Analysis of expression differences of immune genes in Thyroid carcinoma based on TCGA and ImmPort data sets and the application of a prognostic model

Analysis of expression differences of immune genes in Thyroid carcinoma based on TCGA and ImmPort data sets and the application of a prognostic model | Research Square window.SnipcartSettings = { analytics: { enabled: false } }; (function() { var accessVector = localStorage.getItem('access_vector') || ''; window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; if (accessVector) { window.dataLayer.push({ user: { profile: { profileInfo: { snid: accessVector } } } }); } })(); (function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start':new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0],j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src='https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f);})(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-K279D39R'); Browse Preprints In Review Journals COVID-19 Preprints AJE Video Bytes Research Tools Research Promotion AJE Professional Editing AJE Rubriq About Preprint Platform In Review Editorial Policies Our Team Advisory Board Help Center Sign In Submit a Preprint Cite Share Download PDF Research Article Analysis of expression differences of immune genes in Thyroid carcinoma based on TCGA and ImmPort data sets and the application of a prognostic model Huanzhang Lin, Weihao Hu, Qishuo Zhang, Shijie Huang, Peixiu Yao, and 2 more This is a preprint; it has not been peer reviewed by a journal. https://doi.org/ 10.21203/rs.3.rs-7836380/v1 This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License Status: Published Journal Publication published 16 Apr, 2026 Read the published version in European Journal of Medical Research → Version 1 posted 10 You are reading this latest preprint version Abstract Immune-related genes (IRGs) play a critical role in the tumor immune microenvironment (IME) of Thyroid carcinoma (THCA). The purpose of this study was to analyze the efficacy of the differentially expressed immune-related genes (DEIRGs) in predicting the survival rate of thyroid cancer (THCA). The study used limma R package to obtain the differentially expressed genes (DEGs) based on The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA), the ImmPort database to obtain the DEIRGs, and the Cistrome database to obtain the DETFs, to build a TFs-mediated IRGs network. A prediction model for the biomarkers of DEIRGs was established using both univariate and multivariate Cox regression analysis and verify it through experiments. Overall, THCA tissues and nearby non-carcinoma tissues yielded 878 DEGs, 82 DEIRGs, and 6 DETFs. To create a predictive model for THCA, five DEIRGs—including CXCL5, APOD, NOD1, IGHE, and IFNE—were extracted using multivariate Cox regression analysis. In order to forecast the prognosis of THCA and examine immunocyte infiltration, our work finds a prognostic model based on IRGs.This might offer a fresh perspective on investigating the possible IRGs in the THCA IME. Thyroid carcinoma (THCA) immune gene prognostic model risk score clinical significance Full Text Additional Declarations No competing interests reported. Cite Share Download PDF Status: Published Journal Publication published 16 Apr, 2026 Read the published version in European Journal of Medical Research → Version 1 posted Editorial decision: Revision requested 02 Mar, 2026 Reviews received at journal 27 Jan, 2026 Reviews received at journal 18 Jan, 2026 Reviewers agreed at journal 26 Dec, 2025 Reviewers agreed at journal 24 Dec, 2025 Reviewers agreed at journal 17 Dec, 2025 Reviewers invited by journal 06 Dec, 2025 Editor assigned by journal 10 Nov, 2025 Submission checks completed at journal 10 Nov, 2025 First submitted to journal 09 Nov, 2025 You are reading this latest preprint version Research Square lets you share your work early, gain feedback from the community, and start making changes to your manuscript prior to peer review in a journal. As a division of Research Square Company, we’re committed to making research communication faster, fairer, and more useful. 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Also discoverable on Platform About Our Team In Review Editorial Policies Advisory Board Help Center Resources Author Services Accessibility API Access RSS feed Manage Cookie Preferences © Research Square 2026 | ISSN 2693-5015 (online) Privacy Policy Terms of Service Do Not Sell My Personal Information {"props":{"pageProps":{"initialData":{"identity":"rs-7836380","acceptedTermsAndConditions":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"archivedVersions":[],"articleType":"Research Article","associatedPublications":[],"authors":[{"id":556911426,"identity":"24080381-a37a-4bf2-a17c-b7d15a468671","order_by":0,"name":"Huanzhang Lin","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Shantou Central Hospital","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Huanzhang","middleName":"","lastName":"Lin","suffix":""},{"id":556911429,"identity":"98e44efb-60b6-4ea6-a10b-9f25a7a032cb","order_by":1,"name":"Weihao Hu","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"The Second Affiliated Hospital of Shantou University Medical 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based on TCGA and ImmPort data sets and the application of a prognostic model","fulltext":[],"fulltextSource":"","fullText":"","funders":[],"hasAdminPriorityOnWorkflow":false,"hasManuscriptDocX":false,"hasOptedInToPreprint":true,"hasPassedJournalQc":"","hasAnyPriority":false,"hideJournal":false,"highlight":"","institution":"","isAcceptedByJournal":true,"isAuthorSuppliedPdf":true,"isDeskRejected":"","isHiddenFromSearch":false,"isInQc":false,"isInWorkflow":false,"isPdf":true,"isPdfUpToDate":true,"isWithdrawnOrRetracted":false,"journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"european-journal-of-medical-research","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"externalIdentity":"ejmr","sideBox":"Learn