Effects Between High-Intensity Interval Cross Training and Classical Training on The Male Junior Sprinters

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A total of sixty-four athletes were randomly assigned to an experimental group receiving HIICT interventions or a control group following conventional training protocols over eight weeks. Key performance indicators were systematically evaluated, including sprint times, explosive power, and anaerobic capacity. The findings demonstrated that HIICT significantly improved critical performance metrics, such as ground contact time, relative maximum power, and lower-body explosive strength. Specifically, ground contact time decreased by 4.21%, while countermovement jump (CMJ) and squat jump (SJ) heights increased by 8.84% and 7.11%, respectively. These enhancements were associated with a 2.11% improvement in 100-meter sprint times in the experimental group. Furthermore, HIICT proved more effective than conventional training in enhancing anaerobic power with a similar training load (Shown by TRIMP). This study underscores the potential of HIICT as a versatile and sustainable training modality for young athletes, integrating diverse training components to overcome the limitations of traditional high-intensity plans. Biological sciences/Physiology/Bone quality and biomechanics Biological sciences/Physiology High-Intensity Interval Cross Training Junior Sprinters Sprint Performance Training Optimization Sprint Training Figures Figure 1 Figure 2 Introduction High-intensity interval Training (HIIT) has been widely recognized as an effective method for improving aerobic and anaerobic capacities in track and field training [1] . Traditional HIIT protocols, such as the classic Tabata regimen, are characterized by their high intensity and short duration [1] [2] . These protocols have been shown to significantly enhance maximal oxygen uptake (VO₂max) and maximal accumulated oxygen deficit (MAOD), which are key contributors to improved athletic performance [2] [3] . Cross-training originated from early athletic training practices that combined endurance and explosive strength exercises [4] . Cross-training integrates diverse exercise modalities into a single training program to stimulate multiple physiological systems [4] [5] , fostering comprehensive athletic development [6] . While traditional training programs, such as Classical Training (CT), often focus on developing specific athletic skills (e.g., running, swimming, or strength), cross-training aims to develop multiple skills concurrently, reducing the risk of overtraining and injuries. High-Intensity Interval Cross-Training (HIICT) has been developed as an innovative approach incorporating various exercise modalities to overcome these limitations. By combining running, jumping, squatting, and other activities, HIICT enhances anaerobic metabolism and athletic performance while mitigating the fatigue and monotony often associated with single-mode training [1] . This approach improves training sustainability and applicability, particularly for adolescent athletes. HIICT is particularly well-suited for adolescent athletes in critical developmental stages because it balances high training intensity with comprehensive physical development [7] . Despite its theoretical foundation and some benefits, systematic research on the effects of HIICT on the specialized abilities of junior sprinters remains limited. In particular, its mechanisms for improving key performance aspects, such as start efficiency, acceleration (first 60m of 100m), and sprint results, are not well understood. This study investigates the impact of an 8-week HIICT intervention on body composition, sprint performance, general fitness, and physiological indicators in adolescent male sprinters. Using Classical Training (CT) as a control, the study aims to fill existing research gaps and advance the scientific understanding and practical application of innovative sprint training methods tailored to adolescent athletes. Materials and methods Participants 64 national II level male sprinter volunteered to participate in this study(Age: 17.54±1.19 years; Training experience: 2.34±0.56 years; height: 1.79±0.04 m; body mass: 69.77±2.34 kg), sample size calculation was conducted by an a priori analysis using Chatgpt-4o.with the method of T-test(two groups, two measurement) Consequently, the least number of subjects is 63.37(rounded to 64, 32 per group). The participants were selected based on the indices: (1). All participants must be over 15 years old (equivalent to middle school in China) and have the consent of their school and guardians to participate in the experiment. (2). Participants must have no prior experience with HIICT training. (3). Participants must have undergone training for at least six months before the experiment. (4). Before the experiment, participants must have no exercise-related illnesses and no injuries within the past three months. This study adheres to the principles outlined in the Declaration of Helsinki, ensuring that all participants are fully informed about the study procedures, potential benefits, and risks, and have provided their written informed consent prior to participation. The study was approved by Tianjin University of Sport (Approval No: TJUS-2025-004). Procedure An 8-week intervention training program was implemented for all athletes. Testing was conducted both at the beginning and the end of the training period, spanning five days each time. The testing protocol was as follows (Table 1): Day 1: Measurement of height and weight, countermovement jump (CMJ), and static squat jump (SJ). Day 2: Testing of 1RM in the power clean (morning) and 1RM in the snatch (afternoon). Day 3: Testing of 100m sprint. Day 4: Testing of 1RM in the squat (morning) and 1RM in the bench press (afternoon). Day 5: Testing of 200m sprint (morning) and anaerobic power (afternoon). Table 1: Testing Schedule. ^: Test three times and record the best result. Days Morning Afternoon 1 Height; Weight; CMJ^; SJ^ 2 Power clean^ Snatch^ 3 100m Sprint 4 Squat^ Bench press ^ 5 200m Sprint Anaerobic power Training Plan In accordance with the principle of sprint training programs, training plans were developed for both the experimental group(N=32) and the control group(N=32) (Table 2). Except for the experimental intervention, the remaining training components and training intensities were identical between the two groups. HIICT consists of each round comprising 20 seconds of high-intensity interval exercise and 20 seconds of rest, for 8 sets. Sets 1, 3, 5, and 7 involve sprint training, while sets 2, 4, 6, and 8 include high-knee running, squat jumps, tuck jumps, and lunge jumps, respectively (Figure 1). The training intensity and pattern are adjusted progressively based on the athletes' adaptation levels (Table 3). Table 2: Overview of Training Plans During the Intervention Period. Days Training plan Monday (1) 30-60-80m sprint × 2 sets (2) Interval Running: 6 × 200 meters, 2-minutes rest intervals Tuesday (1) 20-40-60-80 m sprint (2) Interval Running: 2 × 200 meters, 30-seconds rest intervals Control: (3) Strength Training:① Fast Lunge Snatch × 3 ② Hang Power Clean × 3 ③ Half Squat + Depth Jump × 3 Experimental: (3) HIICT × 2 sets, with 12-15 minutes of rest between sets. Wednesday (1) 20-40-60-80 m sprint (2) Interval Running: 8 × 100 meters, 2-minutes rest intervals Control: (3) Basic Conditioning Exercises Experimental: (3) HIICT × 2 sets, with 12-15 minutes of rest between sets Thursday (1) 15-20 minutes of aerobic jogging (2) Hurdle coordination drills and hurdle technique practice (3) 10 movement combination exercises × 3-4 sets, 4-minute rest intervals Friday (1)30-60-80 sprint × 3 sets (2) Interval Running: 2 × 200 meters, 30-seconds rest intervals Control: (3) Strength Training: ① Fast Lunge Snatch × 3 × 3 ② Hang Power Clean × 3 × 3 ③ Half Squat + Depth Jump × 3 × 3 ④ Posterior Chain Exercise: 3 × 20 reps Experimental: (3) HIICT × 2 sets, with 12-15 minutes of rest between sets Saturday (1) 20-40-60-80 m sprint (2) Interval Running: 2 × 200 meters, 30-seconds rest intervals (3) Strength Training: ① Power Clean: 3 × 3 sets ② Snatch: 3 × 3 sets ③ Full Squat or Half Squat: 5 × 3 sets Sunday Rest Table 3: Combination Table of HIICT Exercise Training Models. Method Intensity Duration (seconds/set) Training Sets Sprint 85%Vmax 20 1、3、5、7 High-Knee Running 80%Hzmax 20 2 Squat Jump 80%Hzmax 20 4 Tuck Jump 80%Hzmax 20 6 Lunge Jump 80%Hzmax 20 8 Statistical analysis The measurement data were processed and analyzed using IBM SPSS Statistics 25 and Microsoft Excel. Normality was evaluated with the Kolmogorov-Smirnov (K-S) test. For datasets conforming to normality assumptions, independent and paired sample t-tests were conducted to assess differences. For datasets violating the normality assumption, non-parametric tests were employed. Statistical significance thresholds were defined at P < 0.05, 0.01, and 0.001. Results During the 8-week randomized controlled intervention, the experimental group’s total TRIMP was 1191.66 ± 96.42, showing no significant difference compared to the control group (1188.81 ± 102.93; ΔTRIMP = 2.84 ± 3.49%, P > 0.05). Within this total, the HIICT component of strength training (107.63 ± 22.81) contributed 9.03% of the total TRIMP and represented a newly introduced element absent in the control group’s training. General strength training (251.63 ± 40.76) accounted for 16.54% of the total TRIMP, which was significantly lower than that of the control group (357.97 ± 53.56; ΔTRIMP = -30.92% ± 6.1%, P < 0.001).For running training, speed training (197.16 ± 22.40) accounted for 21.12% of the total TRIMP, with no significant difference compared to the control group (196.59 ± 21.81; ΔTRIMP = 0.29% ± 7.66%, P > 0.05). Speed-endurance training (594.69 ± 56.38), the largest component, contributed 49.90% of the total TRIMP, also showing no significant difference from the control group (595.28 ± 59.68; ΔTRIMP = -0.10% ± 3.89%, P > 0.05). Other training (40.56 ± 15.81) comprised 