Mindfulness associated with less Fear of Missing Out: Social Media Addiction as a mediator

Mindfulness associated with less Fear of Missing Out: Social Media Addiction as a mediator | Research Square window.SnipcartSettings = { analytics: { enabled: false } }; (function() { var accessVector = localStorage.getItem('access_vector') || ''; window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; if (accessVector) { window.dataLayer.push({ user: { profile: { profileInfo: { snid: accessVector } } } }); } })(); (function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start':new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0],j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src='https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f);})(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-K279D39R'); Browse Preprints In Review Journals COVID-19 Preprints AJE Video Bytes Research Tools Research Promotion AJE Professional Editing AJE Rubriq About Preprint Platform In Review Editorial Policies Our Team Advisory Board Help Center Sign In Submit a Preprint Cite Share Download PDF Research Article Mindfulness associated with less Fear of Missing Out: Social Media Addiction as a mediator Dr. Aamer Aldbyani This is a preprint; it has not been peer reviewed by a journal. https://doi.org/ 10.21203/rs.3.rs-3872015/v1 This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License Status: Posted Version 1 posted You are reading this latest preprint version Abstract This cross-sectional study aimed to investigate the relationship between mindfulness, fear of missing out and social media addiction. and the potential mediating role of social media addiction in the association of mindfulness with Fear of Missing Out. Four hundred and seventy-six international students in China were recruited to complete the Mindful Attention Awareness Scale (MAAS), the Fear of Missing Out Scale (FOMOS), and the Bergen Social Media Addiction Scale (BSMAS). The results found that mindfulness correlated negatively with social media addiction and fear of missing out. Furthermore, social media addiction was positively correlated with fear of missing out. Structural equation modelling revealed that the mediation model fit the data well, That’s is, social media addiction partly mediated the association of mindfulness with Fear of Missing Out. We concluded that this insight contributes to a better understanding of the interplay between mindfulness, social media use, and the psychological aspects of fear of missing out, providing valuable implications for interventions and strategies to promote healthier online behaviours and mental well-being among the target population. Fear of Missing Out Mindfulness Social Media Addiction International Students Figures Figure 1 Introduction In recent years, the phenomenon of Fear of Missing Out (FoMO) has garnered increasing attention and research, particularly in tandem with the pervasive influence of social media. The various mechanisms embedded within social media platforms have played a significant role in amplifying the FoMO experience, creating an environment where individuals are consistently prompted to compare the highlights of others' lives with their day-to-day realities. On the other hand, Mindfulness is a mental state achieved by focusing one's awareness on the present moment while calmly acknowledging and accepting one's feelings, thoughts, and bodily sensations (Dreyfus, 2013 ; Siegel, Germer, & Olendzki, 2009 ). This state of mindfulness is often associated with meditation and other contemplative practices. The overarching goal of mindfulness is to cultivate a non-judgmental awareness of the present moment, fostering a sense of clarity and calmness. Viewed as a countermeasure to the negative effects of FoMO, practising mindfulness entails being fully present in the moment and engaging with one's current experiences (Bodhi, 2013 ; Gethin, 2011 ; Siegel et al., 2009 ). This approach can lead to a greater sense of contentment and fulfilment, reducing the incessant need for external validation or the fear of missing out on alternative experiences. Incorporating mindfulness practices emerges as a valuable strategy for addressing social media addiction (Perez, 2022 ). By heightening awareness of one's thoughts and behaviours, individuals can exert better control over their impulses and make more intentional choices regarding their social media usage. Mindfulness encourages individuals to consciously engage in activities, discouraging mindless scrolling and fostering a more deliberate approach (Krishnaswamy, 2018 ; Levy, 2016 ). This study seeks to investigate the relationship between mindfulness, the fear of missing out, and social media addiction. Additionally, it explores the potential mediating role of social media addiction in the association between mindfulness and the fear of missing out among international students in China. By shedding light on these dynamics, the research aims to contribute valuable insights to our understanding of the interplay between mindfulness, social media behaviour, and the emotional aspects tied to the fear of missing out. Mindfulness and The Fear of Missing Out Mindfulness, deeply rooted in ancient contemplative traditions, involves being fully present and engaged in the current moment without judgment. Marlette and Kristeller (1999) define mindfulness as an awareness of the quantitative extent of experiences present here, emphasizing attention to the current experience and acceptance without judgment, whether it be pleasant or unpleasant. This includes embracing all personal experiences—such as thoughts, feelings, and events—as they unfold in the present moment. The multifaceted benefits of mindfulness extend to reducing symptoms of psychological stress, improving overall quality of life, regulating mood, alleviating stress and anxiety, and enhancing overall health. The Fear of Missing Out (FoMO) has recently emerged as a pervasive phenomenon, compelling individuals to stay constantly connected due to the fear of missing out on events or experiences they are not part of. It encapsulates the anxiety and apprehension experienced when perceiving that others are engaging in rewarding experiences from which one feels excluded. Research consistently illustrates that mindfulness practices can act as a robust counterbalance to the pervasive influence of the Fear of Missing Out (Baker, Krieger, & LeRoy, 2016 ; Reinders, 2022 ). Mindfulness, acting as a potent antidote, empowers individuals to navigate the digital landscape with a heightened sense of presence, emotional resilience, and reduced susceptibility to the enticing pitfalls of FoMO. By encouraging detachment from the incessant stream of social media updates and notifications, mindfulness fosters a deeper awareness of the present moment. This heightened awareness, combined with a non-judgmental mindset, serves as a shield against the anxiety-inducing comparisons and feelings of inadequacy triggered by the Fear of Missing Out. Several studies substantiate the inverse relationship between mindfulness and FoMO. Brown and Ryan ( 2003 ) revealed that individuals engaged in mindfulness practices reported lower levels of anxiety and social comparison, both key components of the FoMO experience. Additionally, the work of Przybylski, Murayama, DeHaan, and Gladwell ( 2013b ) demonstrated that mindful individuals were less likely to succumb to the allure of constant social media checking, effectively mitigating the Fear of Missing Out. However, Sa'id and Dewi ( 2022 ) investigated the correlation between mindfulness and FoMO among college students and found a negative correlation between mindfulness and FoMO, reaffirming the potential of