Research for the development and evaluation of instruments for measuring responsible tourism behavior of generation Y tourists in Thailand

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Methods Exploratory Factor Analysis (EFA) and Confirmatory Factor Analysis (CFA) were employed to test the model’s fit with the empirical data. The sample consists of 550 Generation Y tourists selected through multistage quota random sampling. The instruments were created by the researchers to consist of 45 items, each rated on a 6-point scale. Results The analysis results supported all three hypotheses, with the instruments showing an average reliability of .812. The EFA results indicated that 12 items met the criteria, derived from three main components: environmental (four items), social and cultural (four items), and economic (four items). These components explain 62.118% of the variance in responsible tourism behavior. The Confirmatory Factor Analysis results show that the model fits the empirical data well, with indices meeting the standard criteria: χ2 = 52.790, df = 45, p-value = .198, RMSEA = .034, CFI = .979, TLI = .969, SRMA = .054. Conclusioin In conclusion, the researchers suggest using responsible tourism behavior measurement instruments experimentally to create social indices or to further study causal factors and effects. " } { "@context": "http://schema.org", "@type": "BreadcrumbList", "itemListElement": [ { "@type": "ListItem", "position": "1", "item": { "@id": "https://f1000research.com/", "name": "Home" } }, { "@type": "ListItem", "position": "2", "item": { "@id": "https://f1000research.com/browse/articles", "name": "Browse" } }, { "@type": "ListItem", "position": "3", "item": { "@id": "https://f1000research.com/articles/14-8", "name": "Research for the development and evaluation of instruments for measuring..." } } ] } Home Browse Research for the development and evaluation of instruments for measuring... ALL Metrics - Views Downloads Get PDF Get XML Cite How to cite this article Ngamcharoen P, Sakdapat N and Bhanthumnavin DE. Research for the development and evaluation of instruments for measuring responsible tourism behavior of generation Y tourists in Thailand [version 1; peer review: 1 approved with reservations, 1 not approved] . F1000Research 2025, 14 :8 ( https://doi.org/10.12688/f1000research.158619.1 ) NOTE: If applicable, it is important to ensure the information in square brackets after the title is included in all citations of this article. Close Copy Citation Details Export Export Citation Sciwheel EndNote Ref. Manager Bibtex ProCite Sente EXPORT Select a format first Track Share ▬ ✚ Research Article Research for the development and evaluation of instruments for measuring responsible tourism behavior of generation Y tourists in Thailand [version 1; peer review: 1 approved with reservations, 1 not approved] Pannika Ngamcharoen 1 , Naksit Sakdapat 2 , Duchduen Emma Bhanthumnavin 3 Pannika Ngamcharoen 1 , Naksit Sakdapat 2 , Duchduen Emma Bhanthumnavin 3 PUBLISHED 02 Jan 2025 Author details Author details 1 College of Creative Agriculture for Society, Srinakharinwirot University, Bangkok, Thailand 2 Faculty of Humanities, University of the Thai Chamber of Commerce, Bangkok, Thailand 3 Graduate School of Social Development and Management Strategy, National Institute of Development Administration, Bangkok, Thailand Pannika Ngamcharoen Roles: Conceptualization, Validation, Writing – Original Draft Preparation Naksit Sakdapat Roles: Data Curation, Investigation, Resources Duchduen Emma Bhanthumnavin Roles: Formal Analysis, Project Administration, Supervision, Writing – Review & Editing OPEN PEER REVIEW DETAILS REVIEWER STATUS This article is included in the QUVAE Research and Publications gateway. Abstract Aim This quantitative study aimed to develop and evaluate instruments to measure responsible tourism behavior with high academic standards. Methods Exploratory Factor Analysis (EFA) and Confirmatory Factor Analysis (CFA) were employed to test the model’s fit with the empirical data. The sample consists of 550 Generation Y tourists selected through multistage quota random sampling. The instruments were created by the researchers to consist of 45 items, each rated on a 6-point scale. Results The analysis results supported all three hypotheses, with the instruments showing an average reliability of .812. The EFA results indicated that 12 items met the criteria, derived from three main components: environmental (four items), social and cultural (four items), and economic (four items). These components explain 62.118% of the variance in responsible tourism behavior. The Confirmatory Factor Analysis results show that the model fits the empirical data well, with indices meeting the standard criteria: χ 2 = 52.790, df = 45, p-value = .198, RMSEA = .034, CFI = .979, TLI = .969, SRMA = .054. Conclusioin In conclusion, the researchers suggest using responsible tourism behavior measurement instruments experimentally to create social indices or to further study causal factors and effects. READ ALL READ LESS Keywords Responsible Tourism Behavior, measurement instruments, Generation Y Tourists Corresponding Author(s) Naksit Sakdapat ( [email protected] ) Close Corresponding author: Naksit Sakdapat Competing interests: No competing interests were disclosed. Grant information: The author(s) declared that no grants were involved in supporting this work. Copyright: © 2025 Ngamcharoen P et al . This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License , which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. How to cite: Ngamcharoen P, Sakdapat N and Bhanthumnavin DE. Research for the development and evaluation of instruments for measuring responsible tourism behavior of generation Y tourists in Thailand [version 1; peer review: 1 approved with reservations, 1 not approved] . F1000Research 2025, 14 :8 ( https://doi.org/10.12688/f1000research.158619.1 ) First published: 02 Jan 2025, 14 :8 ( https://doi.org/10.12688/f1000research.158619.1 ) Latest published: 02 Jan 2025, 14 :8 ( https://doi.org/10.12688/f1000research.158619.1 ) Introduction In the context of global attention towards sustainable development, driven by awareness of the impacts of development on the dynamic and changing environmental, economic, social, political, technological, and value systems, there is a growing interest in the environment and community context. This shift has changed tourism patterns to incorporate diverse dimensions that cater to tourists’ increasingly complex needs. One of the emerging forms of tourism is responsible tourism, which involves conducting tourism activities with care, considering the environment and community context, and involving tourism providers who use business processes to enhance community well-being and environmental protection. This includes tourism service providers who use their business processes to improve community well-being and environmental protection, which can be done by business organizations themselves or in collaboration with partners ( Kotler & Lee, 2005 ). The approach aligns with several Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), including Goals 1, 4, 5, and especially Goal 12, which ensure sustainable consumption and production patterns ( Assaker, 2024 ). Responsible tourism promotes knowledge for maintaining tourist areas, connecting tourism spots with a balanced economy, and supporting the local economy by encouraging local entrepreneurs, supply chains, and sustainable investments that reflect the natural and cultural uniqueness of the area. This may include food and beverages, crafts, performances, and agricultural products ( Hagsten & Thomas, 2024 ). Responsible