Unveiling the Landscape of Toll-Like Receptors in Cognitive Dysfunction: A Bibliometric Analysis

Unveiling the Landscape of Toll-Like Receptors in Cognitive Dysfunction: A Bibliometric Analysis | Research Square window.SnipcartSettings = { analytics: { enabled: false } }; (function() { var accessVector = localStorage.getItem('access_vector') || ''; window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; if (accessVector) { window.dataLayer.push({ user: { profile: { profileInfo: { snid: accessVector } } } }); } })(); (function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start':new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0],j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src='https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f);})(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-K279D39R'); Browse Preprints In Review Journals COVID-19 Preprints AJE Video Bytes Research Tools Research Promotion AJE Professional Editing AJE Rubriq About Preprint Platform In Review Editorial Policies Our Team Advisory Board Help Center Sign In Submit a Preprint Cite Share Download PDF Research Article Unveiling the Landscape of Toll-Like Receptors in Cognitive Dysfunction: A Bibliometric Analysis Qi Li, Huaiming Wang, Aimin zhang This is a preprint; it has not been peer reviewed by a journal. https://doi.org/ 10.21203/rs.3.rs-4612490/v1 This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License Status: Posted Version 1 posted You are reading this latest preprint version Abstract OBJECTIVES Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are transmembrane proteins primarily involved in the immune response, mediating the pathophysiological process of cognitive impairment through pathways. Despite an abundance of literature elucidating the role of TLRs in cognitive dysfunction, bibliometric analyses of this topic are notably scarce. METHODS We conducted a bibliometric analysis of publications spanning from 2002 to 2023, retrieved from the widely utilized Web of Science Core Collection, employing tools such as R language, CiteSpace software, and the online bibliometric platform ( https://bibliometric.com/ ) for a comprehensive visual analysis. Data analysis was performed using GraphPad Prism and IBM SPSS. RESULTS Our findings revealed a total of 502 articles published over the past 11 years. Notably, China contributed significantly, accounting for 39.84% (n = 200) of the publications, underscoring its prominence in this field. The Journal of Brain Behavior and Immunity emerged as the leading journal in terms of article contributions, with 40 publications (7.07%). Author influence, measured by the H-index, highlighted Baluchnejadmojarad, Tourandokht, and Roghani, Mehrdad, as the two most influential authors, each with an H-index of 9. The co-occurrence analysis of keywords revealed that terms such as "activation", "toll-like receptors", and "inflammation" were consistently prevalent in the literature. CONCLUSION This visualized bibliometric analysis demonstrated the progress in research related to TLRs in cognitive dysfunction, with a gradual increase in literature volume over the past 11 years. Researchers can derive valuable insights into research trends, frontiers, and influential authors from our study, aiding them in shaping their future research endeavors in this field. bibliometric analysis CiteSpace TLRs cognitive Figures Figure 1 Figure 2 Figure 3 Figure 4 Figure 5 Figure 6 1. Introduction Cognitive dysfunction, also referred to as cognitive impairment, can be delineated as a state of functioning that falls below the anticipated normative levels or entails a decline in the capacity to perform cognitive tasks across various domains 1 , 2 , is a prevalent manifestation in various pathological or disease states. Cognitive dysfunction can be influenced by various factors; nevertheless, the underlying mechanism responsible for cognitive dysfunction remains insufficiently understood. 3 , 4 . previous studies showed that neuroinflammation plays a significant role in cognitive dysfunction's initiation and development 5 , the aberrant activation of Toll-like receptors (TLRs) in microglia elicits neuroinflammatory reactions, thereby precipitating a deterioration in cognitive capabilities 6 . As such, TLRs have emerged as crucial mechanisms for understanding cognitive dysfunction and investigating potential therapeutic targets. TLRs are a specific group of pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) that are recognized for their essential roles in two key functions 7 . Firstly, TLRs act as initiators of both innate and adaptive host defense mechanisms against infections by recognizing molecular patterns associated with diverse microbes. Secondly, TLRs play a significant role in the generation of inflammatory cytokines and the development of autoinflammatory responses 8 .The current understanding is that the activation of TLRs plays a crucial role in initiating the inflammatory response and triggering the production of proinflammatory cytokines 9 , 10 . Specifically, Toll-like receptor 4 has been identified as a mediator of cognitive decline induced by sevoflurane in mice 11 . Additionally, in stressful conditions, the up-regulation of TLR7 is prompted by an increase in let-7b, which initiates downstream inflammatory signaling and significantly contributes to perioperative neurocognitive disorders 12 . TLRs have gained significant importance in cognitive research due to their essential involvement in the regulation of cognitive dysfunction, thereby presenting promising opportunities for comprehending and addressing cognitive disorders. In recent years, bibliometric analysis has gained significant momentum for its capacity to offer quantitative insights into collaborations among organizations, publications, and scientific research trends 13 . To our knowledge, no bibliometric analysis focusing on TLRs in cognitive dysfunction has hitherto been published. To address this gap, we systematically searched related publications within the Web of Science Core Collection (WoSCC) and subsequently conducted a visualized bibliometric study. We sought to uncover intricate relationships within this literature and provide valuable information that can guide and inform researchers in future studies on TLRs and cognitive dysfunction. 2. Materials and methods 2.1 Data Collection The data for this study were collected from WOSCC, encompassing the Social Sciences Citation Index (SSCI), the Science Citation Index Expanded (SCI-Expanded), and the Emerging Sources Citation Index (ESCI). As of October 3, 2023, a total of 684 publications were retrieved using the search strategy: TI = (Cognitive or Cognitive dysfunction or Cognitive impairment) and (Toll-like receptor or Toll-like receptors or TLRs or TLR) (Fig. 1 ). 2.2 Inclusion Criteria Articles on TLRs in the context of cognitive dysfunction. Articles published between January 1, 2002 and October 3, 2023. Literature indexes from WOSCC, SSCI, SCI-Expanded, and ESCI. Journal articles written in English. 2.3 Exclusion Criteria Articles not officially published. Review article, early access, proceeding paper, meeting abstract, book chapters, retracted publication, correction, editorial material, Letter. Duplicated publications. Topic-unrelated articles. 2.4 Quality Assessment This bibliometric analysis was performed only on English articles that met the inclusion criteria but not the exclusion criteria. 2.5 Analysis tools The organization, analysis, and visualization of data were carried out using three different software programs. CiteSpace (6.2 R4) was employed for analyzing authors, countries/regions, references, keywords, and authors/co-cited authors, as well as journals. Additionally, the annual publication trends and the treemap chart of the 50 most frequently used keywords and the most frequently cited references were analyzed using an online bibliometric platform ( https://bibliometric.com/ ). For other statistical and cartographic analyses, GraphPad Prism (version 9.0) and IBM SPSS (version 25.0) were utilized. 3. Results 3.1 Analysis of publication outputs As shown in Fig. 2 , research in cognitive science has demonstrated a steady annual increase from 2007 to 2023. Over this period, there has been a consistent growth in the number of research papers addressing the interplay between TLRs and cognitive processes. Starting from 2011, there has been an average annual increase of over 10 articles, representing an Annual Growth Rate of 22.18%, with a peak of 68 articles in the year 2023. While the rise in publications was relatively gradual from 2007 to 2014, a continuous upward trend has been observed since 2017. The surge in TLRs research focusing on cognitive mechanisms can be attributed to advancements in fundamental research methods and sustained scientific enthusiasm. By October 4, 2023, a cumulative total of 45 articles have been published, and there is an expectation of additional contributions in the future. The escalating number of yearly publications underscores the dynamic and promising role that TLRs play in advancing cognitive research. 3.2 Analysis of countries and institutions Our analysis encompassed contributions from 47 countries/regions, resulting in a total of 502 papers that met the inclusion criteria. As detailed in Table 1 , China emerged as the most prolific country/region in terms of scientific work publication, contributing 200 papers, followed by the United States (n = 132), South Korea (n = 26), and Canada (n = 21). Furthermore, the United States took the lead in the number of citations, amassing a total of 7,821. The top three countries in terms of centrality were the United States (0.68), Germany (0.35), and China (0.21), while several other countries, including South Korea, Iran, and Italy, exhibited productivity with a centrality of less than 0.1. As illustrated in Fig. 3 , each country/region displayed a varying degree of cooperation. The corporation map of countries indicates a strong integration of collaborative efforts between China and the USA, followed by England, Canada, and