3.40% of the total TRIMP, slightly exceeding that of the control group (38.97 ± 5.09). However, the variation was minimal (ΔTRIMP = 4.07% ± 22.21%, P > 0.05). These findings suggest that the experimental group’s intervention training primarily emphasized the HIICT component of strength training (Table 4). Table 4: Overview of TRIMP in 8 Weeks Intervention Training and 8 Weeks Pre-intervention Training. Indicators TRIMP Primary Secondary HIICT（N=32） CT（N=32） ΔTRIMP Total 1188.81±102.93 1191.66±96.42 2.844 HIICT 0.00±0.00 107.63±22.81 107.625*** Strength 357.97±53.56 251.63±40.76 -106.344*** Running Sprint 196.59±21.81 197.16±22.40 0.563 Speed-Endurance 595.28±59.68 594.69±56.38 -0.594 Other 38.97±5.09 40.56±15.81 -2.936 In the randomized controlled experiment, significant differences in body composition and general fitness test results were observed between the experimental and control groups (Table 5). Minimal changes in body weight were recorded in both groups: the experimental group experienced a slight decrease (-0.36% ± 1.43%, P > 0.05), while the control group showed a modest increase (0.29% ± 1.01%, P > 0.05). However, body fat percentage in the experimental group significantly decreased (-5.14% ± 2.71%, P < 0.001), with the control group exhibiting a comparable trend (-4.70% ± 2.87%, P 0.05), while the control group showed a slight improvement (0.76% ± 2.03%, P > 0.05). Notably, the experimental group achieved significant increases in clean lift weight (7.75% ± 3.76%, P < 0.001) and snatch weight (1.54% ± 1.23%, P 0.05; 3.87% ± 2.91%, P < 0.001, respectively). Sprint tests revealed a significant improvement in the 100m performance of the experimental group (-2.10% ± 0.53%, P < 0.001), whereas the control group exhibited a smaller improvement (-0.61% ± 0.59%, P < 0.001). Moreover, the experimental group showed a markedly greater improvement in the first 60m of the 100m sprint (-2.45% ± 0.72%, P < 0.001), which was significantly different from the control group (P < 0.001). The experimental group also exhibited a significant reduction in ground contact time (-4.20% ± 1.78%, P < 0.001), whereas no significant changes were observed in the control group. The experimental group achieved a significant increase in peak power (Pmax) (6.66% ± 3.36%, P < 0.001), along with an even more pronounced improvement in relative Pmax (7.09% ± 2.12%, P 0.05). Additionally, the 30-second power decline rate in the experimental group significantly decreased (-6.30% ± 1.94%, P 0.05). These findings suggest that the training intervention in the experimental group was significantly more effective in enhancing explosive power and mitigating power decline. (Table 6) (Figure 2) Table 5: Overview of Fitness and Specialized Results. Significant difference within-group:*:P＜0.05；**:P＜0.01；***:P＜0.001；Significant differences between groups:#: P＜0.05；##: P＜0.01；###:P＜0.001,Same as the table below. Indicators HIICT CT Per Post Per Post Weight(kg) 69.66±2.36 69.41±2.30 69.89±2.35 70.09±2.26 Body Fat(%) 13.42±0.89 12.73±0.63*** 13.39±0.93 12.76±0.71*** 100m(s) 11.45±0.25 11.21±0.23***## 11.46±0.26 11.39±0.27*** 200m(s) 23.08±0.42 23.02±0.48 23.13±0.53 23.14±0.52 First 60m of 100m(s) 7.35±0.17 7.17±0.17***### 7.38±0.17 7.32±0.17*** Ground Contact Time (s) 0.119±0.004 0.114±0.006***## 0.122±0.004 0.122±0.006 Squat 1RM (kg) 109.92±10.95 109.14±11.75 109.61±11.69 110.45±11.93 Bench Press 1RM (kg) 69.22±5.18 68.59±6.32 68.91±5.78 69.77±5.76 Power Clean 1RM(kg) 79.61±7.96 85.78±8.46***## 79.45±7.87 80.08±8.22 Snatch 1RM (kg) 66.17±7.38 67.19±7.40** 66.25±7.43 66.80±7.38 Relative Squat 1RM (kg) 158.01±16.94 157.48±18.43 152.43±16.26 157.77±18.06*** Relative Bench Press 1RM (kg) 99.40±7.04 98.87±9.13 95.82±8.04 99.62±8.74** Relative Power Clean 1RM(kg) 114.45±12.43 123.78±13.47***## 110.49±10.95 114.40±12.62*** Relative Snatch 1RM (kg) 95.14±11.41 98.82±11.42*** 92.13±10.34 95.40±10.96*** CMJ(cm) 53.41±3.07 58.13±3.27***### 53.41±3.35 53.22±3.35 SJ(cm) 38.12±3.29 40.84±4.04***# 38.09±3.23 39.25±3.35* Table 6: Overview of Biochemical Indicators. Indicators HIICT CT Per Post Per Post Power max(W) 559.90±70.49 597.12±68.89*** 562.15±73.13 564.93±74.72 Relative Power max (W/kg) 8.04±0.99 8.61±0.98***# 8.05±1.03 8.06±1.04 30s Power Decline (%) 58.64±4.15 54.95±3.98***### 58.64±4.24 58.70±4.43 Discussion This study investigated the effects of High-Intensity Interval Cross Training (HIICT) on sprint performance, body composition, general fitness, and physiological indicators in adolescent male sprinters, comparing it to Classical Training (CT). The findings provide robust evidence supporting the efficacy of HIICT as an innovative training modality for enhancing key performance parameters in junior athletes. In our study, HIICT demonstrated comprehensive enhancements in sprint-specific performance, body composition, and fatigue resistance, surpassing the results observed in the CT group. Notably, the experimental group achieved significant reductions in 100m sprint time (-2.10% vs. -0.61%, P < 0.001) and first 60m acceleration time (-2.45% vs. -0.61%, P < 0.001), demonstrating the specificity of HIICT for sprint improvements. These changes were accompanied by significant gains in peak power (+6.66%, P < 0.001) and relative peak power (+7.09%, P < 0.01), underscoring its capacity to enhance explosive strength crucial for sprinting. Additionally, the study highlighted pronounced improvements in other fitness parameters. While body fat percentage in the experimental group decreased significantly (-5.14% vs. -4.70%, P < 0.001), the reduction was coupled with stability in body weight, indicating lean mass retention. Improvements in the 30-second power decline rate (-6.30%, P < 0.001) and CMJ (+8.81%, P < 0.001) further emphasized the role of HIICT in developing both anaerobic power and neuromuscular efficiency. Furthermore, ground contact time during sprints decreased significantly (-4.20%, P 0.05) and bench press 1RM (-0.91%, P > 0.05) showed minimal or no improvement, suggesting that the observed performance gains were not due to increases in absolute strength. This reinforces the hypothesis that HIICT’s benefits are derived primarily from improvements in neuromuscular coordination, elastic energy utilization, and the efficiency of power transmission during dynamic and high-speed movements, rather than from hypertrophic or maximal strength adaptations alone [8] [9] . Mechanistically, these enhancements can be attributed to the integration of diverse high-intensity modalities in HIICT. By alternating sprinting with explosive plyometric exercises such as squat jumps and tuck jumps [10] [11] , HIICT likely facilitates rapid motor unit recruitment and synchronization, which could contribute to improvements in power generation and force transmission. This is supported by the observed gains in peak power and relative peak power, though the precise neuromuscular mechanisms remain speculative. Additionally, the inclusion of high-knee running and lunge jumps at submaximal intensities likely enhanced muscular endurance and coordination [12] [13] , which are critical for sustaining performance across repeated sprints. These adaptations may involve improved intermuscular coordination and a potential increase in the efficiency of elastic energy storage and utilization [9] [14] , though further biomechanical analysis is necessary to confirm these mechanisms. The superior outcomes of HIICT compared to CT suggest that its dynamic and multifaceted structure optimally stimulates the physiological systems required for sprinting [15] . Increased relative power outputs and reductions in fatigue markers such as the power decline rate reflect enhanced phosphocreatine resynthesis and anaerobic energy system efficiency [16 ] [17] [18] , while the improvements in neuromuscular indicators, including CMJ and ground contact time, highlight adaptations in muscle-tendon stiffness and elastic energy utilization [19] [20] . These findings align with prior research emphasizing the benefits of varied high-intensity exercise protocols in augmenting sprint performance. Despite these promising findings, this study has several limitations that warrant further exploration. First, while HIICT demonstrated clear advantages over CT, the absence of a dedicated HIIT group limits the ability to fully understand its relative efficacy compared to other high-intensity training methods. Second, the short-term nature of the 8-week intervention provides limited insights into long-term effects, such as sustained performance benefits, injury prevention, and physiological adaptations. Longitudinal studies are needed to address these aspects. Lastly, the specificity of the participant group—adolescent male sprinters—restricts generalizability to other populations, including female athletes or competitors in different disciplines. Expanding the scope and diversity of future research will be critical for broader applications of these findings. Conclusion This study evaluated the effects of High-Intensity Interval Cross Training (HIICT) and compared them with Classical Training (CT), leading to the following key conclusions: Improvement in key sprint abilities: HIICT athletes demonstrated significant improvements in CMJ, SJ, and ground contact time, all of which were markedly superior to those achieved by the CT group. These findings further validate the effectiveness of HIICT in enhancing critical sprint capabilities. Comprehensive enhancement of sprint performance: After 8 weeks of training, the experimental group exhibited a significant improvement in 100-meter sprint performance, particularly during the start and acceleration phases. This highlights the efficiency of HIICT in optimizing sprint-specific training outcomes. Improvement in overall physical fitness: The experimental group achieved significant progress in key physical fitness indicators, including body fat percentage, maximal power, and relative maximal power. These results demonstrate that HIICT effectively enhances athletes' anaerobic metabolic capacity and fatigue resistance. Declarations Author Contribution Z.Z. and L.C. made equally important contributions to the article. Z.Z. was in charge of the design of the training plan, the writing of the initial draft of the paper, the creation of charts and graphs, and the data analysis. L.C. was responsible for the implementation of the training plan, the monitoring of the training process, and the collection of training data. X.Y., as the supervisor, checked the manuscript and managed the project. Data Availability The datasets employed and/or analyzed in the current study can be provided upon a reasonable request from the corresponding author References Liu, X., Tsuji, K., Xu, Y., Iemitsu, M., & Tabata, I. (2024). Effects of high-intensity intermittent cross-training on maximal oxygen uptake. Sports Medicine and Health Science . Li, Y., Niessen, M., Chen, X., & Hartmann, U. (2015). Overestimate of relative aerobic contribution with maximal accumulated oxygen deficit: a review. J Sports Med Phys Fitness , 55 (5), 377-382. Muniz-Pumares, D., Pedlar, C., Godfrey, R. J., & Glaister, M. (2017). Accumulated oxygen deficit during exercise to exhaustion determined at different supramaximal work rates. 