mindfulness to counteract the fear-induced phenomenon. Conversely, a study conducted by Radovich ( 2019 ) unveiled that lower levels of mindfulness and subjective well-being were associated with higher levels of FoMO and social media use. In contrast, Nusrath and Veronica ( 2020 ) surprisingly indicated in their research no relationship between mindfulness and FoMO among adolescents. Given these varying findings, our study seeks to explore the relationship between mindfulness and FoMO among international students in China. Our primary hypothesis is as follows: . H1: Mindfulness negatively correlates with Fear of Missing Out among international students in China. The Fear of Missing Out and Social Media Addiction Over the years, the phenomenon of Fear of Missing Out has garnered increased attention and research since the advent of social media. Social media platforms have notably accelerated the fear of missing out epidemic through various mechanisms, fostering an environment that prompts individuals to constantly compare the highlights of others' lives with their daily realities. Social media addiction, characterized by compulsive usage resulting in significant impairment across various life domains, further complicates this relationship (Al-Menayes, 2016 ; Hou, Xiong, Jiang, Song, & Wang, 2019 ). The reciprocity between fear of missing out and social media addiction is evident, with one acting as both a cause and an effect of the other. The addiction to social media contributes to the development of fear of missing out, particularly prevalent among teenagers and young individuals. Conversely, the fear of missing out or overlooking important events propels individuals toward social media addiction as a coping mechanism to avoid being disconnected from ongoing (Al-Menayes, 2016 ; Topino, Gori, Jimeno, Ortega, & Cacioppo, 2023 ). A recent exploration of the Fear of Missing Out and Social Media Addiction among High School-Aged Teens affirmed the existence of a link between the fear of missing out and social media addiction (Kamaruddin & Haris, 2022 ). Another study by Varchetta, Fraschetti, Mari, and Giannini ( 2020 ), involving 306 Italian university students, revealed a positive correlation between fear of missing out, Online Vulnerability, and Social Media Addiction. Importantly, the study identified fear of missing out as the most significant predictor of Social Media Addiction. In addition, a study investigating the role of positive nonrecognition in mediating the relationship between social media problematic use and fear of missing out among 579 college students demonstrated that both fear of missing out and self-presentational skills directly and indirectly influenced problematic social media use. These relationships were mediated by positive meta-cognition, affirming the substantial role of fear of missing out on problematic social media (Casale, Rugai, & Fioravanti, 2018 ). In summary, the symbiotic relationship between fear of missing out and social media addiction has become increasingly evident with the pervasive influence of social media platforms. Research consistently emphasizes the bidirectional nature of this connection, shedding light on the intricate dynamics that contribute to and result from the interplay between fear of missing out and social media addiction. Our study seeks to investigate the relationship between FoMO and social media addiction among international students in China and our second hypothesis is as follows: H2: Fear of Missing Out positively correlates with Social Media Addiction among international students in China. Social Media Addiction as a mediator In the era of constant connectivity facilitated by social media, the intricate interplay between mindfulness, social media addiction, and the Fear of Missing Out (FoMO) has garnered significant attention. Brown and Ryan ( 2003 ) found that individuals engaging in mindfulness practices reported lower anxiety levels and social comparison, both key components of the FoMO experience. (Przybylski et al., 2013b ) demonstrated that mindful individuals were less likely to succumb to the constant checking of social media, mitigating the Fear of Missing Out. Mindfulness, by fostering detachment from the constant stream of social media updates, may reduce the impulsive behaviours associated with social media addiction. The resulting decrease in social media addiction subsequently contributes to a diminished susceptibility to FoMO, creating a dynamic mediation pathway. However, the research didn’t confirm that social media addiction can serve as a mediator in the relationship between mindfulness and FoMO. However, mindfulness, characterized by heightened awareness and non-judgmental acceptance, influences the extent of social media addiction. This, in turn, shapes an individual's susceptibility to the anxiety-inducing aspects of FoMO. Mindfulness predicts social media addiction (Chang et al., 2023 ). Our study argues that social media addiction can play a potential mediating role in the relationship between mindfulness and FoMO, so our third hypothesis is as follows: H3: Social Media Addiction mediates the association between Mindfulness and Fear of Missing Out among international students in China. Method This study is designed as a cross-sectional study to test the mediator role of social media addiction in the relationship between mindfulness and fear of missing out. Participants A total of 476 students (321 males) who study in China voluntarily participated in this study. They received informed consent, assuring the privacy of their responses. The age of the research sample ranged from 18 to 36 years (M age 28.85 ± 2.42) All of them were international students and had not had any mindfulness training before. Measurements Mindfulness . The Mindful Attention Awareness Scale (MAAS) was used in this study. This scale contains 15 items (Brown & Ryan, 2003 ). The Mindful Attention Awareness scale contains 15 items. A Likert-type scale with six points was used to rate each item, ranging from 1 ( almost always ) to 6 ( almost never ). Negatively terms reversed, so high scores show higher levels of mindfulness. In this study, Cronbach’s alpha was 0.92. Fear of Missing Out The Fear of Missing Out Scale of Przybylski, Murayama, DeHaan, and Gladwell ( 2013a ) was used in this study. The Fear of Missing Out Scale contains 10 items. A Likert-type scale with a five-point scale from 1 ( Not at all true of me ) to 5 ( Extremely true of me ). In this study, Cronbach’s alpha was 0.89. Social Media Addiction The Bergen Social Media Addiction Scale of Bergen et al. (2012) was used in this study. The Bergen Social Media Addiction Scale contains 6 items. A Likert-type scale with a five-point scale from 1 ( very rarely ) to 5 ( very often ). In this study, Cronbach’s alpha was 0.87. Data Analysis The questionnaires were administered online individually, taking 15–30 min. SmartPLS (version 4) was used to estimate Structural Equation Models (SEM) in the data analysis process. Results Correlations among the study variables The results (Table 1 ) showed that mindfulness correlated negatively with social media addiction and fear of missing out. Furthermore, social media addiction was positively correlated with fear of missing out. Our H1 and H2 were supported. Table 1 Correlation among research variables (N = 476) Variables 1 2 3 1. Mindfulness 1 2. Social media addiction -0.135 1 3. Fear of missing out -0.403 0.248 1 Mean 76.48 44.14 24.60 Standard Deviation 24.68 9.77 10.08 Note. *** p < 0.001. 