Rapid potentiometric and spectrophotometric determination of cefotaxime in pharmaceutical and biological samples samples

Rapid potentiometric and spectrophotometric determination of cefotaxime in pharmaceutical and biological samples samples | Research Square window.SnipcartSettings = { analytics: { enabled: false } }; (function() { var accessVector = localStorage.getItem('access_vector') || ''; window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; if (accessVector) { window.dataLayer.push({ user: { profile: { profileInfo: { snid: accessVector } } } }); } })(); (function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start':new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0],j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src='https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f);})(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-K279D39R'); Browse Preprints In Review Journals COVID-19 Preprints AJE Video Bytes Research Tools Research Promotion AJE Professional Editing AJE Rubriq About Preprint Platform In Review Editorial Policies Our Team Advisory Board Help Center Sign In Submit a Preprint Cite Share Download PDF Article Rapid potentiometric and spectrophotometric determination of cefotaxime in pharmaceutical and biological samples samples Badriah Saad Al-Farhan, Ahmed H. Naggar, Othman A. Farghaly This is a preprint; it has not been peer reviewed by a journal. https://doi.org/ 10.21203/rs.3.rs-6581068/v1 This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License Status: Published Journal Publication published 19 Dec, 2025 Read the published version in Scientific Reports → Version 1 posted 12 You are reading this latest preprint version Abstract Simple, precise, rapid, and low-cost potentiometric and spectrophotometric methods for the cefotaxime determination in pure, pharmaceutical forms, and biological samples (urine and serum samples). Potentiometric method is based on direct titration of cefotaxime in aqueous medium of with 0.1 M NaOH at µ = 0.5 NaCl and 25 ± 1.0 ℃ utilizing a combined glass pH electrode. Wielding standard addition method based on Gran plot, we found that both lower limits of detection and quantification were 2.89 and 4.0 µg/mL, respectively over a linear concentration range of 4.0 to 65.0 µg/mL of cefotaxime with correlation coefficient of R 2 = 0.9973 and with standard deviation (SD = 0.1) (n = 5). Cefotaxime content in pure solutions, vials, urine, and serum were effectively determined using this approach, with satisfactory findings. Common components found in the samples examined did not cause any interference. Cefotaxime was recovered in a range of 95.0–101.6% from various biological fluids and vial dosage forms. Furthermore, the Prussian Blue (PB) complex production was used as the basis for the spectrophotometric approach. The spectrophotometric detection and determination of cefotaxime was made possible by interaction between cefotaxime acidic hydrolysis product (at 70°C) and a combination of FeCl₃ and hexacyanoferrate (III) ions. The maximum absorbance of the formed complex measured at 700 nm with 2.50×10 4 Lmol − 1 cm − 1 molar absorptivity. The Prussian Blue (PB) complex demonstrated great stability and sensitivity under ideal circumstances, with absorbance rising in direct proportion to the cefotaxime concentration. It was found that the quantification limit was 1.35 µg/mL and the detection limit was 0.41 µg/mL. The linear calibration curve within a concentration range of 1.0–6.0 µg/mL has a standard deviation of 0.004 and a correlation coefficient (R²) of 0.9957 (n = 5). The suggested technique worked well for identifying cefotaxime in biological samples, pharmaceutical formulations, and pure form. The outcomes were in favorable concordance with values reported in literature for the cefotaxime determination along with those obtained using the offered potentiometric approach. Biological sciences/Drug discovery/Pharmaceutics Earth and environmental sciences/Environmental sciences Biological sciences/Biological techniques Biological sciences/Biological techniques/Analytical biochemistry Physical sciences/Chemistry Physical sciences/Chemistry/Analytical chemistry Physical sciences/Chemistry/Analytical chemistry/Bioanalytical chemistry cefotaxime potentiometry spectrophotometry Prussian Blue pharmaceutical formulations biological fluids Full Text Additional Declarations No competing interests reported. Cite Share Download PDF Status: Published Journal Publication published 19 Dec, 2025 Read the published version in Scientific Reports → Version 1 posted Editorial decision: Revision requested 08 Jul, 2025 Reviews received at journal 06 Jul, 2025 Reviews received at journal 02 Jul, 2025 Reviewers agreed at journal 01 Jul, 2025 Reviewers agreed at journal 30 Jun, 2025 Reviewers agreed at journal 16 Jun, 2025 Reviewers agreed at journal 11 Jun, 2025 Reviewers invited by journal 11 Jun, 2025 Editor invited by journal 04 Jun, 2025 Editor assigned by journal 03 Jun, 2025 Submission checks completed at journal 19 May, 2025 First submitted to journal 19 May, 2025 You are reading this latest preprint version Research Square lets you share your work early, gain feedback from the community, and start making changes to your manuscript prior to peer review in a journal. As a division of Research Square Company, we’re committed to making research communication faster, fairer, and more useful. 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Also discoverable on Platform About Our Team In Review Editorial Policies Advisory Board Help Center Resources Author Services Accessibility API Access RSS feed Manage Cookie Preferences © Research Square 2026 | ISSN 2693-5015 (online) Privacy Policy Terms of Service Do Not Sell My Personal Information {"props":{"pageProps":{"initialData":{"identity":"rs-6581068","acceptedTermsAndConditions":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"archivedVersions":[],"articleType":"Article","associatedPublications":[],"authors":[{"id":469672335,"identity":"aab5293c-f332-4a83-b319-331a5694225d","order_by":0,"name":"Badriah Saad Al-Farhan","email":"data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAZAAAAAyAQMAAABI0h/eAAAABlBMVEX///8AAABVwtN+AAAACXBIWXMAAA7EAAAOxAGVKw4bAAAAx0lEQVRIiWNgGAWjYBACA+YDbEDKxkACxOMhSgtbAkhLGulaDpOgxZyN99mDnzvOG0vOSGB88LaNwZ6/gYAWyzZ2c8PeM7fNpCUSmA3ntjEkzjhAyGH329gkeNtu28hJJLBJ87YxJDAQ1HKMjU3yb9s5kBb230At9vLEaAEafgDkMDZmoBbGDYS0WLYBtci2JRtL9jxslpxzTiJxIyEt5mxAh71tszOccTz54Ic3ZTb2coS0IAHGBiAhQbz6UTAKRsEoGAW4AQDqMDdiUfEWYwAAAABJRU5ErkJggg==","orcid":"","institution":"King Khalid University","correspondingAuthor":true,"prefix":"","firstName":"Badriah","middleName":"Saad","lastName":"Al-Farhan","suffix":""},{"id":469672336,"identity":"3638a0c1-8fc0-43d9-aa21-c514e1f30fa1","order_by":1,"name":"Ahmed H. 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Potentiometric method is based on direct titration of cefotaxime in aqueous medium of with 0.1 M NaOH at \u0026micro;\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.5 NaCl and 25\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.0 ℃ utilizing a combined glass pH electrode. Wielding standard addition method based on Gran plot, we found that both lower limits of detection and quantification were 2.89 and 4.0 \u0026micro;g/mL, respectively over a linear concentration range of 4.0 to 65.0 \u0026micro;g/mL of cefotaxime with correlation coefficient of R\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.9973 and with standard deviation (SD\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.1) (n\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;5). Cefotaxime content in pure solutions, vials, urine, and serum were effectively determined using this approach, with satisfactory findings. Common components found in the samples examined did not cause any interference. Cefotaxime was recovered in a range of 95.0\u0026ndash;101.6% from various biological fluids and vial dosage forms. Furthermore, the Prussian Blue (PB) complex production was used as the basis for the spectrophotometric approach. The spectrophotometric detection and determination of cefotaxime was made possible by interaction between cefotaxime acidic hydrolysis product (at 70\u0026deg;C) and a combination of FeCl₃ and hexacyanoferrate (III) ions. The maximum absorbance of the formed complex measured at 700 nm with 2.50\u0026times;10\u003csup\u003e4\u003c/sup\u003e Lmol\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003ecm\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e molar absorptivity. The Prussian Blue (PB) complex demonstrated great stability and sensitivity under ideal circumstances, with absorbance rising in direct proportion to the cefotaxime concentration. It was found that the quantification limit was 1.35 \u0026micro;g/mL and the detection limit was 0.41 \u0026micro;g/mL. The linear calibration curve within a concentration range of 1.0\u0026ndash;6.0 \u0026micro;g/mL has a standard deviation of 0.004 and a correlation coefficient (R\u0026sup2;) of 0.9957 (n\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;5). The suggested technique worked well for identifying cefotaxime in biological samples, pharmaceutical formulations, and pure form. The outcomes were in favorable concordance with values reported in literature for the cefotaxime determination along with those obtained using the offered potentiometric approach.