more about [European Journal of Medical Research](http://eurjmedres.biomedcentral.com)","snPcode":"40001","submissionUrl":"https://submission.nature.com/new-submission/40001/3","title":"European Journal of Medical Research","twitterHandle":"@BioMedCentral","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":true,"editorialSystem":"em","reportingPortfolio":"BMC/SO AJ","inReviewEnabled":true,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true},"keywords":"Thyroid carcinoma (THCA), immune gene, prognostic model, risk score, clinical significance","lastPublishedDoi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-7836380/v1","lastPublishedDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-7836380/v1","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"},"manuscriptAbstract":"\u003cp\u003eImmune-related genes (IRGs) play a critical role in the tumor immune microenvironment (IME) of Thyroid carcinoma (THCA). The purpose of this study was to analyze the efficacy of the differentially expressed immune-related genes (DEIRGs) in predicting the survival rate of thyroid cancer (THCA). The study used limma R package to obtain the differentially expressed genes (DEGs) based on The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA), the ImmPort database to obtain the DEIRGs, and the Cistrome database to obtain the DETFs, to build a TFs-mediated IRGs network. A prediction model for the biomarkers of DEIRGs was established using both univariate and multivariate Cox regression analysis and verify it through experiments. Overall, THCA tissues and nearby non-carcinoma tissues yielded 878 DEGs, 82 DEIRGs, and 6 DETFs. To create a predictive model for THCA, five DEIRGs\u0026mdash;including CXCL5, APOD, NOD1, IGHE, and IFNE\u0026mdash;were extracted using multivariate Cox regression analysis. In order to forecast the prognosis of THCA and examine immunocyte infiltration, our work finds a prognostic model based on IRGs.This might offer a fresh perspective on investigating the possible IRGs in the THCA IME.\u003c/p\u003e","manuscriptTitle":"Analysis of expression differences of immune genes in Thyroid carcinoma based on TCGA and ImmPort data sets and the application of a prognostic model","msid":"","msnumber":"","nonDraftVersions":[{"code":1,"date":"2025-12-12 18:17:16","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-7836380/v1","editorialEvents":[{"type":"communityComments","content":0},{"type":"decision","content":"Revision requested","date":"2026-03-02T06:44:39+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorInvitedReview","content":"","date":"2026-01-27T14:10:45+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorInvitedReview","content":"","date":"2026-01-18T07:20:58+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"156624494107797674298709474683660456264","date":"2025-12-26T11:49:19+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"52240154407564251793767090535263160276","date":"2025-12-25T04:58:50+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"277118201581103501627553125403274346223","date":"2025-12-17T05:31:53+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewersInvited","content":"","date":"2025-12-06T16:29:24+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorAssigned","content":"","date":"2025-11-11T04:21:58+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"checksComplete","content":"","date":"2025-11-10T11:44:32+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"submitted","content":"European Journal of Medical Research","date":"2025-11-09T16:14:40+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""}],"status":"published","journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"european-journal-of-medical-research","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"externalIdentity":"ejmr","sideBox":"Learn more about [European Journal of Medical Research](http://eurjmedres.biomedcentral.com)","snPcode":"40001","submissionUrl":"https://submission.nature.com/new-submission/40001/3","title":"European Journal of Medical Research","twitterHandle":"@BioMedCentral","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":true,"editorialSystem":"em","reportingPortfolio":"BMC/SO AJ","inReviewEnabled":true,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true}}],"origin":"","ownerIdentity":"ed1fd63e-91c4-4e6c-ad4c-93e68b0edc10","owner":[],"postedDate":"December 12th, 2025","published":true,"recentEditorialEvents":[],"rejectedJournal":[],"revision":"","amendment":"","status":"published-in-journal","subjectAreas":[],"tags":[],"updatedAt":"2026-04-20T16:03:38+00:00","versionOfRecord":{"articleIdentity":"rs-7836380","link":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s40001-026-04418-5","journal":{"identity":"european-journal-of-medical-research","isVorOnly":false,"title":"European Journal of Medical Research"},"publishedOn":"2026-04-16 15:59:11","publishedOnDateReadable":"April 16th, 2026"},"versionCreatedAt":"2025-12-12 18:17:16","video":"","vorDoi":"10.1186/s40001-026-04418-5","vorDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s40001-026-04418-5","workflowStages":[]},"version":"v1","identity":"rs-7836380","journalConfig":"researchsquare"},"__N_SSP":true},"page":"/article/[identity]/[[...version]]","query":{"redirect":"/article/rs-7836380","identity":"rs-7836380","version":["v1"]},"buildId":"8U1c8b4HqxoKbykW_rLl7","isFallback":false,"isExperimentalCompile":false,"dynamicIds":[84888],"gssp":true,"scriptLoader":[]}