Meta-Analysis: Molecular and Genetic Analysis of Bread Wheat

Bread wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) is a staple crop critical to global food security, supporting over one-third of the world’s population. This meta-analysis synthesizes recent advances (2020–2024) in molecular and genetic research aimed at improving wheat yield, quality, and stress resilience. By reviewing 20 peer-reviewed studies, we analyze the frequency and effectiveness of molecular tools such as SNP genotyping, SSR markers, GWAS, and QTL mapping in identifying genes linked to key agronomic traits including drought tolerance, disease resistance, and grain protein content. Emerging trends highlight the growing integration of multi-omics approaches and machine learning for trait prediction. Challenges such as limited germplasm representation and high genotyping costs are discussed alongside future recommendations emphasizing precision breeding and enhanced bioinformatics. This synthesis underscores the transformative role of genomic technologies in accelerating wheat improvement for climate-resilient and nutrient-rich cultivars.