating tailored policies to leverage ICH for regional employment and economic development. By integrating empirical analysis with theoretical frameworks, it contributes to academic discussions on ICH’s role in employment dynamics, offering insights for policymakers, heritage practitioners, and stakeholders. The paper is structured as follows: Hypotheses derivation (Section 2), empirical strategies and data (Section 3), main findings (Section 4), mechanism analysis (Section 5), and conclusions/recommendations (Section 6). Literature Review and Hypotheses Development Since UNESCO proposed the Draft Convention for the Protection of Folklore in 1989 and later adopted the Convention for the Safeguarding of the Intangible Cultural Heritage in 2003, global research on ICH has flourished. Academic exploration abroad began in the 20th century and has since standardized, with Western societies leading the way—particularly Italy, Germany, and France, which leveraged their rich cultural resources (Nettleford, 2004). For example, Italy’s annual Cultural Heritage Week (initiated in 1997) enhances public awareness through exhibitions, directly contributing to heritage preservation. In Asia, Japan pioneered ICH legislation in the 1940s, coining the term "intangible cultural heritage" (Brown, 2005), while South Korea has integrated ICH with tourism to foster cultural-economic development. Few studies highlight that isolating ICH inheritors hinders sustainability; instead, their active engagement in heritage projects—such as "living heritage" models—boosts protection awareness (Foo, R., 2019). Museums play a pivotal role in this process, using exhibition advantages to preserve and utilize ICH. Community-driven strategies, like collaborative museumization, also ensure intergenerational transmission (Ferrer Yulfo, A. , 2022. This leads to: Hypothesis 1 : ICH protection positively influences local employment. The integration of ICH with tourism—termed "cultural-tourism integration"—has gained traction, involving development, experiential design, and revitalization strategies (Meduri & Lore, 2016). As UNWTO data shows rising tourist demand for cultural experiences, ICH integration with modern lifestyles drives tourism growth. Italy’s success in Palermo and Taormina exemplifies how cultural-industry-tourism fusion generates economic benefits and cultural promotion (Pigliaru, 2007), leading to: Hypothesis 2 : Different ICH types exhibit heterogeneous employment effects across industries. Regarding moderating factors, Capello & Perucca (2020) emphasize that cultural heritage’s economic impact depends on its institutional embedding. Digital technologies (e.g., AI, VR) have also been proposed to enhance ICH protection via digital museums (Seulahk et al., 2019) Studies further confirm the cultural industry’s positive impact on job creation (Power & Petrakis, 2006), while a Laotian case study highlights the need to align tourism development with local livelihoods (Suntiku, 2013). Thus: Hypothesis 3 : Digital economic development and cultural market vitality positively moderate ICH’s employment effects. This paper contributes by empirically examining ICH’s employment pull and industry heterogeneity using China’s prefecture-level panel data matched with national ICH lists. Key findings include: (1) ICH protection significantly drives employment growth; (2) craft-type ICH has the strongest total employment impact; (3) digital development and cultural market vitality amplify these effects. These insights advance empirical understanding of ICH-employment dynamics and inform policy for regional development. Empirical Strategy and Data Description To validate the aforementioned hypotheses, this study employs panel data from Chinese prefecture-level cities spanning from 2000 to 2019. The following baseline model is constructed for empirical analysis: $$\:{\text{E}\text{m}\text{p}\text{l}\text{o}\text{y}\text{m}\text{e}\text{n}\text{t}}_{ij}={\beta\:}_{0}+{\beta\:}_{1}{ICH}_{ij}+{\beta\:}_{2}{Controls}_{ij}+{\gamma\:}_{t}+{\delta\:}_{r}+{\gamma\:}_{t}\times\:{\delta\:}_{r}+{\epsilon\:}_{ij}$$ 1 Here, \(\:{\text{E}\text{m}\text{p}\text{l}\text{o}\text{y}\text{m}\text{e}\text{n}\text{t}}_{ij}\) is the dependent variable, representing the employment level of the \(\:i\) prefecture-level city in year \(\:j\) . \(\:{ICH}_{ij}\) serves as the core explanatory variable, denoting resources protected by the Intangible Cultural Heritage List and similar designations in the \(\:i\) prefecture-level city during year \(\:j\) . The estimated coefficient \(\:{\beta\:}_{1}\) measures the net effect of ICH on employment growth. To address potential omitted variable bias, the model controls for city-level characteristics \(\:{Controls}_{ij}\) that may influence employment, along with year effects \(\:{\gamma\:}_{t}\) , prefecture-level city effects \(\:{\delta\:}_{r}\) , and their interaction term \(\:{\gamma\:}_{t}\times\:{\delta\:}_{r}\) . \(\:{\epsilon\:}_{ij}\) is the random error term. The Dependent Variable To comprehensively examine ICH’s employment growth effects and industry-level heterogeneity, our model includes total employment and sector-specific employment (primary, secondary, tertiary industries) as dependent variables. Specifically, sectoral employment is calculated by multiplying the proportion of employees in each industry by the city’s total working population at year-end 4 . The Core Explanatory Variable China’s National Intangible Cultural Heritage List, established to protect diverse cultural resources, has released five batches of projects (2006, 2008, 2011, 2014, 2021), totaling 1,557 national-level representative projects 5 . To avoid estimation bias from the post-2020 COVID-19 pandemic, this study uses the first four batches (1,372 projects) matched with city-level data to construct the core explanatory variable: cumulative ICH ( \(\:{ICH}_{ij}\) ) which measures local ICH endowment by counting the cumulative number of national-level ICH projects in city \(\:i\) by year \(\:j\) . For heterogeneity analysis, we categorize ICH into three types based on the 2021 Central Government’s Opinions on Strengthening ICH Protection : performance-based ICH, craft-based ICH, and folklore-based ICH. Among these, performance-based and craft-based ICH have larger project counts. Their spatial distribution is illustrated in Fig. 1 . [Insert Fig. 1 about here] Control Variables Although this study employs fixed effects models to account for city-level heterogeneity, we further control for variables rooted in existing employment determinant literature to minimize omitted variable bias: (1) Regional economic development and trade openness, measured by GDP per capita and FDI, as cross-country studies (David et al., 2009 ; Mao et al., 2009 ; Zhang et al., 2015; Hanushek & Woessmann, 2012 ) confirm their direct impact on local labor markets; (2) Government education expenditure to capture human capital effects, given economic literature (Yao et al., 2013) linking education spending to employment rates; (3) Urbanization rate to mitigate the influence of China’s urban-rural dual structure on employment scale/structure (Yang, 2000 ; Li & Yu, 2006 ); (4) Regional population to address scale effects given the total employment dependent variable (Au & Henderson, 2006 ; Bloom & Fink, 2010); (5) Fixed asset investment and high-speed railway accessibility as infrastructure proxies, as infrastructure supports regional development and employment (Zhang, 2010; Démurger, 2001 ; Chen & Haynes, 2015 ); (6) Average temperature to account for natural condition effects on employment choices (Dell & Olken, 2012; Graff & Neidell, 2014). This study employs panel data from 293 prefecture-level cities and 4 municipalities directly under the central government in China spanning 2000–2019. Data sources include the China Urban Statistical Yearbook, China Regional Economic Statistics Yearbook, and respective provincial/municipal statistical yearbooks. After excluding observations with missing values for key variables (e.g., GDP, employment) and extreme values were winsorized at the 1% level, descriptive statistics of the final sample are reported in Table 1 . [Insert Table 1 about here] Empirical Findings The Employment Effect of Protecting Intangible Cultural Heritage To ensure data normality, logarithmic transformations were applied to continuous variables. Using Model (1), we evaluated the impact of total intangible cultural heritage (ICH) quantity on total employment and employment across the three primary industries. Table 2 presents the regression results: Columns (1), (3), (5), and (7) control for year effects, regional effects, and regional time trends. Notably, without control variables, total ICH demonstrates a significant positive impact on total employment and employment in all three industries. However, this result may be confounded by omitted variables affecting employment. Thus, Columns (2), (4), (6), and (8) incorporate control variables derived from existing literature. The results show that total ICH no longer significantly affects primary and secondary industry employment. By contrast, it retains a significant positive effect on total employment and tertiary-sector employment—though coefficients are notably lower than in the unadjusted model. Specifically, a 1% increase in ICH catalogue projects is associated with a 1.8% rise in local total employment, while the tertiary sector's employment pull is twice that of total employment. These findings align with real-world observations. Previous research (Tan et al., 2022) confirms that ICH protection and development drive local tertiary industries, such as tourism, hospitality, and catering. During ICH cataloguing, regions often leverage indigenous cultural resources to develop tourist attractions. Once listed, these attractions secure increased subsidies and recognition, drawing tourists and generating employment in catering, accommodation, and entertainment—thereby illustrating that ICH's employment impact primarily operates through the tertiary sector. [Insert Table 2 about here] Employment Effects of Different Types of ICHs To further test Hypothesis 2 regarding heterogeneity in the employment pull effect of different intangible cultural heritage (ICH) types, we included all control variables while accounting for year, city, and city-year trend effects. The core explanatory variable—ICH—was replaced by Performance-type ICH, Craft-type ICH, and Folklore-type ICH in regressions analysing total employment and sectoral employment. Figure 1 displays the impact coefficients and confidence intervals for the three ICH types. Overall, their employment effects exhibit significant heterogeneity, with marked differences across industrial sectors. Key findings include: First, craft-type ICH has a significant positive effect on total employment (coefficient = 0.0188, p < 0.01), nearly matching the total ICH coefficient (0.0181) in Table 2 . It uniquely drives employment in both secondary and tertiary sectors: traditional arts, crafts, and medical practices—tangible aspects of ICH—are commercialize, easily integrated into modern life, and stimulate industrial development. As noted by Ding (2020), craft-type ICH represents "surface culture" or "utilitarian culture," directly linked to mass consumption and highly operable for industrialization. For example, Xuanzhou's Xuan paper craftsmanship (a 2006 National ICH and 2009 UNESCO ICH listing) has spurred Jing County's industry: over 540 enterprises, 10,000 workers, 7,000 tons/year of Xuan paper, 10,000 tons/year of handmade calligraphy paper (60% national market share), and ¥1 billion annual output. Second, while Performance-type ICH shows broadly positive employment effects, only its impact on tertiary-sector employment is statistically significant (coefficient = 0.032, p < 0.01)—1 percentage point higher than Craft-type ICH. This stems from traditional music, dance, drama, and acrobatics, which drive cultural-sports-entertainment industries through live performances or cultural-tourism integration, spilling over into hospitality, retail, and education. Finally, Regions with abundant Folklore-type ICH exhibit higher primary-sector employment, though no significant secondary/tertiary effects. This likely reflects historical agrarian civilization: folklore and traditions (transmitted orally or via festivals) often thrive in historically agrarian areas, where agricultural development may coincide with cultural heritage preservation. These results suggest Folklore-type ICH currently has limited industrial employment spillover. [Insert Fig. 2 about here] Mechanism Analysis The Moderating Effect of the Digital Economy To examine the moderating effect of the digital economy, this study first constructed a comprehensive digital economy index (DEI) following Zhao (2020). Six indicators—telecommunications service revenue, information transmission personnel, computer services and software industry output, Internet broadband subscribers, mobile phone users, and inclusive finance index—were standardized and subjected to principal component analysis for dimensionality reduction. The resulting index measures regional digital economic development. Second, the interaction term \(\:ICH\times\:DEI\) was added to Model (1), with regression results shown in Table 3 . Notably, the interaction coefficients in Columns (1) and (2) are significantly positive, indicating that the digital economy strengthens ICH’s employment pull effect—particularly in the tertiary sector, as revealed by sectoral analysis. Third, separate interactions of the three ICH categories with the Digital Economy Index were modelled (Table 4 ), showing that the digital economy’s positive moderation is most pronounced for Craft-type and Folklore-type ICH, while Performance-type ICH exhibits limited employment leverage under digital economy influence. [Insert Table 3 about here] The Moderating Effect of Cultural Market Vitality To test the moderating effect of cultural market vitality (CMV), this study adopted "whether a city implemented cultural institutional reforms in a given year" as a proxy for local cultural market vitality, following Liu et al. (2020). First, the interaction term \(\:ICH\times\:CMV\) was added to Model (1). Results showed insignificant interaction coefficients, prompting the question: Does cultural market vitality only moderate specific types of ICH? Thus, we introduced interaction terms of the three ICH categories with Cultural Market Vitality into Model (1) (Table 5 ). Findings revealed that cultural market vitality significantly enhances the employment pull effect of Craft-type and Folklore-type ICH, while showing no significant moderation for Performance-type ICH. [Insert Table 4 about here] Notably, Folklore-type ICH development exhibits stark variations in cultural market vitality. Although folklore-type ICH showed limited total employment impact in prior heterogeneity analyses, vibrant local cases demonstrate its potential: by integrating folklore, traditional festivals, and tourism resources, regions have organized large-scale events with significant market influence. For example, Nanjing leverages the Qinhuai Lantern Festival (a first-batch National ICH project), integrating surrounding cultural-tourism resources. The festival now stands as China’s longest-running folk lantern event. In 2023, the 37th Qinhuai Lantern Festival (resumed post-pandemic) attracted 2.171 million visitors during the Lunar New Year holiday, making it the top 5A scenic spot nationwide. Nanjing’s total tourist arrivals reached 6.1736 million, driving surges in online/offline commerce for shops and homestays—highlighting the ICH resource’s employment and economic impact. Additionally, regions are leveraging folk literature/legends to create live performances, extending tourism duration and boosting hospitality. Guilin’s Impression of Liu Sanjie —the first landscape live show based on local folklore—pioneered a culture-tourism integration model, demonstrating how cultural market vitality can amplify Folklore-type ICH’s economic spillover effects. Conclusion and policy implications This paper illuminates the intricate relationship between intangible cultural heritage (ICH) and employment dynamics, providing empirical insights into ICH’s employment pull effect and its industry-specific heterogeneity. Using panel data from China’s prefecture-level cities