Advanced Quantum Key Distribution Protocol for Mitigating Quantum-based Vulnerabilities in Blockchain Applications

Advanced Quantum Key Distribution Protocol for Mitigating Quantum-based Vulnerabilities in Blockchain Applications | Research Square window.SnipcartSettings = { analytics: { enabled: false } }; (function() { var accessVector = localStorage.getItem('access_vector') || ''; window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; if (accessVector) { window.dataLayer.push({ user: { profile: { profileInfo: { snid: accessVector } } } }); } })(); (function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start':new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0],j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src='https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f);})(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-K279D39R'); Browse Preprints In Review Journals COVID-19 Preprints AJE Video Bytes Research Tools Research Promotion AJE Professional Editing AJE Rubriq About Preprint Platform In Review Editorial Policies Our Team Advisory Board Help Center Sign In Submit a Preprint Cite Share Download PDF Research Article Advanced Quantum Key Distribution Protocol for Mitigating Quantum-based Vulnerabilities in Blockchain Applications K Revathi, K Suganthi This is a preprint; it has not been peer reviewed by a journal. https://doi.org/ 10.21203/rs.3.rs-7584749/v1 This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License Status: Published Journal Publication published 20 Nov, 2025 Read the published version in EPJ Quantum Technology → Version 1 posted 9 You are reading this latest preprint version Abstract Since blockchain platforms still depend on classical cryptographic protocols, they become more and more vulnerable to the rapid advancement of quantum computing. However, the emergence of quantum attacks has placed the need to develop Quantum Key Distribution (QKD) protocols that can preserve security while eliminating the limitations of quantum information systems, such as noise and error mitigation. To address these needs, this study proposes a novel Hybrid Rainbow-Kyber QKD (HRK-QKD) Protocol, which uses the strength of multivariate quadratic equations in Rainbow to mask the classical keys and the efficiency of lattice-based encryption in Kyber for key encryption. An entanglement-assisted dynamic key synthesis protocol that combines matrix-based quantum noise filtering, lattice-based multi-dimensional transformations and adaptive private key rotations is utilized. The proposed methods provide real-time mitigation of quantum noise and minimal performance overhead for key generation. HRK-QKD achieves the highest scalability ratio ( Sc = 2.7), the best noise resilience (0.90–0.99), and the highest quantum security measure ( Q S ​ =0.064881) with minimal information leakage probability (0.00001). This advancement also means blockchain remains a resilient technology against quantum threats, with an economical, scalable, and high-accuracy solution for next-generation secure communication systems. computation quantum cryptography attacks noise lattice key distribution rainbow kyber entanglement Full Text Additional Declarations No competing interests reported. Cite Share Download PDF Status: Published Journal Publication published 20 Nov, 2025 Read the published version in EPJ Quantum Technology → Version 1 posted Editorial decision: Revision requested 15 Oct, 2025 Reviews received at journal 15 Oct, 2025 Reviewers agreed at journal 07 Oct, 2025 Reviews received at journal 25 Sep, 2025 Reviewers agreed at journal 22 Sep, 2025 Reviewers invited by journal 18 Sep, 2025 Editor assigned by journal 11 Sep, 2025 Submission checks completed at journal 11 Sep, 2025 First submitted to journal 10 Sep, 2025 You are reading this latest preprint version Research Square lets you share your work early, gain feedback from the community, and start making changes to your manuscript prior to peer review in a journal. As a division of Research Square Company, we’re committed to making research communication faster, fairer, and more useful. We do this by developing innovative software and high quality services for the global research community. 