The risk factors for panic disorder

The risk factors for panic disorder | Research Square window.SnipcartSettings = { analytics: { enabled: false } }; (function() { var accessVector = localStorage.getItem('access_vector') || ''; window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; if (accessVector) { window.dataLayer.push({ user: { profile: { profileInfo: { snid: accessVector } } } }); } })(); (function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start':new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0],j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src='https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f);})(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-K279D39R'); Browse Preprints In Review Journals COVID-19 Preprints AJE Video Bytes Research Tools Research Promotion AJE Professional Editing AJE Rubriq About Preprint Platform In Review Editorial Policies Our Team Advisory Board Help Center Sign In Submit a Preprint Cite Share Download PDF Research Article The risk factors for panic disorder Jamil Nasif, Agnes Chong Shu Sze, Mahadir Ahmad This is a preprint; it has not been peer reviewed by a journal. https://doi.org/ 10.21203/rs.3.rs-8550239/v1 This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License Status: Posted Version 1 posted You are reading this latest preprint version Abstract Background : Panic disorder is characterized by sudden episodes of intense fear or discomfort that significantly impair daily functioning. While many studies have examined risk factors associated with panic disorder, limited evidence exists regarding these factors among the Palestinian population. Aim: This study aimed to identify risk factors associated with panic disorder severity among Palestinians. Methods : A cross-sectional study design was employed, involving 134 participants diagnosed with panic disorder. Panic severity was assessed using the CISDPD and HAM-A scales. Results :The results demonstrated significant mean differences in panic disorder severity among participants with a history of suicidal attempts and drug abuse or addiction, as measured by both scales (p<0.05). In contrast, income level, exposure to Israeli occupation procedures, family history of mental disorders, chronic health conditions, and exposure to traumatic events were not significantly associated with panic disorder severity (p≥0.05).Multiple linear regression analysis showed that gender and age significantly influenced panic disorder severity on the CISDPD scale (p<0.05). On the HAM-A scale, panic disorder severity was significantly affected by gender (p<0.05) and duration of illness (p<0.01). Factors such as agoraphobia, prior history of panic disorder, and receipt of interventions did not significantly affect CISDPD scores. Similarly, age, agoraphobia, and received interventions showed no significant effect on HAM-A scores (p≥0.05). Conclusion: Overall, the findings suggest that panic disorder severity among Palestinians is primarily associated with demographic factors and comorbid conditions, particularly gender, suicidal behavior, substance abuse, age, and illness duration. Socioeconomic status, trauma-related factors, and clinical interventions were not found to significantly influence panic disorder severity. These results highlight the importance of focusing on demographic and comorbidity-related factors when assessing and managing panic disorder in this population. Risk factor Panic disorder Palestine Full Text Additional Declarations No competing interests reported. Cite Share Download PDF Status: Posted Version 1 posted You are reading this latest preprint version Research Square lets you share your work early, gain feedback from the community, and start making changes to your manuscript prior to peer review in a journal. As a division of Research Square Company, we’re committed to making research communication faster, fairer, and more useful. We do this by developing innovative software and high quality services for the global research community. Our growing team is made up of researchers and industry professionals working together to solve the most critical problems facing scientific publishing. Also discoverable on Platform About Our Team In Review Editorial Policies Advisory Board Help Center Resources Author Services Accessibility API Access RSS feed Manage Cookie Preferences © Research Square 2026 | ISSN 2693-5015 (online) Privacy Policy Terms of Service Do Not Sell My Personal Information {"props":{"pageProps":{"initialData":{"identity":"rs-8550239","acceptedTermsAndConditions":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"archivedVersions":[],"articleType":"Research Article","associatedPublications":[],"authors":[{"id":578200708,"identity":"f2a708fc-0a56-466c-814d-8f499ed63088","order_by":0,"name":"Jamil Nasif","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"UKM: Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Jamil","middleName":"","lastName":"Nasif","suffix":""},{"id":578200709,"identity":"3cc50576-d846-45b4-8700-c3bf20413234","order_by":1,"name":"Agnes Chong Shu Sze","email":"data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAZAAAAAyAQMAAABI0h/eAAAABlBMVEX///8AAABVwtN+AAAACXBIWXMAAA7EAAAOxAGVKw4bAAAAvUlEQVRIiWNgGAWjYNCCCgYDECVBgpYzJGthbCNFC3//2oMPf847bKzbwHzwNg/DtsQGQlokbrxLNubddtjM7ABbsjUPw23CWhhunDGTZtx22MbsAI+ZNFFa5G+cMf/5cw5IC/834rQYnO8xY+BtADmMh404LYY3eIyleY6lG5sdZjO2nGNw25igFrnzZww//qixNtx2vPnhjTcVt2UJamGQSIAymMHuZHAkrIX/ACrfnqCOUTAKRsEoGHEAAGNXPlqvWA1jAAAAAElFTkSuQmCC","orcid":"","institution":"UKM: Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia","correspondingAuthor":true,"prefix":"","firstName":"Agnes","middleName":"Chong Shu","lastName":"Sze","suffix":""},{"id":578200710,"identity":"b19b1dec-913f-4093-8801-5c952cf2820b","order_by":2,"name":"Mahadir Ahmad","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"UKM: Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Mahadir","middleName":"","lastName":"Ahmad","suffix":""}],"badges":[],"createdAt":"2026-01-08 10:24:03","currentVersionCode":1,"declarations":"","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-8550239/v1","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-8550239/v1","draftVersion":[],"editorialEvents":[],"editorialNote":"","failedWorkflow":false,"files":[{"id":100882884,"identity":"7a36c015-12e9-499e-a795-d28392a3b879","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2026-01-22 