matched with national ICH listings, we find that ICH protection significantly drives employment growth. However, this effect varies starkly across ICH types: Craft-type ICH exerts the strongest influence on total employment, particularly in secondary and tertiary sectors. Results highlight that the digital economy and cultural market vitality significantly moderate ICH’s employment impact. These findings not only enrich the empirical literature on ICH-driven employment but also offer actionable insights for policymakers. Policy implications for sustainable development include formulating tailored industrial strategies to leverage each ICH type’s unique employment potential, such as prioritizing skill inheritance and intellectual property protection for Craft-type ICH, promoting cultural-tourism integration for Performance-type ICH, and enhancing market vitality through festival economies for Folklore-type ICH. Additionally, it is crucial to establish mechanisms for skill transmission (e.g., apprenticeship programs) and strengthen cultural IP governance to ensure the long-term sustainability of craft industries. Investing in heritage-themed tourism experiences—like landscape performances and ICH festivals, as seen in Nanjing’s Qinhuai Lantern Festival—can amplify Performance-type ICH’s employment spillover in the tertiary sector. Finally, upgrading digital infrastructure to enable online ICH promotion (e.g., craft product e-commerce, livestreamed performances) is essential for integrating heritage practitioners into the digital economy. Declarations Author Contribution Xue Li: Editing, validation, and final draft. Na Tan: Conceptualization, Original draft. ETHICS STATEMENTS : This article does not contain any studies with human participants performed by any of the authors DATA AVAILABILITY STATEMENT : The datasets generated during and/or analyzed during the current study are available from the corresponding author on reasonable request. References Au, C. C., & Henderson, J. V. (2006). Are Chinese cities too small? Review of Economic Studies, 73(3), 549–576. Bloom, D. E., Canning, D., & Fink, G. (2010). Urbanization and economic growth. Journal of Urban Economics, 68(1), 36–44. Brown, M. F. (2005). Heritage Trouble: Recent Work on the Protection of Intangible Cultural Property. International Journal of Cultural Property, 12(1), 40–61. doi:10.1017/S0940739105050010. Capello, R., Cerisola, S., & Perucca, G. (2020). Cultural heritage, creativity, and local development: A scientific research program. In S. Della Torre, S. Cattaneo, C. Lenzi, & A. Zanelli (Eds.), Regeneration of the built environment from a circular economy perspective (pp. 11–19). Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-33256-3_2 Chen, Y., & Haynes, K. E. (2015). The economic impacts of high-speed rail in China: A computable general equilibrium analysis. Journal of Transport Geography, 46, 184–196. David, J., Harrison, A. E., & McMillan, M. S. (2009). Trade, jobs, and wages in developing countries. The World Bank Research Observer, 24(1), 1–29. Dell, M., Jones, B. F., & Olken, B. A. (2012). Temperature shocks and economic growth: Evidence from the last half century. American Economic Journal: Macroeconomics, 4(3), 66–95. Démurger, S. (2001). Infrastructure development and economic growth: An explanation for regional disparities in China? Journal of Comparative Economics, 29(1), 95–117. Ferrer Yulfo, A. (2022). Transforming museum education through intangible cultural heritage. Journal of Museum Education, 47(3), 319 - 330. Foo, R. (2019). Building a network for preserving intangible cultural heritage through education: A study of Indonesian batik. International Journal of Art & Design Education, 38(2), 398 - 415. Graff Zivin, J. G., & Neidell, M. (2014). Temperature and the allocation of time: Implications for climate change. Journal of Labor Economics, 32(3), 559–593. Hanushek, E. A., & Woessmann, L. (2012). Do better schools lead to more growth? Cognitive skills, economic outcomes, and causation. Journal of Economic Growth, 17(4), 267–321. Lai. (2015). Manipuri Lai Haroba: an intangible heritage. Paper presented at the 3rd International Conference on Intangible Cultural Heritage. Li, J., et al. (2023). ICH workshop development and rural employment: A national survey. Chinese Journal of Cultural Economics, 16(2), 45-68. Li, S., & Yu, K. (2006). Urbanization and economic growth in China: A provincial panel analysis. China & World Economy, 14(6), 1–18. Li, X., & Chen, M. (2021). ICH as a tool for social integration: Evidence from the Naxi Dongba Culture in Yunnan. International Journal of Heritage Studies, 27(6), 689-706. Li, X., & Zhang, Y. (2019). Study on the authenticity perception of intangible cultural heritage. Current Urban Studies, 7(2), 1–15. Macrì, E., Cristofaro, C.L. (2021). The Digitalisation of Cultural Heritage for Sustainable Development: The Impact of Europeana. In: Demartini, P., Marchegiani, L., Marchiori, M., Schiuma, G. (eds) Cultural Initiatives for Sustainable Development. Contributions to Management Science. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-65687-4_17 Mao, Y., Zhang, Z., & Zhang, Y. (2009). Foreign direct investment and regional economic development in China. China Economic Review, 20(4), 614–627. Meduri, T., & Lore, I. (2016). The UNESCO intangible heritage as input for rural development: A theoretical model for Mediterranean diet valorization. Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences, 233, 647–654. Ministry of Culture and Tourism. (2024). Annual Report on Intangible Cultural Heritage Protection in China. Beijing. Nettleford, R. (2004). Migration, Transmission and Maintenance of the Intangible Heritage. Museum International, 56 (1 - 2), 78 - 83. Pigliaru, F. (2007). How fast are small tourist countries growing? Evidence from 1980–2003. SSRN Electronic Journal. Power, D., & Petrakis, P. E. (2006). Culture, creativity and economic development. Annals of Regional Science, 40(1), 109–124. Seulahk, K., et al. (2019). Digital transformation of intangible cultural heritage: A case study of VR-based museum exhibitions. Heritage Science, 7(1), 1–12. Shakya, M., & Vagnarelli, G. (2024). Creating value from intangible cultural heritage—the role of innovation for sustainable tourism and regional rural development. European Journal of Cultural Management and Policy, 14, 12057. DOI: 10.3389/ejcmp.2024.12057 Smith, L., & Akagawa, N. (2018). Safeguarding intangible heritage. Routledge. Suntiku, S. (2013). Community-based tourism and intangible cultural heritage in Laos: The case of the Khmuic weaving tradition. Journal of Sustainable Tourism, 21(6), 883–902. https://doi.org/10.1080/09669582.2012.759842. Tan, N., Anwar, S., & Jiang, W. (2022). Intangible cultural heritage listing and tourism growth in China. Journal of Tourism and Cultural Change, 20(4), 789–805. https://doi.org/10.1080/14766825.2022.2068373. Tudorache, P. (2016). The importance of the intangible cultural heritage in the economy. Procedia Economics and Finance, 39, 731 - 736. DOI: 10.1016/S2212 - 5671(16)30271 - 4. Wang, Y. (2020). Intangible cultural heritage protection and community identity: A case study of Shaoxing Opera. Heritage Management, 5(2), 45-62. Yang, D. T. (2000). Rural-urban migration and urbanization in China: Evidence from time-series and cross-section analyses. China Economic Review, 11(3), 195–217. Yao, Y., & Zhang, J. (2013). Returns to education in urban China: A longitudinal study. China Economic Review, 24, 1–13. Zhang, G., Li, X., & Chen, G. (2010). The employment, output, and investment effects of China's infrastructure: A study based on inter-provincial industrial enterprise panel data from 1998 to 2006. Management World, (4), 10. Zhang, J., & Wu, G. (2015). Trade openness and regional economic growth in China. China & World Economy, 23(6), 68–85. Zhang, L. (2018). The socio-cultural value of intangible cultural heritage in rural China. Journal of Cultural Heritage, 34, 123-135. Zhang, M., & Wang, F. (2022). E-commerce and ICH craftsmanship: Case studies from Zhejiang. Heritage Economics Review, 9(1), 102-119. Zhao, T., Zhang, Z., & Liang, S. (2020). Digital Economy, Entrepreneurship, and High-Quality Economic Development: Empirical Evidence from Urban China. Management World, 36, 65-76. (In Chinese) Footnotes https://ich.unesco.org/doc/src/2003_Convention_Basic_Texts_2024_version_EN.pdf . China makes notable progress in intangible cultural heritage protection. (2025, February 6). Al Wihda Info. https://www.alwihdainfo.com/China-makes-notable-progress-in-intangible-cultural-heritage-protection_a138544.html . China builds over 9,100 intangible cultural heritage workshops to boost preservation, employment. Updated: Nov 27, 2024 Xinhua. https://govt.chinadaily.com.cn/s/202411/27/WS67467e8a498eec7e1f728873/china-builds-over-9-100-intangible-cultural-heritage-workshops-to-boost-preservation-employment.html . City-level working population data are from the China City Statistical Yearbook (2000–2019). ICH project lists are from the Ministry of Culture and Tourism database. Tables Table 1. Descriptive statistics of the data Variable Variable Mean Obs Mean Std. dev. Min Max Dependent Variables Total Employment Number of urban employees (per 10,000 inhabitants of the whole city) 5,413 48.48 72.97 2.59 986.87 Employment in primary industry Share of employees in primary industry * Number of urban employees (per 10 000 inhabitants of the whole city) 5,356 1.53 9.35 0.01 441.24 Employment in the secondary industry Share of employees in the secondary sector * Number of urban employees (per 10 000 inhabitants of the whole city) 5,409 21.93 32.2 0.04 429.1 Employment in the tertiary industry Share of employees in the tertiary sector * Number of urban employees (per 10 000 inhabitants of the whole city) 5,407 24.12 43.31 0.04 681.09 Core Explanatory Variables ICH Accumulated number of items listed in the Intangible Cultural Heritage Catalogue (per year) 6,593 4.36 7.72 0 108 Performance-based ICH Accumulative number of items in traditional music, dance, drama, storytelling, traditional sports, entertainment and acrobatics listed in the ICH Catalogue (per year) 6,593 1.98 3.12 0 21 Craft-based ICH Accumulated items listed in the ICH catalogue in traditional arts, crafts and traditional medicine (per year) 6,593 1.16 2.42 0 28 Folklore-based ICH Accumulated items listed in the ICH catalogue in folklore and folk literature (per year) 6,593 0.88 1.66 0 26 Control Variables Economic development Regional gross domestic product per capita (RMB yuan) 6,207 20948.14 18271.82 1160.00 158232.80 Openness Actual use of foreign direct investment (USD million) 4,357 38825.71 89541.77 0.39 1049553 Education Government budget expenditure on education (in hundred million yuan) 5,335 35.81 55.55 0.00 887.38 Urbanisation Urbanisation rate = non-agricultural population/total population 4,770 0.65 0.36 0.07 3.59 Population Total population at the end of the year (per 10,000 inhabitants of the whole city) 5,408 434.99 376.66 15.96 11098.40 Infrastructure Total investment in social fixed assets (in tens of thousands of yuan) 5,903 764.08 1429.44 1.84 56479 Transport 0-1 variable indicating whether high-speed rail was in operation in a given area in a given year 5,328 0.28 0.45 0.00 1.00 Temperature Average temperature (in Celsius °C) 5,935 14.31 5.49 -2.20 27.00 Table 2. Impact of total NRM on employment (1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) (7) (8) Total Employment Employment in Tertiary Industry Employment in Secondary Industry Employment in Primary Industry ICH 0.324 *** 0.0181 ** 0.357 *** 0.0362 *** 0.289 *** -0.0152 0.234 *** 0.00832 (0.0159) (0.00921) (0.0149) (0.00830) (0.0200) (0.0135) (0.0286) (0.0334) E conomic development 0.279 *** 0.0807 *** 0.570 *** -0.481 *** (0.0248) (0.0223) (0.0363) (0.0897) Openness 0.0639 *** 0.0425 *** 0.0854 *** -0.118 *** (0.00699) (0.00630) (0.0103) (0.0253) Education 0.527 *** 0.584 *** 0.420 *** 0.183 ** (0.0248) (0.0224) (0.0365) (0.0905) Urbanization 0.175 *** 0.130 *** 0.257 *** 0.0593 (0.0338) (0.0304) (0.0496) (0.122) Population 0.237 *** 0.232 *** 0.332 *** 0.388 *** (0.0223) (0.0201) (0.0327) (0.0817) Infrastructure 0.154 *** 0.176 *** 0.153 *** 0.374 *** (0.0217) (0.0195) (0.0318) (0.0783) Traffic 0.0537 *** 0.0332 ** 0.0641 *** -0.0503 (0.0157) (0.0141) (0.0230) (0.0568) Temperature -0.152 *** -0.0484 -0.00766 -0.832 *** (0.0431) (0.0389) (0.0633) (0.156) Year effect Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes City effect Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes City effect # Year effect Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Constant 14.31 *** 5.706 *** 13.70 *** 6.857 *** 13.49 *** 0.848 8.957 *** 11.93 *** (0.627) (0.398) (0.588) (0.358) (0.791) (0.584) (1.116) (1.437) N 3323 2361 3322 2361 3322 2361 3271 2327 adj. R 2 0.432 0.871 0.412 0.875 0.442 0.823 0.385 0.438 Note: Standard errors in parentheses, *, **, and *** indicate significant at the 10%, 5%, and 1% levels, respectively. Table 3: Moderation of Employment Effects of the Digital Economy on ICH (1) (2) (3) (4) Total Employment Employment in Tertiary Industry Employment in Secondary Industry Employment in Primary Industry 0.0345 *** 0.0316 *** 0.0173 -0.166 *** (0.0110) (0.0101) (0.0168) (0.0453) ICH -0.283 *** -0.233 *** -0.176 1.479 *** (0.0956) (0.0874) (0.146) (0.393) DEI 0.260 *** 0.279 *** 0.258 *** 0.392 *** (0.0281) (0.0257) (0.0428) (0.116) C ontrol s Yes Yes Yes Yes Year effect Yes Yes Yes Yes City effect Yes Yes Yes Yes City effect # Year effect Yes Yes Yes Yes N 1294 1294 1294 1268 adj. R 2 0.885 0.885 0.827 0.394 Note: Standard errors in parentheses, *, **, and *** indicate significant at the 10%, 5%, and 1% levels, respectively. Table 4: Moderation of the Employment Effects of the Digital Economy on Various ICH Categories (1) (2) (3) Total Employment Total Employment Total Employment Performing 0.0196 (0.0152) Performing Arts ICH -0.161 (0.131) Craft 0.0117 ** (0.00547) Crafts ICH -0.0883 * (0.0474) Folklore 0.0176 *** (0.00643) Folklore ICH -0.146 *** (0.0551) DEI 0.304 *** 0.324 *** 0.335 *** (0.0307) (0.0213) (0.0212) Control s Yes Yes Yes Year effect Yes Yes Yes City effect Yes Yes Yes City effect # Year effect Yes Yes Yes N 1135 1360 1360 adj. R 2 0.883 0.888 0.888 Note: Standard errors in parentheses, *, **, and *** indicate significant at the 10%, 5%, and 1% levels, respectively. Table 5. Moderation of the employment effects of cultural market dynamics on various ICH categories (1) (2) (3) Total Employment Total Employment Total Employment Performing 0.0188 (0.0181) Performing ICH 0.000912 (0.0127) Craft 0.0168 ** (0.00742) Crafts ICH 0.00899 * (0.00517) Folklore 0.0361 *** (0.00853) Folklore ICH -0.00584 (0.00575) CMV 0.0532 ** 0.0962 *** 0.124 *** (0.0247) (0.0152) (0.0167) Control s Year effect City effect City effect # Year effect N 2008 3311 3311 adj. R 2 0.873 0.869 0.869 Note: Standard errors in parentheses, *, **, and *** indicate significant at the 10%, 5%, and 1% levels, respectively. Additional Declarations No competing interests reported. Cite Share Download PDF Status: Posted Version 1 posted You are reading this latest preprint version Research Square lets you share your work early, gain feedback from the community, and start making changes to your manuscript prior to peer review in a journal. As a division of Research Square Company, we’re committed to making research communication faster, fairer, and more useful. We do this by developing innovative software and high quality services for the global research community. Our growing team is made up of researchers and industry professionals working together to solve the most critical problems facing scientific publishing. Also discoverable on Platform About Our Team In Review Editorial Policies Advisory Board Help Center Resources Author Services Accessibility API Access RSS feed Manage Cookie Preferences © Research Square 2026 | ISSN 2693-5015 (online) Privacy Policy Terms of Service Do Not Sell My Personal Information {"props":{"pageProps":{"initialData":{"identity":"rs-7780223","acceptedTermsAndConditions":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"archivedVersions":[],"articleType":"Article","associatedPublications":[],"authors":[{"id":552193993,"identity":"3d42d342-1354-47eb-85fe-6dd8e859b64f","order_by":0,"name":"xue Li","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Shanghai