tourism is a fundamental approach for creating a mindset of awareness among both tourists and hosts, leading to its integration with the BCG Economy Model, which aims to enhance the value of the country’s tourism in terms of biodiversity and cultural diversity through technology and innovation. This shifts the economic system from “doing more but gaining less” to “doing less but gaining more”. This type of responsible tourism contributes to sustainable development in three areas: economic development to improve the local economy and enhance the quality of life in the community; social development to strengthen social relationships, culture, traditions, and lifestyles to prevent adverse changes; and natural and environmental resource development to manage tourism activities to avoid adverse impacts on community natural resources and the environment through fair and necessary allocation and utilization ( Leslie & Gelman, 2012 ). This has made tourism an interest for the new generations of tourists who want to seek new travel experiences and value local values. Generation Y tourists, born between 1980-2000, make up 40.79% of the tourism market. They emphasize sustainable development, self-confidence, and independence ( Bayram & Cesaret, 2021 ). This group prefers to plan their own trips, adapt their travel plans as needed, and seek unique experiences in new destinations, cultures, food, and activities ( Prasongthan & Silpsrikul, 2023 ). Generation Y tourists are also inclined towards responsible tourism, showing environmental and social responsibility, avoiding activities that harm the environment and local identity, and maximizing the economic benefits for the local community. Research on Generation Y tourists’ behavior and responsible tourism is crucial for understanding and meeting their needs, as they are the fastest-growing and high-spending group ( Khoo-Lattimore et al., 2018 ). According to the WYSE Travel Confederation and United Nations World Tourism Organization (UNWTO), in 2014, the global market for young tourists was valued at $286 billion and was expected to reach $400 billion by 2020 with 370 million young tourists ( UNWTO et al., 2016 ). This makes it interesting to study this group in terms of motivation and travel behavior. Previous research on Generation Y tourists’ behavior has often lacked comprehensive academic coverage, making it difficult to use the findings for policy-making or project development. This study aims to develop reliable and valid instruments to measure responsible tourism behavior among Generation Y tourists. It involves creating and developing instruments through Exploratory Factor Analysis (EFA), Confirmatory Factor Analysis (CFA), and assessment of validity and measurement invariance to ensure that the newly developed instruments meet stringent academic standards. These instruments can be used for comparative behavioral and tourism research, benefiting community development and economic enhancement and leading to sustainable future growth. Literature review The World Tourism Organization (2007) has discussed the roles and activities of alternative tourism. This type of tourism emphasizes social responsibility and environmental awareness, leading to the term Responsible Tourism (RT), which has replaced alternative tourism. RT is defined as “all forms of tourism that prioritize the host’s nature, cultural environment, and the benefits of all involved parties” ( Ferguson, 2007 ). This aligns with Liu (2003) , who defines responsible tourism as the type and quality of products tourists seek. Tourists gain more experience and prioritize quality tourism. Responsible tourism is linked to concepts such as fair-trade tourism, green tourism, ecotourism, and alternative tourism. Responsible tourism aims to minimize the impact and maximize benefits to the area, involving key stakeholders such as developers, tourism business operators, tourists, and environmentalists, each with different responsibilities ( Xin & Chan, 2014 ). Responsible tourism has become a popular practice. Although it is very similar to sustainable tourism, “responsible tourism” has become the most popular term in the industry. Tour operators tend to use “responsible tourism” almost five times more than other terms ( Caruana, Glozer, Crane, & McCabe, 2014 ) because its main goal is to make everyone responsible, aware of sustainability, and work together to minimize environmental and community impacts. Studies have shown that most research on responsible tourism issues is considered from the perspective of tourists. For example, Spenceley et al. (2002) found that 66% of tourism operators believe that responsible tourism positively affects local communities. Frey and George (2010) studied responsible tourism management from the perspective of tourism business owners. The study found that, although operators have a positive attitude towards responsible tourism, business operations still need to consider profit costs, making it difficult for operators to focus solely on social or community operations. Other factors, such as cost, competitive environment, and government support, are essential for sustainable responsible tourism. Although responsible tourism is not as widely known in Thailand as mainstream tourism, the country has abundant tourism resources that meet the needs of mainstream tourists. However, these resources are often wastefully used to support a country’s economic development. In 2019, Thailand ranked 31 st out of 140 countries in terms of travel and tourism competitiveness, 9 th in Asia, and 3 rd in ASEAN, behind Singapore and Malaysia. The country has abundant natural resources, infrastructure readiness for tourists, air infrastructure, human resources, and competitive pricing. However, Thailand lags significantly in environmental sustainability, ranking 130 th , and in security and safety, ranking 111 th ( Miró-Pérez, 2020 ). This indicates that the country’s tourism development lacks balance between economic success and the environment. In addition, past Thai tourism development and promotion policies have mainly focused on the number of tourists and tourism revenue, with little consideration for tourist quality. Spenceley (2008) suggests that broader consumer market trends impact ethical business operations and spread to tourism. The emphasis on the environment alongside the economy is something that tourists are beginning to consider. The Cape Town Declaration outlines six characteristics of responsible tourism: 1) minimizing impacts, 2) creating economic benefits for host communities, 3) involvement of local people, 4) conservation of natural and cultural heritage, 5) creating meaningful connections between tourists and locals, and 6) ensuring accessibility and consideration of traditional cultures ( Mihalic, 2016 ). Crans (2010) adds that responsible tourism improves local people’s economic benefits by connecting them with tourists and involving them in natural and cultural heritage management. Stanford (2009) proposed three key points on responsible tourism: 1) it includes all forms of alternative and mass tourism; 2) it encompasses four philosophical aspects to promote and enhance local communities, culture, environment, economy, and reduce negative impacts; and 3) it benefits all involved. This agrees with Goodwin (2011) , who stated that responsible tourism aims to change mainstream tourism to make it more sustainable, not only for tourism planners and managers but also for everyone involved, from residents to the government and business operators. The literature review on responsible tourism highlights its relevance to all three components of sustainable tourism: 1) Environmental Responsibility, 