3.4.2 Mediating effects The initial phase of the PLS-SEM process involved scrutinizing the measurement model to ensure its authenticity and credibility. To meet the reliability criteria outlined by Hair, Hollingsworth, Randolph, and Chong ( 2017 ), Cronbach’s alpha and composite reliability (CR) were required to exceed 0.70. For convergent validity, the Average Variance Extracted (AVE) should be less than or equal to 0.50, as specified by Lam, Lee, Ooi, and Phusavat ( 2012 ). They also suggested that when AVE is below 0.5 but CR surpasses 0.6, the results are acceptable. In this study, Cronbach’s alpha values ranged from 0.72 to 0.89, CR values between 0.79 and 0.93, and AVE values from 0.51 to 0.59. To evaluate discriminant validity, the Heterotrait Monotrait Ratio (HTMT) was employed. According to Hair et al. ( 2017 ), an HTMT value below 0.90 is statistically significant. As indicated in Table 2, none of the values exceeded 0.90, suggesting that respondents recognized distinctions between constructs. Consequently, discriminant validity was successfully established. Standardized path coefficients in Fig. 1 showed that Mindfulness negatively predicted Social Media Addiction (T-Statistics = 2.743; p = 0.006), and Fear of Missing Out (T-Statistics = 8.389; p = 0.000). Further, Social Media Addiction positively predicted Fear of Missing Out (T-Statistics = 4.385; p = 0.000). Bias-corrected bootstrap method (5000 sample, 95% CI) revealed that Social Media Addiction partially mediated the relationship between Mindfulness and Fear of Missing Out. Our H3 was supported. Table 2. Total effects Variables SE P Mindfulness→ Social media addiction -1.323 0.006 Mindfulness→ Fear of missing out -0.377 0.000 Social media addiction→ Fear of missing out 0.020 0.000 Mindfulness→ Social media addiction→ Fear of missing out -0.027 0.000 Discussion This study unveils compelling associations between mindfulness, social media addiction, and fear of missing out. Our findings demonstrate that mindfulness exhibits a negative correlation with both social media addiction and fear of missing out. These results consests with (Baker et al., 2016 ; Hussain, Raza, Haider, & Ishaq, 2023 ; Jin, Xiong, Liu, & An, 2023 ; ÖZTURAN et al., 2022 ; Sa'id & Dewi, 2022 ; Sriwilai & Charoensukmongkol, 2016 ). Moreover, a positive relationship emerges between social media addiction and fear of missing out. These results consests with (Monteiro, Cardoso, Andrade, Relva, & Simões, 2023 ; Seabrooks, 2020 ). Our findings imply that individuals possessing a heightened sense of mindfulness, characterized by non-judgmental awareness of the present moment, are prone to experience lower levels of social media addiction and fear of missing out. These results align with existing research emphasizing the positive impact of mindfulness on mental and emotional well-being such as (Mandal, Arya, & Pandey, 2011 ; Nyklíček, 2011 ; Nyklíček & Kuijpers, 2008 ; Schonert-Reichl & Lawlor, 2010 ; Tang, Tang, & Gross, 2019 ; Weinstein, Brown, & Ryan, 2009 ; Zollars, Poirier, & Pailden, 2019 ). Individuals with elevated mindfulness levels demonstrate superior abilities in managing thoughts and emotions, ultimately resulting in diminished susceptibility to social media addiction. Their adeptness at navigating emotional challenges constructively contributes to lower levels of fear of missing out, as they are less likely to be overwhelmed by stressful situations or engage in detrimental rumination. Furthermore, our study validates that social media addiction significantly mediates the inverse relationship between mindfulness and fear of missing out. This robustly supports the theoretical framework, attesting to its ability to accurately capture the intricate connections between mindfulness, social media addiction, and fear of missing out on our datasets. Practical implications stemming from these findings underscore the potential efficacy of mindfulness-based interventions in reducing social media addiction and mitigating the fear of missing out. The protective role of mindfulness against both these issues suggests that interventions promoting mindfulness could serve as valuable strategies in addressing the challenges posed by excessive social media use. This study contributes empirical evidence to the existing literature, supporting the mediating role of social media addiction in the relationship between mindfulness and fear of missing out. It reinforces the notion that individuals with heightened mindfulness are less likely to engage extensively in social media, ultimately leading to a reduction in fear of missing out. Acknowledging the study's limitations, such as its cross-sectional nature, reliance on self-report measures, and potential lack of generalizability, is crucial. Future research endeavours should consider employing longitudinal designs, diverse participant samples, and objective measures to fortify the robustness of these findings. In conclusion, our mediation analysis sheds light on the intricate interplay between mindfulness, social media addiction, and fear of missing out. The results emphasize the pivotal role of mindfulness in mitigating the adverse psychological impacts associated with social media use, particularly in the context of fear of missing out. Declarations Author Contribution Mindfulness associated with less Fear of Missing Out: Social Media Addiction as a mediatorDr. Aamer Aldbyani School of Education, Thamar University, Dhamar, Yemen.Email Address: [email protected] [email protected] https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8803-1754 Conflict of Interest: The authors declare that they have no conflict of interest.Funding: There is no funding source.Informed consent: Informed consent was obtained from all individual participants included in the study.Availability of data and material: I confirm that data is available when it is needed.ETHICAL STATEMENTThis study has obtained approval from the relevant ethical review board to ensure that it complies with established ethical standards and guidelines. References Al-Menayes, J. (2016). The fear of missing out scale: Validation of the Arabic version and correlation with social media addiction. International Journal of Applied Psychology, 6 (2), 41-46. Baker, Z. G., Krieger, H., & LeRoy, A. S. (2016). Fear of missing out: Relationships with depression, mindfulness, and physical symptoms. Translational Issues in Psychological Science, 2 (3), 275. Bodhi, B. (2013). What does mindfulness really mean? A canonical perspective. In Mindfulness (pp. 19-39): Routledge. Brown, K. W., & Ryan, R. M. (2003). The benefits of being present: mindfulness and its role in psychological well-being. Journal of personality and social psychology, 84 (4), 822. Casale, S., Rugai, L., & Fioravanti, G. (2018). Exploring the role of positive metacognitions in explaining the association between the fear of missing out and social media addiction. Addictive behaviors, 85 , 83-87. Chang, H., Meng, X., Li, Y., Liu, J., Yuan, W., Ni, J., & Li, C. (2023). The effect of mindfulness on social media addiction among Chinese college students: A serial mediation model. Frontiers in Psychiatry, 14 , 1087909. Dreyfus, G. (2013). Is mindfulness present-centred and non-judgmental? A discussion of the cognitive dimensions of mindfulness. In Mindfulness (pp. 41-54): Routledge. Gethin, R. (2011). On some definitions of mindfulness. Contemporary Buddhism, 12 (1), 263-279. Hair, J., Hollingsworth, C. L., Randolph, A. B., & Chong, A. Y. L. (2017). An updated and expanded assessment of PLS-SEM in information systems research. Industrial management & data systems, 117 (3), 442-458. Hou, Y., Xiong, D., Jiang, T., Song, L., & Wang, Q. (2019). Social media addiction: Its impact, mediation, and intervention. Cyberpsychology: Journal of psychosocial research on cyberspace, 13 (1). Hussain, S., Raza, A., Haider, A., & Ishaq, M. I. (2023). Fear of missing out and compulsive buying behavior: The moderating role of mindfulness. Journal of Retailing and Consumer Services, 75 , 103512. Jin, Y., Xiong, W., Liu, X., & An, J. (2023). 