Lixin University of Accounting and Finance","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"xue","middleName":"","lastName":"Li","suffix":""},{"id":552193995,"identity":"1f2dea24-fcc3-4617-b628-dffc9bebcd11","order_by":1,"name":"Na Tan","email":"data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAZAAAAAyAQMAAABI0h/eAAAABlBMVEX///8AAABVwtN+AAAACXBIWXMAAA7EAAAOxAGVKw4bAAAAwklEQVRIiWNgGAWjYNCCCgseBmYQg40IxTxg8owEqVoY2ySgXGK02LOfPfbg5zwJGYPjvAcYPpQdZuCf3UDAFp68dMPebRI8ks18CYwzzh1mkLhzgJDDcswkeIFa+Jl5DJh52w4zGEgkENDC/8ZM8u8cCR42kJa/RGmRyDGT5m2A2sJIlJYbb8ykZY6B/MJjcLDnXDqPxA0CWtj7c8wk39TY2BucP2P44EeZtRz/DAJaUMABBljcjoJRMApGwSigDAAAoo8zJVU1TN4AAAAASUVORK5CYII=","orcid":"","institution":"Shanghai Lixin University of Accounting and Finance","correspondingAuthor":true,"prefix":"","firstName":"Na","middleName":"","lastName":"Tan","suffix":""}],"badges":[],"createdAt":"2025-10-04 13:38:41","currentVersionCode":1,"declarations":"","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-7780223/v1","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-7780223/v1","draftVersion":[],"editorialEvents":[],"editorialNote":"","failedWorkflow":false,"files":[{"id":97163891,"identity":"0ae46bff-8b14-44d9-93cf-5c39de41e9fb","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-12-01 13:16:36","extension":"docx","order_by":0,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":596452,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"Manuscriptanonymous1.docx","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7780223/v1/a0b526d2d013059bc778095a.docx"},{"id":97163894,"identity":"5f529a55-f48b-4fc7-bbd8-401474a74ba9","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-12-01 13:16:36","extension":"json","order_by":1,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":3682,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"f6d0a448eb6a471f8b7db6087c6e8cc6.json","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7780223/v1/ebbf6782d8d3cbd8aeb943dc.json"},{"id":97163897,"identity":"08c3b777-7d97-4a00-817d-8c45d5dd9dfc","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-12-01 13:16:36","extension":"xml","order_by":2,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":122865,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"f6d0a448eb6a471f8b7db6087c6e8cc61enriched.xml","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7780223/v1/813df56a9ac30a8dfaa32ffb.xml"},{"id":97248792,"identity":"58a9922d-5bbc-4e90-8c23-a8468e78bb57","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-12-02 13:07:10","extension":"png","order_by":3,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":428335,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"floatimage1.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7780223/v1/8eec9ba31f680b7a698bba5e.png"},{"id":97250271,"identity":"769e2fc0-bcdc-4aa7-905c-23069da38eec","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-12-02 13:14:11","extension":"png","order_by":4,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":98584,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"floatimage2.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7780223/v1/7361bfa0cf66002529b305b3.png"},{"id":97248860,"identity":"4e39f2da-ea7d-4df3-9ee8-7e223d551de6","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-12-02 13:07:40","extension":"png","order_by":5,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":86056,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"Onlinefloatimage1.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7780223/v1/6fd20c6e04e922933650596a.png"},{"id":97163893,"identity":"79f9b9ba-27c0-445b-a91f-6e2955ccb8ad","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-12-01 13:16:36","extension":"png","order_by":6,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":23582,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"Onlinefloatimage2.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7780223/v1/7b4643eec37879fb62b6bdc1.png"},{"id":97163898,"identity":"a9db071d-2bae-4bb5-9715-9aec2c104fb5","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-12-01 13:16:36","extension":"xml","order_by":7,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":121431,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"f6d0a448eb6a471f8b7db6087c6e8cc61structuring.xml","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7780223/v1/84ded7aa31fd43dec828bb80.xml"},{"id":97163899,"identity":"cf206d5d-84e6-42bd-897c-81516bf186cf","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-12-01 13:16:36","extension":"html","order_by":8,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":127508,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"earlyproof.html","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7780223/v1/9ce49d720ab4bfaa0c8e1336.html"},{"id":97163889,"identity":"b31c8fc4-4197-431e-be9b-5a97520289bc","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-12-01 13:16:36","extension":"png","order_by":1,"title":"Figure 1","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":428335,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eSpatial distribution of ICH classifications\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e*See Figure 1 for spatial distribution maps, with darker shades indicating higher ICH density in southwestern and southeastern regions.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003ea. Distribution of ICH biaoyan\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eb. Distribution of ICH jiyi\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003ec. Distribution of ICH minjian\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"floatimage1.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7780223/v1/c26f5ad4ebb042c523e64863.png"},{"id":97249934,"identity":"60cdb417-3fec-4415-82ee-270efe53b2b4","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-12-02 13:13:40","extension":"png","order_by":2,"title":"Figure 2","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":98584,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eGraphical representation of the coefficients of the impact of the various ICHs on employment\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"floatimage2.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7780223/v1/1b3d71af2e131ffa5b4225da.png"},{"id":102748638,"identity":"19a996ab-561c-4511-aad8-307fadac2886","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2026-02-16 09:11:20","extension":"pdf","order_by":0,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"manuscript-pdf","size":1576905,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"manuscript.pdf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7780223/v1/ab4a1b3a-f08c-4b31-a60c-3a6355797b4e.pdf"}],"financialInterests":"No competing interests reported.","formattedTitle":"Intangible Cultural Heritage Protection and Employment Dynamics: Empirical Evidence for China","fulltext":[{"header":"Introduction","content":"\u003cp\u003eThe protection and promotion of intangible cultural heritage (ICH) have garnered increasing attention in recent years due to their significant socio-economic implications (UNESCO, 2003\u003ca href=\"#_ftn1\" name=\"_ftnref1\" title=\"\"\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\u003csup\u003e1\u003c/sup\u003e). Unlike tangible cultural heritage, which primarily comprises physical artifacts and structures, ICH encompasses living traditions, knowledge, and practices passed down across generations within communities (Lai, 2015; Li \u0026amp; Zhang, 2019). Central to ICH preservation is its role in fostering cultural identity, social cohesion, and sustainable development. However, beyond its cultural significance, there is growing recognition of ICH\u0026rsquo;s potential to stimulate employment and drive economic growth (Tudorache, P.,2016；Macr\u0026igrave;, E., Cristofaro, C.L., 2021; Shakya, M., \u0026amp; Vagnarelli, G., 2024).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eVarious initiatives aimed at safeguarding and promoting ICH have emerged globally. These initiatives include the establishment of ICH workshops, cultural tourism integration, and the utilization of digital technologies to enhance heritage preservation and dissemination (Smith \u0026amp; Akagawa, 2018). Despite these efforts, there is limited empirical evidence on the effectiveness of such strategies in fostering employment opportunities.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe focus of this paper is to empirically investigate the employment dynamics associated with the protection of intangible cultural heritage (ICH) in China, particularly across diverse industries and regional contexts. While existing research has highlighted the socio-cultural importance of ICH (e.g., UNESCO, 2003; Zhang, 2018; Wang, 2020; Li \u0026amp; Chen, 2021), there remains a gap in understanding its direct impact on employment generation and economic development in China.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eIn recent years, the establishment of Intangible Cultural Heritage (ICH) workshops\u0026mdash;spaces that leverage representative ICH projects or traditional handicrafts for heritage safeguarding, skill transmission, and local employment promotion\u0026mdash;has emerged as a quintessential model of ICH-driven employment in China\u003ca href=\"#_ftn2\" name=\"_ftnref2\" title=\"\"\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e. As of 2024, China has built more than 9,100 intangible cultural heritage workshops nationwide, spanning over 1,721 county-level areas. These workshops have directly employed more than 270,000 people who were lifted out of destitution under the country\u0026apos;s poverty alleviation campaign, offering them a per capita yearly income of over 36,000 yuan (about $5,006).\u003ca href=\"#_ftn3\" name=\"_ftnref3\" title=\"\"\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\u003csup\u003e3\u003c/sup\u003e with successful cases often characterized by high project activation rates, strong community embedding, and agglomeration effects of ICH clusters. Supported by multi-stakeholder partnerships\u0026mdash;including universities, enterprises, e-commerce platforms, and industry associations\u0026mdash;these workshops not only preserve industrial heritage and stimulate job creation but also drive development-through-employment, effectively elevating local living standards (Li et al., 2023; Zhang \u0026amp; Wang, 2022).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eDespite initial evidence of employment stimulation through Intangible Cultural Heritage (ICH), significant disparities exist in ICH-driven employment effects, attributable to variations in ICH typologies and their industry-specific impacts (Li \u0026amp; Zhang, 2023). This heterogeneity leads to divergent employment outcomes across regions with differing resource endowments, prompting critical questions: What is the actual employment impact of ICH protection? How do different ICH types vary in their employment stimulation?\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eUsing China\u0026rsquo;s national ICH list matched with prefecture-level city panel data (2010\u0026ndash;2023), this paper empirically examines ICH\u0026rsquo;s employment effects and heterogeneity. Results show that ICH protection generally drives employment growth, but significant heterogeneities exist: craft-based ICH significantly impacts overall employment and the secondary/tertiary industries, while performance-based ICH exerts stronger effects on tertiary industry employment. Mechanistic analysis reveals that improvements in digital economic development and cultural market vitality positively moderate these employment effects (see Figure 1 for the conceptual framework).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThis study provides empirical evidence on ICH\u0026rsquo;s employment impact in China, advocating tailored policies to leverage ICH for regional employment and economic development. By integrating empirical analysis with theoretical frameworks, it contributes to academic discussions on ICH\u0026rsquo;s role in employment dynamics, offering insights for policymakers, heritage practitioners, and stakeholders. The paper is structured as follows: Hypotheses derivation (Section 2), empirical strategies and data (Section 3), main findings (Section 4), mechanism analysis (Section 5), and conclusions/recommendations (Section 6).\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Literature Review and Hypotheses Development","content":"\u003cp\u003eSince UNESCO proposed the \u003cem\u003eDraft Convention for the Protection of Folklore\u003c/em\u003e in 1989 and later adopted the \u003cem\u003eConvention for the Safeguarding of the Intangible Cultural Heritage\u003c/em\u003e in 2003, global research on ICH has flourished. Academic exploration abroad began in the 20th century and has since standardized, with Western societies leading the way\u0026mdash;particularly Italy, Germany, and France, which leveraged their rich cultural resources (Nettleford, 2004). For example, Italy\u0026rsquo;s annual Cultural Heritage Week (initiated in 1997) enhances public awareness through exhibitions, directly contributing to heritage preservation. In Asia, Japan pioneered ICH legislation in the 1940s, coining the term \u0026quot;intangible cultural heritage\u0026quot; (Brown, 2005), while South Korea has integrated ICH with tourism to foster cultural-economic development.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eFew\u0026nbsp;studies highlight that isolating ICH inheritors hinders sustainability; instead, their active engagement in heritage projects\u0026mdash;such as \u0026quot;living heritage\u0026quot; models\u0026mdash;boosts protection awareness (Foo, R.,\u0026nbsp;2019). Museums play a pivotal role in this process, using exhibition advantages to preserve and utilize ICH. Community-driven strategies, like collaborative museumization,\u0026nbsp;also ensure intergenerational transmission (Ferrer Yulfo, A.\u0026nbsp;,\u0026nbsp;2022. This leads to:\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eHypothesis 1\u003c/strong\u003e: ICH protection positively influences local employment.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe integration of ICH with tourism\u0026mdash;termed \u0026quot;cultural-tourism integration\u0026quot;\u0026mdash;has gained traction, involving development, experiential design, and revitalization strategies (Meduri \u0026amp; Lore, 2016). As UNWTO data shows rising tourist demand for cultural experiences, ICH integration with modern lifestyles drives tourism growth. Italy\u0026rsquo;s success in Palermo and Taormina exemplifies how cultural-industry-tourism fusion generates economic benefits and cultural promotion (Pigliaru, 2007), leading to:\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eHypothesis 2\u003c/strong\u003e: Different ICH types exhibit heterogeneous employment effects across industries.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eRegarding moderating factors, Capello\u0026nbsp;\u0026amp; Perucca (2020) emphasize that cultural heritage\u0026rsquo;s economic impact depends on its institutional embedding. Digital technologies (e.g., AI, VR) have also been proposed to enhance ICH protection via digital museums (Seulahk et al., 2019)\u0026nbsp;Studies further confirm the cultural industry\u0026rsquo;s positive impact on job creation (Power\u0026nbsp;\u0026amp;\u0026nbsp;Petrakis, 2006), while a Laotian case study highlights the need to align tourism development with local livelihoods (Suntiku, 2013). Thus:\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eHypothesis 3\u003c/strong\u003e: Digital economic development and cultural market vitality positively moderate ICH\u0026rsquo;s employment effects.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThis paper contributes by empirically examining ICH\u0026rsquo;s employment pull and industry heterogeneity using China\u0026rsquo;s prefecture-level panel data matched with national ICH lists. Key findings include: (1) ICH protection significantly drives employment growth; (2) craft-type ICH has the strongest total employment impact; (3) digital development and cultural market vitality amplify these effects. These insights advance empirical understanding of ICH-employment dynamics and inform policy for regional development.