2) Social and Cultural Responsibility, and 3) Economic Responsibility ( Kim et al., 2018 ; Xin & Chan, 2014 ). The scope of these responsibilities can be explained as follows: Environmental Responsibility involves the sustainable use of natural resources, reducing waste and excessive consumption, promoting and raising awareness of natural diversity, and setting appropriate tourism levels according to an area’s capacity. All stakeholders, including locals, landowners, business owners, government, private sector, and tourists, must understand and follow the best environmental practices. This responsibility includes behaviors such as consuming only what is needed, disposing of waste in designated areas, planning tourism to avoid pollution, minimizing multiple travel steps, and not disposing excess baggage or waste in tourist areas, such as food containers. It also involves legislation to protect the environment, with clear penalties. Social and Cultural Responsibility entails local involvement in planning and decision-making at the tourism development level, which is a key aspect of responsible tourism. It includes monitoring social impacts and promoting tourism that enhances the health and education of local communities, linking tourism to other sectors, such as politics, environment, economy, and society. This responsibility includes the behavior of business owners operating with integrity, not exploiting tourists, and considering the uniqueness and cultural context of tourist sites. Visitors must respect cultural differences and diversity by researching destinations before traveling and understanding local traditions, food practices, and religions. Economic Responsibility means that tourism development should assess economic benefits and decide which tourism forms best develop the economy, choosing those that benefit the local population. It involves training and fair business practices, supporting small and medium-sized enterprises for grassroots development. This responsibility includes supporting community strength, promoting local identity for grassroots economic development, and encouraging locals to own products or services, rather than outside investors. Responsible tourism is also reflected in SDG 12, Responsible Consumption and Production ( Rodríguez-Díaz & Pulido-Fernández, 2019 ). Developing and implementing responsible tourism to achieve a tangible sustainability balance requires instruments to monitor sustainable development impacts, such as policies to reduce plastic use, clean energy policies, create jobs, and promote local culture and products. Over the past decade, RT has been a core concept for tourism operators in Southeast Asia (Cambodia, Malaysia, Thailand, and Indonesia) as a strategy for responsible business planning and management ( Mondal & Samaddar, 2021 ), such as community-valued tourism and environmentally considerate business planning. However, responsible tourism remains an activity and instrument for those responsible, including tourists, business operators, and government agencies that design policies and oversee regulations. It can raise awareness among stakeholders in the tourism system to consider the natural, community, and cultural capacities during travel and design tourism activities aimed at protecting, conserving, and developing these aspects for future generations. Thus, designing tourism activities based on informal education is crucial for raising awareness among tourism system stakeholders, including tourists, locals, business operators, and tourism-related agencies. Mathew and Sreejesh (2017) studied community understanding of responsible tourism and analyzed the mediating role of perceived destination sustainability. A survey of 432 residents from three Indian tourist destinations found that local residents’ perceptions of responsible tourism significantly influenced their perceived destination sustainability, affecting their perceived quality of life. The findings of this study are significant for successful tourism business management, and the sustainability and well-being of local communities. For biosocial background characteristics, this involves asking basic information about Generation Y tourists, including gender, age, educational level, occupation, income, travel frequency, and understanding of responsible tourism. The literature review on responsible tourism behavior and factor analysis can be summarized in the research framework as follows ( Figure 1 ). Figure 1. Conceptual framework. Hypothesis 1. Exploratory Factor Analysis (EFA) can evaluate the instruments used to measure responsible tourism behavior with at least three items per factor. The Kaiser-Meyer-Olkin measure of sampling adequacy should not be less than .600 ( Trujillo-Ortiz et al., 2006 ), and the Factor Loading should not be less than .400 ( Fabrigar & Wegener, 2011 ). 2. Exploratory Factor Analysis (EFA) ( https://www.ibm.com/spss ) can explain more than 60% of the variance in responsible tourism behavior ( Tucker & MacCallum, 1997 ; Fabrigar & Wegener, 2011 ). 3. Confirmatory Factor Analysis (CFA) ( https://www.ibm.com/spss ) demonstrates that the model fits well with the empirical data, and the model fit indices meet academic standards ( Harrington, 2009 ). Method Research design This quantitative research employs both Exploratory Factor Analysis (EFA) and Confirmatory Factor Analysis (CFA) techniques to develop and evaluate high-standard instruments to measure responsible tourism behavior and to test the model’s alignment with empirical data. This research project was approved by the Ethics Committee of the University of the Thai Chamber of Commerce (certificate number Expedited 007/2024) on 26 th March, 2024. Study commenced on April 2, 2024. Sample The sample consisted of Generation Y tourists, calculated using the G*Power3.1.9.2 program software ( https://gpower.software.informer.com/3.1/ ), which determined a suitable sample size of at least 500 participants ( Kang, 2021 ). To account for incomplete responses, an additional 10% was added to the sample size. The researchers used multi-stage quota random sampling to ensure a comprehensive and systematic representation of a large sample ( Burger & Silima, 2006 ) as follows: 1) Regions in Thailand were divided into North, Northeast, West, Central, East, South, 2. Sex, consisting of males and females; 3. Age consisted of tourists born in 1980-1989 and tourists born–1990-1999 with a total sample size of 550 participants. In this study, data were collected from 562 Generation Y tourists, with 550 completed and usable questionnaires. The preliminary characteristics of the sample include: 52.70% female, average age of 33 years and 9 months, with a standard deviation of 5.17, 56.40% holding a bachelor’s degree, 54.40% traveling between provinces more than 12 times per year, and 46.50% understanding the importance and meaning of responsible tourism behavior only partially. Instruments The measurement instruments used in this research were a 45-item scale developed by the researchers based on theoretical concepts of responsible tourism in three main components: 1) Environmental Component for 15 items, 2) Social and Cultural Component for 15 items, and 3) Economic Component for 15 items. In addition, each main component includes sub-components, such as community participation (five items), opportunities for tourist involvement (five items), and promotion of sustainable development (five items). Each item is rated on a 6-point scale from “Most True” to “Not True at All” ( Alhassan et al., 2022 ), with scores ranging from 45 to 270. The average reliability of the scale is.812 ( Sainani, 2017 ). All items were evaluated for quality, including