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Effect of rest duration between sets on fatigue and recovery after short intense plyometric exercise. Scientific Reports , 14 (1), 15080. Markovic, G., & Mikulic, P. (2010). Neuro-musculoskeletal and performance adaptations to lower-extremity plyometric training. Sports medicine , 40 , 859-895. Li, F., Newton, R. U., Shi, Y., Sutton, D., & Ding, H. (2021). Correlation of eccentric strength, reactive strength, and leg stiffness with running economy in well-trained distance runners. The Journal of Strength & Conditioning Research , 35 (6), 1491-1499. Additional Declarations No competing interests reported. Cite Share Download PDF Status: Posted Version 1 posted You are reading this latest preprint version Research Square lets you share your work early, gain feedback from the community, and start making changes to your manuscript prior to peer review in a journal. As a division of Research Square Company, we’re committed to making research communication faster, fairer, and more useful. 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Also discoverable on Platform About Our Team In Review Editorial Policies Advisory Board Help Center Resources Author Services Accessibility API Access RSS feed Manage Cookie Preferences © Research Square 2026 | ISSN 2693-5015 (online) Privacy Policy Terms of Service Do Not Sell My Personal Information {"props":{"pageProps":{"initialData":{"identity":"rs-5856027","acceptedTermsAndConditions":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"archivedVersions":[],"articleType":"Article","associatedPublications":[],"authors":[{"id":474755212,"identity":"e3ff7b06-0997-4975-b37b-bc01b3da859b","order_by":0,"name":"Zhang Zhenyu","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Tianjin University of Sport","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Zhang","middleName":"","lastName":"Zhenyu","suffix":""},{"id":474755213,"identity":"fe2c9917-bc01-455f-a328-aba996c451f2","order_by":1,"name":"Liu Chenghao","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Tianjin University of Sport","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Liu","middleName":"","lastName":"Chenghao","suffix":""},{"id":474755214,"identity":"2ca49915-f7d6-4ea7-ab53-33abbbd0c1a8","order_by":2,"name":"Xie Yun","email":"data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAZAAAAAyAQMAAABI0h/eAAAABlBMVEX///8AAABVwtN+AAAACXBIWXMAAA7EAAAOxAGVKw4bAAAA0klEQVRIiWNgGAWjYDACZjDJVs/P3tj44AMJWvgSJHsONxvOIMEuuQSDGelt0hzEqDU4znxMmneHWZ6B5MMGaQYGOzndBgJaJJvZ0qR5z6QVm0snNhgXMCQbmx0goIWfmcdMmrftGOPO2YkNyTMYDiRuI6SFjZn/G1DLf8YNNw82HOYhRgvQFjagFrbEDTcYG5uJ0gL0i7Hl3DY2Y8mexGbGGQZE+MXg/OGHN962scnxsx9//uNDhZ0cQS1AwCKBZAJh5SDATFwyGQWjYBSMgpELAGpiPinDy+GRAAAAAElFTkSuQmCC","orcid":"","institution":"Tianjin University of Sport","correspondingAuthor":true,"prefix":"","firstName":"Xie","middleName":"","lastName":"Yun","suffix":""}],"badges":[],"createdAt":"2025-01-18 15:53:10","currentVersionCode":1,"declarations":"","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-5856027/v1","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-5856027/v1","draftVersion":[],"editorialEvents":[],"editorialNote":"","failedWorkflow":false,"files":[{"id":85185304,"identity":"f420d8cf-aca9-4ce1-982a-29274b8bce06","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-06-23 08:07:04","extension":"png","order_by":1,"title":"Figure 1","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":94742,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eHIICT Training Flowchart.\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"1.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-5856027/v1/277ecae4a6d86bd0200b1ac6.png"},{"id":85185306,"identity":"aefde446-944d-41df-be56-48562d4eead5","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-06-23 08:07:04","extension":"png","order_by":2,"title":"Figure 2","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":111466,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eDifference in Change Rates Between the Experimental and Control Groups. Significant differences between groups: *:P＜0.05；**:P＜0.01；***:P＜0.001.U: non-parametric tests\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"2.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-5856027/v1/37b779420e27ab1b834d7580.png"},{"id":93521987,"identity":"96fab70e-e5b0-4a95-a0ca-46c8394fa049","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-10-14 18:08:27","extension":"pdf","order_by":0,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"manuscript-pdf","size":708889,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"manuscript.pdf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-5856027/v1/b7980e6d-b183-40b1-b773-e99c1fca2602.pdf"}],"financialInterests":"No competing interests reported.","formattedTitle":"Effects Between High-Intensity Interval Cross Training and Classical Training on The Male Junior Sprinters","fulltext":[{"header":"Introduction","content":"\u003cp\u003eHigh-intensity interval Training (HIIT) has been widely recognized as an effective method for improving aerobic and anaerobic capacities in track and field training\u003csup\u003e[1]\u003c/sup\u003e. Traditional HIIT protocols, such as the classic Tabata regimen, are characterized by their high intensity and short duration\u003csup\u003e[1]\u003c/sup\u003e\u003csup\u003e[2]\u003c/sup\u003e. These protocols have been shown to significantly enhance maximal oxygen uptake (VO₂max) and maximal accumulated oxygen deficit (MAOD), which are key contributors to improved athletic performance\u003csup\u003e[2]\u003c/sup\u003e\u003csup\u003e[3]\u003c/sup\u003e. Cross-training originated from early athletic training practices that combined endurance and explosive strength exercises\u003csup\u003e[4]\u003c/sup\u003e. Cross-training integrates diverse exercise modalities into a single training program to stimulate multiple physiological systems\u003csup\u003e[4]\u003c/sup\u003e\u003csup\u003e[5]\u003c/sup\u003e, fostering comprehensive athletic development\u003csup\u003e[6]\u003c/sup\u003e. While traditional training programs, such as Classical Training (CT), often focus on developing specific athletic skills (e.g., running, swimming, or strength), cross-training aims to develop multiple skills concurrently, reducing the risk of overtraining and injuries.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eHigh-Intensity Interval Cross-Training (HIICT) has been developed as an innovative approach incorporating various exercise modalities to overcome these limitations. By combining running, jumping, squatting, and other activities, HIICT enhances anaerobic metabolism and athletic performance while mitigating the fatigue and monotony often associated with single-mode training\u003csup\u003e[1]\u003c/sup\u003e. This approach improves training sustainability and applicability, particularly for adolescent athletes. HIICT is particularly well-suited for adolescent athletes in critical developmental stages because it balances high training intensity with comprehensive physical development\u003csup\u003e[7]\u003c/sup\u003e. Despite its theoretical foundation and some benefits, systematic research on the effects of HIICT on the specialized abilities of junior sprinters remains limited. In particular, its mechanisms for improving key performance aspects, such as start efficiency, acceleration (first 60m of 100m), and sprint results, are not well understood.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThis study investigates the impact of an 8-week HIICT intervention on body composition, sprint performance, general fitness, and physiological indicators in adolescent male sprinters. Using Classical Training (CT) as a control, the study aims to fill existing research gaps and advance the scientific understanding and practical application of innovative sprint training methods tailored to adolescent athletes.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Materials and methods","content":"\u003cp\u003eParticipants\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e64 national II level male sprinter volunteered to participate in this study(Age:\u0026nbsp;17.54\u0026plusmn;1.19 years; Training experience: 2.34\u0026plusmn;0.56 years; height: 1.79\u0026plusmn;0.04 m; body mass: 69.77\u0026plusmn;2.34 kg), sample size calculation was conducted by an a priori analysis using Chatgpt-4o.with the method of T-test(two groups, two measurement) Consequently, the least number of subjects is 63.37(rounded to 64, 32 per group). The participants were selected based on the indices: (1). All participants must be over 15 years old (equivalent to middle school in China) and have the consent of their school and guardians to participate in the experiment. (2). Participants must have no prior experience with HIICT training. (3). Participants must have undergone training for at least six months before the experiment. (4). Before the experiment, participants must have no exercise-related illnesses and no injuries within the past three months.