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Empirical Strategy and Data Description","content":"\u003cp\u003eTo validate the aforementioned hypotheses, this study employs panel data from Chinese prefecture-level cities spanning from 2000 to 2019. The following baseline model is constructed for empirical analysis:\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cdiv id=\"Equ1\" class=\"Equation\"\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"mathdisplay\" id=\"FileID_Equ1\" name=\"EquationSource\"\u003e$$\\:{\\text{E}\\text{m}\\text{p}\\text{l}\\text{o}\\text{y}\\text{m}\\text{e}\\text{n}\\text{t}}_{ij}={\\beta\\:}_{0}+{\\beta\\:}_{1}{ICH}_{ij}+{\\beta\\:}_{2}{Controls}_{ij}+{\\gamma\\:}_{t}+{\\delta\\:}_{r}+{\\gamma\\:}_{t}\\times\\:{\\delta\\:}_{r}+{\\epsilon\\:}_{ij}$$\u003c/div\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"EquationNumber\"\u003e1\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eHere, \u003cspan class=\"InlineEquation\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"mathinline\"\u003e\\(\\:{\\text{E}\\text{m}\\text{p}\\text{l}\\text{o}\\text{y}\\text{m}\\text{e}\\text{n}\\text{t}}_{ij}\\)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e is the dependent variable, representing the employment level of the \u003cspan class=\"InlineEquation\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"mathinline\"\u003e\\(\\:i\\)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e prefecture-level city in year \u003cspan class=\"InlineEquation\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"mathinline\"\u003e\\(\\:j\\)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e. \u003cspan class=\"InlineEquation\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"mathinline\"\u003e\\(\\:{ICH}_{ij}\\)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e serves as the core explanatory variable, denoting resources protected by the Intangible Cultural Heritage List and similar designations in the \u003cspan class=\"InlineEquation\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"mathinline\"\u003e\\(\\:i\\)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e prefecture-level city during year \u003cspan class=\"InlineEquation\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"mathinline\"\u003e\\(\\:j\\)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e. The estimated coefficient \u003cspan class=\"InlineEquation\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"mathinline\"\u003e\\(\\:{\\beta\\:}_{1}\\)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e measures the net effect of ICH on employment growth. To address potential omitted variable bias, the model controls for city-level characteristics \u003cspan class=\"InlineEquation\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"mathinline\"\u003e\\(\\:{Controls}_{ij}\\)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e that may influence employment, along with year effects \u003cspan class=\"InlineEquation\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"mathinline\"\u003e\\(\\:{\\gamma\\:}_{t}\\)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e, prefecture-level city effects \u003cspan class=\"InlineEquation\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"mathinline\"\u003e\\(\\:{\\delta\\:}_{r}\\)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e, and their interaction term \u003cspan class=\"InlineEquation\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"mathinline\"\u003e\\(\\:{\\gamma\\:}_{t}\\times\\:{\\delta\\:}_{r}\\)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e. \u003cspan class=\"InlineEquation\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"mathinline\"\u003e\\(\\:{\\epsilon\\:}_{ij}\\)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e is the random error term.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003eThe Dependent Variable\u003c/h3\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eTo comprehensively examine ICH\u0026rsquo;s employment growth effects and industry-level heterogeneity, our model includes total employment and sector-specific employment (primary, secondary, tertiary industries) as dependent variables. Specifically, sectoral employment is calculated by multiplying the proportion of employees in each industry by the city\u0026rsquo;s total working population at year-end\u003ca href=\"#_ftn1\" name=\"_ftnref1\" title=\"\"\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\u003csup\u003e4\u003c/sup\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003eThe Core Explanatory Variable\u003c/h3\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eChina\u0026rsquo;s National Intangible Cultural Heritage List, established to protect diverse cultural resources, has released five batches of projects (2006, 2008, 2011, 2014, 2021), totaling 1,557 national-level representative projects\u003ca href=\"#_ftn1\" name=\"_ftnref1\" title=\"\"\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\u003csup\u003e5\u003c/sup\u003e.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;To avoid estimation bias from the post-2020 COVID-19 pandemic, this study uses the first four batches (1,372 projects) matched with city-level data to construct the core explanatory variable: cumulative ICH (\u003cspan class=\"InlineEquation\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"mathinline\"\u003e\\(\\:{ICH}_{ij}\\)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e) which measures local ICH endowment by counting the cumulative number of national-level ICH projects in city \u003cspan class=\"InlineEquation\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"mathinline\"\u003e\\(\\:i\\)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e by year \u003cspan class=\"InlineEquation\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"mathinline\"\u003e\\(\\:j\\)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eFor heterogeneity analysis, we categorize ICH into three types based on the 2021 Central Government\u0026rsquo;s \u003cem\u003eOpinions on Strengthening ICH Protection\u003c/em\u003e: performance-based ICH, craft-based ICH, and folklore-based ICH. Among these, performance-based and craft-based ICH have larger project counts. Their spatial distribution is illustrated in Fig. \u003cspan class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e[Insert Fig. \u003cspan class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e about here]\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003eControl Variables\u003c/h3\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAlthough this study employs fixed effects models to account for city-level heterogeneity, we further control for variables rooted in existing employment determinant literature to minimize omitted variable bias:\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e(1) Regional economic development and trade openness, measured by GDP per capita and FDI, as cross-country studies (David et al., \u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2009\u003c/span\u003e; Mao et al., \u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2009\u003c/span\u003e; Zhang et al., 2015; Hanushek \u0026amp; Woessmann, \u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2012\u003c/span\u003e) confirm their direct impact on local labor markets;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e(2) Government education expenditure to capture human capital effects, given economic literature (Yao et al., 2013) linking education spending to employment rates;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e(3) Urbanization rate to mitigate the influence of China\u0026rsquo;s urban-rural dual structure on employment scale/structure (Yang, \u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2000\u003c/span\u003e; Li \u0026amp; Yu, \u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2006\u003c/span\u003e);\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e(4) Regional population to address scale effects given the total employment dependent variable (Au \u0026amp; Henderson, \u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2006\u003c/span\u003e; Bloom \u0026amp; Fink, 2010);\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e(5) Fixed asset investment and high-speed railway accessibility as infrastructure proxies, as infrastructure supports regional development and employment (Zhang, 2010; D\u0026eacute;murger, \u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2001\u003c/span\u003e; Chen \u0026amp; Haynes, \u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2015\u003c/span\u003e);\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e(6) Average temperature to account for natural condition effects on employment choices (Dell \u0026amp; Olken, 2012; Graff \u0026amp; Neidell, 2014).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThis study employs panel data from 293 prefecture-level cities and 4 municipalities directly under the central government in China spanning 2000\u0026ndash;2019. Data sources include the China Urban Statistical Yearbook, China Regional Economic Statistics Yearbook, and respective provincial/municipal statistical yearbooks. After excluding observations with missing values for key variables (e.g., GDP, employment) and extreme values were winsorized at the 1% level, descriptive statistics of the final sample are reported in Table \u003cspan class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e[Insert Table \u003cspan class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e about here]\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Empirical Findings","content":"\u003ch3\u003eThe Employment Effect of Protecting Intangible Cultural Heritage\u003c/h3\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eTo ensure data normality, logarithmic transformations were applied to continuous variables. Using Model (1), we evaluated the impact of total intangible cultural heritage (ICH) quantity on total employment and employment across the three primary industries. Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e presents the regression results: Columns (1), (3), (5), and (7) control for year effects, regional effects, and regional time trends.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eNotably, without control variables, total ICH demonstrates a significant positive impact on total employment and employment in all three industries. However, this result may be confounded by omitted variables affecting employment. Thus, Columns (2), (4), (6), and (8) incorporate control variables derived from existing literature. The results show that total ICH no longer significantly affects primary and secondary industry employment. By contrast, it retains a significant positive effect on total employment and tertiary-sector employment\u0026mdash;though coefficients are notably lower than in the unadjusted model. Specifically, a 1% increase in ICH catalogue projects is associated with a 1.8% rise in local total employment, while the tertiary sector\u0026apos;s employment pull is twice that of total employment.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThese findings align with real-world observations. Previous research (Tan et al., 2022) confirms that ICH protection and development drive local tertiary industries, such as tourism, hospitality, and catering. During ICH cataloguing, regions often leverage indigenous cultural resources to develop tourist attractions. Once listed, these attractions secure increased subsidies and recognition, drawing tourists and generating employment in catering, accommodation, and entertainment\u0026mdash;thereby illustrating that ICH\u0026apos;s employment impact primarily operates through the tertiary sector.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e[Insert Table 2 about here]\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ch2\u003eEmployment Effects of Different Types of ICHs\u003c/h2\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eTo further test Hypothesis \u003cspan class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e regarding heterogeneity in the employment pull effect of different intangible cultural heritage (ICH) types, we included all control variables while accounting for year, city, and city-year trend effects. The core explanatory variable\u0026mdash;ICH\u0026mdash;was replaced by Performance-type ICH, Craft-type ICH, and Folklore-type ICH in regressions analysing total employment and sectoral employment. Figure\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e displays the impact coefficients and confidence intervals for the three ICH types. Overall, their employment effects exhibit significant heterogeneity, with marked differences across industrial sectors. Key findings include:\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eFirst, craft-type ICH has a significant positive effect on total employment (coefficient\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.0188, p\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.01), nearly matching the total ICH coefficient (0.0181) in Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e. It uniquely drives employment in both secondary and tertiary sectors: traditional arts, crafts, and medical practices\u0026mdash;tangible aspects of ICH\u0026mdash;are commercialize, easily integrated into modern life, and stimulate industrial development. As noted by Ding (2020), craft-type ICH represents \u0026quot;surface culture\u0026quot; or \u0026quot;utilitarian culture,\u0026quot; directly linked to mass consumption and highly operable for industrialization. For example, Xuanzhou\u0026apos;s Xuan paper craftsmanship (a 2006 National ICH and 2009 UNESCO ICH listing) has spurred Jing County\u0026apos;s industry: over 540 enterprises, 10,000 workers, 7,000 tons/year of Xuan paper, 10,000 tons/year of handmade calligraphy paper (60% national market share), and \u0026yen;1\u0026nbsp;billion annual output.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eSecond, while Performance-type ICH shows broadly positive employment effects, only its impact on tertiary-sector employment is statistically significant (coefficient\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.032, p\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.01)\u0026mdash;1 percentage point higher than Craft-type ICH. This stems from traditional music, dance, drama, and acrobatics, which drive cultural-sports-entertainment industries through live performances or cultural-tourism integration, spilling over into hospitality, retail, and education.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eFinally, Regions with abundant Folklore-type ICH exhibit higher primary-sector employment, though no significant secondary/tertiary effects. This likely reflects historical agrarian civilization: folklore and traditions (transmitted orally or via festivals) often thrive in historically agrarian areas, where agricultural development may coincide with cultural heritage preservation. These results suggest Folklore-type ICH currently has limited industrial employment spillover.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e[Insert Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e about here]\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003eMechanism Analysis\u003c/h3\u003e\n\u003ch2\u003eThe Moderating Effect of the Digital Economy\u003c/h2\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eTo examine the moderating effect of the digital economy, this study first constructed a comprehensive digital economy index (DEI) following Zhao (2020). Six indicators\u0026mdash;telecommunications service revenue, information transmission personnel, computer services and software industry output, Internet broadband subscribers, mobile phone users, and inclusive finance index\u0026mdash;were standardized and subjected to principal component analysis for dimensionality reduction. The resulting index measures regional digital economic development. Second, the interaction term \u003cspan class=\"InlineEquation\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"mathinline\"\u003e\\(\\:ICH\\times\\:DEI\\)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e was added to Model (1), with regression results shown in Table \u003cspan class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e. Notably, the interaction coefficients in Columns (1) and (2) are significantly positive, indicating that the digital economy strengthens ICH\u0026rsquo;s employment pull effect\u0026mdash;particularly in the tertiary sector, as revealed by sectoral analysis. Third, separate interactions of the three ICH categories with the Digital Economy Index were modelled (Table \u003cspan class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003e), showing that the digital economy\u0026rsquo;s positive moderation is most pronounced for Craft-type and Folklore-type ICH, while Performance-type ICH exhibits limited employment leverage under digital economy influence.