content validity and index-objective congruence, by a panel of five experts in tourism and behavioral sciences. Item discrimination was assessed using an Independent Sample t-test ( Sedgwick, 2010 ), and item-total correlations were analyzed ( Sedgwick, 2012 ). Exploratory Factor Analysis was conducted ( Fabrigar & Wegener, 2011 ) using Principal Component Analysis (PCA) and Varimax Orthogonal Rotation ( Jackson, 2005 ), followed by Confirmatory Factor Analysis for model validation ( Harrington, 2009 ). Data analysis Two types of statistical analyses were used. The first is Question Item Quality Analysis, which includes 1) an independent-sample t-test ( Sedgwick, 2010 ), and Pearson’s Correlation Coefficient Analysis ( Sedgwick, 2012 ), 2) Exploratory Factor Analysis ( Fabrigar & Wegener, 2011 ), 3) confirmatory factor analysis ( Harrington, 2009 ). The second is Inferential Statistics, including Path Analysis using a Linear Structural Relationship Model ( Lavee, 1988 ). Results Preliminary quality assessment of the responsible tourism behavior measurement ( Table 1 ) revealed that out of the initial 45 items, 12 met the criteria with t ≥ 3.0 ( Sedgwick, 2010 ) and r ≥ .30 ( Sedgwick, 2012 ). These 12 items were distributed equally across the three main components: Environmental Component (E) for four items, Social and Cultural Component (S) for four items, and Economic Component (EC) for four items. Table 1. Initial quality assessment of the responsible tourism behavior measurement. Component Code Inferential Statistics: Parametric Statistics t-test r Communalities Economics EC1 5.297 .569 .761 Economics EC12 5.129 .509 .695 Economics EC4 6.365 .598 .648 Economics EC2 5.183 .480 .578 Environment E10 3.411 .392 .678 Environment E2 5.238 .505 .605 Environment E12 5.811 .467 .608 Environment E13 5.210 .479 .556 Social and Culture S8 5.038 .475 .681 Social and Culture S11 5.688 .565 .631 Social and Culture S7 8.658 .546 .544 Social and Culture S2 5.270 .562 .471 The results of Exploratory Factor Analysis using Principal Component Analysis (PCA) with Varimax Orthogonal Rotation ( Jackson, 2005 ) indicated that there were 12 items with Factor Loadings of at least.400 and Eigenvalues greater than 1. The Factor Loadings ranged from .484 to .855, and communalities ranged from.471 to.761. All weights were statistically significant at a.05 level. The sub-components identified are ( Table 2 ): 1) Environmental Component (E) for four items with an eigenvalue of 4.222, explaining 35.180% of the variance in responsible tourism behavior, 2) Social and Cultural Component (S) for four items with an eigenvalue of 2.034, explaining an additional 16.950% of the variance, bringing the total explained variance to 52.130%, and 3) Economic Component (EC) for four items with an eigenvalue of 1.199, explaining an additional 9.988% of the variance, bringing the total explained variance to 62.118%. This supports Hypothesis two stating that EFA can explain more than 60% of the variance in responsible tourism behavior ( Tucker & MacCallum, 1997 ; Fabrigar & Wegener, 2011 ). Table 2. Cumulative percentage and factor loading of the responsible tourism behavior measurement. Code Standardized questions Anti Image Factor loading F1 F2 F3 EC1 + If the community works altogether in managing tourism, such as dividing responsibilities and gathering opinions, it will lead to greater local development. .430 .855 EC12 - If tourism is well-managed and supported by the government, it can help improve the local economy. .490 .814 EC4 + I would feel very pleased to know that the money spent on tourism is being used to develop the local area. .510 .753 EC2 + Tourist attractions, hotels, and restaurants that support local employment make those places more attractive. .578 .721 E10 - I think that maintaining cleanliness is the responsibility of the property owner and has nothing to do with me. .562 .797 E2 - I believe that tourists do not need to help with local tourism development projects. .627 .768 E12 - Using natural energy makes my travel less convenient. .534 .753 E13 - Low-carbon tourism activities, such as choosing airlines that reduce carbon emissions or shorten travel distances, are cumbersome and costly for me. .703 .730 S8 + Traveling where I can take photos or dress to match the location makes me feel more connected to the place. .653 .817 S11 + I always write reviews, provide suggestions, and share my positive travel experiences with others. .556 .751 S7 + If I see other tourists behaving inappropriately towards a site or local culture, I will report it to the authorities or intervene. .691 .695 S2 + I think many tourist attractions are interesting but lack proper support and promotion from the government. .615 .484 Initial Eigenvalues 4.222 2.034 1.199 % of Variance 35.180 16.950 9.988 Cumulative % 33.180 52.130 62.118 Kasier-Meyer-Olkin Measure of Sampling Adequacy .824 Bartlett’s Test of Sphericity 1244.364 df 66 The results of the Kasier-Meyer-Olkin (KMO) Measure of Sampling Adequacy test showed a value of .824, which exceeded the standard threshold of .600. The Bartlett’s test of sphericity was 1244.364, indicating that the 12 standardized questions had a high level of correlation ( Trujillo-Ortiz et al., 2006 ; Fabrigar & Wegener, 2011 ). In addition, the overall results of the questions show that all 12 questions that met the criteria supported Hypothesis 1, which states that there should be at least three questions for each component. In this research, four questions were developed for each component. The results of the Confirmatory Factor Analysis for the Responsible Tourism Behavior Measurement indicated that the model fits the empirical data, supporting Hypothesis 3. These indices are consistent with the standard criteria ( Harrington, 2009 ) ( Table 3 and Figure 2 ). Table 3. Model fit indices for the responsible tourism behavior measurement. Statistics Criteria Statistics in the model (Total group) Chi-Square Value Without statistical significance 52.790 Degrees of Freedom Without statistical significance 45 P-Value Without statistical significance .198 Root Mean Square Error of Approximation ≤ .06 .034 Comparative Fit Index ≥ .95 .979 Tucker – Lewis Index ≥ .95 .969 Standardized Root Mean Square ≤ .08 .054 Figure 2. Consistency of the responsible tourism behavior model with empirical data. Conclusion and Discussion These research findings support all three hypotheses by successfully developing and evaluating the quality of instruments to measure responsible tourism behavior among Generation Y tourists through Exploratory Factor Analysis ( Fabrigar & Wegener, 2011 ). The analysis identified 12 valid items across the three main components: 1) There are four items, E10, E2, E12, and E13, with high Factor Loadings of .797, .768, .753, .730, respectively. These findings show that E12 and E13 pertain to the subcomponent of promoting sustainable development, E10 relates to engaging tourists, and E2 involves community participation. The instruments used to measure responsible tourism behavior within the environmental component effectively cover all three subcomponents. With a predictive coefficient (R 2 = 0.942), it ranked first. The findings suggest that the environmental component explains 52.13% of the variance in responsible tourism behavior, indicating that most tourists have a strong understanding of environmental aspects that are likely linked to sustainable tourism concepts. These data suggest that most tourists’ awareness and understanding of responsible tourism are primarily focused on environmental aspects that are potentially linked to the concept of sustainable tourism. Therefore, the environmental component should be used as a bridge to enhance Generation Y tourists’ knowledge of and understanding of responsible tourism. In addition, it is important to clarify the similarities between sustainable development, which focuses on maximizing resource use, and responsible tourism, which emphasizes accountability to places and communities and minimizes the negative impacts of changes. To achieve this, strategies may include creating engaging content and involving tourists in participatory roles or discussions. Furthermore, promoting responsible tourism among family groups or close acquaintances can serve as a catalyst, encouraging other groups to adopt more responsible tourism behaviors. 