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Social Media Addiction and Mindfulness in University Students. ODÜ Tıp Dergisi, 9 (2), 56-66. Perez, M. A. G. (2022). The Protective Influence of Mindfulness Facets on the Relationship Between Negative Core Beliefs and Social Media Addiction Among Latinx College Students. The University of Texas at El Paso, Przybylski, A. K., Murayama, K., DeHaan, C. R., & Gladwell, V. (2013a). Fear of missing out scale. Computers in human behavior . Przybylski, A. K., Murayama, K., DeHaan, C. R., & Gladwell, V. (2013b). Motivational, emotional, and behavioral correlates of fear of missing out. Computers in human behavior, 29 (4), 1841-1848. Radovich, A. (2019). The Relationship Between the Fear of Missing Out, Problematic Social Media Use, Mindfulness, and Subjective Well-Being. Reinders, E. (2022). The association between workplace fear of missing out and work engagement and motivation to learn, and the moderating role of mindfulness. Sa'id, M., & Dewi, D. C. S. (2022). Mindfulness and Fear of Missing Out in Final Year Undergraduate Students. KnE Social Sciences , 125–136-125–136. Schonert-Reichl, K. A., & Lawlor, M. S. (2010). The effects of a mindfulness-based education program on pre-and early adolescents’ well-being and social and emotional competence. Mindfulness, 1 , 137-151. Seabrooks, A. D. (2020). Social Media Addiction and Fear of Missing Out: The Moderating Effect of Smartphone Ease of Access. Siegel, R. D., Germer, C. K., & Olendzki, A. (2009). Mindfulness: What is it? Where did it come from? Clinical handbook of mindfulness , 17-35. Sriwilai, K., & Charoensukmongkol, P. (2016). Face it, don't Facebook it: impacts of social media addiction on mindfulness, coping strategies and the consequence on emotional exhaustion. Stress and Health, 32 (4), 427-434. Tang, Y.-Y., Tang, R., & Gross, J. J. (2019). Promoting psychological well-being through an evidence-based mindfulness training program. Frontiers in human neuroscience, 13 , 237. Topino, E., Gori, A., Jimeno, M. V., Ortega, B., & Cacioppo, M. (2023). The relationship between social media addiction, fear of missing out and family functioning: a structural equation mediation model. BMC psychology, 11 (1), 383. Varchetta, M., Fraschetti, A., Mari, E., & Giannini, A. M. (2020). Social media addiction, fear of missing out (FoMO) and online vulnerability in university students. Revista Digital de Investigación en Docencia Universitaria, 14 (1), e1187. Weinstein, N., Brown, K. W., & Ryan, R. M. (2009). A multi-method examination of the effects of mindfulness on stress attribution, coping, and emotional well-being. Journal of research in personality, 43 (3), 374-385. Zollars, I., Poirier, T. I., & Pailden, J. (2019). Effects of mindfulness meditation on mindfulness, mental well-being, and perceived stress. Currents in Pharmacy Teaching and Learning, 11 (10), 1022-1028. Additional Declarations No competing interests reported. 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The various mechanisms embedded within social media platforms have played a significant role in amplifying the FoMO experience, creating an environment where individuals are consistently prompted to compare the highlights of others' lives with their day-to-day realities.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eOn the other hand, Mindfulness is a mental state achieved by focusing one's awareness on the present moment while calmly acknowledging and accepting one's feelings, thoughts, and bodily sensations (Dreyfus, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR7\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2013\u003c/span\u003e; Siegel, Germer, \u0026amp; Olendzki, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR31\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2009\u003c/span\u003e). This state of mindfulness is often associated with meditation and other contemplative practices. The overarching goal of mindfulness is to cultivate a non-judgmental awareness of the present moment, fostering a sense of clarity and calmness.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eViewed as a countermeasure to the negative effects of FoMO, practising mindfulness entails being fully present in the moment and engaging with one's current experiences (Bodhi, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR3\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2013\u003c/span\u003e; Gethin, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR8\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2011\u003c/span\u003e; Siegel et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR31\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2009\u003c/span\u003e). This approach can lead to a greater sense of contentment and fulfilment, reducing the incessant need for external validation or the fear of missing out on alternative experiences.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIncorporating mindfulness practices emerges as a valuable strategy for addressing social media addiction (Perez, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR23\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2022\u003c/span\u003e). By heightening awareness of one's thoughts and behaviours, individuals can exert better control over their impulses and make more intentional choices regarding their social media usage. Mindfulness encourages individuals to consciously engage in activities, discouraging mindless scrolling and fostering a more deliberate approach (Krishnaswamy, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR14\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2018\u003c/span\u003e; Levy, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR16\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2016\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThis study seeks to investigate the relationship between mindfulness, the fear of missing out, and social media addiction. Additionally, it explores the potential mediating role of social media addiction in the association between mindfulness and the fear of missing out among international students in China. By shedding light on these dynamics, the research aims to contribute valuable insights to our understanding of the interplay between mindfulness, social media behaviour, and the emotional aspects tied to the fear of missing out.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Mindfulness and The Fear of Missing Out","content":"\u003cp\u003eMindfulness, deeply rooted in ancient contemplative traditions, involves being fully present and engaged in the current moment without judgment. Marlette and Kristeller (1999) define mindfulness as an awareness of the quantitative extent of experiences present here, emphasizing attention to the current experience and acceptance without judgment, whether it be pleasant or unpleasant. This includes embracing all personal experiences\u0026mdash;such as thoughts, feelings, and events\u0026mdash;as they unfold in the present moment. The multifaceted benefits of mindfulness extend to reducing symptoms of psychological stress, improving overall quality of life, regulating mood, alleviating stress and anxiety, and enhancing overall health.