Antimalarial Evaluation of Magnesium Nanoparticlres of Bioactive Compounds Derived From Crinum Jagus Rhizome

Antimalarial Evaluation of Magnesium Nanoparticlres of Bioactive Compounds Derived From Crinum Jagus Rhizome | Research Square window.SnipcartSettings = { analytics: { enabled: false } }; (function() { var accessVector = localStorage.getItem('access_vector') || ''; window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; if (accessVector) { window.dataLayer.push({ user: { profile: { profileInfo: { snid: accessVector } } } }); } })(); (function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start':new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0],j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src='https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f);})(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-K279D39R'); Browse Preprints In Review Journals COVID-19 Preprints AJE Video Bytes Research Tools Research Promotion AJE Professional Editing AJE Rubriq About Preprint Platform In Review Editorial Policies Our Team Advisory Board Help Center Sign In Submit a Preprint Cite Share Download PDF Research Article Antimalarial Evaluation of Magnesium Nanoparticlres of Bioactive Compounds Derived From Crinum Jagus Rhizome Kabir Salsabilu This is a preprint; it has not been peer reviewed by a journal. https://doi.org/ 10.21203/rs.3.rs-5762587/v1 This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License Status: Posted Version 1 posted You are reading this latest preprint version Abstract Magnesium Nanoparticles (MgNPs), are biocompatible and have shown promise in various biomedical applications, including antimicrobial and antimalarial treatments. Synthesis of magnesium nanoparticles from crude extract and isolated compound of crinum jagus rhizome and their antimalarial activity were reported. Magnesium nanoparticles mediated by crude extract and isolated compound were characterized by UV-visible spectroscopy, SEM and TEM analyses. The UV-visible absorption results of the magnesium nanoparticles synthesized from the crude extract showed absorption that varies slightly across the wavelength range of 343 nm to 353 nm, with a peak absorption value of 1.52934 at 345 nm. UV-visible absorption data for the magnesium nanoparticles synthesized from the isolated compound (lupeol) shows significant absorption in the range of 343 nm to 353 nm. The absorption values are relatively high, with a peak at 345 nm where the absorbance is 0.88005. MgNPs synthesized from the crude extract exhibited the best antimalarial activity (IC50 = 0.1310), significantly outperforming both the lupeol-based MgNPs (IC50 = 0.9103) and chloroquine (IC50 = 0.2762). The enhanced activity of the crude extract-based MgNPs may be attributed to the synergistic effects of multiple bioactive compounds present in the crude extract. The antimalarial activity observed in this study highlights the potential of combining traditional plant-based medicine with nanotechnology. The significantly lower IC50 values (0.1310) for the crude extract MgNPs compared to chloroquine (0.2762) demonstrate the promising future of this approach in overcoming drug resistance and improving the efficacy of antimalarial treatments. Natural Product Chemistry Magnesium Nanoparticles antimalarial Crinum jagus crude extract and isolated compound Figures Figure 1 Figure 2 Figure 3 Figure 4 Figure 5 Figure 6 Figure 7 Figure 8 Introduction Synthesis of metal nanoparticles through the utilization of plant extracts represents a notably straightforward, practical, cost-effective, and ecologically sustainable approach that reduces the necessity for toxic chemical substances (Vanlalveni et al., 2021 ). The fabrication of green nanoparticles possesses a multitude of applications within the realms of environmental science and medicine (Kankonkar, 2022 ). Nanotechnology-oriented methods have been posited as a mechanism for the formulation of plant extracts, facilitate in crossing the biological barriers, to increase bioavailability of poorly water-soluble phytochemicals, to encapsulate mixture compounds of different phytochemicals, to provide targeted delivery of phytochemicals to specific organs resulting in low toxicity (Syahnita, 2021 ). However, health-related adversities stemming from pathogenic microorganisms threaten many people’s lives globally (Thatyana et al., 2023 ). NPs are synthesized by using various metals such as gold, silver, iron, zinc, copper, palladium, platinum, and metal oxides (Simon et al., 2022 ). Magnesium nanoparticles (Mg-NPs) have emerged as a promising material due to their unique properties, including high biocompatibility, biodegradability, and catalytic potential. In recent years, the green synthesis of Mg-NPs using plant extracts has gained considerable attention as an eco-friendly and sustainable approach (Patra et al ., 2023). This method not only eliminates the use of toxic chemicals but also harnesses the natural reducing, capping, and stabilizing agents found in plant secondary metabolites such as alkaloids, flavonoids, and phenolics, leading to nanoparticles with enhanced biological activity (Patra et al ., 2023). Plant-mediated Mg-NP synthesis offers significant advantages over conventional methods by being cost-effective, simple, and environmentally benign. The plant extracts serve dual roles: acting as a reductant to convert magnesium ions into nanoparticles and stabilizing the formed nanoparticles to prevent agglomeration (Kumar & Khan, 2022 ). The use of different plant species and parts (leaves, stems, roots) has resulted in diverse nanoparticle sizes and morphologies, which directly influence their functional properties, such as antimicrobial, antioxidant, and catalytic activities (Jeevanandam et al., 2021 ). Magnesium nanoparticles synthesized from plant extracts have shown significant potential in biomedical applications, particularly in antimicrobial therapies and drug delivery systems, due to their ability to interact effectively with biological systems (El-Husseiny et al ., 2021). The use of plant-based resources not only eliminates the need for toxic chemicals but also enhances the biocompatibility of the nanoparticles, making them suitable for medical applications such as drug delivery, wound healing, and antimicrobial activities (Sharma et al., 2023 ; Rajeshkumar & Bharath, 2020 ). Plant extracts contain a variety of bioactive compounds, including alkaloids, flavonoids, and phenolic acids, which facilitate the reduction of magnesium ions into nanoparticles while preventing their agglomeration (Khalil et al., 2022 ). This green synthesis approach is both sustainable and scalable, allowing for the production of nanoparticles with controlled size, shape, and enhanced surface properties, which are critical for their effectiveness in specific applications (Kumar et al., 2021 ). Recent studies have highlighted the potential of magnesium nanoparticles synthesized from plant extracts in addressing key challenges in nanomedicine and environmental science, particularly due to their high reactivity, biodegradability, and lower cytotoxicity compared to other metal nanoparticles (Nasrollahzadeh et al., 2022 ). The global rise in drug-resistant malaria strains has necessitated the development of new treatment strategies. Antimalarial drugs such as chloroquine and artemisinin-based therapies are becoming less effective due to the increasing adaptability of Plasmodium species, the parasites responsible for malaria (Sankar, 2023 ). Recent studies suggest that MgNPs synthesized from plant extracts exhibit promising antimalarial properties, potentially by enhancing drug delivery and targeting parasitic cells more effectively (Teli et al ., 2021). The phytochemicals present in plant extracts, when combined with the properties of magnesium nanoparticles, offer synergistic effects that can disrupt the lifecycle of the malaria parasite, thereby improving treatment outcomes (Sharma, ( 2022 ). In line with this, biomedical application of magnesium nanoparticles synthesized from crude extract and isolated compound of crinum jagus rhizome and their antimalarial evaluation was studied. Materials and Methods Preparation of Crinum jagus Rhizome Rhizomes of Crinum jagus , were collected in June 2023, from Dabawa of Dutsin-Ma Katsina, Nigeria. The plant was authenticated by botanists in the Department of Biological Science, Faculty of life sciences, Federal University of Dutsin-ma, it then dried and ground into powder. The plant extract was obtained by soaking 200g of the plant material in 500ml methanol and macerated for 72hrs, then filtered and concentrated (Oubannin et al., 2024 ). The crude extract (2g) was subjected to chromatographic techniques, (silica gel column chromatography and thin layer chromatography, to isolate specific compounds. Lupeol, a triterpenoid, is separated by eluting the mixture with an appropriate solvent system (mixture of hexane and ethyl acetate). The isolated lupeol is characterized and confirmed using Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) spectroscopy and Mass Spectrometry (MS) (Musa et al., 2023 ). The crude extract and isolated compound were then used for synthesis of magnesium nanoparticles (Dhage et al., 2023 ). Biosynthesis Magnesium Nanoparticles About 0.1M magnesium sulfate (MgSO₄) solution was prepared in distilled water. In a typical reaction, 50 mL of the MgSO₄ solution was mixed with 5 mL of the Crinum jagus rhizome extract and stirred vigorously for 15–30 minutes at room temperature using a magnetic stirrer. The addition of 1M NaOH was done dropwise until the pH of the solution reached 10, promoting the reduction of magnesium ions (Mg²⁺) to form magnesium nanoparticles (Sharma et al., 2021 ). The solution was continuously stirred for 2 hours, during which a color change was observed, indicating the formation of magnesium nanoparticles of the crude extract (Patel et al., 2022 ). Another 0.1M magnesium sulfate (MgSO₄) solution was prepared in