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThis study adheres to the principles outlined in the Declaration of Helsinki, ensuring that all participants are fully informed about the study procedures, potential benefits, and risks, and have provided their written informed consent prior to participation. The study was approved by Tianjin University of Sport (Approval No: TJUS-2025-004).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eProcedure\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAn 8-week intervention training program was implemented for all athletes. Testing was conducted both at the beginning and the end of the training period, spanning five days each time. The testing protocol was as follows (Table 1):\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eDay 1: Measurement of height and weight, countermovement jump (CMJ), and static squat jump (SJ). Day 2: Testing of 1RM in the power clean (morning) and 1RM in the snatch (afternoon). Day 3: Testing of 100m sprint. Day 4: Testing of 1RM in the squat (morning) and 1RM in the bench press (afternoon). Day 5: Testing of 200m sprint (morning) and anaerobic power (afternoon).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;Table 1: Testing Schedule. ^: Test three times and record the best result.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ctable border=\"0\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\"\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 75px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eDays\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 283px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMorning\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 283px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAfternoon\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 75px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 283px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eHeight; Weight; CMJ^; SJ^\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 283px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 75px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 283px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePower clean^\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 283px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSnatch^\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 75px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 283px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 283px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e100m Sprint\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 75px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 283px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSquat^\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 283px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eBench press ^\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 75px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 283px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e200m Sprint\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 283px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAnaerobic power\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n\u003c/table\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eTraining Plan\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eIn accordance with the principle of sprint training programs, training plans were developed for both the experimental group(N=32) and the control group(N=32) (Table 2). Except for the experimental intervention, the remaining training components and training intensities were identical between the two groups. HIICT consists of each round comprising 20 seconds of high-intensity interval exercise and 20 seconds of rest, for 8 sets. Sets 1, 3, 5, and 7 involve sprint training, while sets 2, 4, 6, and 8 include high-knee running, squat jumps, tuck jumps, and lunge jumps, respectively (Figure 1). The training intensity and pattern are adjusted progressively based on the athletes\u0026apos; adaptation levels (Table 3).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;Table 2: Overview of Training Plans During the Intervention Period.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ctable border=\"0\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\"\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 79px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eDays\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 564px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eTraining plan\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 79px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMonday\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 564px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(1) 30-60-80m sprint \u0026times; 2 sets\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(2) Interval Running: 6 \u0026times; 200 meters, 2-minutes rest intervals\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 79px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eTuesday\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 564px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(1) 20-40-60-80 m sprint\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(2) Interval Running: 2 \u0026times; 200 meters, 30-seconds rest intervals\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eControl:\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(3) Strength Training:① Fast Lunge Snatch \u0026times; 3 ② Hang Power Clean \u0026times; 3 ③ Half Squat + Depth Jump \u0026times; 3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eExperimental:\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(3) HIICT \u0026times; 2 sets, with 12-15 minutes of rest between sets.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 79px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eWednesday\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 564px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(1) 20-40-60-80 m sprint\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(2) Interval Running: 8 \u0026times; 100 meters, 2-minutes rest intervals\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eControl:\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(3) Basic Conditioning Exercises\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eExperimental:\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(3) HIICT \u0026times; 2 sets, with 12-15 minutes of rest between sets\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 79px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eThursday\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 564px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(1) 15-20 minutes of aerobic jogging\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(2) Hurdle coordination drills and hurdle technique practice\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(3) 10 movement combination exercises \u0026times; 3-4 sets, 4-minute rest intervals\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 79px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eFriday\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 564px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(1)30-60-80 sprint \u0026times; 3 sets\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(2) Interval Running: 2 \u0026times; 200 meters, 30-seconds rest intervals\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eControl:\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(3) Strength Training: ①\u0026nbsp;Fast Lunge Snatch \u0026times; 3 \u0026times; 3 ②\u0026nbsp;Hang Power Clean \u0026times; 3 \u0026times; 3 ③\u0026nbsp;Half Squat + Depth Jump \u0026times; 3 \u0026times; 3 ④\u0026nbsp;Posterior Chain Exercise: 3 \u0026times; 20 reps\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eExperimental:\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(3) HIICT \u0026times; 2 sets, with 12-15 minutes of rest between sets\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 79px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSaturday\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 564px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(1) 20-40-60-80 m sprint\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(2) Interval Running: 2 \u0026times; 200 meters, 30-seconds rest intervals\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(3) Strength Training: ①\u0026nbsp;Power Clean: 3 \u0026times; 3 sets ②\u0026nbsp;Snatch: 3 \u0026times; 3 sets ③ Full Squat or Half Squat: 5 \u0026times; 3 sets\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 79px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSunday\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 564px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eRest\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n\u003c/table\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;Table 3: Combination Table of HIICT Exercise Training Models.