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe Fear of Missing Out (FoMO) has recently emerged as a pervasive phenomenon, compelling individuals to stay constantly connected due to the fear of missing out on events or experiences they are not part of. It encapsulates the anxiety and apprehension experienced when perceiving that others are engaging in rewarding experiences from which one feels excluded. Research consistently illustrates that mindfulness practices can act as a robust counterbalance to the pervasive influence of the Fear of Missing Out (Baker, Krieger, \u0026amp; LeRoy, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR2\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2016\u003c/span\u003e; Reinders, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR27\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2022\u003c/span\u003e). Mindfulness, acting as a potent antidote, empowers individuals to navigate the digital landscape with a heightened sense of presence, emotional resilience, and reduced susceptibility to the enticing pitfalls of FoMO. By encouraging detachment from the incessant stream of social media updates and notifications, mindfulness fosters a deeper awareness of the present moment. This heightened awareness, combined with a non-judgmental mindset, serves as a shield against the anxiety-inducing comparisons and feelings of inadequacy triggered by the Fear of Missing Out.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSeveral studies substantiate the inverse relationship between mindfulness and FoMO. Brown and Ryan (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR4\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2003\u003c/span\u003e) revealed that individuals engaged in mindfulness practices reported lower levels of anxiety and social comparison, both key components of the FoMO experience. Additionally, the work of Przybylski, Murayama, DeHaan, and Gladwell (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR25\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2013b\u003c/span\u003e) demonstrated that mindful individuals were less likely to succumb to the allure of constant social media checking, effectively mitigating the Fear of Missing Out. However, Sa'id and Dewi (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR28\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2022\u003c/span\u003e) investigated the correlation between mindfulness and FoMO among college students and found a negative correlation between mindfulness and FoMO, reaffirming the potential of mindfulness to counteract the fear-induced phenomenon. Conversely, a study conducted by Radovich (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR26\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2019\u003c/span\u003e) unveiled that lower levels of mindfulness and subjective well-being were associated with higher levels of FoMO and social media use. In contrast, Nusrath and Veronica (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR19\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2020\u003c/span\u003e) surprisingly indicated in their research no relationship between mindfulness and FoMO among adolescents. Given these varying findings, our study seeks to explore the relationship between mindfulness and FoMO among international students in China. Our primary hypothesis is as follows:\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e.\u003cem\u003eH1: Mindfulness negatively correlates with Fear of Missing Out among international students in China.\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec3\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eThe Fear of Missing Out and Social Media Addiction\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eOver the years, the phenomenon of Fear of Missing Out has garnered increased attention and research since the advent of social media. Social media platforms have notably accelerated the fear of missing out epidemic through various mechanisms, fostering an environment that prompts individuals to constantly compare the highlights of others' lives with their daily realities.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSocial media addiction, characterized by compulsive usage resulting in significant impairment across various life domains, further complicates this relationship (Al-Menayes, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR1\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2016\u003c/span\u003e; Hou, Xiong, Jiang, Song, \u0026amp; Wang, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR10\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2019\u003c/span\u003e). The reciprocity between fear of missing out and social media addiction is evident, with one acting as both a cause and an effect of the other. The addiction to social media contributes to the development of fear of missing out, particularly prevalent among teenagers and young individuals. Conversely, the fear of missing out or overlooking important events propels individuals toward social media addiction as a coping mechanism to avoid being disconnected from ongoing (Al-Menayes, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR1\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2016\u003c/span\u003e; Topino, Gori, Jimeno, Ortega, \u0026amp; Cacioppo, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR34\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2023\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eA recent exploration of the Fear of Missing Out and Social Media Addiction among High School-Aged Teens affirmed the existence of a link between the fear of missing out and social media addiction (Kamaruddin \u0026amp; Haris, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR13\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2022\u003c/span\u003e). Another study by Varchetta, Fraschetti, Mari, and Giannini (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR35\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2020\u003c/span\u003e), involving 306 Italian university students, revealed a positive correlation between fear of missing out, Online Vulnerability, and Social Media Addiction. Importantly, the study identified fear of missing out as the most significant predictor of Social Media Addiction.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIn addition, a study investigating the role of positive nonrecognition in mediating the relationship between social media problematic use and fear of missing out among 579 college students demonstrated that both fear of missing out and self-presentational skills directly and indirectly influenced problematic social media use. These relationships were mediated by positive meta-cognition, affirming the substantial role of fear of missing out on problematic social media (Casale, Rugai, \u0026amp; Fioravanti, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR5\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2018\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIn summary, the symbiotic relationship between fear of missing out and social media addiction has become increasingly evident with the pervasive influence of social media platforms. Research consistently emphasizes the bidirectional nature of this connection, shedding light on the intricate dynamics that contribute to and result from the interplay between fear of missing out and social media addiction. Our study seeks to investigate the relationship between FoMO and social media addiction among international students in China and our second hypothesis is as follows:\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cem\u003eH2: Fear of Missing Out positively correlates with Social Media Addiction among international students in China.