distilled water. In a typical reaction, 50 mL of the MgSO₄ solution was mixed with 1 mL of the isolated compound and stirred vigorously for 15–30 minutes at room temperature using a magnetic stirrer. The addition of 1M NaOH was done dropwise until the pH of the solution reached 10, promoting the reduction of magnesium ions (Mg²⁺) to form magnesium nanoparticles of the isolated compound. The solution was continuously stirred for 2 hours, during which a color change was observed, indicating the formation of magnesium nanoparticles (Labaran et al., 2024 ). In-Vitro Schizont Growth Inhibition Assay Parasite Culture P. falciparum infected blood was obtained from Kadpoly Clinic cultured in human erythrocytes using RPMI-1640 medium supplemented with 15% human serum and the culture maintained at 37°C in an incubator with 5% CO₂. P. falciparum infected blood was obtained from Kaduna polytechnic Medical Center, using complete malaria culture media (CMCM) in gas combination (5% CO 2 , 5%O 2 and 90% N 2 gases at 37 o C) the blood was cultured and subsequently synchronized using 5% sorbitol following standard protocols mark III according to WHO. Different concentrations of crude extract nanoparticles and the isolated compound (ranging from 1.5 µg/ml to 100 µg/ml) were prepared and used in screening against cultivated isolate of the P falciparum clinical strain to assess growth inhibition (Bahl et al., 2021 ). Ten (10 µM) of Chloroquine phosphate and Quinine were prepared and used as the positive control to benchmark the efficacy of the plant extracts. The percentage growth inhibition was calculated, and the IC 50 values was determined for the crude extract nanoparticles and isolated compound using Prism 5 software (Feix et al., 2023 ). Microscopy Analysis After 40 to 48 hours of incubation, thin blood smears was prepared from each sample, stained with Giemsa, and examined under a microscope. The schizont count was recorded to determine the percentage of schizont inhibition (Barnes et al. , 2022). The percentage schizont inhibition for each concentration of MgNPs was calculated and plotted to generate dose-response curves. The IC50 value, representing the concentration required to inhibit 50% of schizont growth, was determined using non-linear regression analysis (Mertens et al., 2024 ). The inhibition of parasite growth in the drug treated groups was calculated as follows: - Percentage viability = Number of schizonts in test well X 100 Number of schizonts in control wells % inhibition = Number of schizoids in control wells - Number of schizonts in test well X 100 Number of schizonts in control wells. Results Table 1 Sample C In vitro schizont growth inhibition activity of the drug against P falciparum clinical strain Sample C Chloroquine Concentration % viability % Inhibition IC50 %viability % Inhibition IC50 1.56 15.12 ± 1.38 84.86 ± 1.38 0.1310µg/ml 33.59 ± 0.80 66.41 ± 0.80 0.2762µg/ml 3.125 7.44 ± 0.82 91.62 ± 0.82 32.02 ± 0.77 67.98 ± 0.77 6.25 7.20 ± 0.52 92.56 ± 0.52 30.38 ± 0.87 69.62 ± 0.87 12.5 6.02 ± 0.50 93.04 ± 0.50 25.58 ± 0.99 74.42 ± 0.99 25.0 5.29 ± 1.15 94.47 ± 1.15 17.58 ± 1.18 82.42 ± 1.18 50..0 4.08 ± 0.10 95.68 ± 0.10 11.99 ± 0.51 88.01 ± 0.51 100.0 3.41 ± 0.25 96.41 ± 0.25 6.37 ± 1.45 93.63 ± 1.45 Table 2 Sample I In vitro schizont growth inhibition activity of the drug against P falciparum clinical strain Sample I Chloroquine Concentration % viability % Inhibition IC50 %viability % Inhibition IC50 1.56 30.11 ± 0.97 55.49 ± 0.97 0.9103 µg/ml 33.59 ± 0.80 66.41 ± 0.80 0.2762µg/ml 3.125 12.55 ± 1.34 87.45 ± 1.34 32.02 ± 0.77 67.98 ± 0.77 6.25 7.02 ± 0.31 92.98 ± 0.31 30.38 ± 0.87 69.62 ± 0.87 12.5 6.60 ± 0.006 93.40 ± 0.006 25.58 ± 0.99 74.42 ± 0.99 25.0 6.40 ± 0.29 93.60 ± 0.29 17.58 ± 1.18 82.42 ± 1.18 50..0 4.77 ± 0.33 95.23 ± 0.33 11.99 ± 0.51 88.01 ± 0.51 100.0 4.26 ± 0.18 95.75 ± 0.18 6.37 ± 1.45 93.63 ± 1.45 Table 3 Calculations of IC50 for Extract, Isolate and Chloroquine Using Prism Software log(inhibitor) vs. response Variable slope Extract Isolate Chloroquine Best-fit values BOTTOM -249600 -122.5 -81460 TOP 78.92 93.66 93.87 LOGIC50 -0.8828 -0.04081 -0.5588 HILLSLOPE 3.965 2.858 5.259 IC50 0.1310 0.9103 0.2762 Span 249660 216.2 81556 Goodness of Fit Robust Sum of Squares 8.732 27.52 7.596 RSDR 11.10 0.2308 2.170 Number of points Analyzed 24 24 24 Table 4 Wavelength (nm) and absorptions of crude extract’s MgNPs Wavelength(nm) Crude Extract's NPs (Abs) 353 1.38526 351 1.44576 349 1.49422 347 1.49524 345 1.52934 343 1.51109 Table 5 Wavelength (nm) and absorptions of isolate’s MgNPs Wavelength(nm) Isolate’sNPs (Abs) 353 0.84201 351 0.84215 349 0.83646 347 0.86019 345 0.88005 343 0.85078 Discussion Antimalarial Evaluation Magnesium Nanoparticles (MgNPs), are biocompatible and have shown promise in various biomedical applications, including antimicrobial and antimalarial treatments (Fatiqin et al., 2021 ). Nanoparticles offer a higher surface area-to-volume ratio, which can enhance drug solubility and bioavailability (Uddin et al., 2024 ). In this study, the MgNPs synthesized from the crude extract of Crinum jagus rhizome exhibited the best antimalarial activity (IC50 = 0.1310), significantly outperforming both the lupeol-based MgNPs (IC50 = 0.9103) and chloroquine (IC50 = 0.2762) (Table 3 ). The enhanced activity of the crude extract-based MgNPs may be attributed to the synergistic effects of multiple bioactive compounds present in the crude extract (Mohammed & Hawar, 2022 ). This is consistent with existing research suggesting that crude extracts often provide enhanced therapeutic effects compared to isolated compounds due to the presence of a broader range of bioactive compounds that work together to combat pathogens (Kekani & Witika, 2023 ). Chloroquine, one of the most commonly used antimalarial drugs, has been used as a standard control in numerous studies on novel antimalarial agents (Stevens et al., 2021 ). In this finding that the crude extract MgNPs had a significantly lower IC50 than chloroquine suggests that the nanoparticles derived from Crinum jagus crude extract could be a potent alternative or complementary treatment for malaria, particularly in chloroquine-resistant strains of Plasmodium (Lokole et al., 2024 ). These results align with similar studies that demonstrate the potential of nanoparticles in enhancing the bioactivity of plant-derived compounds (Moraes-de-Souza et al., 2024 ). In contrast, the lupeol-based MgNPs had a higher IC50 (0.9103), which may suggest that while lupeol is bioactive, the isolated compound lacks the synergistic support from other compounds present in the crude extract. This finding emphasizes the importance of considering the whole plant extract in drug development, particularly when using nanoparticle delivery system. UV-Visible Spectroscopy of the Crude Extract’s MgNPs The UV-Visible absorption results of the magnesium nanoparticles synthesized from the crude extract of Crinum jagus rhizome show a distinct absorption pattern, which provides valuable insights into the optical properties and potential applications of the nanoparticles. The data shows that the absorption of the crude extract’s nanoparticles (NPs) varies slightly across the wavelength range of 343 nm to 353 nm, with a peak absorption value of 1.52934 at 345 nm. As the wavelength decreases from 353 nm to 345 nm, there is a general increase in absorbance. From 345 nm to 343 nm, the absorbance slightly decreases from 1.52934 to 1.51109. The peak absorbance of 1.52934 at 345 nm suggests that the magnesium nanoparticles synthesized from the crude extract exhibit strong optical activity in the UV region (Table 4 ). Nanoparticles often exhibit enhanced absorption in the UV-Visible range due to surface plasmon resonance (SPR), which is the collective oscillation of electrons in response to light (Mika & Zakari, 2024 ). The absorption data provides clues about the size and shape of the nanoparticles ( Wan Mat Khalir et al. , 2020). The peak absorbance in the UV region typically indicates small-sized nanoparticles (Sreenivasagan et al., 2021 ). The sharpness and specific wavelength of the absorption peak suggest that the magnesium nanoparticles may be spherical and monodispersed (uniform in size and shape) (Chutrakulwong et al., 2024 ). A higher absorbance value indicates a higher concentration of nanoparticles or better light absorption due to their surface properties (Melkamu & Bitew, 2021 ). Since these nanoparticles were tested for antimalarial activity, their strong absorption at these wavelengths could contribute to their biological interaction with cells, enhancing the efficacy of drug delivery. UV-Visible Spectroscopy of the Isolated Compound’s MgNPs The UV-Visible absorption data for the magnesium nanoparticles synthesized from the isolated compound (lupeol) shows significant absorption in the range of 343 nm to 353 nm. The absorption values are relatively high, with a peak at 345 nm where the absorbance is 0.88005, indicating a strong interaction of the nanoparticles with UV light at this wavelength (Table 5 ). This peak suggests optimal nanoparticle stability and resonance due to surface plasmon activity, which is typical for metal nanoparticles (Akinwumi Gentle et al., 2020 ). The slight fluctuations in absorbance values across the measured wavelengths, such as 0.86019 at 347 nm and 0.84201 at 353 nm, may reflect variations in particle size or distribution (Table 5 ). The trend observed within this narrow range is characteristic of magnesium nanoparticles, and the high absorbance values confirm the successful synthesis of lupeol-based magnesium nanoparticles with distinct optical properties (Al-Abdullah, 2023 ). The consistency of absorbance, with values ranging between 0.83646 and 0.88005, further supports the formation of uniform nanoparticles with good optical behavior (Adeleye et al., 2023 ). Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) The SEM images obtained from the different temperatures, are presented in Fig. 5 and Fig. 6 which showed the platelets of magnesium nanoparticles for the crude extract and isolated compound of Crinum jagus rhizome. The bioactive compounds present in this plant played a vital role acted as reducing and capping agents. The presence of this bioactive molecules from the plant extract and the isolated compound were confirmed by UV-visible spectroscopy analysis of the samples which indicates the formation of the nanoparticles (Fig. 7 and Fig. 8). Figure 6 a, b, and c showed the TEM images of the crude extract nanoparticles obtained at higher temperature of synthesis (90 o c). The MgNPs showed size range of 3.22nm-50nm indicating multiple spread nature of the nanoparticles. Figure 6 d, e and f showed the TEM images of the isolated nanoparticles obtained at 60 o c with the nanoparticles size ranged between 3.22nm-100nm indicating single dispersity. Conclusion Magnesium nanoparticles mediated from the crude extract and isolated compound of Crinum jagus rhizome characterized by (UV-visible spectroscopy, SEM and TEM) analyses were reported. The UV-Visible absorption results of the magnesium nanoparticles synthesized from the crude extract shows that the absorption of the crude extract’s nanoparticles (NPs) varies slightly across the wavelength range of 343 nm to 353 nm, with a peak absorption value of 1.52934 at 345 nm. UV-Visible absorption data for the magnesium nanoparticles synthesized from the isolated compound (lupeol) shows significant absorption in the range of 343 nm to 353 nm. The absorption values are relatively high, with a peak at 345 nm where the absorbance is 0.88005. The MgNPs synthesized from the crude extract of Crinum jagus rhizome exhibited the best antimalarial activity (IC50 = 0.1310), significantly outperforming both the lupeol-based MgNPs (IC50 = 0.9103) and chloroquine (IC50 = 0.2762). The enhanced activity of the crude extract-based MgNPs may be attributed to the synergistic effects of multiple bioactive compounds present in the crude extract. The antimalarial activity observed in this study highlights the potential of combining traditional plant-based medicine with nanotechnology. The significantly lower IC50 values (0.1310) for the crude extract MgNPs compared to chloroquine (0.2762) demonstrate the promising future of this approach in overcoming drug resistance and improving the efficacy of antimalarial treatments. Therefore, further research and clinical trials is recommended to explore the full therapeutic potential of these nanoparticles. References Adeleye OA, Aremu OK, Iqbal H, Adedokun MO, Bamiro OA, Okunye OL, Femi-Oyewo MN, Sodeinde KO, Yahaya ZS, Awolesi AO (2023) Green Synthesis of Silver Nanoparticles Using Extracts of Ehretia cymosa and Evaluation of Its Antibacterial Activity in Cream and Ointment Drug Delivery Systems. 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Nanomaterials 13(19). https://doi.org/10.3390/nano13192616 Uddin N, Ali A, Mahedi SI, Krishnamoorthy A, Bhuiyan MAR (2024) Materials Advances Electrospun nanofibers based on plant extract bioactive materials as functional additives: possible sources and prospective applications . https://doi.org/10.1039/d4ma00219a Vanlalveni C, Lallianrawna S, Biswas A, Selvaraj M, Changmai B, Rokhum SL (2021) Green synthesis of silver nanoparticles using plant extracts and their antimicrobial activities: a review of recent literature. RSC Adv 11(5):2804–2837. https://doi.org/10.1039/d0ra09941d Wan M, Khalir WKA, Shameli K, Jazayeri SD, Othman NA, Jusoh C, N. W., Hassan NM (2020) Biosynthesized Silver Nanoparticles by Aqueous Stem Extract of Entada spiralis and Screening of Their Biomedical Activity. Front Chem 8(August):1–15. https://doi.org/10.3389/fchem.2020.00620 Additional Declarations The authors declare potential competing interests as follows: more discussion on the characterization of nanoparticles Cite Share Download PDF Status: Posted Version 1 posted You are reading this latest preprint version Research Square lets you share your work early, gain feedback from the community, and start making changes to your manuscript prior to peer review in a journal. As a division of Research Square Company, we’re committed to making research communication faster, fairer, and more useful. We do this by developing innovative software and high quality services for the global research community. Our growing team is made up of researchers and industry professionals working together to solve the most critical problems facing scientific publishing. Also discoverable on Platform About Our Team In Review Editorial Policies Advisory Board Help Center Resources Author Services Accessibility API Access RSS feed Manage Cookie Preferences © Research Square 2026 | ISSN 2693-5015 (online) Privacy Policy Terms of Service Do Not Sell My Personal Information {"props":{"pageProps":{"initialData":{"identity":"rs-5762587","acceptedTermsAndConditions":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"archivedVersions":[],"articleType":"Research Article","associatedPublications":[],"authors":[{"id":397587718,"identity":"a8718585-0bc9-4837-9c8b-56bbcb2d1ff0","order_by":0,"name":"Kabir Salsabilu","email":"data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAZAAAAAyAQMAAABI0h/eAAAABlBMVEX///8AAABVwtN+AAAACXBIWXMAAA7EAAAOxAGVKw4bAAAA50lEQVRIiWNgGAWjYBACCQYehgOMDRIyDMzsBx8ABXj4iNXCw8Dek2wA0sJGjBYGxgYgyXPATAIkQlCLZPvZg4crd1jwGNxISKv8mmMnw8bA/PDRDTxapHnyEg6ePSMB1JJ47LbstmSgw9iMjXPwaJFjyDE42NgmAbbltuQ2ZqAWHjZpvFr438C1mBVLbqsnrEVaAmbLmQNmjB+3HSasRXLGu4SDjUC/SB7vSZZm3Hach42ZgF8kzuce/ti4o06O7zD7wY8/t1Xb87M3P3yMTwsKYOYBk8QqBwHGH6SoHgWjYBSMghEDAMgNR5I+6x9lAAAAAElFTkSuQmCC","orcid":"","institution":"Federal University of Petroleum Resources Effurun, Delta State","correspondingAuthor":true,"prefix":"","firstName":"Kabir","middleName":"","lastName":"Salsabilu","suffix":""}],"badges":[],"createdAt":"2025-01-04 09:10:55","currentVersionCode":1,"declarations":{"humanSubjects":false,"vertebrateSubjects":false,"conflictsOfInterestStatement":true,"humanSubjectEthicalGuidelines":false,"humanSubjectConsent":false,"humanSubjectClinicalTrial":false,"humanSubjectCaseReport":false,"vertebrateSubjectEthicalGuidelines":false},"doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-5762587/v1","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-5762587/v1","draftVersion":[],"editorialEvents":[],"editorialNote":"","failedWorkflow":false,"files":[{"id":73146171,"identity":"28939b6a-fb4a-42fa-80df-624cc2424c82","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-01-07 07:44:48","extension":"png","order_by":1,"title":"Figure 1","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":180310,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eProcedure for the Preparation of MgO Using Crude Extract and Isolated Compound\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"1.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-5762587/v1/c17f86cce71a4c2f29f401a8.png"},{"id":73146175,"identity":"cc9fd2e9-a2de-4ff9-b811-69f4e0cde0c4","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-01-07 07:44:48","extension":"png","order_by":2,"title":"Figure 2","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":205097,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eGraphical representation of the anti-plasmodia effects the extract C I and Chloroquine showing their respective IC50\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"2.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-5762587/v1/c5a8a78479d2f97e13b5cecc.png"},{"id":73146177,"identity":"cf80ffcd-a848-4d79-a745-5d8c22f70484","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-01-07 07:44:48","extension":"png","order_by":3,"title":"Figure 3","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":36290,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eSee image above for figure legend\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"3.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-5762587/v1/0da1e44248990f13627ecf9f.png"},{"id":73148019,"identity":"0827ee75-1e83-4e4b-8593-09edf89b4bef","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-01-07 08:00:48","extension":"png","order_by":4,"title":"Figure 4","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":366030,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eIC50 images of naturally synthesized magnesium nanoparticles of C sample, I sample and chloroquine\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"4.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-5762587/v1/24f3e6510e959c9360e4ddcd.png"},{"id":73146180,"identity":"c3a93e80-8597-479c-831d-79d913376a54","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-01-07 07:44:48","extension":"png","order_by":5,"title":"Figure 5","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":1358541,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eScanning electron microscope of magnesium nanoparticles of the crude and isolated compound.\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"5.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-5762587/v1/27697cfb11a2a112a3ec0bdb.png"},{"id":73146221,"identity":"2d975376-7656-43f3-bdc1-b24fd6d1b268","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-01-07 07:44:50","extension":"png","order_by":6,"title":"Figure 6","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":272861,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTransition electron micrographs of the prepared magnesium nanoparticles of C and I\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"6.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-5762587/v1/019130a75efb7e57307f8098.png"},{"id":73146183,"identity":"1dcf09db-4db9-4cce-9fcb-dc9984c580d0","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-01-07 07:44:48","extension":"png","order_by":7,"title":"Figure 7","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":23747,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eUV-Visible absorption spectrum of magnesium nanoparticles for sample C\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"7.