2) Social and Cultural Component for 4 items: S8, S11 with high Factor Loadings of .817, .751, And S7, S2 have high Factor Loadings of .817 and .751, while S7 and S2 have moderate factor loadings of.695 and .485. Considering the initial measurement, S8 and S7 belonged to the sub-component of tourist engagement. S11 is related to the promotion of sustainable development, and S2 pertains to community participation. The instruments used to measure responsible tourism behavior in the social and cultural components also cover all three subcomponents. With a predictive coefficient (R 2 = 0.624), it ranked second. 3) There are four items within the economic component: EC1, EC4, and EC2, with high Factor Loadings of .855, .753, and .721, respectively. Considering the initial creation of measurement EC1, EC4, EC2 are mainly related to the sub-component of community participation, reflecting tourists’ understanding of local economic aspects tied to community involvement. This includes tourists feeling satisfied if the amount of money spent can be used to develop the local area in a tangible manner. Such an approach should be used to develop responsible tourism in terms of increasing the quality of products and services, promoting more employment from local people, with empirical evidence such as writing messages, making summaries in various places so that tourists can access information, and also make them feel that the expenses spent are truly used to develop the community. EC12 is a sub-component that promotes sustainable development. The predictive coefficient (R 2 = 0.234) ranked third. This research aligns with previous studies such as Xin and Chan (2014) and Kim et al. (2018) , who examined responsible tourism behavior indicators and predictions. Kim et al. (2018) It suggests promoting self-reliant local enterprises using grassroots economics, supported by government intervention in financial education, and securing financial systems, such as savings and small community enterprises. From Phongkraphan et al. (2024) , who studied the cost of tourism management, it was found that the establishment of medium and small enterprises contributes to the development of the community economy. Overall, the instruments used to measure responsible tourism behavior explain 62.118% of the variance in responsible tourism behavior, with an average reliability coefficient of.812 ( Tucker & MacCallum, 1997 ; Fabrigar & Wegener, 2011 ), indicating high accuracy. Confirmatory Factor Analysis (CFA) results further show that the model fits well with empirical data and meets established criteria ( Harrington, 2009 ). Recommendations 1. Given the Kaiser-Meyer-Olkin measure of sampling adequacy of.824, exceeding the .600 threshold, and a chi-square value of 1244.364, indicating high inter-item correlation ( Trujillo-Ortiz et al., 2006 ; Fabrigar & Wegener, 2011 ), the questionnaire items can be further developed for other groups, such as elderly tourists, working adults, and family tourists. This would help to create standardized and reliable measurement instruments, leading to more accurate and precise findings that align with the interests of different tourist segments and inform marketing strategies and communication efforts. 2. The measurement instruments can be adapted for future research to identify the causal predictors of the components. It can also be used to explore relationships and prediction quantities in different contexts, such as the Path Analysis of tourism behavior. 3. Efforts should be made to develop responsible tourism behavior measurement tools for other sample groups, using the dimensions or components identified in this study as a foundation. This can lead to the creation of social indices relevant to these groups, or experimental use to further validate the instruments. Ethics and consent The study has been approved by the Human Research Ethics Committee, University of the Thai Chamber of Commerce on 26 March 2024, and the approval number is UTCCEC/Expedited007/2024. The research was adhered to ethical standards throughout its execution. A written informed consent was obtained from all participants, ensuring they were fully aware of the study’s objectives, methodologies, and their right to withdraw at any time without consequence. Participant confidentiality was strictly maintained, with all data anonymized to prevent identification. Data availability statement Underlying Data. figshare. Dataset. https://doi.org/10.6084/m9.figshare.27325431.v1 . This project contains the following file: • Underlying Data.xlsx Data are available under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International license (CC-BY 4.0). Extended data figshare. 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Publisher Full Text Comments on this article Comments (0) Version 1 VERSION 1 PUBLISHED 02 Jan 2025 ADD YOUR COMMENT Comment Author details Author details 1 College of Creative Agriculture for Society, Srinakharinwirot University, Bangkok, Thailand 2 Faculty of Humanities, University of the Thai Chamber of Commerce, Bangkok, Thailand 3 Graduate School of Social Development and Management Strategy, National Institute of Development Administration, Bangkok, Thailand Pannika Ngamcharoen Roles: Conceptualization, Validation, Writing – Original Draft Preparation Naksit Sakdapat Roles: Data Curation, Investigation, Resources Duchduen Emma Bhanthumnavin Roles: Formal Analysis, Project Administration, Supervision, Writing – Review & Editing Competing interests No competing interests were disclosed. Grant information The author(s) declared that no grants were involved in supporting this work. Article Versions (1) version 1 Published: 02 Jan 2025, 14:8 https://doi.org/10.12688/f1000research.158619.1 Copyright © 2025 Ngamcharoen P et al . This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License , which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. Download Export To Sciwheel Bibtex EndNote ProCite Ref. Manager (RIS) Sente metrics Views Downloads F1000Research - - PubMed Central info_outline Data from PMC are received and updated monthly. - - Citations open_in_new 0 open_in_new 0 open_in_new SEE MORE DETAILS CITE how to cite this article Ngamcharoen P, Sakdapat N and Bhanthumnavin DE. Research for the development and evaluation of instruments for measuring responsible tourism behavior of generation Y tourists in Thailand [version 1; peer review: 1 approved with reservations, 1 not approved] . F1000Research 2025, 14 :8 ( https://doi.org/10.12688/f1000research.158619.1 ) NOTE: If applicable, it is important to ensure the information in square brackets after the title is included in all citations of this article. COPY CITATION DETAILS track receive updates on this article Track an article to receive email alerts on any updates to this article. TRACK THIS ARTICLE Share Open Peer Review Current Reviewer Status: ? Key to Reviewer Statuses VIEW HIDE Approved The paper is scientifically sound in its current form and only minor, if any, improvements are suggested Approved with