\u003c/em\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec4\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eSocial Media Addiction as a mediator\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eIn the era of constant connectivity facilitated by social media, the intricate interplay between mindfulness, social media addiction, and the Fear of Missing Out (FoMO) has garnered significant attention. Brown and Ryan (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR4\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2003\u003c/span\u003e) found that individuals engaging in mindfulness practices reported lower anxiety levels and social comparison, both key components of the FoMO experience. (Przybylski et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR25\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2013b\u003c/span\u003e) demonstrated that mindful individuals were less likely to succumb to the constant checking of social media, mitigating the Fear of Missing Out. Mindfulness, by fostering detachment from the constant stream of social media updates, may reduce the impulsive behaviours associated with social media addiction. The resulting decrease in social media addiction subsequently contributes to a diminished susceptibility to FoMO, creating a dynamic mediation pathway.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eHowever, the research didn\u0026rsquo;t confirm that social media addiction can serve as a mediator in the relationship between mindfulness and FoMO. However, mindfulness, characterized by heightened awareness and non-judgmental acceptance, influences the extent of social media addiction. This, in turn, shapes an individual's susceptibility to the anxiety-inducing aspects of FoMO. Mindfulness predicts social media addiction (Chang et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR6\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2023\u003c/span\u003e). Our study argues that social media addiction can play a potential mediating role in the relationship between mindfulness and FoMO, so our third hypothesis is as follows:\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cem\u003eH3: Social Media Addiction mediates the association between Mindfulness and Fear of Missing Out among international students in China.\u003c/em\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e"},{"header":"Method","content":"\u003cp\u003eThis study is designed as a cross-sectional study to test the mediator role of social media addiction in the relationship between mindfulness and fear of missing out.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec6\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eParticipants\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eA total of 476 students (321 males) who study in China voluntarily participated in this study. They received informed consent, assuring the privacy of their responses. The age of the research sample ranged from 18 to 36 years (M\u003csub\u003eage\u003c/sub\u003e 28.85\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;2.42) All of them were international students and had not had any mindfulness training before.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec7\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eMeasurements\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cb\u003eMindfulness\u003c/b\u003e. The Mindful Attention Awareness Scale (MAAS) was used in this study. This scale contains 15 items (Brown \u0026amp; Ryan, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR4\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2003\u003c/span\u003e). The Mindful Attention Awareness scale contains 15 items. A Likert-type scale with six points was used to rate each item, ranging from 1 (\u003cem\u003ealmost always\u003c/em\u003e) to 6 (\u003cem\u003ealmost never\u003c/em\u003e). Negatively terms reversed, so high scores show higher levels of mindfulness. In this study, Cronbach\u0026rsquo;s alpha was 0.92.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cstrong\u003eFear of Missing Out\u003c/strong\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe Fear of Missing Out Scale of Przybylski, Murayama, DeHaan, and Gladwell (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR24\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2013a\u003c/span\u003e) was used in this study. The Fear of Missing Out Scale contains 10 items. A Likert-type scale with a five-point scale from 1 (\u003cem\u003eNot at all true of me\u003c/em\u003e) to 5 (\u003cem\u003eExtremely true of me\u003c/em\u003e). In this study, Cronbach\u0026rsquo;s alpha was 0.89.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cstrong\u003eSocial Media Addiction\u003c/strong\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe Bergen Social Media Addiction Scale of Bergen et al. (2012) was used in this study. The Bergen Social Media Addiction Scale contains 6 items. A Likert-type scale with a five-point scale from 1 (\u003cem\u003every rarely\u003c/em\u003e) to 5 (\u003cem\u003every often\u003c/em\u003e). In this study, Cronbach\u0026rsquo;s alpha was 0.87.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec8\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eData Analysis\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe questionnaires were administered online individually, taking 15\u0026ndash;30 min. SmartPLS (version 4) was used to estimate Structural Equation Models (SEM) in the data analysis process.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e"},{"header":"Results","content":"\u003cdiv id=\"Sec10\"\u003e\n \u003ch2\u003eCorrelations among the study variables\u003c/h2\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eThe results (Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e) showed that mindfulness correlated negatively with social media addiction and fear of missing out. Furthermore, social media addiction was positively correlated with fear of missing out. Our H1 and H2 were supported.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cdiv\u003e\n \u003ctable id=\"Tab1\" border=\"1\"\u003e\n \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e\n \u003cdiv\u003eTable 1\u003c/div\u003e\n \u003cdiv\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eCorrelation among research variables (N\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;476)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/div\u003e\n \u003c/caption\u003e\n \u003ccolgroup cols=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/colgroup\u003e\n \u003cthead\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eVariables\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/thead\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1. Mindfulness\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2. Social media addiction\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.135\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3. Fear of missing out\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.403\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.248\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMean\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e76.48\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e44.14\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e24.60\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eStandard Deviation\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e24.68\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e9.77\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e10.08\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"4\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNote. \u003csup\u003e***\u003c/sup\u003e \u003cem\u003ep\u003c/em\u003e\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n \u003c/table\u003e\n \u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv id=\"Sec11\"\u003e\n \u003ch2\u003e3.4.2 Mediating effects\u003c/h2\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eThe initial phase of the PLS-SEM process involved scrutinizing the measurement model to ensure its authenticity and credibility. To meet the reliability criteria outlined by Hair, Hollingsworth, Randolph, and Chong (\u003cspan\u003e2017\u003c/span\u003e), Cronbach\u0026rsquo;s alpha and composite reliability (CR) were required to exceed 0.70. For convergent validity, the Average Variance Extracted (AVE) should be less than or equal to 0.50, as specified by Lam, Lee, Ooi, and Phusavat (\u003cspan\u003e2012\u003c/span\u003e). They also suggested that when AVE is below 0.5 but CR surpasses 0.6, the results are acceptable. In this study, Cronbach\u0026rsquo;s alpha values ranged from 0.72 to 0.89, CR values between 0.79 and 0.93, and AVE values from 0.51 to 0.59.