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e[Insert Table \u003cspan class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e about here]\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ch2\u003eThe Moderating Effect of Cultural Market Vitality\u003c/h2\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eTo test the moderating effect of cultural market vitality (CMV), this study adopted \u0026quot;whether a city implemented cultural institutional reforms in a given year\u0026quot; as a proxy for local cultural market vitality, following Liu et al. (2020). First, the interaction term \u003cspan class=\"InlineEquation\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"mathinline\"\u003e\\(\\:ICH\\times\\:CMV\\)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e was added to Model (1). Results showed insignificant interaction coefficients, prompting the question: Does cultural market vitality only moderate specific types of ICH? Thus, we introduced interaction terms of the three ICH categories with Cultural Market Vitality into Model (1) (Table \u003cspan class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e5\u003c/span\u003e). Findings revealed that cultural market vitality significantly enhances the employment pull effect of Craft-type and Folklore-type ICH, while showing no significant moderation for Performance-type ICH.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e[Insert Table \u003cspan class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003e about here]\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eNotably, Folklore-type ICH development exhibits stark variations in cultural market vitality. Although folklore-type ICH showed limited total employment impact in prior heterogeneity analyses, vibrant local cases demonstrate its potential: by integrating folklore, traditional festivals, and tourism resources, regions have organized large-scale events with significant market influence. For example, Nanjing leverages the \u003cem\u003eQinhuai Lantern Festival\u003c/em\u003e (a first-batch National ICH project), integrating surrounding cultural-tourism resources. The festival now stands as China\u0026rsquo;s longest-running folk lantern event. In 2023, the 37th Qinhuai Lantern Festival (resumed post-pandemic) attracted 2.171 million visitors during the Lunar New Year holiday, making it the top 5A scenic spot nationwide. Nanjing\u0026rsquo;s total tourist arrivals reached 6.1736 million, driving surges in online/offline commerce for shops and homestays\u0026mdash;highlighting the ICH resource\u0026rsquo;s employment and economic impact.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAdditionally, regions are leveraging folk literature/legends to create live performances, extending tourism duration and boosting hospitality. Guilin\u0026rsquo;s \u003cem\u003eImpression of Liu Sanjie\u003c/em\u003e\u0026mdash;the first landscape live show based on local folklore\u0026mdash;pioneered a culture-tourism integration model, demonstrating how cultural market vitality can amplify Folklore-type ICH\u0026rsquo;s economic spillover effects.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Conclusion and policy implications","content":"\u003cp\u003eThis paper illuminates the intricate relationship between intangible cultural heritage (ICH) and employment dynamics, providing empirical insights into ICH\u0026rsquo;s employment pull effect and its industry-specific heterogeneity. Using panel data from China\u0026rsquo;s prefecture-level cities matched with national ICH listings, we find that ICH protection significantly drives employment growth. However, this effect varies starkly across ICH types: Craft-type ICH exerts the strongest influence on total employment, particularly in secondary and tertiary sectors.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eResults highlight that the digital economy and cultural market vitality significantly moderate ICH\u0026rsquo;s employment impact. These findings not only enrich the empirical literature on ICH-driven employment but also offer actionable insights for policymakers.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003ePolicy implications for sustainable development include formulating tailored industrial strategies to leverage each ICH type\u0026rsquo;s unique employment potential, such as prioritizing skill inheritance and intellectual property protection for Craft-type ICH, promoting cultural-tourism integration for Performance-type ICH, and enhancing market vitality through festival economies for Folklore-type ICH. Additionally, it is crucial to establish mechanisms for skill transmission (e.g., apprenticeship programs) and strengthen cultural IP governance to ensure the long-term sustainability of craft industries. Investing in heritage-themed tourism experiences\u0026mdash;like landscape performances and ICH festivals, as seen in Nanjing\u0026rsquo;s Qinhuai Lantern Festival\u0026mdash;can amplify Performance-type ICH\u0026rsquo;s employment spillover in the tertiary sector. Finally, upgrading digital infrastructure to enable online ICH promotion (e.g., craft product e-commerce, livestreamed performances) is essential for integrating heritage practitioners into the digital economy.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Declarations","content":"\u003ch2\u003eAuthor Contribution\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eXue Li: Editing, validation, and final draft. Na Tan: Conceptualization, Original draft.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eETHICS STATEMENTS\u003c/strong\u003e: This article does not contain any studies with human participants performed by any of the authors\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eDATA AVAILABILITY STATEMENT\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e:\u003c/strong\u003e The datasets generated during and/or analyzed during the current study are available from the corresponding author on reasonable request.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"References","content":"\u003col\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eAu, C. C., \u0026amp; Henderson, J. V. (2006). Are Chinese cities too small? Review of Economic Studies, 73(3), 549\u0026ndash;576.\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eBloom, D. E., Canning, D., \u0026amp; Fink, G. (2010). Urbanization and economic growth. Journal of Urban Economics, 68(1), 36\u0026ndash;44.\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eBrown, M. F. (2005). Heritage Trouble: Recent Work on the Protection of Intangible Cultural Property. International Journal of Cultural Property, 12(1), 40\u0026ndash;61. doi:10.1017/S0940739105050010.\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eCapello, R., Cerisola, S., \u0026amp; Perucca, G. (2020). Cultural heritage, creativity, and local development: A scientific research program. In S. Della Torre, S. Cattaneo, C. Lenzi, \u0026amp; A. Zanelli (Eds.), Regeneration of the built environment from a circular economy perspective (pp. 11\u0026ndash;19). Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-33256-3_2\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eChen, Y., \u0026amp; Haynes, K. E. (2015). The economic impacts of high-speed rail in China: A computable general equilibrium analysis. Journal of Transport Geography, 46, 184\u0026ndash;196.\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eDavid, J., Harrison, A. E., \u0026amp; McMillan, M. S. (2009). Trade, jobs, and wages in developing countries. The World Bank Research Observer, 24(1), 1\u0026ndash;29.\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eDell, M., Jones, B. F., \u0026amp; Olken, B. A. (2012). Temperature shocks and economic growth: Evidence from the last half century. American Economic Journal: Macroeconomics, 4(3), 66\u0026ndash;95.\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eD\u0026eacute;murger, S. (2001). Infrastructure development and economic growth: An explanation for regional disparities in China? Journal of Comparative Economics, 29(1), 95\u0026ndash;117.\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eFerrer Yulfo, A. (2022). Transforming museum education through intangible cultural heritage. Journal of Museum Education, 47(3), 319 - 330.\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eFoo, R. (2019). Building a network for preserving intangible cultural heritage through education: A study of Indonesian batik. International Journal of Art \u0026amp; Design Education, 38(2), 398 - 415.\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eGraff Zivin, J. G., \u0026amp; Neidell, M. (2014). Temperature and the allocation of time: Implications for climate change. Journal of Labor Economics, 32(3), 559\u0026ndash;593.\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eHanushek, E. A., \u0026amp; Woessmann, L. (2012). Do better schools lead to more growth? Cognitive skills, economic outcomes, and causation. Journal of Economic Growth, 17(4), 267\u0026ndash;321.\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eLai. (2015). Manipuri Lai Haroba: an intangible heritage. Paper presented at the 3rd International Conference on Intangible Cultural Heritage.\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eLi, J., et al. (2023). ICH workshop development and rural employment: A national survey. Chinese Journal of Cultural Economics, 16(2), 45-68.\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eLi, S., \u0026amp; Yu, K. (2006). Urbanization and economic growth in China: A provincial panel analysis. China \u0026amp; World Economy, 14(6), 1\u0026ndash;18.\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eLi, X., \u0026amp; Chen, M. (2021). ICH as a tool for social integration: Evidence from the Naxi Dongba Culture in Yunnan. International Journal of Heritage Studies, 27(6), 689-706.\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eLi, X., \u0026amp; Zhang, Y. (2019). Study on the authenticity perception of intangible cultural heritage. Current Urban Studies, 7(2), 1\u0026ndash;15.\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eMacr\u0026igrave;, E., Cristofaro, C.L. (2021). The Digitalisation of Cultural Heritage for Sustainable Development: The Impact of Europeana. In: Demartini, P., Marchegiani, L., Marchiori, M., Schiuma, G. (eds) Cultural Initiatives for Sustainable Development. Contributions to Management Science. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-65687-4_17\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eMao, Y., Zhang, Z., \u0026amp; Zhang, Y. (2009). Foreign direct investment and regional economic development in China. China Economic Review, 20(4), 614\u0026ndash;627.\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eMeduri, T., \u0026amp; Lore, I. (2016). The UNESCO intangible heritage as input for rural development: A theoretical model for Mediterranean diet valorization. Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences, 233, 647\u0026ndash;654.\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eMinistry of Culture and Tourism. (2024). Annual Report on Intangible Cultural Heritage Protection in China. Beijing.\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eNettleford, R. (2004). Migration, Transmission and Maintenance of the Intangible Heritage. Museum International, 56 (1 - 2), 78 - 83.\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003ePigliaru, F. (2007). How fast are small tourist countries growing? Evidence from 1980\u0026ndash;2003. SSRN Electronic Journal.\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003ePower, D., \u0026amp; Petrakis, P. E. (2006). Culture, creativity and economic development. Annals of Regional Science, 40(1), 109\u0026ndash;124.\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eSeulahk, K., et al. (2019). Digital transformation of intangible cultural heritage: A case study of VR-based museum exhibitions. Heritage Science, 7(1), 1\u0026ndash;12.\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eShakya, M., \u0026amp; Vagnarelli, G. (2024). Creating value from intangible cultural heritage\u0026mdash;the role of innovation for sustainable tourism and regional rural development. European Journal of Cultural Management and Policy, 14, 12057. DOI: 10.3389/ejcmp.2024.12057\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eSmith, L., \u0026amp; Akagawa, N. (2018). Safeguarding intangible heritage. Routledge.\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eSuntiku, S. (2013). Community-based tourism and intangible cultural heritage in Laos: The case of the Khmuic weaving tradition. Journal of Sustainable Tourism, 21(6), 883\u0026ndash;902. https://doi.org/10.1080/09669582.2012.759842.\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eTan, N., Anwar, S., \u0026amp; Jiang, W. (2022). Intangible cultural heritage listing and tourism growth in China. Journal of Tourism and Cultural Change, 20(4), 789\u0026ndash;805. https://doi.org/10.1080/14766825.2022.2068373.\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eTudorache, P. (2016). The importance of the intangible cultural heritage in the economy. Procedia Economics and Finance, 39, 731 - 736. DOI: 10.1016/S2212 - 5671(16)30271 - 4.\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eWang, Y. (2020). Intangible cultural heritage protection and community identity: A case study of Shaoxing Opera. Heritage Management, 5(2), 45-62.\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eYang, D. T. (2000). Rural-urban migration and urbanization in China: Evidence from time-series and cross-section analyses. China Economic Review, 11(3), 195\u0026ndash;217.\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eYao, Y., \u0026amp; Zhang, J. (2013). Returns to education in urban China: A longitudinal study. China Economic Review, 24, 1\u0026ndash;13.\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eZhang, G., Li, X., \u0026amp; Chen, G. (2010). The employment, output, and investment effects of China\u0026apos;s infrastructure: A study based on inter-provincial industrial enterprise panel data from 1998 to 2006. Management World, (4), 10.\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eZhang, J., \u0026amp; Wu, G. (2015). Trade openness and regional economic growth in China. China \u0026amp; World Economy, 23(6), 68\u0026ndash;85.\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eZhang, L. (2018). The socio-cultural value of intangible cultural heritage in rural China. Journal of Cultural Heritage, 34, 123-135.\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eZhang, M., \u0026amp; Wang, F. (2022). E-commerce and ICH craftsmanship: Case studies from Zhejiang. Heritage Economics Review, 9(1), 102-119.\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eZhao, T., Zhang, Z., \u0026amp; Liang, S. (2020). Digital Economy, Entrepreneurship, and High-Quality Economic Development: Empirical Evidence from Urban China. Management World, 36, 65-76. (In Chinese)\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003c/ol\u003e"},{"header":"Footnotes","content":"\u003col\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003e \u003cspan class=\"ExternalRef\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"RefSource\"\u003ehttps://ich.unesco.org/doc/src/2003_Convention_Basic_Texts_2024_version_EN.pdf\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan address=\"https://ich.unesco.org/doc/src/2003_Convention_Basic_Texts_2024_version_EN.pdf\" targettype=\"URL\" class=\"RefTarget\"\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003e China makes notable progress in intangible cultural heritage protection. (2025, February 6). Al Wihda Info. \u003cspan class=\"ExternalRef\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"RefSource\"\u003ehttps://www.alwihdainfo.com/China-makes-notable-progress-in-intangible-cultural-heritage-protection_a138544.html\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan address=\"https://www.alwihdainfo.com/China-makes-notable-progress-in-intangible-cultural-heritage-protection_a138544.html\" targettype=\"URL\" class=\"RefTarget\"\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003e China builds over 9,100 intangible cultural heritage workshops to boost preservation, employment. Updated: Nov 27, 2024 Xinhua. \u003cspan class=\"ExternalRef\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"RefSource\"\u003ehttps://govt.chinadaily.com.cn/s/202411/27/WS67467e8a498eec7e1f728873/china-builds-over-9-100-intangible-cultural-heritage-workshops-to-boost-preservation-employment.html\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan address=\"https://govt.chinadaily.com.cn/s/202411/27/WS67467e8a498eec7e1f728873/china-builds-over-9-100-intangible-cultural-heritage-workshops-to-boost-preservation-employment.html\" targettype=\"URL\" class=\"RefTarget\"\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003e City-level working population data are from the China City Statistical Yearbook (2000\u0026ndash;2019).