Germany. Table 1 Top 10 most productive countries/regions. Countries/Regions Publications Citations Average citations per item Centrality PEOPLES R CHINA 200 4,867 24.34 0.21 USA 132 7,821 59.25 0.68 SOUTH KOREA 26 746 28.69 0.00 CANADA 21 1,303 62.05 0.13 ENGLAND 18 1,230 68.33 0.18 IRAN 18 487 27.06 0.00 ITALY 18 857 47.61 0.04 EGYPT 17 209 12.29 0.09 AUSTRALIA 16 962 60.13 0.11 SPAIN 16 1,012 63.25 0.03 As shown in Table 2 , several institutions emerged as notable contributors to the publication landscape on TLRs in cognitive science. In terms of publications, the University of California System secured the top position with 19 publications, followed closely by the Egyptian Knowledge Bank with 17 publications and Cairo University with 11 publications. The top 10 most productive institutions prominently featured representatives from both the United States and Egypt, reflecting a strong presence and contribution from these regions in advancing research on TLRs in cognitive science. Table 2 Top 10 most productive institutions. Rank Institution Country publications Centrality 1 University of California System USA 19 0.12 2 Egyptian Knowledge Bank (EKB) Egypt 17 0.00 3 Cairo University Egypt 11 0.00 4 National Institutes of Health (NIH) - USA USA 10 0.11 5 University System of Ohio USA 9 0.04 6 Iran University of Medical Sciences Iran 9 0.00 7 Shahed University Iran 8 0.00 8 Nanjing Medical University China 8 0.00 9 Laval University Canada 8 0.00 10 Gyeongsang National University South Korea 8 0.00 3.3Analysis of journals and co-cited journals The 502 papers on TLRs in cognitive science were distributed across 238 different journals. The top ten productive journals in publishing articles on this topic are presented in Table 3 , contributing 25.30% (127 publications) to the overall output. According to the results, BRAIN BEHAVIOR AND IMMUNITY published the highest number of articles (40, 7.97%), followed by JOURNAL OF NEUROINFLAMMATION and MOLECULAR NEUROBIOLOGY (22, 4.38%), MOLECULAR NEUROBIOLOGY (12, 2.39%), and BEHAVIOURAL BRAIN RESEARCH (9, 1.79%). BRAIN BEHAVIOR AND IMMUNITY received the most citations, followed by JOURNAL OF NEUROINFLAMMATION, with both journals surpassing others in terms of citations. Notably, these two journals also boasted the highest H-index and impact factor among all the journals (H-index: 22, 17; 2023 IF: 6.633, 5.793). Table 3 The top 10 most productive journals Journals Publications Citations Average citations per tem H_ index 2023 IF BRAIN BEHAVIOR AND IMMUNITY 40 2,006 50.15 22 6.633 JOURNAL OF NEUROINFLAMMATION 22 1,998 90.82 17 5.793 MOLECULAR NEUROBIOLOGY 12 309 25.75 9 4.5 BEHAVIOURAL BRAIN RESEARCH 9 156 17.33 8 2.977 PLOS ONE 8 362 45.25 6 2.74 SCIENTIFIC REPORTS 8 579 72.38 7 3.998 FRONTIERS IN PHARMACOLOGY 7 75 10.71 5 4.225 INTERNATIONAL IMMUNOPHARMACOLOGY 7 96 13.71 5 3.943 JOURNAL OF ALZHEIMERS DISEASE 7 235 33.57 7 3.909 JOURNAL OF NEUROSCIENCE 7 562 80.29 6 5.765 As shown in Table 4 , the top 10 co-cited journals with the highest counts/centrality in research on TLRs in cognitive science are presented. Four co-cited journals (PLOS ONE, Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A, JOURNAL OF NEUROINFLAMMATION, JOURNAL OF NEUROSCIENCE) had over 250 co-citations. According to centrality, PLOS ONE, Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A, JOURNAL OF NEUROINFLAMMATION, JOURNAL OF NEUROSCIENCE, and BRAIN BEHAVIOR AND IMMUNITY ranked as the top 5 sources. Notably, the top 10 co-cited journals with the most citations and centrality were all based in the United States. Table 4 The top 10 co-cited journals Rank Counts Co-cited Journal 2023 IF a contry Rank Centrality Co-cited Journal 2023 IF contry 1 299 PLOS ONE 2.74 UNITED STATES 1 0.11 PLOS ONE 2.74 UNITED STATES 2 281 Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 9.41 UNITED STATES 2 0.1 Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 9.41 UNITED STATES 3 275 JOURNAL OF NEUROINFLAMMATION 5.793 ENGLAND 3 0.07 JOURNAL OF NEUROINFLAMMATION 5.793 ENGLAND 4 273 JOURNAL OF NEUROSCIENCE 5.765 UNITED STATES 4 0.06 JOURNAL OF NEUROSCIENCE 5.765 UNITED STATES 5 245 BRAIN BEHAVIOR AND IMMUNITY 6.633 UNITED STATES 5 0.05 BRAIN BEHAVIOR AND IMMUNITY 6.633 UNITED STATES 6 211 JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2.217 UNITED STATES 6 0.05 JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2.217 UNITED STATES 7 201 JOURNAL OF BIOLOGICAL CHEMISTRY 4.238 UNITED STATES 7 0.05 JOURNAL OF BIOLOGICAL CHEMISTRY 4.238 UNITED STATES 8 191 NEUROSCIENCE 3.05 ENGLAND 8 0.04 NEUROSCIENCE 3.05 ENGLAND 9 191 NATURE 42.778 ENGLAND 9 0.04 NATURE 42.778 ENGLAND 10 191 JOURNAL OF NEUROCHEMISTRY 4.7 ENGLAND 10 0.04 JOURNAL OF NEUROCHEMISTRY 4.7 ENGLAND a IF in category according to Journal Citation Reports (2021). IF, impact factor. 