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eTo evaluate discriminant validity, the Heterotrait Monotrait Ratio (HTMT) was employed. According to Hair et al. (\u003cspan\u003e2017\u003c/span\u003e), an HTMT value below 0.90 is statistically significant. As indicated in Table\u0026nbsp;2, none of the values exceeded 0.90, suggesting that respondents recognized distinctions between constructs. Consequently, discriminant validity was successfully established. Standardized path coefficients in Fig.\u0026nbsp;1 showed that Mindfulness negatively predicted Social Media Addiction (T-Statistics\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;2.743; \u003cem\u003ep\u003c/em\u003e\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.006), and Fear of Missing Out (T-Statistics\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;8.389; \u003cem\u003ep\u003c/em\u003e\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.000). Further, Social Media Addiction positively predicted Fear of Missing Out (T-Statistics\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;4.385; \u003cem\u003ep\u003c/em\u003e\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.000). Bias-corrected bootstrap method (5000 sample, 95% CI) revealed that Social Media Addiction partially mediated the relationship between Mindfulness and Fear of Missing Out. Our H3 was supported.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cdiv\u003e\n \u003ctable id=\"Taba\" border=\"1\"\u003e\n \u003ccolgroup cols=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/colgroup\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"4\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eTable\u0026nbsp;2. Total effects\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eVariables\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eSE\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eP\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMindfulness\u0026rarr; Social media addiction\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-1.323\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.006\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMindfulness\u0026rarr; Fear of missing out\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.377\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.000\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSocial media addiction\u0026rarr; Fear of missing out\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.020\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.000\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMindfulness\u0026rarr; Social media addiction\u0026rarr; Fear of missing out\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.027\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.000\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n \u003c/table\u003e\n \u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e"},{"header":"Discussion","content":"\u003cp\u003eThis study unveils compelling associations between mindfulness, social media addiction, and fear of missing out. Our findings demonstrate that mindfulness exhibits a negative correlation with both social media addiction and fear of missing out. These results consests with (Baker et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR2\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2016\u003c/span\u003e; Hussain, Raza, Haider, \u0026amp; Ishaq, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR11\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2023\u003c/span\u003e; Jin, Xiong, Liu, \u0026amp; An, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR12\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2023\u003c/span\u003e; \u0026Ouml;ZTURAN et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR22\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2022\u003c/span\u003e; Sa'id \u0026amp; Dewi, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR28\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2022\u003c/span\u003e; Sriwilai \u0026amp; Charoensukmongkol, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR32\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2016\u003c/span\u003e). Moreover, a positive relationship emerges between social media addiction and fear of missing out. These results consests with (Monteiro, Cardoso, Andrade, Relva, \u0026amp; Sim\u0026otilde;es, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR18\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2023\u003c/span\u003e; Seabrooks, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR30\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2020\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eOur findings imply that individuals possessing a heightened sense of mindfulness, characterized by non-judgmental awareness of the present moment, are prone to experience lower levels of social media addiction and fear of missing out. These results align with existing research emphasizing the positive impact of mindfulness on mental and emotional well-being such as (Mandal, Arya, \u0026amp; Pandey, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR17\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2011\u003c/span\u003e; Nykl\u0026iacute;ček, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR20\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2011\u003c/span\u003e; Nykl\u0026iacute;ček \u0026amp; Kuijpers, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR21\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2008\u003c/span\u003e; Schonert-Reichl \u0026amp; Lawlor, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR29\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2010\u003c/span\u003e; Tang, Tang, \u0026amp; Gross, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR33\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2019\u003c/span\u003e; Weinstein, Brown, \u0026amp; Ryan, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR36\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2009\u003c/span\u003e; Zollars, Poirier, \u0026amp; Pailden, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR37\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2019\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIndividuals with elevated mindfulness levels demonstrate superior abilities in managing thoughts and emotions, ultimately resulting in diminished susceptibility to social media addiction. Their adeptness at navigating emotional challenges constructively contributes to lower levels of fear of missing out, as they are less likely to be overwhelmed by stressful situations or engage in detrimental rumination. Furthermore, our study validates that social media addiction significantly mediates the inverse relationship between mindfulness and fear of missing out. This robustly supports the theoretical framework, attesting to its ability to accurately capture the intricate connections between mindfulness, social media addiction, and fear of missing out on our datasets.