\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003e ICH project lists are from the Ministry of Culture and Tourism database.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003c/ol\u003e"},{"header":"Tables","content":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTable 1. Descriptive statistics of the data\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ctable border=\"1\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\"\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eVariable\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eVariable Mean\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eObs\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMean\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eStd. dev.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMin\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMax\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"7\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eDependent Variables\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eTotal Employment\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNumber of urban employees (per 10,000 inhabitants of the whole city)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5,413\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e48.48\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e72.97\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.59\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e986.87\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eEmployment in primary industry\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eShare of employees in primary industry * Number of urban employees (per 10 000 inhabitants of the whole city)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5,356\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.53\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e9.35\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.01\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e441.24\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eEmployment in the secondary industry\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eShare of employees in the secondary sector * Number of urban employees (per 10 000 inhabitants of the whole city)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5,409\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e21.93\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e32.2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.04\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e429.1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eEmployment in the tertiary industry\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eShare of employees in the tertiary sector * Number of urban employees (per 10 000 inhabitants of the whole city)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5,407\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e24.12\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e43.31\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.04\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e681.09\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"7\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eCore Explanatory Variables\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eICH\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAccumulated number of items listed in the Intangible Cultural Heritage Catalogue (per year)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6,593\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.36\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7.72\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e108\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePerformance-based ICH\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAccumulative number of items in traditional music, dance, drama, storytelling, traditional sports, entertainment and acrobatics listed in the ICH Catalogue (per year)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6,593\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.98\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.12\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e21\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eCraft-based ICH\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAccumulated items listed in the ICH catalogue in traditional arts, crafts and traditional medicine (per year)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6,593\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.16\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.42\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e28\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eFolklore-based ICH\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAccumulated items listed in the ICH catalogue in folklore and folk literature (per year)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6,593\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.88\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.66\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e26\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"7\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eControl Variables\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eEconomic development\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eRegional gross domestic product per capita (RMB yuan)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6,207\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e20948.14\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e18271.82\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1160.00\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e158232.80\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eOpenness\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eActual use of foreign direct investment (USD million)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4,357\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e38825.71\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e89541.77\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.39\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1049553\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eEducation\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eGovernment budget expenditure on education (in hundred million yuan)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5,335\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e35.81\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e55.55\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.00\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e887.38\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eUrbanisation\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eUrbanisation rate = non-agricultural population/total population\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4,770\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.65\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.36\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.07\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.59\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePopulation\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eTotal population at the end of the year (per 10,000 inhabitants of the whole city)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5,408\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e434.99\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e376.66\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e15.96\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e11098.40\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eInfrastructure\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eTotal investment in social fixed assets (in tens of thousands of yuan)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5,903\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e764.08\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1429.44\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.84\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e56479\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eTransport\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0-1 variable indicating whether high-speed rail was in operation in a given area in a given year\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5,328\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.28\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.45\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.00\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.00\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eTemperature\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAverage temperature (in Celsius \u0026deg;C)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5,935\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e14.31\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5.49\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-2.20\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e27.00\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n\u003c/table\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTable 2. Impact of total NRM on employment\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cdiv align=\"\"\u003e\n \u003ctable border=\"1\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\" width=\"624\"\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(1)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(2)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(3)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(4)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(5)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(6)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(7)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(8)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eTotal Employment\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eEmployment in Tertiary Industry\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eEmployment in Secondary Industry\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eEmployment in Primary Industry\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eICH\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.324\u003csup\u003e***\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.0181\u003csup\u003e**\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.357\u003csup\u003e***\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.0362\u003csup\u003e***\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.289\u003csup\u003e***\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.0152\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.234\u003csup\u003e***\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.00832\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(0.0159)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(0.00921)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(0.0149)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(0.00830)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(0.0200)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(0.0135)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(0.0286)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(0.0334)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eE\u003c/em\u003e\u003cem\u003economic development\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.279\u003csup\u003e***\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.0807\u003csup\u003e***\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.570\u003csup\u003e***\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.481\u003csup\u003e***\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(0.0248)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(0.0223)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(0.0363)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(0.0897)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eOpenness\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.0639\u003csup\u003e***\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.0425\u003csup\u003e***\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.0854\u003csup\u003e***\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.118\u003csup\u003e***\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(0.00699)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(0.00630)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(0.0103)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(0.0253)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eEducation\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.527\u003csup\u003e***\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.584\u003csup\u003e***\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.420\u003csup\u003e***\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.183\u003csup\u003e**\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(0.0248)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(0.0224)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(0.0365)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(0.0905)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eUrbanization\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.175\u003csup\u003e***\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.130\u003csup\u003e***\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.257\u003csup\u003e***\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.0593\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(0.0338)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(0.0304)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(0.0496)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(0.122)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003ePopulation\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.237\u003csup\u003e***\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.232\u003csup\u003e***\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.332\u003csup\u003e***\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.388\u003csup\u003e***\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(0.0223)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(0.0201)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(0.0327)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(0.0817)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eInfrastructure\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.154\u003csup\u003e***\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.176\u003csup\u003e***\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.153\u003csup\u003e***\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.374\u003csup\u003e***\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(0.0217)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(0.0195)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(0.0318)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(0.0783)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eTraffic\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.0537\u003csup\u003e***\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.0332\u003csup\u003e**\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.0641\u003csup\u003e***\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.0503\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(0.0157)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(0.0141)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(0.0230)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(0.0568)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eTemperature\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.152\u003csup\u003e***\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.0484\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.00766\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.832\u003csup\u003e***\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(0.0431)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(0.0389)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(0.0633)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(0.156)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eYear