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ctable border=\"0\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\" width=\"100%\"\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 21px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMethod\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 23px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eIntensity\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 29px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eDuration (seconds/set)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 25px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eTraining Sets\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 21px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSprint\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 23px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e85%Vmax\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 29px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e20\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 25px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1、3、5、7\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 21px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eHigh-Knee Running\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 23px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e80%Hzmax\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 29px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e20\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 25px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 21px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSquat Jump\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 23px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e80%Hzmax\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 29px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e20\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 25px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 21px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eTuck Jump\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 23px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e80%Hzmax\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 29px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e20\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 25px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 21px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eLunge Jump\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 23px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e80%Hzmax\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 29px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e20\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 25px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e8\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n\u003c/table\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eStatistical analysis\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe measurement data were processed and analyzed using IBM SPSS Statistics 25 and Microsoft Excel. Normality was evaluated with the Kolmogorov-Smirnov (K-S) test. For datasets conforming to normality assumptions, independent and paired sample t-tests were conducted to assess differences. For datasets violating the normality assumption, non-parametric tests were employed. Statistical significance thresholds were defined at P \u0026lt; 0.05, 0.01, and 0.001.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Results","content":"\u003cp\u003eDuring the 8-week randomized controlled intervention, the experimental group\u0026rsquo;s total TRIMP was 1191.66 \u0026plusmn; 96.42, showing no significant difference compared to the control group (1188.81 \u0026plusmn; 102.93; \u0026Delta;TRIMP = 2.84 \u0026plusmn; 3.49%, P \u0026gt; 0.05). Within this total, the HIICT component of strength training (107.63 \u0026plusmn; 22.81) contributed 9.03% of the total TRIMP and represented a newly introduced element absent in the control group\u0026rsquo;s training. General strength training (251.63 \u0026plusmn; 40.76) accounted for 16.54% of the total TRIMP, which was significantly lower than that of the control group (357.97 \u0026plusmn; 53.56; \u0026Delta;TRIMP = -30.92% \u0026plusmn; 6.1%, P \u0026lt; 0.001).For running training, speed training (197.16 \u0026plusmn; 22.40) accounted for 21.12% of the total TRIMP, with no significant difference compared to the control group (196.59 \u0026plusmn; 21.81; \u0026Delta;TRIMP = 0.29% \u0026plusmn; 7.66%, P \u0026gt; 0.05). Speed-endurance training (594.69 \u0026plusmn; 56.38), the largest component, contributed 49.90% of the total TRIMP, also showing no significant difference from the control group (595.28 \u0026plusmn; 59.68; \u0026Delta;TRIMP = -0.10% \u0026plusmn; 3.89%, P \u0026gt; 0.05). Other training (40.56 \u0026plusmn; 15.81) comprised 3.40% of the total TRIMP, slightly exceeding that of the control group (38.97 \u0026plusmn; 5.09). However, the variation was minimal (\u0026Delta;TRIMP = 4.07% \u0026plusmn; 22.21%, P \u0026gt; 0.05).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThese findings suggest that the experimental group\u0026rsquo;s intervention training primarily emphasized the HIICT component of strength training (Table 4).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;Table 4: Overview of TRIMP in 8 Weeks Intervention Training and 8 Weeks Pre-intervention Training.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cdiv align=\"center\"\u003e\n \u003ctable border=\"0\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\" width=\"100%\"\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 30px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eIndicators\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"3\" style=\"width: 69px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eTRIMP\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 12px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePrimary\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 18px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSecondary\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 19px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eHIICT（N=32）\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 24px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eCT（N=32）\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 24px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026Delta;TRIMP\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 12px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eTotal\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 18px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 19px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1188.81\u0026plusmn;102.93\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 24px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1191.66\u0026plusmn;96.42\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 24px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.844\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 12px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eHIICT\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 18px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 19px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.00\u0026plusmn;0.00\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 24px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e107.63\u0026plusmn;22.81\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 24px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e107.625***\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 12px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eStrength\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 18px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 19px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e357.97\u0026plusmn;53.56\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 24px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e251.63\u0026plusmn;40.76\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 24px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-106.344***\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 12px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eRunning\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 18px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSprint\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 19px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e196.59\u0026plusmn;21.81\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 24px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e197.16\u0026plusmn;22.40\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 24px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.563\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 18px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSpeed-Endurance\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 19px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e595.28\u0026plusmn;59.68\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 24px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e594.69\u0026plusmn;56.38\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 24px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.594\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 12px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eOther\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 18px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 19px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e38.97\u0026plusmn;5.09\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 24px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e40.56\u0026plusmn;15.81\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 24px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-2.936\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n \u003c/table\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eIn the randomized controlled experiment, significant differences in body composition and general fitness test results were observed between the experimental and control groups (Table 5). Minimal changes in body weight were recorded in both groups: the experimental group experienced a slight decrease (-0.36% \u0026plusmn; 1.43%, P \u0026gt; 0.05), while the control group showed a modest increase (0.29% \u0026plusmn; 1.01%, P \u0026gt; 0.05). However, body fat percentage in the experimental group significantly decreased (-5.14% \u0026plusmn; 2.71%, P \u0026lt; 0.001), with the control group exhibiting a comparable trend (-4.70% \u0026plusmn; 2.87%, P \u0026lt; 0.001). The experimental group exhibited minimal changes in squat weight (-0.71% \u0026plusmn; 1.98%, P \u0026gt; 0.05), while the control group showed a slight improvement (0.76% \u0026plusmn; 2.03%, P \u0026gt; 0.05). Notably, the experimental group achieved significant increases in clean lift weight (7.75% \u0026plusmn; 3.76%, P \u0026lt; 0.001) and snatch weight (1.54% \u0026plusmn; 1.23%, P \u0026lt; 0.01), whereas the control group displayed only minor changes. Increases in relative squat weight and relative snatch weight were more pronounced in the experimental group (-0.33% \u0026plusmn; 2.18%, P \u0026gt; 0.05; 3.87% \u0026plusmn; 2.91%, P \u0026lt; 0.001, respectively).