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003ePractical implications stemming from these findings underscore the potential efficacy of mindfulness-based interventions in reducing social media addiction and mitigating the fear of missing out. The protective role of mindfulness against both these issues suggests that interventions promoting mindfulness could serve as valuable strategies in addressing the challenges posed by excessive social media use.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThis study contributes empirical evidence to the existing literature, supporting the mediating role of social media addiction in the relationship between mindfulness and fear of missing out. It reinforces the notion that individuals with heightened mindfulness are less likely to engage extensively in social media, ultimately leading to a reduction in fear of missing out.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAcknowledging the study's limitations, such as its cross-sectional nature, reliance on self-report measures, and potential lack of generalizability, is crucial. Future research endeavours should consider employing longitudinal designs, diverse participant samples, and objective measures to fortify the robustness of these findings.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIn conclusion, our mediation analysis sheds light on the intricate interplay between mindfulness, social media addiction, and fear of missing out. The results emphasize the pivotal role of mindfulness in mitigating the adverse psychological impacts associated with social media use, particularly in the context of fear of missing out.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Declarations","content":"\u003ch2\u003eAuthor Contribution\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eMindfulness associated with less Fear of Missing Out: Social Media Addiction as a mediatorDr. Aamer Aldbyani School of Education, Thamar University, Dhamar, Yemen.Email Address: [email protected] [email protected] https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8803-1754 Conflict of Interest: The authors declare that they have no conflict of interest.Funding: There is no funding source.Informed consent: Informed consent was obtained from all individual participants included in the study.Availability of data and material: I confirm that data is available when it is needed.ETHICAL STATEMENTThis study has obtained approval from the relevant ethical review board to ensure that it complies with established ethical standards and guidelines.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"References","content":"\u003col\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eAl-Menayes, J. 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The relationship between social media addiction, fear of missing out and family functioning: a structural equation mediation model. \u003cem\u003eBMC psychology, 11\u003c/em\u003e(1), 383.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eVarchetta, M., Fraschetti, A., Mari, E., \u0026amp; Giannini, A. M. (2020). Social media addiction, fear of missing out (FoMO) and online vulnerability in university students. \u003cem\u003eRevista Digital de Investigaci\u0026oacute;n en Docencia Universitaria, 14\u003c/em\u003e(1), e1187.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eWeinstein, N., Brown, K. W., \u0026amp; Ryan, R. M. (2009). A multi-method examination of the effects of mindfulness on stress attribution, coping, and emotional well-being. \u003cem\u003eJournal of research in personality, 43\u003c/em\u003e(3), 374-385.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eZollars, I., Poirier, T. I., \u0026amp; Pailden, J. (2019). Effects of mindfulness meditation on mindfulness, mental well-being, and perceived stress. \u003cem\u003eCurrents in Pharmacy Teaching and Learning, 11\u003c/em\u003e(10), 1022-1028.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003c/ol\u003e"}],"fulltextSource":"","fullText":"","funders":[],"hasAdminPriorityOnWorkflow":false,"hasManuscriptDocX":true,"hasOptedInToPreprint":true,"hasPassedJournalQc":"","hasAnyPriority":false,"hideJournal":true,"highlight":"","institution":"","isAcceptedByJournal":false,"isAuthorSuppliedPdf":false,"isDeskRejected":"","isHiddenFromSearch":false,"isInQc":false,"isInWorkflow":false,"isPdf":false,"isPdfUpToDate":true,"isWithdrawnOrRetracted":false,"journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"researchsquare","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"/submission","title":"Research Square","twitterHandle":"researchsquare","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"","reportingPortfolio":"","inReviewEnabled":false,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true},"keywords":"Fear of Missing Out, Mindfulness, Social Media Addiction, International Students","lastPublishedDoi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-3872015/v1","lastPublishedDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-3872015/v1","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"},"manuscriptAbstract":"\u003cp\u003eThis cross-sectional study aimed to investigate the relationship between mindfulness, fear of missing out and social media addiction. and the potential mediating role of social media addiction in the association of mindfulness with Fear of Missing Out. Four hundred and seventy-six international students in China were recruited to complete the Mindful Attention Awareness Scale (MAAS), the Fear of Missing Out Scale (FOMOS), and the Bergen Social Media Addiction Scale (BSMAS). The results found that mindfulness correlated negatively with social media addiction and fear of missing out. Furthermore, social media addiction was positively correlated with fear of missing out. Structural equation modelling revealed that the mediation model fit the data well, That\u0026rsquo;s is, social media addiction partly mediated the association of mindfulness with Fear of Missing Out. We concluded that this insight contributes to a better understanding of the interplay between mindfulness, social media use, and the psychological aspects of fear of missing out, providing valuable implications for interventions and strategies to promote healthier online behaviours and mental well-being among the target population.\u003c/p\u003e","manuscriptTitle":"Mindfulness associated with less Fear of Missing Out: Social Media Addiction as a mediator","msid":"","msnumber":"","nonDraftVersions":[{"code":1,"date":"2024-02-07 11:04:27","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-3872015/v1","editorialEvents":[{"type":"communityComments","content":0}],"status":"published","journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"researchsquare","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"/submission","title":"Research Square","twitterHandle":"researchsquare","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"","reportingPortfolio":"","inReviewEnabled":false,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true}}],"origin":"","ownerIdentity":"12d27fad-27b9-4e5c-b7d9-235288b987a7","owner":[],"postedDate":"February 7th, 2024","published":true,"recentEditorialEvents":[],"rejectedJournal":[],"revision":"","amendment":"","status":"posted","subjectAreas":[],"tags":[],"updatedAt":"2024-05-08T08:20:01+00:00","versionOfRecord":[],"versionCreatedAt":"2024-02-07 11:04:27","video":"","vorDoi":"","vorDoiUrl":"","workflowStages":[]},"version":"v1","identity":"rs-3872015","journalConfig":"researchsquare"},"__N_SSP":true},"page":"/article/[identity]/[[...version]]","query":{"redirect":"/article/rs-3872015","identity":"rs-3872015","version":["v1"]},"buildId":"qtupq5eGEP_6zYnWcrvyt","isFallback":false,"isExperimentalCompile":false,"dynamicIds":[84888],"gssp":true,"scriptLoader":[]}