3.4 Analysis of authors and co-cited authors The 502 papers on TLRs in cognitive science were authored by a total of 3,248 contributors. Table 5 highlights the top ten authors based on their publication records. The most prolific authors included BALUCHNEJADMOJARAD T and ROGHANI M (n = 9 publications each), followed by AFSHIN-MAJD S and GUERRI C (n = 7 publications), and PASCUAL M and KIASALARI Z (n = 6 publications). GUERRI C garnered the highest number of citations (575), trailed by PASCUAL M with 351 citations. PASCUAL M also boasted the highest average citations among the top authors. BALUCHNEJADMOJARAD T and ROGHANI M, both with an H-index of 9, emerged as the five most influential authors. A visual representation of the author network is provided in Fig. 4 a. Table 5 Top ten most productive authors Author Publications Citations Average citations per tem H_ index BALUCHNEJADMOJARAD T 9 384 42.67 9 ROGHANI M 9 384 42.67 9 AFSHIN-MAJD S 7 290 41.43 7 GUERRI C 7 575 82.14 7 PASCUAL M 6 536 89.33 6 KIASALARI Z 6 247 41.17 6 ZHANG J 5 171 34.20 5 ZHANG X 4 193 48.25 7 LYNCH MA 4 352 88.00 4 HEO HJ 4 32 8.00 3 Table 6 presents the ten co-cited authors based on their publications, and Fig. 4 b illustrates the interconnectedness of co-cited authors in the network. In terms of co-cited counts, OKUN E (73), HENEKA MT (46), and KAWAI T (44) secured the top three positions. Additionally, for co-cited authors with centrality, TAHARA K (0.25) and OKUN E (0.12) exhibited higher centrality values compared to other researchers. Table 6 Top ten co-cited authors Rank Author Counts Centrality 1 OKUN E 73 0.12 2 HENEKA MT 46 0.05 3 KAWAI T 44 0.08 4 WALTER S 41 0.1 5 LEHNARDT S 41 0.1 6 WANG Y 38 0.04 7 TAHARA K 34 0.25 8 LIU Y 31 0.07 9 ROLLS A 31 0.02 10 RICHARD KL 30 0.05 3.5 Analysis of the 10 most-cited papers The academic impact of a research study can be assessed by the number of citations it receives in the literature. Table 7 presents the top 10 most-cited papers on TLRs in cognitive science, along with the average citations for these top 10 cited papers. Out of the 502 publications, the citation counts for the top 10 most-referenced papers ranged from 222 to 679, collectively constituting 20.93% of all citations. The most-cited paper, titled "Inflammation in Alzheimer's disease-a brief review of the basic science and clinical literature" by WYSS-CORAY T, was published in Cold Spring Harb Perspect Med in 2012. Among the top 10 papers based on citation counts, only two were published within the past five years. Notably, "Neuroinflammation induced by lipopolysaccharide causes cognitive impairment in mice" by ZHAO JY, published in Scientific Reports , and "Hesperetin, a Citrus Flavonoid, Attenuates LPS-Induced Neuroinflammation, Apoptosis and Memory Impairments by Modulating TLR4/NF-κB Signaling" by MUHAMMAD T, published in Nutrients , represent the most recent and highly cited literature in the field. Furthermore, these papers exhibited the highest average number of citations per year, underscoring their significant contribution to advancing our understanding of cognitive mechanisms. Table 7 The top 10 papers in the number of citations Title Journal Year Citations 2023 IF Inflammation in Alzheimer disease-a brief review of the basic science and clinical literature. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Med 2012 679 6.00 Tumor necrosis factor-alpha triggers a cytokine cascade yielding postoperative cognitive decline. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2010 518 9.41 Minocycline attenuates lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced neuroinflammation, sickness behavior, and anhedonia. J Neuroinflammation 2008 479 5.79 Peripheral lipopolysaccharide (LPS) challenge promotes microglial hyperactivity in aged mice that is associated with exaggerated induction of both pro-inflammatory IL-1beta and anti-inflammatory IL-10 cytokines. Brain Behav Immun 2009 412 6.63 Neuroinflammation induced by lipopolysaccharide causes cognitive impairment in mice. Sci Rep 2019 370 4.00 Obese-type gut microbiota induce neurobehavioral changes in the absence of obesity. Biol Psychiatry 2015 359 12.10 Extensive innate immune gene activation accompanies brain aging, increasing vulnerability to cognitive decline and neurodegeneration: a microarray study. J Neuroinflammation 2012 336 5.79 Toll-like receptor 2 acts as a natural innate immune receptor to clear amyloid beta 1–42 and delay the cognitive decline in a mouse model of Alzheimer's disease. J Neurosci 2008 250 5.67 Hesperetin, a Citrus Flavonoid, Attenuates LPS-Induced Neuroinflammation, Apoptosis and Memory Impairments by Modulating TLR4/NF-κB Signaling. Nutrients 2019 235 4.55 Inflammation in epilepsy: clinical observations. Epilepsia 2011 222 6.04 Average per year Neuroinflammation induced by lipopolysaccharide causes cognitive impairment in mice. Sci Rep 2019 74.00 4.00 Inflammation in Alzheimer disease-a brief review of the basic science and clinical literature. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Med 2012 56.58 6.00 Hesperetin, a Citrus Flavonoid, Attenuates LPS-Induced Neuroinflammation, Apoptosis and Memory Impairments by Modulating TLR4/NF-κB Signaling. Nutrients 2019 47.00 4.55 Obese-type gut microbiota induce neurobehavioral changes in the absence of obesity. Biol Psychiatry 2015 39.89 12.10 Curcumin inhibits LPS-induced neuroinflammation by promoting microglial M2 polarization via TREM2/ TLR4/ NF-κB pathways in BV2 cells. Mol Immunol 2019 38.60 3.64 Tumor necrosis factor-alpha triggers a cytokine cascade yielding postoperative cognitive decline. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2010 37.00 9.41 Probiotics modulate the microbiota-gut-brain axis and improve memory deficits in aged SAMP8 mice. Acta Pharm Sin B 2020 35.75 7.10 Minocycline attenuates lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced neuroinflammation, sickness behavior, and anhedonia. J Neuroinflammation 2008 29.94 5.79 Galectin-3, a novel endogenous TREM2 ligand, detrimentally regulates inflammatory response in Alzheimer's disease. Acta Neuropathol 2019 29.20 14.25 SARS-CoV-2 spike S1 subunit induces neuroinflammatory, microglial and behavioral sickness responses: Evidence of PAMP-like properties. Brain Behav Immun 2022 28.50 6.63 3.6 Analysis of keywords A total of 152 keywords were extracted, with 60 terms appearing more than 10 times and 9 terms emerging more than 50 times in the field of TLRs in cognitive dysfunction. Figure 5 a displays the Word Cloud Map composed of these keywords, emphasizing the aspect of highest frequency and centrality. The top 10 most frequent keywords in this specialized research field are presented in Table 8 and Fig. 5 b, with "activation" (112 papers, 7%), "toll-like receptors" (99 papers, 6%), and "inflammation" (96 papers, 5%) identified as the three most important keywords, based on their frequency of mention in publications. Keywords with citation bursts signify the development of specific knowledge areas. Figure 5 c showcases the top 25 keywords about TLRs in cognitive dysfunction with the strongest citation bursts since 2004. The temporal boundaries of the research frontier and the duration of the research frontier are indicated by the length of the red bars. Furthermore, Fig. 5 d illustrates the intensity of mutation, with five clusters of keywords representing distinct areas of research. The magnitude of the outbreak reflects the intensity of change and development in the research landscape related to TLRs in cognitive dysfunction. Table 8 The top 10 keywords with the highest centrality and counts Rank Keyword Counts Inital year Rank Keyword Centrality Inital year 1 activation 112 2007 1 inflammation 0.13 2010 2 toll like receptors 99 2010 2 mouse model 0.12 2009 3 inflammation 96 2010 3 activation 0.11 2007 4 expression 84 2009 4 expression 0.09 2009 5 alzheimers disease 81 2007 5 oxidative stress 0.09 2007 6 brain 74 2009 6 brain 0.08 2009 7 mouse model 54 2009 7 prefrontal cortex 0.08 2009 8 oxidative stress 52 2007 8 disease 0.07 2009 9 cognitive impairment 50 2010 9 hmgb1 0.07 2015 10 microglia 49 2013 10 Toll-like receptors 0.06 2010 3.7 Analysis of Reference Table 9 provides valuable insights into citation patterns and influential works in the field of TLRs in cognitive dysfunction. A study by Okun E 14 garnered significant attention, holding the highest number of citations at 12 and a centrality of 0.12, indicating its significance and impact. Figure 6 a illustrates the cooperative relationships and references of TLRs in cognitive processes over time. The increasing number and size of nodes signify growing influence and collaboration among researchers. Colors represent referenced years, while intricate connection lines denote the complexity of relationships between references. The graph, arranged chronologically from left to right, demonstrates an increasing number and size of nodes, as well as a growing quantity and complexity of connection lines. In Fig. 6 b, references are clustered based on focal points, representing specific topics or themes. Core references are marked by their centrality and frequency. TLRs in cognitive research involves several sub-clusters, including cognitive deficits, normal brain aging, symptoms of inflammation-induced sickness, basic science, act, new drug target, and more. Figure 6 c highlights references with high burst values, indicating emerging trends in TLRs in cognitive science from 2013 to 2023. Okun E 14 stood out with a burst value of 5.29, revealing TLR3 as a suppressor of hippocampal cellular plasticity and memory retention. Another significant burst value (4.97) is associated with Reed-Geaghan EG 15 , suggesting that innate immune receptors TLR4 and TLR2, components of the microglial fibril β-amyloid (fAβ) receptor complex, promote microglial activation. The analysis of research references on TLRs in cognitive science provides valuable insights into emerging trends and research directions. Researchers can use these references to stay informed about recent developments and contribute to the advancement of cognitive research. Coupling clusters, including the main clusters of "toll-like receptors", "oxidative stress", and "rats," as well as the latest research frontiers encompassing topics such as "tlr4", "stroke", "microglia", "health", "astrocytes", "risk", "damage", and "receptors", are visualized in Fig. 6 d. Additional coupling clusters involving "mobility group box-1, temporal-lobe epilepsy, antiepileptic drugs ", "central-nervous-system, microglial activation, blood-brain-barrier", "prefrontal cortex, toll-like receptor-3, brain-damage", "activation, inflammation, expression", and "lobectomy, surgery, cognition, models", are also displayed. Table 9 The top 10 references in the field of TLRs in cognitive Rank Counts Centrality Author year Source 1 12 0.11 Okun E 2010 PNAS 2 11 0.04 Heneka MT 2015 Lancet. Neurology 3 10 0.07 Reed-Geaghan EG 2015 Journal of neuroscience 4 10 0 Gambuzza M 2014 CNS & neurological disorders drug targets 5 9 0.07 Maroso M 2010 Nature medicine 6 9 0.01 Hanke M 2011 Clinical science 7 8 0 Michaud JP 2013 PNAS 8 8 0.12 Tahara K 2006 Brain: a journal of neurology 9 8 0 Trotta T 2014 Journal of neuroimmunology 10 8 0.08 Richard K 2008 Journal of neuroscience 4. Discussion The role of TLRs in cognitive-related diseases remains elusive, despite abundant fundamental scientific research. This bibliometric analysis, covering the literature from 2002 to 2023, employed quantitative and visualization techniques to illuminate various dimensions of current research on TLRs in cognitive dysfunction. The analysis revealed a consistent rise in annual publications, emphasizing the growing significance of TLRs in cognitive dysfunction. Prestigious journals such as BRAIN BEHAVIOR AND IMMUNITY and JOURNAL OF NEUROINFLAMMATION have played a pivotal role in highlighting interdisciplinary attention to Toll-like receptors in cognitive dysfunction. The collaborative network highlighted the crucial contributions of China and the United States, with influential figures like Professor OKUN E instrumental in understanding TLR mechanisms in cognitive dysfunction. 16 , 17 . Citation bursts, particularly those of ROGHANI M and BALUCHNEJADMOJARAD T, indicated their potential influence 18 , 19 . This comprehensive analysis provides a broader perspective on Toll-like receptor research in cognitive dysfunction, facilitating the development of future endeavors, collaborations, and navigating this evolving landscape with stakeholders in the field. In the exploration of TLRs in cognitive mechanisms, several pivotal research findings have assumed a crucial guiding role, leading to their recognition as highly cited articles. The analysis of the top 10 papers, based on their citation frequency, sheds light on significant contributions to the field. One notable contribution is Tony Wyss Coray et al.'s paper, published in the Cold Spring Harb Perspect Med journal. This work posits that immune and inflammatory processes in genes, cells, and molecules are intricately linked to cognitive impairment in Alzheimer's disease. The authors highlight anti-inflammatory approaches as a key direction that holds promise for improving cognitive dysfunction in Alzheimer's disease 20 . Another noteworthy study, conducted by Jiayi Zhao et al., is titled "Neuroimaging induced by lipopolysaccharide causes cognitive impairment in mice", and it boasts the highest annual average citation. Zhao et al.'s findings support the notion that lipopolysaccharide (LPS) triggers microglial activation through the NF-kB signaling pathway, leading to cognitive impairment and neuroinflammation 21 . The cumulative impact of these highly cited articles, both in terms of total citations and annual average citations, suggests a strong association between TLRs-mediated neuroinflammation and the regulation of cognitive dysfunction 22 , 23 . The analysis of TLRs research-related keywords has revealed key hotspots that reflect the evolving landscape of the field. Through keyword sorting and clustering, the top three frequently occurring terms were identified as "activation", "toll-like receptors", and "inflammation". Toll-like receptors play a critical role in regulating innate immunity and the inflammatory response. In the context of Alzheimer's disease, the presence of nucleic acid-containing amyloid fibrils induces interferon and activates TLRs, leading to neuroinflammation and synapse loss 24 . The exploration of how TLR activation mediates cognitive dysfunction is an ongoing area of investigation. For instance, the activation of Toll-like receptor 2 through high mobility group box-1 has been linked to postoperative neuroinflammation and cognitive dysfunction in mice, showcasing the continuous exploration of these mechanisms 25 . The development of the field is discernible through keyword citation bursts. Notably, between 2008 and 2013, a substantial body of literature emerged employing transgenic mice to investigate potential mechanisms of TLRs in cognitive dysfunction. María Pascual et al. made a significant contribution during this period by demonstrating, in genetically modified mice, that alcohol-induced inflammation is mediated by TLR4 function 26 . This work further indicated that alcohol-induced behavioral and cognitive impairments result from epigenetic modifications mediated by TLR4 22 . Since 2019, there has been a shift in the keyword landscape, with terms such as "shock", "microglia", and "damage" emerging as prominent themes. This shift suggests that research on TLRs in cognition has entered a new direction, signaling ongoing exploration and evolution in the understanding of the complex interplay between TLRs and cognitive processes 27 . Analyzing references is a valuable approach to discerning important trends and impactful works in TLRs research on cognitive dysfunction. One notable reference is Okun E's study 14 which stands out for its high citation rate. This suggests that the study is not only of high quality but also deemed crucial within the field, signifying its importance as a key research work. Additionally, renowned investigations by Maroso M 28 and Hanke M 17 have been published in top-tier journals. These studies have significantly contributed to enriching scientists' understanding of the role of Toll-like receptors in cognitive dysfunction. The publication of such works in reputable journals indicates their impact on the field and underscores their importance in shaping the current knowledge landscape surrounding TLRs and cognitive dysfunction. Conclusion Overall, this comprehensive visualized bibliometric analysis offers valuable insights into emerging areas, trends, and potential directions for TLRs in cognitive research. Our study reveals that TLRs play a pivotal role in cognitive dysfunction, spanning from fundamental mechanisms to potential clinical applications. This research promises to usher in a new era of advancements in medicine, with the goal of benefiting patients and advancing the field of medical science. Empowered by these insights, researchers are poised to make significant contributions to the ever-evolving landscape of TLRs in cognitive dysfunction, further shaping the trajectory of this critical area of study. Declarations Acknowlegments The team expresses gratitude to Professor Zou Jiang of the Anesthesiology Department at Sichuan Cancer Hospital for providing guidance in the study of bibliometrics. Conflict of interest The authors declare that they have no competing interests. Funding This work was supported by Youth Science Foundation of Natural Science Foundation of Sichuan (Grant No. 2022NSFSC1346); and Medical Research Project in Sichuan Province (Grant No. S21052); and Bethune Charitable Foundation (NO. ezmr2023-031). Author Contribution AZ and QL were involved in the conception and study design. AZ and H W were involved in the writing and revision of the manuscript. QL was responsible for the data analysis. AZ was in charge of concept design, article proofreading and project guidance. All authors were responsible for critical revision of the manuscript and reviewed the manuscript. Data Availability It is included in the article that the authors' original contributions are described in more detail. Further inquiries may be directed to the corresponding authors. References Pan WT, Liu PM, Ma D, Yang JJ. Advances in photobiomodulation for cognitive improvement by near-infrared derived multiple strategies. J Transl Med Feb. 2023;22(1):135. 10.1186/s12967-023-03988-w . Kumar KS, Samuelkamaleshkumar S, Viswanathan A, Macaden AS. Cognitive rehabilitation for adults with traumatic brain injury to improve occupational outcomes. Cochrane Database Syst Rev Jun. 2017;20(6):Cd007935. 10.1002/14651858.CD007935.pub2 . Sáiz-Vazquez O, Puente-Martínez A, Pacheco-Bonrostro J, Ubillos-Landa S. Blood pressure and Alzheimer's disease: A review of meta-analysis. Front Neurol. 2022;13:1065335. 10.3389/fneur.2022.1065335 . Soenarto RF, Mansjoer A, Amir N, Aprianti M, Perdana A. Cardiopulmonary Bypass Alone Does Not Cause Postoperative Cognitive Dysfunction Following Open Heart Surgery. Anesth Pain Med Dec. 2018;8(6):e83610. 10.5812/aapm.83610 . Sun Q, Yan H, Chen F, et al. Restoration of Proresolution Pathway with Exogenous Resolvin D1 Prevents Sevoflurane-Induced Cognitive Decline by Attenuating Neuroinflammation in the Hippocampus in Rats with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus. Front Pharmacol. 2021;12:720249. 10.3389/fphar.2021.720249 . Gómez-Gómez ME, Zapico SC, Frailty. Cognitive Decline, Neurodegenerative Diseases and Nutrition Interventions. Int J Mol Sci Jun. 2019;11(11). 10.3390/ijms20112842 . Le Pennec G, Gardères J. The Challenge of the Sponge Suberites domuncula (Olivi, 1792) in the Presence of a Symbiotic Bacterium and a Pathogen Bacterium. Genes (Basel) Jun. 2019;26(7). 10.3390/genes10070485 . Zheng M, Shi S, Zheng Q, Wang Y, Ying X, Jin Y. Association between TLR-9 gene rs187084 polymorphism and knee osteoarthritis in a Chinese population. Biosci Rep Oct. 2017;31(5). 10.1042/bsr20170844 . !!! INVALID CITATION !!!. (Sindhu, 2019). Komine O, Yamashita H, Fujimori-Tonou N, et al. Innate immune adaptor TRIF deficiency accelerates disease progression of ALS mice with accumulation of aberrantly activated astrocytes. Cell Death Differ Dec. 2018;25(12):2130–46. 