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-5762587/v1/f4450c8e93209905428381e5.png"},{"id":73146194,"identity":"f21ceb3c-ff50-4273-b50f-a69f05b49495","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-01-07 07:44:49","extension":"png","order_by":8,"title":"Figure 8","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":23747,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eUV-Visible absorption spectrum of magnesium nanoparticles for sample I\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"8.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-5762587/v1/71b4254b806e93e94ffa50bf.png"},{"id":73149072,"identity":"4d65fef3-1fe3-4d84-92ed-cb725822d1f1","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-01-07 08:09:02","extension":"pdf","order_by":0,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"manuscript-pdf","size":3099294,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"manuscript.pdf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-5762587/v1/511efe8e-c14c-4259-afb2-cdcfaa474df3.pdf"}],"financialInterests":"The authors declare potential competing interests as follows: more discussion on the characterization of nanoparticles\n\n","formattedTitle":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAntimalarial Evaluation of Magnesium Nanoparticlres of Bioactive Compounds Derived From Crinum Jagus Rhizome\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","fulltext":[{"header":"Introduction","content":"\u003cp\u003eSynthesis of metal nanoparticles through the utilization of plant extracts represents a notably straightforward, practical, cost-effective, and ecologically sustainable approach that reduces the necessity for toxic chemical substances (Vanlalveni et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR43\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2021\u003c/span\u003e). The fabrication of green nanoparticles possesses a multitude of applications within the realms of environmental science and medicine (Kankonkar, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR11\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2022\u003c/span\u003e). Nanotechnology-oriented methods have been posited as a mechanism for the formulation of plant extracts, facilitate in crossing the biological barriers, to increase bioavailability of poorly water-soluble phytochemicals, to encapsulate mixture compounds of different phytochemicals, to provide targeted delivery of phytochemicals to specific organs resulting in low toxicity (Syahnita, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR35\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2021\u003c/span\u003e). However, health-related adversities stemming from pathogenic microorganisms threaten many people’s lives globally (Thatyana et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR41\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2023\u003c/span\u003e). NPs are synthesized by using various metals such as gold, silver, iron, zinc, copper, palladium, platinum, and metal oxides (Simon et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR32\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2022\u003c/span\u003e). Magnesium nanoparticles (Mg-NPs) have emerged as a promising material due to their unique properties, including high biocompatibility, biodegradability, and catalytic potential. In recent years, the green synthesis of Mg-NPs using plant extracts has gained considerable attention as an eco-friendly and sustainable approach (Patra \u003cem\u003eet al\u003c/em\u003e., 2023). This method not only eliminates the use of toxic chemicals but also harnesses the natural reducing, capping, and stabilizing agents found in plant secondary metabolites such as alkaloids, flavonoids, and phenolics, leading to nanoparticles with enhanced biological activity (Patra \u003cem\u003eet al\u003c/em\u003e., 2023). Plant-mediated Mg-NP synthesis offers significant advantages over conventional methods by being cost-effective, simple, and environmentally benign. The plant extracts serve dual roles: acting as a reductant to convert magnesium ions into nanoparticles and stabilizing the formed nanoparticles to prevent agglomeration (Kumar \u0026amp; Khan, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR15\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2022\u003c/span\u003e). The use of different plant species and parts (leaves, stems, roots) has resulted in diverse nanoparticle sizes and morphologies, which directly influence their functional properties, such as antimicrobial, antioxidant, and catalytic activities (Jeevanandam et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR10\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2021\u003c/span\u003e). Magnesium nanoparticles synthesized from plant extracts have shown significant potential in biomedical applications, particularly in antimicrobial therapies and drug delivery systems, due to their ability to interact effectively with biological systems (El-Husseiny \u003cem\u003eet al\u003c/em\u003e., 2021). The use of plant-based resources not only eliminates the need for toxic chemicals but also enhances the biocompatibility of the nanoparticles, making them suitable for medical applications such as drug delivery, wound healing, and antimicrobial activities (Sharma et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR31\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2023\u003c/span\u003e; Rajeshkumar \u0026amp; Bharath, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR28\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2020\u003c/span\u003e). Plant extracts contain a variety of bioactive compounds, including alkaloids, flavonoids, and phenolic acids, which facilitate the reduction of magnesium ions into nanoparticles while preventing their agglomeration (Khalil et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR13\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2022\u003c/span\u003e). This green synthesis approach is both sustainable and scalable, allowing for the production of nanoparticles with controlled size, shape, and enhanced surface properties, which are critical for their effectiveness in specific applications (Kumar et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR14\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2021\u003c/span\u003e). Recent studies have highlighted the potential of magnesium nanoparticles synthesized from plant extracts in addressing key challenges in nanomedicine and environmental science, particularly due to their high reactivity, biodegradability, and lower cytotoxicity compared to other metal nanoparticles (Nasrollahzadeh et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR24\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2022\u003c/span\u003e). The global rise in drug-resistant malaria strains has necessitated the development of new treatment strategies. Antimalarial drugs such as chloroquine and artemisinin-based therapies are becoming less effective due to the increasing adaptability of \u003cem\u003ePlasmodium\u003c/em\u003e species, the parasites responsible for malaria (Sankar, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR29\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2023\u003c/span\u003e). Recent studies suggest that MgNPs synthesized from plant extracts exhibit promising antimalarial properties, potentially by enhancing drug delivery and targeting parasitic cells more effectively (Teli \u003cem\u003eet al\u003c/em\u003e., 2021). The phytochemicals present in plant extracts, when combined with the properties of magnesium nanoparticles, offer synergistic effects that can disrupt the lifecycle of the malaria parasite, thereby improving treatment outcomes (Sharma, (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR30\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2022\u003c/span\u003e). In line with this, biomedical application of magnesium nanoparticles synthesized from crude extract and isolated compound of \u003cem\u003ecrinum jagus\u003c/em\u003e rhizome and their antimalarial evaluation was studied.\u003c/p\u003e \n\n \u003cdiv id=\"Sec3\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec4\" class=\"Section3\"\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/div\u003e\n\n "},{"header":"Materials and Methods","content":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003ePreparation of\u003c/strong\u003e \u003cstrong\u003eCrinum jagus\u003c/strong\u003e \u003cstrong\u003eRhizome\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eRhizomes of \u003cem\u003eCrinum jagus\u003c/em\u003e, were collected in June 2023, from Dabawa of Dutsin-Ma Katsina, Nigeria. The plant was authenticated by botanists in the Department of Biological Science, Faculty of life sciences, Federal University of Dutsin-ma, it then dried and ground into powder. The plant extract was obtained by soaking 200g of the plant material in 500ml methanol and macerated for 72hrs, then filtered and concentrated (Oubannin et al., \u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2024\u003c/span\u003e). The crude extract (2g) was subjected to chromatographic techniques, (silica gel column chromatography and thin layer chromatography, to isolate specific compounds. Lupeol, a triterpenoid, is separated by eluting the mixture with an appropriate solvent system (mixture of hexane and ethyl acetate). The isolated lupeol is characterized and confirmed using Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) spectroscopy and Mass Spectrometry (MS) (Musa et al., \u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2023\u003c/span\u003e). The crude extract and isolated compound were then used for synthesis of magnesium nanoparticles (Dhage et al., \u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2023\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003eBiosynthesis Magnesium Nanoparticles\u003c/h3\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAbout 0.1M magnesium sulfate (MgSO₄) solution was prepared in distilled