Hormonal Imbalance and Gut Dysbiosis: Emerging Perspectives in Women's Health

The gut microbiota plays a crucial function in reproductive well-being and is vital for maintaining fundamental physiological balance. This article surveys the mutual relationships between the gut flora and the female reproductive system, which are maintained through metabolic, immunological, and neuroendocrine mechanisms, thereby creating the gastrointestinal-reproductive axis. Dysbiosis, which results from an imbalance in microbial levels, has been related with reproductive diseases, such as polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS), infertility, endometriosis, and pregnancy-related problems. Modulation of the gut microbiota via targeted synthetic materials, such as metformin, dietary phytocompounds, synbiotics, probiotics, and prebiotics, affects hormonal levels, glucose resistance, and monthly cycle regulation, showcasing favorable prospects for medical care. This review elucidates the molecular and cellular processes underlying gut-reproductive relationships and assesses the potential of microbiome-targeted medications as viable clinical approaches for enhancing fertility outcomes. Further attention should be devoted to determining the crosstalk between endometrial disruption, hormonal imbalance, and inflammation. Similar content being viewed by others Data Availability No datasets were generated or analysed during the current study. Abbreviations - BV: - Bacterial vaginosis - CASR: - Calcium-sensing receptor - CNS: - Central nervous system - DR: - Dimensionality reduction - DCs: - Dendritic cells - DHT: - Dihydrotestosterone - END: - Enterodiol - ENL: - Enterolactone - FSH: - Follicle-Stimulating Hormone - FFAR1: - Free fatty acid receptor-1 - GABA: - Gamma-Aminobutyric acid - GIP: - Glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide - GLP-1: - Glucagon-like peptide-1 - GPCRs: - G-protein-coupled receptors - GnRH: - Gonadotropin-Releasing hormone - HPG: - Hypothalamic–pituitary–gonadal - HA: - Hyperandrogenaemia - HSDH: - 20α-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase - ITS: - Internal transcribed spacer - LH: - Luteinizing hormone - LPS: - Lipopolysaccharide - MCT-1: - Monocarboxylate transporter 1 - MAMPs: - Microbe-Associated Molecular Patterns - ML: - Machine learning - NO: - Nitric oxide - NDPs: - Nondigestible polysaccharides - NSAIDs: - Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs - OTC: - Over-the-counter medications - PCOS: - Polycystic ovary syndrome - PMS: - Premenstrual Syndrome - PNA: - Prenatal androgen - PYY: - Peptide YY - RAAS: - Renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system - ROS: - Reactive oxygen species - SBS: - Sequencing by Synthesis - SCFA: - Short-chain fatty acid - SML: - Supervised machine learning - SMRT: - Single Molecule Real-Time - T2D: - Type 2 diabetes - TC: - Total cholesterol - TG: - Triglycerides - TGS: - Third-generation sequencing - TNF-α: - Tumor necrosis factor-alpha - TRP: - Transient receptor potential - USML: - Unsupervised machine learning

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The authors would like to acknowledge the management of all colleges and universities for their overall support in conducting the review work. Funding None. Author information Authors and Affiliations Contributions The authors confirm their contribution to the paper: **Study conceptualization, Methodology, and Writing-original draft:** RD, and SC; **Resources, Software, and Writing-original draft:** JD, and PC; **Formal analysis, and Data curation:** RP, and KS; **Formal analysis, and Validation:** RN, and RP; **Supervision, Project administration, and Writing-review and editing:** BD, and SA All authors reviewed the results and approved the final version of the manuscript. Corresponding authors Ethics declarations Consent for Publication Not applicable. Competing interests The authors declare no competing interests. Conflict of interest The authors declare no conflict of interest, financial or otherwise. Additional information Publisher’s Note Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations. Rights and permissions Springer Nature or its licensor (e.g. a society or other partner) holds exclusive rights to this article under a publishing agreement with the author(s) or other rightsholder(s); author self-archiving of the accepted manuscript version of this article is solely governed by the terms of such publishing agreement and applicable law. About this article Cite this article De, R., Chakrabortty, S., Das, J. et al. Hormonal Imbalance and Gut Dysbiosis: Emerging Perspectives in Women’s Health. Probiotics & Antimicro. Prot. (2026). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12602-026-11089-5 Received: Accepted: Published: Version of record: DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12602-026-11089-5