11:32:11","extension":"doc","order_by":0,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":287744,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"Manuscript15.1.2026.doc","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-8550239/v1/635afe1e1d1b0e8f3cee67a8.doc"},{"id":100882883,"identity":"d9e79abb-a314-4f95-ae94-b5765d573ec4","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2026-01-22 11:32:11","extension":"json","order_by":1,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":5612,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"438875a557e44cd2adbf7700b9afbdc0.json","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-8550239/v1/7318184ce211551e4fdc54b8.json"},{"id":100882885,"identity":"cb7d5d86-9810-41cf-adf1-824f8da8ade2","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2026-01-22 11:32:11","extension":"doc","order_by":2,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":86528,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"Table.doc","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-8550239/v1/c368f529b76990abd29ad182.doc"},{"id":106588941,"identity":"854ce167-5e0f-4468-afec-a5263a63e9a3","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2026-04-10 08:11:59","extension":"pdf","order_by":1,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"manuscript-pdf","size":417586,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"Manuscript15.1.2026.pdf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-8550239/v1_covered_ed314e6c-327f-488f-a8ca-daa087af8b90.pdf"}],"financialInterests":"No competing interests reported.","formattedTitle":"The risk factors for panic disorder","fulltext":[],"fulltextSource":"","fullText":"","funders":[],"hasAdminPriorityOnWorkflow":false,"hasManuscriptDocX":false,"hasOptedInToPreprint":true,"hasPassedJournalQc":"","hasAnyPriority":false,"hideJournal":true,"highlight":"","institution":"","isAcceptedByJournal":false,"isAuthorSuppliedPdf":true,"isDeskRejected":"","isHiddenFromSearch":false,"isInQc":false,"isInWorkflow":false,"isPdf":true,"isPdfUpToDate":true,"isWithdrawnOrRetracted":false,"journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"researchsquare","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"/submission","title":"Research Square","twitterHandle":"researchsquare","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"","reportingPortfolio":"","inReviewEnabled":false,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true},"keywords":"Risk factor, Panic disorder, Palestine","lastPublishedDoi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-8550239/v1","lastPublishedDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-8550239/v1","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"},"manuscriptAbstract":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eBackground\u003c/strong\u003e: Panic disorder is characterized by sudden episodes of intense fear or discomfort that significantly impair daily functioning. While many studies have examined risk factors associated with panic disorder, limited evidence exists regarding these factors among the Palestinian population.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAim:\u003c/strong\u003e This study aimed to identify risk factors associated with panic disorder severity among Palestinians.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eMethods\u003c/strong\u003e: A cross-sectional study design was employed, involving 134 participants diagnosed with panic disorder. Panic severity was assessed using the CISDPD and HAM-A scales.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eResults\u003c/strong\u003e:The results demonstrated significant mean differences in panic disorder severity among participants with a history of suicidal attempts and drug abuse or addiction, as measured by both scales (p\u0026lt;0.05). In contrast, income level, exposure to Israeli occupation procedures, family history of mental disorders, chronic health conditions, and exposure to traumatic events were not significantly associated with panic disorder severity (p≥0.05).Multiple linear regression analysis showed that gender and age significantly influenced panic disorder severity on the CISDPD scale (p\u0026lt;0.05). On the HAM-A scale, panic disorder severity was significantly affected by gender (p\u0026lt;0.05) and duration of illness (p\u0026lt;0.01). Factors such as agoraphobia, prior history of panic disorder, and receipt of interventions did not significantly affect CISDPD scores. Similarly, age, agoraphobia, and received interventions showed no significant effect on HAM-A scores (p≥0.05).\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eConclusion: \u003c/strong\u003eOverall, the findings suggest that panic disorder severity among Palestinians is primarily associated with demographic factors and comorbid conditions, particularly gender, suicidal behavior, substance abuse, age, and illness duration. Socioeconomic status, trauma-related factors, and clinical interventions were not found to significantly influence panic disorder severity. These results highlight the importance of focusing on demographic and comorbidity-related factors when assessing and managing panic disorder in this population.\u003c/p\u003e","manuscriptTitle":"The risk factors for panic disorder","msid":"","msnumber":"","nonDraftVersions":[{"code":1,"date":"2026-01-22 11:32:06","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-8550239/v1","editorialEvents":[{"type":"communityComments","content":0}],"status":"published","journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"researchsquare","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"/submission","title":"Research Square","twitterHandle":"researchsquare","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"","reportingPortfolio":"","inReviewEnabled":false,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true}}],"origin":"","ownerIdentity":"1aba7705-d032-475a-a327-830552cd3a43","owner":[],"postedDate":"January 22nd, 2026","published":true,"recentEditorialEvents":[],"rejectedJournal":[],"revision":"","amendment":"","status":"posted","subjectAreas":[],"tags":[],"updatedAt":"2026-04-10T08:08:34+00:00","versionOfRecord":[],"versionCreatedAt":"2026-01-22 11:32:06","video":"","vorDoi":"","vorDoiUrl":"","workflowStages":[]},"version":"v1","identity":"rs-8550239","journalConfig":"researchsquare"},"__N_SSP":true},"page":"/article/[identity]/[[...version]]","query":{"redirect":"/article/rs-8550239","identity":"rs-8550239","version":["v1"]},"buildId":"XKTyCvWXoU3ODBz1xrDgd","isFallback":false,"isExperimentalCompile":false,"dynamicIds":[84888],"gssp":true,"scriptLoader":[]}