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However, the emergence of quantum attacks has placed the need to develop Quantum Key Distribution (QKD) protocols that can preserve security while eliminating the limitations of quantum information systems, such as noise and error mitigation. To address these needs, this study proposes a novel Hybrid Rainbow-Kyber QKD (HRK-QKD) Protocol, which uses the strength of multivariate quadratic equations in Rainbow to mask the classical keys and the efficiency of lattice-based encryption in Kyber for key encryption. An entanglement-assisted dynamic key synthesis protocol that combines matrix-based quantum noise filtering, lattice-based multi-dimensional transformations and adaptive private key rotations is utilized. The proposed methods provide real-time mitigation of quantum noise and minimal performance overhead for key generation. HRK-QKD achieves the highest scalability ratio (\u003cem\u003eSc\u003c/em\u003e\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;2.7), the best noise resilience (0.90\u0026ndash;0.99), and the highest quantum security measure (\u003cem\u003eQ\u003c/em\u003e\u003csub\u003e\u003cem\u003eS\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/sub\u003e\u003cem\u003e​\u003c/em\u003e=0.064881) with minimal information leakage probability (0.00001). This advancement also means blockchain remains a resilient technology against quantum threats, with an economical, scalable, and high-accuracy solution for next-generation secure communication systems.\u003c/p\u003e","manuscriptTitle":"Advanced Quantum Key Distribution Protocol for Mitigating Quantum-based Vulnerabilities in Blockchain Applications","msid":"","msnumber":"","nonDraftVersions":[{"code":1,"date":"2025-09-30 20:00:45","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-7584749/v1","editorialEvents":[{"type":"communityComments","content":0},{"type":"decision","content":"Revision requested","date":"2025-10-15T20:09:04+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorInvitedReview","content":"","date":"2025-10-15T13:56:13+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"93616080066676000318361736925848217873","date":"2025-10-07T11:48:19+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorInvitedReview","content":"","date":"2025-09-25T08:13:00+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"333047071862064800049287746373550247265","date":"2025-09-22T04:12:32+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewersInvited","content":"","date":"2025-09-18T15:01:49+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorAssigned","content":"","date":"2025-09-11T04:34:22+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"checksComplete","content":"","date":"2025-09-11T04:34:14+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"submitted","content":"EPJ Quantum Technology","date":"2025-09-10T16:00:46+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""}],"status":"published","journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"epj-quantum-technology","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"externalIdentity":"epjq","sideBox":"Learn more about [EPJ Quantum Technology](http://epjquantumtechnology.springeropen.com)","snPcode":"40507","submissionUrl":"https://submission.nature.com/new-submission/40507/3","title":"EPJ Quantum Technology","twitterHandle":"","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":true,"editorialSystem":"em","reportingPortfolio":"Springer Hybrid","inReviewEnabled":true,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true}}],"origin":"","ownerIdentity":"79aee105-d42b-44f8-8209-6978760f5b08","owner":[],"postedDate":"September 30th, 2025","published":true,"recentEditorialEvents":[],"rejectedJournal":[],"revision":"","amendment":"","status":"published-in-journal","subjectAreas":[],"tags":[],"updatedAt":"2025-11-24T16:03:11+00:00","versionOfRecord":{"articleIdentity":"rs-7584749","link":"https://doi.org/10.1140/epjqt/s40507-025-00442-2","journal":{"identity":"epj-quantum-technology","isVorOnly":false,"title":"EPJ Quantum Technology"},"publishedOn":"2025-11-20 15:58:18","publishedOnDateReadable":"November 20th, 2025"},"versionCreatedAt":"2025-09-30 20:00:45","video":"","vorDoi":"10.1140/epjqt/s40507-025-00442-2","vorDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1140/epjqt/s40507-025-00442-2","workflowStages":[]},"version":"v1","identity":"rs-7584749","journalConfig":"researchsquare"},"__N_SSP":true},"page":"/article/[identity]/[[...version]]","query":{"redirect":"/article/rs-7584749","identity":"rs-7584749","version":["v1"]},"buildId":"8U1c8b4HqxoKbykW_rLl7","isFallback":false,"isExperimentalCompile":false,"dynamicIds":[84888],"gssp":true,"scriptLoader":[]}