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eSprint tests revealed a significant improvement in the 100m performance of the experimental group (-2.10% \u0026plusmn; 0.53%, P \u0026lt; 0.001), whereas the control group exhibited a smaller improvement (-0.61% \u0026plusmn; 0.59%, P \u0026lt; 0.001). Moreover, the experimental group showed a markedly greater improvement in the first 60m of the 100m sprint (-2.45% \u0026plusmn; 0.72%, P \u0026lt; 0.001), which was significantly different from the control group (P \u0026lt; 0.001). The experimental group also exhibited a significant reduction in ground contact time (-4.20% \u0026plusmn; 1.78%, P \u0026lt; 0.001), whereas no significant changes were observed in the control group.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe experimental group achieved a significant increase in peak power (Pmax) (6.66% \u0026plusmn; 3.36%, P \u0026lt; 0.001), along with an even more pronounced improvement in relative Pmax (7.09% \u0026plusmn; 2.12%, P \u0026lt; 0.01). In contrast, the control group exhibited minimal changes (0.49% \u0026plusmn; 2.31%, P \u0026gt; 0.05). Additionally, the 30-second power decline rate in the experimental group significantly decreased (-6.30% \u0026plusmn; 1.94%, P \u0026lt; 0.001), whereas the control group showed negligible change (0.10% \u0026plusmn; 1.79%, P \u0026gt; 0.05). These findings suggest that the training intervention in the experimental group was significantly more effective in enhancing explosive power and mitigating power decline. (Table 6) (Figure 2)\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u0026nbsp;Table 5: Overview of Fitness and Specialized Results. Significant difference within-group:*:P＜0.05；**:P＜0.01；***:P＜0.001；Significant differences between groups:#: P＜0.05；##: P＜0.01；###:P＜0.001,Same as the table below.\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cdiv align=\"center\"\u003e\n \u003ctable border=\"0\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\" width=\"100%\"\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 29px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eIndicators\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 36px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eHIICT\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 33px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eCT\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 17px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePer\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 19px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePost\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 15px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePer\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 17px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePost\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 29px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eWeight(kg)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 17px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e69.66\u0026plusmn;2.36\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 19px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e69.41\u0026plusmn;2.30\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 15px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e69.89\u0026plusmn;2.35\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 17px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e70.09\u0026plusmn;2.26\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 29px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eBody Fat(%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 17px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e13.42\u0026plusmn;0.89\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 19px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e12.73\u0026plusmn;0.63***\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 15px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e13.39\u0026plusmn;0.93\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 17px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e12.76\u0026plusmn;0.71***\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 29px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e100m(s)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 17px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e11.45\u0026plusmn;0.25\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 19px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e11.21\u0026plusmn;0.23***##\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 15px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e11.46\u0026plusmn;0.26\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 17px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e11.39\u0026plusmn;0.27***\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 29px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e200m(s)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 17px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e23.08\u0026plusmn;0.42\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 19px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e23.02\u0026plusmn;0.48\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 15px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e23.13\u0026plusmn;0.53\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 17px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e23.14\u0026plusmn;0.52\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 29px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eFirst 60m of 100m(s)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 17px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7.35\u0026plusmn;0.17\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 19px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7.17\u0026plusmn;0.17***###\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 15px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7.38\u0026plusmn;0.17\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 17px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7.32\u0026plusmn;0.17***\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 29px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eGround Contact Time (s)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 17px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.119\u0026plusmn;0.004\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 19px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.114\u0026plusmn;0.006***##\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 15px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.122\u0026plusmn;0.004\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 17px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.122\u0026plusmn;0.006\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 29px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSquat 1RM (kg)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 17px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e109.92\u0026plusmn;10.95\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 19px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e109.14\u0026plusmn;11.75\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 15px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e109.61\u0026plusmn;11.69\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 17px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e110.45\u0026plusmn;11.93\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 29px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eBench Press 1RM (kg)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 17px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e69.22\u0026plusmn;5.18\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 19px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e68.59\u0026plusmn;6.32\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 15px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e68.91\u0026plusmn;5.78\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 17px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e69.77\u0026plusmn;5.76\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 29px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePower Clean 1RM(kg)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 17px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e79.61\u0026plusmn;7.96\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 19px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e85.78\u0026plusmn;8.46***##\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 15px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e79.45\u0026plusmn;7.87\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 17px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e80.08\u0026plusmn;8.22\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 29px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSnatch 1RM (kg)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 17px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e66.17\u0026plusmn;7.38\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 19px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e67.19\u0026plusmn;7.40**\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 15px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e66.25\u0026plusmn;7.43\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 17px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e66.80\u0026plusmn;7.38\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 29px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eRelative Squat 1RM (kg)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 