reservations A number of small changes, sometimes more significant revisions are required to address specific details and improve the papers academic merit. Not approved Fundamental flaws in the paper seriously undermine the findings and conclusions Version 1 VERSION 1 PUBLISHED 02 Jan 2025 Views 0 Cite How to cite this report: Smith MK. Reviewer Report For: Research for the development and evaluation of instruments for measuring responsible tourism behavior of generation Y tourists in Thailand [version 1; peer review: 1 approved with reservations, 1 not approved] . F1000Research 2025, 14 :8 ( https://doi.org/10.5256/f1000research.174242.r382902 ) The direct URL for this report is: https://f1000research.com/articles/14-8/v1#referee-response-382902 NOTE: it is important to ensure the information in square brackets after the title is included in this citation. Close Copy Citation Details Reviewer Report 29 May 2025 Melanie Kay Smith , University of Tartu, Pärnu, Estonia Approved with Reservations VIEWS 0 https://doi.org/10.5256/f1000research.174242.r382902 Recommendation: Approved with Reservations The aim is a bit vague – please give some indication of what or how you will measure this? The results/findings should also include some descriptive elements and not only the statistics. Responsible ... Continue reading READ ALL Recommendation: Approved with Reservations The aim is a bit vague – please give some indication of what or how you will measure this? The results/findings should also include some descriptive elements and not only the statistics. Responsible tourism is an interesting topic especially if it is defined as a mindset or an approach which encourages sustainable behaviour. What do you mean by ’alternative tourism’? Alternative to what? Is it special interest tourism or something else? Some of the sources are quite old now – is the term ’responsible tourism’ still used as much as it was in 2014? There is a huge body of literature on sustainable tourism in comparison – the number of references is limited. I would introduce the example of Thailand at the end of the lit review, not in the middle – place it in the context of South East Asia. You need to specify why you focus on Thailand and why especially Gen Y before the methodology section. Can you generalise about Gen Y or are there cultural variations? Please explain WHY you want to measure responsible tourism behaviour – perhaps explain the typical gap between attitude, intention and behaviour in sustainability (there is a lot of literature on this). The sample size is good and representative but it was not quite clear how you gathered your sample – which platform did you use and was it the general public? If they are non-experts on tourism could they easily answer all of the questions (e.g. about government actions or community-based issues?). You need to specify HOW you developed the scales – based on literature or existing indicators? If so, which sources? Were there any previously validated scales? Please interpret the statistics and explain how and why they are relevant and what they will be used for. You should also relate them back to previous studies and theory. It is not clear at all how the findings can be used by destination managers and planners. The results need to be much more concrete and clearer. It helps to see the questionnaire statements but most of these are about opinions and attitudes rather than actual behaviour. How will we then measure the behaviour and actions in context? Please include limitations of the research (e.g. questionnaire design, sample, generalising about a generation). Is the work clearly and accurately presented and does it cite the current literature? Partly Is the study design appropriate and is the work technically sound? Partly Are sufficient details of methods and analysis provided to allow replication by others? No If applicable, is the statistical analysis and its interpretation appropriate? Partly Are all the source data underlying the results available to ensure full reproducibility? Partly Are the conclusions drawn adequately supported by the results? Partly Competing Interests: No competing interests were disclosed. Reviewer Expertise: Cultural tourism, health tourism, wellness, wellbeing, urban tourism I confirm that I have read this submission and believe that I have an appropriate level of expertise to confirm that it is of an acceptable scientific standard, however I have significant reservations, as outlined above. Close READ LESS CITE CITE HOW TO CITE THIS REPORT Smith MK. Reviewer Report For: Research for the development and evaluation of instruments for measuring responsible tourism behavior of generation Y tourists in Thailand [version 1; peer review: 1 approved with reservations, 1 not approved] . F1000Research 2025, 14 :8 ( https://doi.org/10.5256/f1000research.174242.r382902 ) The direct URL for this report is: https://f1000research.com/articles/14-8/v1#referee-response-382902 NOTE: it is important to ensure the information in square brackets after the title is included in all citations of this article. COPY CITATION DETAILS Report a concern Respond or Comment COMMENT ON THIS REPORT Views 0 Cite How to cite this report: Ribeiro JC. Reviewer Report For: Research for the development and evaluation of instruments for measuring responsible tourism behavior of generation Y tourists in Thailand [version 1; peer review: 1 approved with reservations, 1 not approved] . F1000Research 2025, 14 :8 ( https://doi.org/10.5256/f1000research.174242.r382897 ) The direct URL for this report is: https://f1000research.com/articles/14-8/v1#referee-response-382897 NOTE: it is important to ensure the information in square brackets after the title is included in this citation. Close Copy Citation Details Reviewer Report 26 May 2025 José Cadima Ribeiro , University of Minho and Centre for Research in Economics and Management (NIPE), Braga, Portugal Not Approved VIEWS 0 https://doi.org/10.5256/f1000research.174242.r382897 The reviewer agrees with the author(s) of the paper that “Research on Generation Y tourists’ behaviour and responsible tourism is crucial for understanding and meeting their needs”. Harder is to agree that the paper is endowed of a title that, ... Continue reading READ ALL The reviewer agrees with the author(s) of the paper that “Research on Generation Y tourists’ behaviour and responsible tourism is crucial for understanding and meeting their needs”. Harder is to agree that the paper is endowed of a title that, consistently, “aimed to develop and evaluate instruments to measure responsible tourism behavior with high academic standards”. In fact, the title looks to be somehow ambiguous towards the paper content. From the title and the abstract, as well, the reviewer began by thinking that, as its main result, a kind of index would be proposed. Looking to the paper empirical content, one of the main results achieved is: “The results of Exploratory Factor Analysis using Principal Component Analysis […] indicated that there were 12 items with Factor Loadings of at least .400 and Eigenvalues greater than 1. The Factor Loadings ranged from .484 to .855, and communalities ranged from.471 to.761 […] The sub-components identified are (Table 2): 1) Environmental Component (E) for four items with an eigenvalue of 4.222, explaining 35.180% of the variance in responsible tourism behavior, 2) Social and Cultural Component (S) for four items with an eigenvalue of 2.034, explaining an additional 16.950% of the variance […] and 3) Economic Component (EC) for four items with an eigenvalue of 1.199, explaining an additional 9.988% of the variance […]. Those are interesting results to approach the Y tourists’ behaviour