effect\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eCity\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003e\u003cem\u003eeffect\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eCity effect\u003c/em\u003e\u003cem\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003e\u003cem\u003e#\u003c/em\u003e\u003cem\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003e\u003cem\u003eYear effect\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eConstant\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e14.31\u003csup\u003e***\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5.706\u003csup\u003e***\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e13.70\u003csup\u003e***\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6.857\u003csup\u003e***\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e13.49\u003csup\u003e***\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.848\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e8.957\u003csup\u003e***\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e11.93\u003csup\u003e***\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(0.627)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(0.398)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(0.588)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(0.358)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(0.791)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(0.584)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(1.116)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(1.437)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eN\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3323\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2361\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3322\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2361\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3322\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2361\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3271\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2327\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eadj. R\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.432\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.871\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.412\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.875\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.442\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.823\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.385\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.438\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n \u003c/table\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eNote: Standard errors in parentheses, *, **, and *** indicate significant at the 10%, 5%, and 1% levels, respectively.\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTable 3: Moderation of Employment Effects of the Digital Economy on ICH\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ctable border=\"0\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\" width=\"100%\"\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 26px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 14px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(1)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 19px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(2)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 19px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(3)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 19px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(4)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 26px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 14px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eTotal Employment\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 19px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eEmployment in Tertiary Industry\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 19px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eEmployment in Secondary Industry\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 19px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eEmployment in Primary Industry\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 26px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cimg width=\"55\" height=\"14\" src=\"https://myfiles.space/user_files/58895_8739fc6c57c1c19a/58895_custom_files/img1764594837.gif\" alt=\"image\"\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 14px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.0345\u003csup\u003e***\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 19px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.0316\u003csup\u003e***\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 19px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.0173\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 19px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.166\u003csup\u003e***\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 26px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 14px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(0.0110)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 19px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(0.0101)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 19px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(0.0168)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 19px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(0.0453)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 26px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eICH\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 14px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.283\u003csup\u003e***\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 19px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.233\u003csup\u003e***\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 19px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.176\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 19px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.479\u003csup\u003e***\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 26px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 14px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(0.0956)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 19px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(0.0874)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 19px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(0.146)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 19px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(0.393)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 26px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eDEI\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 14px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.260\u003csup\u003e***\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 19px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.279\u003csup\u003e***\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 19px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.258\u003csup\u003e***\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 19px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.392\u003csup\u003e***\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 26px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 14px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(0.0281)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 19px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(0.0257)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 19px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(0.0428)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 19px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(0.116)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 26px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eC\u003c/em\u003e\u003cem\u003eontrol\u003c/em\u003e\u003cem\u003es\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 14px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 19px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 19px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 19px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 26px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eYear effect\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 14px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 19px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 19px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 19px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 26px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eCity effect\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 14px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 19px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 19px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 19px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 26px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eCity effect\u003c/em\u003e\u003cem\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003e\u003cem\u003e#\u003c/em\u003e\u003cem\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003e\u003cem\u003eYear effect\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 14px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 19px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 19px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 19px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 26px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eN\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 14px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1294\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 19px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1294\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 19px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1294\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 19px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1268\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 26px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eadj. \u003cem\u003eR\u003c/em\u003e\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 14px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.885\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 19px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.885\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 19px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.827\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 19px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.394\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n\u003c/table\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eNote: Standard errors in parentheses, *, **, and *** indicate significant at the 10%, 5%, and 1% levels, respectively.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTable 4: Moderation of the Employment Effects of the Digital Economy on Various ICH Categories\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ctable border=\"0\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\" width=\"100%\"\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 16px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(1)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 18px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(2)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 18px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(3)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 16px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eTotal Employment\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 18px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eTotal Employment\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 18px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eTotal Employment\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003ePerforming\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003e\u003cimg width=\"55\" height=\"14\" src=\"https://myfiles.space/user_files/58895_8739fc6c57c1c19a/58895_custom_files/img1764594838.gif\" alt=\"image\"\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 16px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.0196\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 18px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 18px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 16px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(0.0152)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 18px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 18px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003ePerforming Arts ICH\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 16px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.161\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 18px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 18px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 16px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(0.131)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 18px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 18px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eCraft\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003e\u003cimg width=\"55\" height=\"14\" src=\"https://myfiles.space/user_files/58895_8739fc6c57c1c19a/58895_custom_files/img1764594837.gif\" alt=\"image\"\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 16px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 18px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.0117\u003csup\u003e**\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 18px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 16px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 18px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(0.00547)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 18px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eCrafts ICH\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 16px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 18px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.0883\u003csup\u003e*\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 18px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 16px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 18px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(0.0474)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 18px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eFolklore\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003e\u003cimg width=\"55\" height=\"14\" src=\"https://myfiles.space/user_files/58895_8739fc6c57c1c19a/58895_custom_files/img1764594838.gif\" alt=\"image\"\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 16px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 18px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 18px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.0176\u003csup\u003e***\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 16px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 18px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 18px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(0.00643)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eFolklore ICH\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 16px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 18px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 