17px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e158.01\u0026plusmn;16.94\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 19px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e157.48\u0026plusmn;18.43\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 15px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e152.43\u0026plusmn;16.26\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 17px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e157.77\u0026plusmn;18.06***\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 29px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eRelative Bench Press 1RM (kg)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 17px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e99.40\u0026plusmn;7.04\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 19px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e98.87\u0026plusmn;9.13\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 15px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e95.82\u0026plusmn;8.04\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 17px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e99.62\u0026plusmn;8.74**\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 29px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eRelative Power Clean 1RM(kg)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 17px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e114.45\u0026plusmn;12.43\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 19px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e123.78\u0026plusmn;13.47***##\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 15px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e110.49\u0026plusmn;10.95\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 17px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e114.40\u0026plusmn;12.62***\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 29px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eRelative Snatch 1RM (kg)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 17px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e95.14\u0026plusmn;11.41\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 19px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e98.82\u0026plusmn;11.42***\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 15px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e92.13\u0026plusmn;10.34\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 17px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e95.40\u0026plusmn;10.96***\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 29px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eCMJ(cm)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 17px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e53.41\u0026plusmn;3.07\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 19px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e58.13\u0026plusmn;3.27***###\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 15px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e53.41\u0026plusmn;3.35\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 17px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e53.22\u0026plusmn;3.35\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 29px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSJ(cm)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 17px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e38.12\u0026plusmn;3.29\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 19px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e40.84\u0026plusmn;4.04***#\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 15px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e38.09\u0026plusmn;3.23\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 17px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e39.25\u0026plusmn;3.35*\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n \u003c/table\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;Table 6: Overview of Biochemical Indicators.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cdiv align=\"center\"\u003e\n \u003ctable border=\"0\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\" width=\"100%\"\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 29px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eIndicators\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 34px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eHIICT\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 36px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eCT\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 15px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePer\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 18px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePost\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 17px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePer\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 18px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePost\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 29px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePower max(W)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 15px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e559.90\u0026plusmn;70.49\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 18px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e597.12\u0026plusmn;68.89***\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 17px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e562.15\u0026plusmn;73.13\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 18px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e564.93\u0026plusmn;74.72\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 29px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eRelative Power max (W/kg)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 15px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e8.04\u0026plusmn;0.99\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 18px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e8.61\u0026plusmn;0.98***#\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 17px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e8.05\u0026plusmn;1.03\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 18px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e8.06\u0026plusmn;1.04\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 29px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e30s Power Decline (%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 15px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e58.64\u0026plusmn;4.15\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 18px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e54.95\u0026plusmn;3.98***###\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 17px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e58.64\u0026plusmn;4.24\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 18px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e58.70\u0026plusmn;4.43\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n \u003c/table\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e"},{"header":"Discussion","content":"\u003cp\u003eThis study investigated the effects of High-Intensity Interval Cross Training (HIICT) on sprint performance, body composition, general fitness, and physiological indicators in adolescent male sprinters, comparing it to Classical Training (CT). The findings provide robust evidence supporting the efficacy of HIICT as an innovative training modality for enhancing key performance parameters in junior athletes.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eIn our study, HIICT demonstrated comprehensive enhancements in sprint-specific performance, body composition, and fatigue resistance, surpassing the results observed in the CT group. Notably, the experimental group achieved significant reductions in 100m sprint time (-2.10% vs. -0.61%, P \u0026lt; 0.001) and first 60m acceleration time (-2.45% vs. -0.61%, P \u0026lt; 0.001), demonstrating the specificity of HIICT for sprint improvements. These changes were accompanied by significant gains in peak power (+6.66%, P \u0026lt; 0.001) and relative peak power (+7.09%, P \u0026lt; 0.01), underscoring its capacity to enhance explosive strength crucial for sprinting. Additionally, the study highlighted pronounced improvements in other fitness parameters. While body fat percentage in the experimental group decreased significantly (-5.14% vs. -4.70%, P \u0026lt; 0.001), the reduction was coupled with stability in body weight, indicating lean mass retention. Improvements in the 30-second power decline rate (-6.30%, P \u0026lt; 0.001) and CMJ (+8.81%, P \u0026lt; 0.001) further emphasized the role of HIICT in developing both anaerobic power and neuromuscular efficiency. Furthermore, ground contact time during sprints decreased significantly (-4.20%, P \u0026lt; 0.001), a key factor in improving sprint mechanics and efficiency. However, the results for squat 1RM (-0.71%, P \u0026gt; 0.05) and bench press 1RM (-0.91%, P \u0026gt; 0.05) showed minimal or no improvement, suggesting that the observed performance gains were not due to increases in absolute strength. This reinforces the hypothesis that HIICT\u0026rsquo;s benefits are derived primarily from improvements in neuromuscular coordination, elastic energy utilization, and the efficiency of power transmission during dynamic and high-speed movements, rather than from hypertrophic or maximal strength adaptations alone\u003csup\u003e[8]\u003c/sup\u003e\u003csup\u003e[9]\u003c/sup\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eMechanistically, these enhancements can be attributed to the integration of diverse high-intensity modalities in HIICT. By alternating sprinting with explosive plyometric exercises such as squat jumps and tuck jumps\u003csup\u003e[10]\u003c/sup\u003e\u003csup\u003e[11]\u003c/sup\u003e, HIICT likely facilitates rapid motor unit recruitment and synchronization, which could contribute to improvements in power generation and force transmission. This is supported by the observed gains in peak power and relative peak power, though the precise neuromuscular mechanisms remain speculative. Additionally, the inclusion of high-knee running and lunge jumps at submaximal intensities likely enhanced muscular endurance and coordination\u003csup\u003e[12]\u003c/sup\u003e\u003csup\u003e[13]\u003c/sup\u003e, which are critical for sustaining performance across repeated sprints. These adaptations may involve improved intermuscular coordination and a potential increase in the efficiency of elastic energy storage and utilization\u003csup\u003e[9]\u003c/sup\u003e\u003csup\u003e[14]\u003c/sup\u003e, though further biomechanical analysis is necessary to confirm these mechanisms.