and motivations, but our those results relate to the development and evaluation of instruments able to “measure responsible tourism behavior with high academic standards”? At least, identifying Y tourists’ behaviour and motivations and to develop those instruments do not look to be the same. Besides this main issue, the paper suffers from a few other minor limitations, namely: the reviewer believes it would make more sense to include the Hypothesis to test in Introduction instead of in the section Review of the Literature; anyway, those Hypothesis look to the reviewer to be strange and, thus, justifying any kind of substantive explanation; in the Review of Literature it would make sense to check if other papers aiming to attain similar aims were available; this does not look to have been made; once found, their empirical results should be used to compare with the ones of this paper, in the discussion section; in the Recommendations, the author(s) of the manuscript refer that “Efforts should be made to develop responsible tourism behavior measurement tools for other sample groups”; probably, instead of speaking of recommendations, they should call the section as Limitations of Research Performed; of course, to conduct empirical approaches addressed to other age cohorts and sociocultural tourist contexts seems to make sense; other motivations and behaviors can be found, surely; anyway, the issue of defining clearly the aims of the paper remains, that is, is a first concern its author(s) should look at; several of the paper paragraphs are too long, turning hard to follow the ideas presented; in the use of abbreviations, there is, at least, one where the meaning of it was not explicitly presented before its first use; it is the case of “the BCG Economy Model”. Is the work clearly and accurately presented and does it cite the current literature? No Is the study design appropriate and is the work technically sound? Partly Are sufficient details of methods and analysis provided to allow replication by others? Partly If applicable, is the statistical analysis and its interpretation appropriate? Yes Are all the source data underlying the results available to ensure full reproducibility? Partly Are the conclusions drawn adequately supported by the results? No Competing Interests: No competing interests were disclosed. Reviewer Expertise: Regional Economics; Regional Planning; Tourism Economics; Heritage Tourism; Regional Development. I confirm that I have read this submission and believe that I have an appropriate level of expertise to state that I do not consider it to be of an acceptable scientific standard, for reasons outlined above. Close READ LESS CITE CITE HOW TO CITE THIS REPORT Ribeiro JC. Reviewer Report For: Research for the development and evaluation of instruments for measuring responsible tourism behavior of generation Y tourists in Thailand [version 1; peer review: 1 approved with reservations, 1 not approved] . F1000Research 2025, 14 :8 ( https://doi.org/10.5256/f1000research.174242.r382897 ) The direct URL for this report is: https://f1000research.com/articles/14-8/v1#referee-response-382897 NOTE: it is important to ensure the information in square brackets after the title is included in all citations of this article. COPY CITATION DETAILS Report a concern Respond or Comment COMMENT ON THIS REPORT Comments on this article Comments (0) Version 1 VERSION 1 PUBLISHED 02 Jan 2025 ADD YOUR COMMENT Comment keyboard_arrow_left keyboard_arrow_right Open Peer Review Reviewer Status info_outline Alongside their report, reviewers assign a status to the article: Approved The paper is scientifically sound in its current form and only minor, if any, improvements are suggested Approved with reservations A number of small changes, sometimes more significant revisions are required to address specific details and improve the papers academic merit. Not approved Fundamental flaws in the paper seriously undermine the findings and conclusions Reviewer Reports Invited Reviewers 1 2 Version 1 02 Jan 25 read read José Cadima Ribeiro , University of Minho and Centre for Research in Economics and Management (NIPE), Braga, Portugal Melanie Kay Smith , University of Tartu, Pärnu, Estonia Comments on this article All Comments (0) Add a comment Sign up for content alerts Sign Up You are now signed up to receive this alert Browse by related subjects keyboard_arrow_left Back to all reports Reviewer Report 0 Views copyright © 2025 Smith M. This is an open access peer review report distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License , which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. 29 May 2025 | for Version 1 Melanie Kay Smith , University of Tartu, Pärnu, Estonia 0 Views copyright © 2025 Smith M. This is an open access peer review report distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License , which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. format_quote Cite this report speaker_notes Responses (0) Approved With Reservations info_outline Alongside their report, reviewers assign a status to the article: Approved The paper is scientifically sound in its current form and only minor, if any, improvements are suggested Approved with reservations A number of small changes, sometimes more significant revisions are required to address specific details and improve the papers academic merit. Not approved Fundamental flaws in the paper seriously undermine the findings and conclusions Recommendation: Approved with Reservations The aim is a bit vague – please give some indication of what or how you will measure this? The results/findings should also include some descriptive elements and not only the statistics. Responsible tourism is an interesting topic especially if it is defined as a mindset or an approach which encourages sustainable behaviour. What do you mean by ’alternative tourism’? Alternative to what? Is it special interest tourism or something else? Some of the sources are quite old now – is the term ’responsible tourism’ still used as much as it was in 2014? There is a huge body of literature on sustainable tourism in comparison – the number of references is limited. I would introduce the example of Thailand at the end of the lit review, not in the middle – place it in the context of South East Asia. You need to specify why you focus on Thailand and why especially Gen Y before the methodology section. Can you generalise about Gen Y or are there cultural variations? Please explain WHY you want to measure responsible tourism behaviour – perhaps explain the typical gap between attitude, intention and behaviour in sustainability (there is a lot of literature on this). The sample size is good and representative but it was not quite clear how you gathered your sample – which platform did you use and was it the general public? If they are non-experts on tourism could they easily answer all of the questions (e.g. about government actions or community-based issues?). You need to specify HOW you developed the scales – based on literature or existing indicators? If so, which sources? Were there any previously validated scales? Please interpret the statistics and explain how and why they are relevant and what they will be used for. You should also relate them back to previous studies and theory. It is not clear at all how the findings can be used by destination managers and planners. The results need to be much more concrete and clearer. It helps to see the questionnaire statements but most of these are about opinions and attitudes rather than actual behaviour. How will we then measure the behaviour and actions in context? Please include limitations of the research (e.g. questionnaire design, sample, generalising