water. In a typical reaction, 50 mL of the MgSO₄ solution was mixed with 5 mL of the \u003cem\u003eCrinum jagus\u003c/em\u003e rhizome extract and stirred vigorously for 15\u0026ndash;30 minutes at room temperature using a magnetic stirrer. The addition of 1M NaOH was done dropwise until the pH of the solution reached 10, promoting the reduction of magnesium ions (Mg\u0026sup2;⁺) to form magnesium nanoparticles (Sharma et al., \u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2021\u003c/span\u003e). The solution was continuously stirred for 2 hours, during which a color change was observed, indicating the formation of magnesium nanoparticles of the crude extract (Patel et al., \u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2022\u003c/span\u003e). Another 0.1M magnesium sulfate (MgSO₄) solution was prepared in distilled water. In a typical reaction, 50 mL of the MgSO₄ solution was mixed with 1 mL of the isolated compound and stirred vigorously for 15\u0026ndash;30 minutes at room temperature using a magnetic stirrer. The addition of 1M NaOH was done dropwise until the pH of the solution reached 10, promoting the reduction of magnesium ions (Mg\u0026sup2;⁺) to form magnesium nanoparticles of the isolated compound. The solution was continuously stirred for 2 hours, during which a color change was observed, indicating the formation of magnesium nanoparticles (Labaran et al., \u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2024\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ch2\u003eIn-Vitro Schizont Growth Inhibition Assay\u003c/h2\u003e\n\u003ch2\u003eParasite Culture\u003c/h2\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eP. falciparum\u003c/em\u003e infected blood was obtained from Kadpoly Clinic cultured in human erythrocytes using RPMI-1640 medium supplemented with 15% human serum and the culture maintained at 37\u0026deg;C in an incubator with 5% CO₂. \u003cem\u003eP. falciparum\u003c/em\u003e infected blood was obtained from Kaduna polytechnic Medical Center, using complete malaria culture media (CMCM) in gas combination (5% CO\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e, 5%O\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003eand 90% N\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e gases at 37\u003csup\u003eo\u003c/sup\u003eC) the blood was cultured and subsequently synchronized using 5% sorbitol following standard protocols mark III according to WHO. Different concentrations of crude extract nanoparticles and the isolated compound (ranging from 1.5 \u0026micro;g/ml to 100 \u0026micro;g/ml) were prepared and used in screening against cultivated isolate of the \u003cem\u003eP falciparum\u003c/em\u003e clinical strain to assess growth inhibition (Bahl et al., \u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2021\u003c/span\u003e). Ten (10 \u0026micro;M) of Chloroquine phosphate and Quinine were prepared and used as the positive control to benchmark the efficacy of the plant extracts. The percentage growth inhibition was calculated, and the IC\u003csub\u003e50\u003c/sub\u003e values was determined for the crude extract nanoparticles and isolated compound using Prism 5 software (Feix et al., \u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2023\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003eMicroscopy Analysis\u003c/h3\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAfter 40 to 48 hours of incubation, thin blood smears was prepared from each sample, stained with Giemsa, and examined under a microscope. The schizont count was recorded to determine the percentage of schizont inhibition (Barnes \u003cem\u003eet al.\u003c/em\u003e, 2022). The percentage schizont inhibition for each concentration of MgNPs was calculated and plotted to generate dose-response curves. The IC50 value, representing the concentration required to inhibit 50% of schizont growth, was determined using non-linear regression analysis (Mertens et al., \u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2024\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe inhibition of parasite growth in the drug treated groups was calculated as follows: -\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003ePercentage viability\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;\u003cspan style=\"text-decoration: underline;\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"Underline\"\u003eNumber of schizonts in test well\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e X 100\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eNumber of schizonts in control wells\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e% inhibition\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;Number of schizoids in control wells \u003cspan style=\"text-decoration: underline;\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"Underline\"\u003e- Number of schizonts in test well\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e X 100\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eNumber of schizonts in control wells.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Results","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"colspec\" align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/div\u003e\n \u003ctable id=\"Tab1\" border=\"1\"\u003e\n \u003ccaption\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 1\u003c/div\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSample C In vitro schizont growth inhibition activity of the drug against P falciparum clinical strain\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/div\u003e\n \u003c/caption\u003e\n \u003cthead\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth colspan=\"3\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSample C\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth colspan=\"3\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eChloroquine\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eConcentration\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e% viability\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e% Inhibition\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eIC50\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e%viability\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e% Inhibition\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eIC50\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/thead\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.56\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e15.12\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.38\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e84.86\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.38\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.1310\u0026micro;g/ml\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e33.59\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.80\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e66.41\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.80\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"7\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.2762\u0026micro;g/ml\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.125\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7.44\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.82\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e91.62\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.82\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e32.02\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.77\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e67.98\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.77\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6.25\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7.20\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.52\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e92.56\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.52\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e30.38\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.87\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e69.62\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.87\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e12.5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6.02\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.50\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e93.04\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.50\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e25.58\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.99\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e74.42\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.99\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e25.0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5.29\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.15\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e94.47\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.15\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e17.58\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.18\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e82.42\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.18\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e50..0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.08\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.10\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e95.68\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.10\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e11.99\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.51\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e88.01\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.51\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e100.0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.41\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.25\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e96.41\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.25\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6.37\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.45\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e93.63\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.45\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n \u003c/table\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"colspec\" align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/div\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"colspec\" align=\"char\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/div\u003e\n \u003ctable id=\"Tab2\" border=\"1\"\u003e\n \u003ccaption\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 2\u003c/div\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSample I In vitro schizont growth inhibition activity of the drug against \u003cem\u003eP falciparum\u003c/em\u003e clinical strain\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/div\u003e\n \u003c/caption\u003e\n \u003cthead\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth colspan=\"3\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSample I\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth colspan=\"3\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eChloroquine\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eConcentration\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e% viability\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e% Inhibition\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eIC50\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e%viability\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e% Inhibition\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eIC50\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/thead\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.56\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e30.11\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.97\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e55.49\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.97\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e0.9103 \u0026micro;g/ml\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e33.59\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.80\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e66.41\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.80\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"7\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e0.2762\u0026micro;g/ml\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.125\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e12.55\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.34\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e87.45\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.34\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e32.02\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.77\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e67.98\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.77\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6.25\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7.02\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.31\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e92.98\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.31\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e30.38\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.87\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e69.62\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.87\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e12.5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6.60\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.006\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e93.40\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.006\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e25.58\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.99\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e74.42\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.99\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e25.0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6.40\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.29\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e93.60\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.29\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e17.58\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.18\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e82.42\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.18\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e50..0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.77\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.33\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e95.23\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.33\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e11.99\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.51\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e88.01\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.51\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e100.0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.26\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.18\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e95.75\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.18\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6.37\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.45\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e93.63\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.45\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n \u003c/table\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"colspec\" align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/div\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"colspec\" align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/div\u003e\n \u003ctable id=\"Tab3\" border=\"1\"\u003e\n \u003ccaption\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 3\u003c/div\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eCalculations of IC50 for Extract, Isolate and Chloroquine Using Prism Software\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/div\u003e\n \u003c/caption\u003e\n \u003cthead\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003elog(inhibitor) vs. response Variable slope\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eExtract\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eIsolate\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eChloroquine\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/thead\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eBest-fit values\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eBOTTOM\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-249600\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-122.5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-81460\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eTOP\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e78.92\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e93.66\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e93.87\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eLOGIC50\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.8828\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.04081\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.5588\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eHILLSLOPE\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.965\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.858\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5.259\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eIC50\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.1310\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.9103\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.2762\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSpan\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e249660\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e216.2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e81556\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eGoodness of Fit\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eRobust Sum of Squares\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e8.732\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e27.52\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7.596\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eRSDR\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e11.10\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.2308\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.170\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNumber of points\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAnalyzed\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e24\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e24\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e24\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n \u003c/table\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"colspec\" align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/div\u003e\n \u003ctable id=\"Tab4\" border=\"1\"\u003e\n \u003ccaption\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 4\u003c/div\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eWavelength (nm) and absorptions of crude extract\u0026rsquo;s MgNPs\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/div\u003e\n \u003c/caption\u003e\n \u003cthead\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eWavelength(nm)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eCrude Extract\u0026apos;s NPs (Abs)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/thead\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e353\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.38526\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e351\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.44576\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e349\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.49422\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e347\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.49524\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e345\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.52934\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e343\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.51109\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n \u003c/table\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"colspec\" align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/div\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"colspec\" align=\"char\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/div\u003e\n \u003ctable id=\"Tab5\" border=\"1\"\u003e\n \u003ccaption\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 5\u003c/div\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eWavelength (nm) and absorptions of isolate\u0026rsquo;s MgNPs\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/div\u003e\n \u003c/caption\u003e\n \u003cthead\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eWavelength(nm)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eIsolate\u0026rsquo;sNPs (Abs)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/thead\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e353\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.84201\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e351\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.84215\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e349\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.83646\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e347\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.86019\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e345\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.88005\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e343\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.85078\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n \u003c/table\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e"},{"header":"Discussion","content":"\u003cdiv id=\"Sec8\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eAntimalarial Evaluation\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eMagnesium Nanoparticles (MgNPs), are biocompatible and have shown promise in various biomedical applications, including antimicrobial and antimalarial treatments (Fatiqin et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR8\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2021\u003c/span\u003e). Nanoparticles offer a higher surface area-to-volume ratio, which can enhance drug solubility and bioavailability (Uddin et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR42\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2024\u003c/span\u003e). In this study, the MgNPs synthesized from the crude extract of \u003cem\u003eCrinum jagus\u003c/em\u003e rhizome exhibited the best antimalarial activity (IC50\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.1310), significantly outperforming both the lupeol-based MgNPs (IC50\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.9103) and chloroquine (IC50\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.2762) (Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab3\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e). The enhanced activity of the crude extract-based MgNPs may be attributed to the synergistic effects of multiple bioactive compounds present in the crude extract (Mohammed \u0026amp; Hawar, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR21\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2022\u003c/span\u003e). This is consistent with existing research suggesting that crude extracts often provide enhanced therapeutic effects compared to isolated compounds due to the presence of a broader range of bioactive compounds that work together to combat pathogens (Kekani \u0026amp; Witika, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR12\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2023\u003c/span\u003e). Chloroquine, one of the most commonly used antimalarial drugs, has been used as a standard control in numerous studies on novel antimalarial agents (Stevens et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR34\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2021\u003c/span\u003e). In this finding that the crude extract MgNPs had a significantly lower IC50 than chloroquine suggests that the nanoparticles derived from \u003cem\u003eCrinum jagus\u003c/em\u003e crude extract could be a potent alternative or complementary treatment for malaria, particularly in chloroquine-resistant strains of \u003cem\u003ePlasmodium\u003c/em\u003e (Lokole et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR17\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2024\u003c/span\u003e). These results align with similar studies that demonstrate the potential of nanoparticles in enhancing the bioactivity of plant-derived compounds (Moraes-de-Souza et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR22\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2024\u003c/span\u003e). In contrast, the lupeol-based MgNPs had a higher IC50 (0.9103), which may suggest that while lupeol is bioactive, the isolated compound lacks the synergistic support from other compounds present in the crude extract. This finding emphasizes the importance of considering the whole plant extract in drug development, particularly when using nanoparticle delivery system.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003eUV-Visible Spectroscopy of the Crude Extract’s MgNPs\u003c/h3\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe UV-Visible absorption results of the magnesium nanoparticles synthesized from the crude extract of \u003cem\u003eCrinum jagus\u003c/em\u003e rhizome show a distinct absorption pattern, which provides valuable insights into the optical properties and potential applications of the nanoparticles. The data shows that the absorption of the crude extract\u0026rsquo;s nanoparticles (NPs) varies slightly across the wavelength range of 343 nm to 353 nm, with a peak absorption value of 1.52934 at 345 nm. As the wavelength decreases from 353 nm to 345 nm, there is a general increase in absorbance. From 345 nm to 343 nm, the absorbance slightly decreases from 1.52934 to 1.51109. The peak absorbance of 1.52934 at 345 nm suggests that the magnesium nanoparticles synthesized from the crude extract exhibit strong optical activity in the UV region (Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab4\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003e). Nanoparticles often exhibit enhanced absorption in the UV-Visible range due to surface plasmon resonance (SPR), which is the collective oscillation of electrons in response to light (Mika \u0026amp; Zakari, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR20\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2024\u003c/span\u003e). The absorption data provides clues about the size and shape of the nanoparticles \u003cem\u003e(\u003c/em\u003eWan Mat Khalir \u003cem\u003eet al.\u003c/em\u003e, 2020). The peak absorbance in the UV region typically indicates small-sized nanoparticles (Sreenivasagan et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR33\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2021\u003c/span\u003e). The sharpness and specific wavelength of the absorption peak suggest that the magnesium nanoparticles may be spherical and monodispersed (uniform in size and shape) (Chutrakulwong et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR5\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2024\u003c/span\u003e). A higher absorbance value indicates a higher concentration of nanoparticles or better light absorption due to their surface properties (Melkamu \u0026amp; Bitew, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR18\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2021\u003c/span\u003e). Since these nanoparticles were tested for antimalarial activity, their strong absorption at these wavelengths could contribute to their biological interaction with cells, enhancing the efficacy of drug delivery.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003eUV-Visible Spectroscopy of the Isolated Compound’s MgNPs\u003c/h3\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe UV-Visible absorption data for the magnesium nanoparticles synthesized from the isolated compound (lupeol) shows significant absorption in the range of 343 nm to 353 nm. The absorption values are relatively high, with a peak at 345 nm where the absorbance is 0.88005, indicating a strong interaction of the nanoparticles with UV light at this wavelength (Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab5\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e5\u003c/span\u003e). This peak suggests optimal nanoparticle stability and resonance due to surface plasmon activity, which is typical for metal nanoparticles (Akinwumi Gentle et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR2\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2020\u003c/span\u003e). The slight fluctuations in absorbance values across the measured wavelengths, such as 0.86019 at 347 nm and 0.84201 at 353 nm, may reflect variations in particle size or distribution (Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab5\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e5\u003c/span\u003e). The trend observed within this narrow range is characteristic of magnesium nanoparticles, and the high absorbance values confirm the successful synthesis of lupeol-based magnesium nanoparticles with distinct optical properties (Al-Abdullah, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR3\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2023\u003c/span\u003e). The consistency of absorbance, with values ranging between 0.83646 and 0.88005, further supports the formation of uniform nanoparticles with good optical behavior (Adeleye et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR1\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2023\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec11\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eScanning Electron Microscope (SEM)\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe SEM images obtained from the different temperatures, are presented in Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig3\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e5\u003c/span\u003e and Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig4\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e6\u003c/span\u003e which showed the platelets of magnesium nanoparticles for the crude extract and isolated compound of \u003cem\u003eCrinum jagus\u003c/em\u003e rhizome. The bioactive compounds present in this plant played a vital role acted as reducing and capping agents. The presence of this bioactive molecules from the plant extract and the isolated compound were confirmed by UV-visible spectroscopy analysis of the samples which indicates the formation of the nanoparticles (Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig5\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e7\u003c/span\u003e and Fig.