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe superior outcomes of HIICT compared to CT suggest that its dynamic and multifaceted structure optimally stimulates the physiological systems required for sprinting\u003csup\u003e[15]\u003c/sup\u003e. Increased relative power outputs and reductions in fatigue markers such as the power decline rate reflect enhanced phosphocreatine resynthesis and anaerobic energy system efficiency\u003csup\u003e[16 ]\u003c/sup\u003e\u003csup\u003e[17]\u003c/sup\u003e\u003csup\u003e[18]\u003c/sup\u003e, while the improvements in neuromuscular indicators, including CMJ and ground contact time, highlight adaptations in muscle-tendon stiffness and elastic energy utilization\u003csup\u003e[19]\u003c/sup\u003e\u003csup\u003e[20]\u003c/sup\u003e. These findings align with prior research emphasizing the benefits of varied high-intensity exercise protocols in augmenting sprint performance.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eDespite these promising findings, this study has several limitations that warrant further exploration. First, while HIICT demonstrated clear advantages over CT, the absence of a dedicated HIIT group limits the ability to fully understand its relative efficacy compared to other high-intensity training methods. Second, the short-term nature of the 8-week intervention provides limited insights into long-term effects, such as sustained performance benefits, injury prevention, and physiological adaptations. Longitudinal studies are needed to address these aspects. Lastly, the specificity of the participant group\u0026mdash;adolescent male sprinters\u0026mdash;restricts generalizability to other populations, including female athletes or competitors in different disciplines. Expanding the scope and diversity of future research will be critical for broader applications of these findings.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Conclusion","content":"\u003cp\u003eThis study evaluated the effects of High-Intensity Interval Cross Training (HIICT) and compared them with Classical Training (CT), leading to the following key conclusions: Improvement in key sprint abilities: HIICT athletes demonstrated significant improvements in CMJ, SJ, and ground contact time, all of which were markedly superior to those achieved by the CT group. These findings further validate the effectiveness of HIICT in enhancing critical sprint capabilities. Comprehensive enhancement of sprint performance: After 8 weeks of training, the experimental group exhibited a significant improvement in 100-meter sprint performance, particularly during the start and acceleration phases. This highlights the efficiency of HIICT in optimizing sprint-specific training outcomes. Improvement in overall physical fitness: The experimental group achieved significant progress in key physical fitness indicators, including body fat percentage, maximal power, and relative maximal power. These results demonstrate that HIICT effectively enhances athletes' anaerobic metabolic capacity and fatigue resistance.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Declarations","content":"\u003ch2\u003eAuthor Contribution\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eZ.Z. and L.C. made equally important contributions to the article. Z.Z. was in charge of the design of the training plan, the writing of the initial draft of the paper, the creation of charts and graphs, and the data analysis. L.C. was responsible for the implementation of the training plan, the monitoring of the training process, and the collection of training data. X.Y., as the supervisor, checked the manuscript and managed the project.\u003c/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eData Availability\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe datasets employed and/or analyzed in the current study can be provided upon a reasonable request from the corresponding author\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"References","content":"\u003col\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eLiu, X., Tsuji, K., Xu, Y., Iemitsu, M., \u0026amp; Tabata, I. (2024). Effects of high-intensity intermittent cross-training on maximal oxygen uptake. \u003cem\u003eSports Medicine and Health Science\u003c/em\u003e.\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eLi, Y., Niessen, M., Chen, X., \u0026amp; Hartmann, U. (2015). Overestimate of relative aerobic contribution with maximal accumulated oxygen deficit: a review. \u003cem\u003eJ Sports Med Phys Fitness\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003e55\u003c/em\u003e(5), 377-382.\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eMuniz-Pumares, D., Pedlar, C., Godfrey, R. J., \u0026amp; Glaister, M. (2017). 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Correlation of eccentric strength, reactive strength, and leg stiffness with running economy in well-trained distance runners. \u003cem\u003eThe Journal of Strength \u0026amp; Conditioning Research\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003e35\u003c/em\u003e(6), 1491-1499.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003c/ol\u003e"}],"fulltextSource":"","fullText":"","funders":[],"hasAdminPriorityOnWorkflow":true,"hasManuscriptDocX":true,"hasOptedInToPreprint":true,"hasPassedJournalQc":"","hasAnyPriority":false,"hideJournal":true,"highlight":"","institution":"","isAcceptedByJournal":false,"isAuthorSuppliedPdf":false,"isDeskRejected":"","isHiddenFromSearch":false,"isInQc":false,"isInWorkflow":false,"isPdf":false,"isPdfUpToDate":true,"isWithdrawnOrRetracted":false,"journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"researchsquare","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"/submission","title":"Research Square","twitterHandle":"researchsquare","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"","reportingPortfolio":"","inReviewEnabled":false,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true},"keywords":"High-Intensity Interval Cross Training, Junior Sprinters, Sprint Performance, Training Optimization, Sprint Training","lastPublishedDoi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-5856027/v1","lastPublishedDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-5856027/v1","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"},"manuscriptAbstract":"\u003cp\u003eThis study investigates the comparative effects of High-Intensity Interval Cross Training (HIICT) and traditional training methods on male junior sprinters' physical performance and physiological adaptations. A total of sixty-four athletes were randomly assigned to an experimental group receiving HIICT interventions or a control group following conventional training protocols over eight weeks. Key performance indicators were systematically evaluated, including sprint times, explosive power, and anaerobic capacity. The findings demonstrated that HIICT significantly improved critical performance metrics, such as ground contact time, relative maximum power, and lower-body explosive strength. Specifically, ground contact time decreased by 4.21%, while countermovement jump (CMJ) and squat jump (SJ) heights increased by 8.84% and 7.11%, respectively. These enhancements were associated with a 2.11% improvement in 100-meter sprint times in the experimental group. Furthermore, HIICT proved more effective than conventional training in enhancing anaerobic power with a similar training load (Shown by TRIMP). This study underscores the potential of HIICT as a versatile and sustainable training modality for young athletes, integrating diverse training components to overcome the limitations of traditional high-intensity plans.\u003c/p\u003e","manuscriptTitle":"Effects Between High-Intensity Interval Cross Training and Classical Training on The Male Junior Sprinters","msid":"","msnumber":"","nonDraftVersions":[{"code":1,"date":"2025-06-23 08:06:59","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-5856027/v1","editorialEvents":[{"type":"communityComments","content":0}],"status":"published","journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"researchsquare","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"/submission","title":"Research Square","twitterHandle":"researchsquare","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"","reportingPortfolio":"","inReviewEnabled":false,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true}}],"origin":"","ownerIdentity":"d315217e-f356-4cbf-96a2-b513b608109d","owner":[],"postedDate":"June 23rd, 2025","published":true,"recentEditorialEvents":[],"rejectedJournal":[],"revision":"","amendment":"","status":"posted","subjectAreas":[{"id":50410626,"name":"Biological sciences/Physiology/Bone quality and biomechanics"},{"id":50410627,"name":"Biological sciences/Physiology"}],"tags":[],"updatedAt":"2025-10-14T18:08:15+00:00","versionOfRecord":[],"versionCreatedAt":"2025-06-23 08:06:59","video":"","vorDoi":"","vorDoiUrl":"","workflowStages":[]},"version":"v1","identity":"rs-5856027","journalConfig":"researchsquare"},"__N_SSP":true},"page":"/article/[identity]/[[...version]]","query":{"redirect":"/article/rs-5856027","identity":"rs-5856027","version":["v1"]},"buildId":"8U1c8b4HqxoKbykW_rLl7","isFallback":false,"isExperimentalCompile":false,"dynamicIds":[84888],"gssp":true,"scriptLoader":[]}