about a generation). Is the work clearly and accurately presented and does it cite the current literature? Partly Is the study design appropriate and is the work technically sound? Partly Are sufficient details of methods and analysis provided to allow replication by others? No If applicable, is the statistical analysis and its interpretation appropriate? Partly Are all the source data underlying the results available to ensure full reproducibility? Partly Are the conclusions drawn adequately supported by the results? Partly Competing Interests No competing interests were disclosed. Reviewer Expertise Cultural tourism, health tourism, wellness, wellbeing, urban tourism I confirm that I have read this submission and believe that I have an appropriate level of expertise to confirm that it is of an acceptable scientific standard, however I have significant reservations, as outlined above. reply Respond to this report Responses (0) Smith MK. Peer Review Report For: Research for the development and evaluation of instruments for measuring responsible tourism behavior of generation Y tourists in Thailand [version 1; peer review: 1 approved with reservations, 1 not approved] . F1000Research 2025, 14 :8 ( https://doi.org/10.5256/f1000research.174242.r382902) NOTE: it is important to ensure the information in square brackets after the title is included in this citation. The direct URL for this report is: https://f1000research.com/articles/14-8/v1#referee-response-382902 keyboard_arrow_left Back to all reports Reviewer Report 0 Views copyright © 2025 Ribeiro J. This is an open access peer review report distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License , which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. 26 May 2025 | for Version 1 José Cadima Ribeiro , University of Minho and Centre for Research in Economics and Management (NIPE), Braga, Portugal 0 Views copyright © 2025 Ribeiro J. This is an open access peer review report distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License , which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. format_quote Cite this report speaker_notes Responses (0) Not Approved info_outline Alongside their report, reviewers assign a status to the article: Approved The paper is scientifically sound in its current form and only minor, if any, improvements are suggested Approved with reservations A number of small changes, sometimes more significant revisions are required to address specific details and improve the papers academic merit. Not approved Fundamental flaws in the paper seriously undermine the findings and conclusions The reviewer agrees with the author(s) of the paper that “Research on Generation Y tourists’ behaviour and responsible tourism is crucial for understanding and meeting their needs”. Harder is to agree that the paper is endowed of a title that, consistently, “aimed to develop and evaluate instruments to measure responsible tourism behavior with high academic standards”. In fact, the title looks to be somehow ambiguous towards the paper content. From the title and the abstract, as well, the reviewer began by thinking that, as its main result, a kind of index would be proposed. Looking to the paper empirical content, one of the main results achieved is: “The results of Exploratory Factor Analysis using Principal Component Analysis […] indicated that there were 12 items with Factor Loadings of at least .400 and Eigenvalues greater than 1. The Factor Loadings ranged from .484 to .855, and communalities ranged from.471 to.761 […] The sub-components identified are (Table 2): 1) Environmental Component (E) for four items with an eigenvalue of 4.222, explaining 35.180% of the variance in responsible tourism behavior, 2) Social and Cultural Component (S) for four items with an eigenvalue of 2.034, explaining an additional 16.950% of the variance […] and 3) Economic Component (EC) for four items with an eigenvalue of 1.199, explaining an additional 9.988% of the variance […]. Those are interesting results to approach the Y tourists’ behaviour and motivations, but our those results relate to the development and evaluation of instruments able to “measure responsible tourism behavior with high academic standards”? At least, identifying Y tourists’ behaviour and motivations and to develop those instruments do not look to be the same. Besides this main issue, the paper suffers from a few other minor limitations, namely: the reviewer believes it would make more sense to include the Hypothesis to test in Introduction instead of in the section Review of the Literature; anyway, those Hypothesis look to the reviewer to be strange and, thus, justifying any kind of substantive explanation; in the Review of Literature it would make sense to check if other papers aiming to attain similar aims were available; this does not look to have been made; once found, their empirical results should be used to compare with the ones of this paper, in the discussion section; in the Recommendations, the author(s) of the manuscript refer that “Efforts should be made to develop responsible tourism behavior measurement tools for other sample groups”; probably, instead of speaking of recommendations, they should call the section as Limitations of Research Performed; of course, to conduct empirical approaches addressed to other age cohorts and sociocultural tourist contexts seems to make sense; other motivations and behaviors can be found, surely; anyway, the issue of defining clearly the aims of the paper remains, that is, is a first concern its author(s) should look at; several of the paper paragraphs are too long, turning hard to follow the ideas presented; in the use of abbreviations, there is, at least, one where the meaning of it was not explicitly presented before its first use; it is the case of “the BCG Economy Model”. Is the work clearly and accurately presented and does it cite the current literature? No Is the study design appropriate and is the work technically sound? Partly Are sufficient details of methods and analysis provided to allow replication by others? Partly If applicable, is the statistical analysis and its interpretation appropriate? Yes Are all the source data underlying the results available to ensure full reproducibility? Partly Are the conclusions drawn adequately supported by the results? No Competing Interests No competing interests were disclosed. Reviewer Expertise Regional Economics; Regional Planning; Tourism Economics; Heritage Tourism; Regional Development. I confirm that I have read this submission and believe that I have an appropriate level of expertise to state that I do not consider it to be of an acceptable scientific standard, for reasons outlined above. reply Respond to this report Responses (0) Ribeiro JC. Peer Review Report For: Research for the development and evaluation of instruments for measuring responsible tourism behavior of generation Y tourists in Thailand [version 1; peer review: 1 approved with reservations, 1 not approved] . F1000Research 2025, 14 :8 ( https://doi.org/10.5256/f1000research.174242.r382897) NOTE: it is important to ensure the information in square brackets after the title is included in this citation. The direct URL for this report is: https://f1000research.com/articles/14-8/v1#referee-response-382897 Alongside their report, reviewers assign a status to the article: Approved - the paper is scientifically sound in its current form and only minor, if any, improvements are suggested Approved with reservations - A number of small changes, sometimes more significant revisions are required to address specific details and improve the papers academic merit. 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