\u0026nbsp;8). Figure\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig4\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e6\u003c/span\u003ea, b, and c showed the TEM images of the crude extract nanoparticles obtained at higher temperature of synthesis (90\u003csup\u003eo\u003c/sup\u003ec). The MgNPs showed size range of 3.22nm-50nm indicating multiple spread nature of the nanoparticles. Figure\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig4\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e6\u003c/span\u003ed, e and f showed the TEM images of the isolated nanoparticles obtained at 60\u003csup\u003eo\u003c/sup\u003ec with the nanoparticles size ranged between 3.22nm-100nm indicating single dispersity.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e"},{"header":"Conclusion","content":"\u003cp\u003eMagnesium nanoparticles mediated from the crude extract and isolated compound of \u003cem\u003eCrinum jagus\u003c/em\u003e rhizome characterized by (UV-visible spectroscopy, SEM and TEM) analyses were reported. The UV-Visible absorption results of the magnesium nanoparticles synthesized from the crude extract shows that the absorption of the crude extract\u0026rsquo;s nanoparticles (NPs) varies slightly across the wavelength range of 343 nm to 353 nm, with a peak absorption value of 1.52934 at 345 nm. UV-Visible absorption data for the magnesium nanoparticles synthesized from the isolated compound (lupeol) shows significant absorption in the range of 343 nm to 353 nm. The absorption values are relatively high, with a peak at 345 nm where the absorbance is 0.88005. The MgNPs synthesized from the crude extract of \u003cem\u003eCrinum jagus\u003c/em\u003e rhizome exhibited the best antimalarial activity (IC50\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.1310), significantly outperforming both the lupeol-based MgNPs (IC50\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.9103) and chloroquine (IC50\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.2762). The enhanced activity of the crude extract-based MgNPs may be attributed to the synergistic effects of multiple bioactive compounds present in the crude extract. The antimalarial activity observed in this study highlights the potential of combining traditional plant-based medicine with nanotechnology. The significantly lower IC50 values (0.1310) for the crude extract MgNPs compared to chloroquine (0.2762) demonstrate the promising future of this approach in overcoming drug resistance and improving the efficacy of antimalarial treatments. Therefore, further research and clinical trials is recommended to explore the full therapeutic potential of these nanoparticles.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"References","content":"\u003col\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eAdeleye OA, Aremu OK, Iqbal H, Adedokun MO, Bamiro OA, Okunye OL, Femi-Oyewo MN, Sodeinde KO, Yahaya ZS, Awolesi AO (2023) Green Synthesis of Silver Nanoparticles Using Extracts of Ehretia cymosa and Evaluation of Its Antibacterial Activity in Cream and Ointment Drug Delivery Systems. 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RSC Adv 11(5):2804\u0026ndash;2837. \u003cspan class=\"ExternalRef\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"RefSource\"\u003ehttps://doi.org/10.1039/d0ra09941d\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan address=\"10.1039/d0ra09941d\" targettype=\"DOI\" class=\"RefTarget\"\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eWan M, Khalir WKA, Shameli K, Jazayeri SD, Othman NA, Jusoh C, N. W., Hassan NM (2020) Biosynthesized Silver Nanoparticles by Aqueous Stem Extract of Entada spiralis and Screening of Their Biomedical Activity. Front Chem 8(August):1\u0026ndash;15. \u003cspan class=\"ExternalRef\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"RefSource\"\u003ehttps://doi.org/10.3389/fchem.2020.00620\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan address=\"10.3389/fchem.2020.00620\" targettype=\"DOI\" class=\"RefTarget\"\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003c/ol\u003e"}],"fulltextSource":"","fullText":"","funders":[],"hasAdminPriorityOnWorkflow":false,"hasManuscriptDocX":true,"hasOptedInToPreprint":true,"hasPassedJournalQc":"","hasAnyPriority":true,"hideJournal":true,"highlight":"","institution":"","isAcceptedByJournal":false,"isAuthorSuppliedPdf":false,"isDeskRejected":"","isHiddenFromSearch":false,"isInQc":false,"isInWorkflow":false,"isPdf":false,"isPdfUpToDate":true,"isWithdrawnOrRetracted":false,"journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"researchsquare","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"/submission","title":"Research Square","twitterHandle":"researchsquare","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"","reportingPortfolio":"","inReviewEnabled":false,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true},"keywords":"Magnesium Nanoparticles, antimalarial, Crinum jagus, crude extract and isolated compound","lastPublishedDoi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-5762587/v1","lastPublishedDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-5762587/v1","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"},"manuscriptAbstract":"\u003cp\u003eMagnesium Nanoparticles (MgNPs), are biocompatible and have shown promise in various biomedical applications, including antimicrobial and antimalarial treatments. Synthesis of magnesium nanoparticles from crude extract and isolated compound of \u003cem\u003ecrinum jagus\u003c/em\u003e rhizome and their antimalarial activity were reported. Magnesium nanoparticles mediated by crude extract and isolated compound were characterized by UV-visible spectroscopy, SEM and TEM analyses. The UV-visible absorption results of the magnesium nanoparticles synthesized from the crude extract showed absorption that varies slightly across the wavelength range of 343 nm to 353 nm, with a peak absorption value of 1.52934 at 345 nm. UV-visible absorption data for the magnesium nanoparticles synthesized from the isolated compound (lupeol) shows significant absorption in the range of 343 nm to 353 nm. The absorption values are relatively high, with a peak at 345 nm where the absorbance is 0.88005. MgNPs synthesized from the crude extract exhibited the best antimalarial activity (IC50\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.1310), significantly outperforming both the lupeol-based MgNPs (IC50\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.9103) and chloroquine (IC50\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.2762). The enhanced activity of the crude extract-based MgNPs may be attributed to the synergistic effects of multiple bioactive compounds present in the crude extract. The antimalarial activity observed in this study highlights the potential of combining traditional plant-based medicine with nanotechnology. The significantly lower IC50 values (0.1310) for the crude extract MgNPs compared to chloroquine (0.2762) demonstrate the promising future of this approach in overcoming drug resistance and improving the efficacy of antimalarial treatments.\u003c/p\u003e","manuscriptTitle":"Antimalarial Evaluation of Magnesium Nanoparticlres of Bioactive Compounds Derived From Crinum Jagus Rhizome","msid":"","msnumber":"","nonDraftVersions":[{"code":1,"date":"2025-01-07 07:44:43","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-5762587/v1","editorialEvents":[{"type":"communityComments","content":0}],"status":"published","journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"researchsquare","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"/submission","title":"Research Square","twitterHandle":"researchsquare","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"","reportingPortfolio":"","inReviewEnabled":false,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true}}],"origin":"","ownerIdentity":"3fcc2744-ff5a-4bf6-b2b2-1c6c37535e74","owner":[],"postedDate":"January 7th, 2025","published":true,"recentEditorialEvents":[],"rejectedJournal":[],"revision":"","amendment":"","status":"posted","subjectAreas":[{"id":42474838,"name":"Natural Product Chemistry"}],"tags":[],"updatedAt":"2025-01-07T07:44:43+00:00","versionOfRecord":[],"versionCreatedAt":"2025-01-07 07:44:43","video":"","vorDoi":"","vorDoiUrl":"","workflowStages":[]},"version":"v1","identity":"rs-5762587","journalConfig":"researchsquare"},"__N_SSP":true},"page":"/article/[identity]/[[...version]]","query":{"redirect":"/article/rs-5762587","identity":"rs-5762587","version":["v1"]},"buildId":"8U1c8b4HqxoKbykW_rLl7","isFallback":false,"isExperimentalCompile":false,"dynamicIds":[84888],"gssp":true,"scriptLoader":[]}