18px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.146\u003csup\u003e***\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 16px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 18px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 18px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(0.0551)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eDEI\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 16px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.304\u003csup\u003e***\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 18px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.324\u003csup\u003e***\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 18px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.335\u003csup\u003e***\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 16px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(0.0307)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 18px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(0.0213)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 18px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(0.0212)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eControl\u003c/em\u003e\u003cem\u003es\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 16px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 18px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 18px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eYear effect\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 16px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 18px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 18px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eCity effect\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 16px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 18px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 18px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eCity effect\u003c/em\u003e\u003cem\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003e\u003cem\u003e#\u003c/em\u003e\u003cem\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003e\u003cem\u003eYear effect\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 16px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 18px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 18px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eN\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 16px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1135\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 18px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1360\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 18px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1360\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eadj. \u003cem\u003eR\u003c/em\u003e\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 16px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.883\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 18px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.888\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 18px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.888\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n\u003c/table\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eNote: Standard errors in parentheses, *, **, and *** indicate significant at the 10%, 5%, and 1% levels, respectively.\u003cstrong\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTable 5.\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;Moderation of the employment effects of cultural market dynamics on various ICH categories\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ctable border=\"0\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\" width=\"100%\" class=\"fr-table-selection-hover\"\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 44px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 18px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(1)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 18px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(2)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 18px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(3)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 44px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 18px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eTotal Employment\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 18px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eTotal Employment\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 18px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eTotal Employment\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 44px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003ePerforming\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003e\u003cimg width=\"70\" height=\"17\" src=\"https://myfiles.space/user_files/58895_8739fc6c57c1c19a/58895_custom_files/img1764594838.gif\" alt=\"image\"\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 18px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.0188\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 18px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 18px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 44px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 18px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(0.0181)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 18px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 18px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 44px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003ePerforming ICH\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 18px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.000912\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 18px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 18px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 44px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 18px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(0.0127)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 18px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 18px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 44px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eCraft\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003e\u003cimg width=\"70\" height=\"17\" src=\"https://myfiles.space/user_files/58895_8739fc6c57c1c19a/58895_custom_files/img1764594838.gif\" alt=\"image\"\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 18px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 18px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.0168\u003csup\u003e**\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 18px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 44px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 18px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 18px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(0.00742)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 18px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 44px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eCrafts ICH\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 18px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 18px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.00899\u003csup\u003e*\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 18px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 44px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 18px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 18px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(0.00517)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 18px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 44px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eFolklore\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003e\u003cimg width=\"70\" height=\"17\" src=\"https://myfiles.space/user_files/58895_8739fc6c57c1c19a/58895_custom_files/img1764594837.gif\" alt=\"image\"\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 18px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 18px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 18px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.0361\u003csup\u003e***\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 44px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 18px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 18px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 18px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(0.00853)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 44px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eFolklore ICH\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 18px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 18px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 18px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.00584\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 44px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 18px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 18px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 18px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(0.00575)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 44px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eCMV\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 18px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.0532\u003csup\u003e**\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 18px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.0962\u003csup\u003e***\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 18px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.124\u003csup\u003e***\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 44px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 18px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(0.0247)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 18px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(0.0152)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 18px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(0.0167)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 44px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eControl\u003c/em\u003e\u003cem\u003es\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 18px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 18px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 18px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 44px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eYear effect\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 18px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 18px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 18px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 44px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eCity effect\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 18px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 18px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 18px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 44px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eCity effect\u003c/em\u003e\u003cem\u003e\u0026nbsp;#\u003c/em\u003e\u003cem\u003e\u0026nbsp;Year effect\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 18px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 18px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 18px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 44px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eN\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 18px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2008\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 18px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3311\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 18px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3311\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 44px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eadj. R\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 18px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.873\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 18px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.869\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 18px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.869\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n\u003c/table\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eNote: Standard errors in parentheses, *, **, and *** indicate significant at the 10%, 5%, and 1% levels, respectively.\u003c/p\u003e"}],"fulltextSource":"","fullText":"","funders":[],"hasAdminPriorityOnWorkflow":false,"hasManuscriptDocX":true,"hasOptedInToPreprint":true,"hasPassedJournalQc":"","hasAnyPriority":false,"hideJournal":true,"highlight":"","institution":"","isAcceptedByJournal":false,"isAuthorSuppliedPdf":false,"isDeskRejected":"","isHiddenFromSearch":false,"isInQc":false,"isInWorkflow":false,"isPdf":false,"isPdfUpToDate":true,"isWithdrawnOrRetracted":false,"journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"researchsquare","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"/submission","title":"Research Square","twitterHandle":"researchsquare","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"","reportingPortfolio":"","inReviewEnabled":false,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true},"keywords":"Intangible Cultural Heritage, Employment Development, Empirical Analysis","lastPublishedDoi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-7780223/v1","lastPublishedDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-7780223/v1","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"},"manuscriptAbstract":"\u003cp\u003eThis paper empirically investigates the impact of intangible cultural heritage (ICH) protection on employment dynamics in China’s prefecture-level cities from 2000 to 2019. By integrating data from China’s national ICH list with prefecture-level statistics, the study examines the employment effects of different ICH types. Empirical results show that ICH protection has an overall positive influence on employment growth. However, significant heterogeneity exists across industries: handicraft ICH notably drives employment in the secondary and tertiary sectors, while performance ICH has a more pronounced effect on the tertiary industry. Mechanism analysis highlights external factors—such as digital economy development and cultural market vitality—as positive moderators of ICH’s employment-pulling effect. This research provides empirical evidence for the employment-driving role of ICH and offers policy insights for local governments to leverage ICH preservation for regional employment and economic development.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eJEL Classification: \u003c/strong\u003eI25, Z13, J21\u003c/p\u003e","manuscriptTitle":"Intangible Cultural Heritage Protection and Employment Dynamics: Empirical Evidence for China","msid":"","msnumber":"","nonDraftVersions":[{"code":1,"date":"2025-12-01 13:16:31","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-7780223/v1","editorialEvents":[{"type":"communityComments","content":0}],"status":"published","journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"researchsquare","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"/submission","title":"Research Square","twitterHandle":"researchsquare","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"","reportingPortfolio":"","inReviewEnabled":false,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true}}],"origin":"","ownerIdentity":"ae14f998-2221-480f-b927-85baf2b46517","owner":[],"postedDate":"December 1st, 2025","published":true,"recentEditorialEvents":[],"rejectedJournal":[],"revision":"","amendment":"","status":"posted","subjectAreas":[{"id":58764198,"name":"Social science/Development studies"},{"id":58764199,"name":"Business and commerce/Economics"},{"id":58764200,"name":"Social science/Economics"}],"tags":[],"updatedAt":"2026-02-15T11:24:28+00:00","versionOfRecord":[],"versionCreatedAt":"2025-12-01 13:16:31","video":"","vorDoi":"","vorDoiUrl":"","workflowStages":[]},"version":"v1","identity":"rs-7780223","journalConfig":"researchsquare"},"__N_SSP":true},"page":"/article/[identity]/[[...version]]","query":{"redirect":"/article/rs-7780223","identity":"rs-7780223","version":["v1"]},"buildId":"8U1c8b4HqxoKbykW_rLl7","isFallback":false,"isExperimentalCompile":false,"dynamicIds":[84888],"gssp":true,"scriptLoader":[]}