\u003c/p\u003e","manuscriptTitle":"Rapid potentiometric and spectrophotometric determination of cefotaxime in pharmaceutical and biological samples samples","msid":"","msnumber":"","nonDraftVersions":[{"code":1,"date":"2025-06-13 15:03:58","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-6581068/v1","editorialEvents":[{"type":"communityComments","content":0},{"type":"decision","content":"Revision requested","date":"2025-07-08T05:05:15+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorInvitedReview","content":"","date":"2025-07-06T20:55:49+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorInvitedReview","content":"","date":"2025-07-02T08:57:23+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"7854827086796498658064813693753834393","date":"2025-07-01T22:17:34+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"287804675749417148743167392808888067125","date":"2025-07-01T03:06:08+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"11184426343781088930831948284594025788","date":"2025-06-16T15:45:47+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"24278113287392236855791215124066576973","date":"2025-06-11T08:26:00+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewersInvited","content":"","date":"2025-06-11T08:05:30+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorInvited","content":"","date":"2025-06-04T14:26:07+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorAssigned","content":"","date":"2025-06-03T06:44:23+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"checksComplete","content":"","date":"2025-05-19T06:46:45+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"submitted","content":"Scientific Reports","date":"2025-05-19T06:45:39+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""}],"status":"published","journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"scientific-reports","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"externalIdentity":"scirep","sideBox":"Learn more about [Scientific Reports](http://www.nature.com/srep/)","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"","title":"Scientific Reports","twitterHandle":"","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":true,"editorialSystem":"stoa","reportingPortfolio":"Scientific Reports","inReviewEnabled":true,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true}}],"origin":"","ownerIdentity":"f8054063-0520-4eaf-8187-223cecbc9e23","owner":[],"postedDate":"June 13th, 2025","published":true,"recentEditorialEvents":[],"rejectedJournal":[],"revision":"","amendment":"","status":"published-in-journal","subjectAreas":[{"id":49869254,"name":"Biological sciences/Drug discovery/Pharmaceutics"},{"id":49869255,"name":"Earth and environmental sciences/Environmental sciences"},{"id":49869256,"name":"Biological sciences/Biological techniques"},{"id":49869257,"name":"Biological sciences/Biological techniques/Analytical biochemistry"},{"id":49869258,"name":"Physical sciences/Chemistry"},{"id":49869259,"name":"Physical sciences/Chemistry/Analytical chemistry"},{"id":49869260,"name":"Physical sciences/Chemistry/Analytical chemistry/Bioanalytical chemistry"}],"tags":[],"updatedAt":"2025-12-22T16:04:59+00:00","versionOfRecord":{"articleIdentity":"rs-6581068","link":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-025-31199-4","journal":{"identity":"scientific-reports","isVorOnly":false,"title":"Scientific Reports"},"publishedOn":"2025-12-19 15:57:42","publishedOnDateReadable":"December 19th, 2025"},"versionCreatedAt":"2025-06-13 15:03:58","video":"","vorDoi":"10.1038/s41598-025-31199-4","vorDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-025-31199-4","workflowStages":[]},"version":"v1","identity":"rs-6581068","journalConfig":"researchsquare"},"__N_SSP":true},"page":"/article/[identity]/[[...version]]","query":{"redirect":"/article/rs-6581068","identity":"rs-6581068","version":["v1"]},"buildId":"8U1c8b4HqxoKbykW_rLl7","isFallback":false,"isExperimentalCompile":false,"dynamicIds":[84888],"gssp":true,"scriptLoader":[]}