10.1038/s41418-018-0098-3 . Fei X, Wang JX, Wu Y, Dong N, Sheng ZY. Sevoflurane-induced cognitive decline in aged mice: Involvement of toll-like receptors 4. Brain Res Bull Dec. 2020;165:23–9. 10.1016/j.brainresbull.2020.08.030 . Deng L, Gao R, Chen H, et al. Let-7b-TLR7 Signaling Axis Contributes to the Anesthesia/Surgery-Induced Cognitive Impairment. Mol Neurobiol. 2023. 10.1007/s12035-023-03658-4 . Merigó JM, Núñez A. Influential journals in health research: a bibliometric study. Global Health Aug. 2016;22(1):46. 10.1186/s12992-016-0186-4 . Okun E, Griffioen K, Barak B, et al. Toll-like receptor 3 inhibits memory retention and constrains adult hippocampal neurogenesis. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 2010;107(35):15625–30. 10.1073/pnas.1005807107 . Reed-Geaghan E, Savage J, Hise A, Landreth G. CD14 and toll-like receptors 2 and 4 are required for fibrillar A{beta}-stimulated microglial activation. J neuroscience: official J Soc Neurosci. 2009;29(38):11982–92. 10.1523/jneurosci.3158-09.2009 . Okun E, Griffioen K, Mattson M. Toll-like receptor signaling in neural plasticity and disease. Trends Neurosci. 2011;34(5):269–81. 10.1016/j.tins.2011.02.005 . Heneka M, Carson M, El Khoury J, et al. Neuroinflammation in Alzheimer's disease. Lancet Neurol. 2015;14(4):388–405. 10.1016/s1474-4422(15)70016-5 . Zarezadeh M, Baluchnejadmojarad T, Kiasalari Z, Afshin-Majd S, Roghani M. Garlic active constituent s-allyl cysteine protects against lipopolysaccharide-induced cognitive deficits in the rat: Possible involved mechanisms. Eur J Pharmacol. 2017;795:13–21. 10.1016/j.ejphar.2016.11.051 . Baluchnejadmojarad T, Kiasalari Z, Afshin-Majd S, Ghasemi Z, Roghani M. S-allyl cysteine ameliorates cognitive deficits in streptozotocin-diabetic rats via suppression of oxidative stress, inflammation, and acetylcholinesterase. Eur J Pharmacol. 2017;794:69–76. 10.1016/j.ejphar.2016.11.033 . Wyss-Coray T, Rogers J. Inflammation in Alzheimer disease-a brief review of the basic science and clinical literature. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Med. Jan 2012;2(1):a006346. 10.1101/cshperspect.a006346 . Zhao J, Bi W, Xiao S, et al. Neuroinflammation induced by lipopolysaccharide causes cognitive impairment in mice. Sci Rep Apr. 2019;8(1):5790. 10.1038/s41598-019-42286-8 . Richard KL, Filali M, Préfontaine P, Rivest S. Toll-like receptor 2 acts as a natural innate immune receptor to clear amyloid beta 1–42 and delay the cognitive decline in a mouse model of Alzheimer's disease. J Neurosci May. 2008;28(22):5784–93. 10.1523/jneurosci.1146-08.2008 . Muhammad T, Ikram M, Ullah R, Rehman S, Kim M. Hesperetin, a Citrus Flavonoid, Attenuates LPS-Induced Neuroinflammation, Apoptosis and Memory Impairments by Modulating TLR4/NF-κB Signaling. Nutrients. 2019;11(3). 10.3390/nu11030648 . Shmookler Reis RJ, Atluri R, Balasubramaniam M, Johnson J, Ganne A, Ayyadevara S. Protein aggregates contain RNA and DNA, entrapped by misfolded proteins but largely rescued by slowing translational elongation. Aging Cell May. 2021;20(5):e13326. 10.1111/acel.13326 . Zarezadeh M, Baluchnejadmojarad T, Kiasalari Z, Afshin-Majd S, Roghani M. Garlic active constituent s-allyl cysteine protects against lipopolysaccharide-induced cognitive deficits in the rat: Possible involved mechanisms. Eur J Pharmacol Jan. 2017;15:795:13–21. 10.1016/j.ejphar.2016.11.051 . Pascual M, Baliño P, Alfonso-Loeches S, Aragón CM, Guerri C. Impact of TLR4 on behavioral and cognitive dysfunctions associated with alcohol-induced neuroinflammatory damage. Brain Behav Immun Jun. 2011;25(Suppl 1):S80–91. 10.1016/j.bbi.2011.02.012 . Wang L, Yang JW, Lin LT, et al. Acupuncture Attenuates Inflammation in Microglia of Vascular Dementia Rats by Inhibiting miR-93-Mediated TLR4/MyD88/NF-κB Signaling Pathway. Oxid Med Cell Longev. 2020;2020:8253904. 10.1155/2020/8253904 . Maroso M, Balosso S, Ravizza T, et al. Toll-like receptor 4 and high-mobility group box-1 are involved in ictogenesis and can be targeted to reduce seizures. Nat Med. 2010;16(4):413–9. 10.1038/nm.2127 . Additional Declarations No competing interests reported. Cite Share Download PDF Status: Posted Version 1 posted You are reading this latest preprint version Research Square lets you share your work early, gain feedback from the community, and start making changes to your manuscript prior to peer review in a journal. As a division of Research Square Company, we’re committed to making research communication faster, fairer, and more useful. We do this by developing innovative software and high quality services for the global research community. Our growing team is made up of researchers and industry professionals working together to solve the most critical problems facing scientific publishing. Also discoverable on Platform About Our Team In Review Editorial Policies Advisory Board Help Center Resources Author Services Accessibility API Access RSS feed Manage Cookie Preferences © Research Square 2026 | ISSN 2693-5015 (online) Privacy Policy Terms of Service Do Not Sell My Personal Information {"props":{"pageProps":{"initialData":{"identity":"rs-4612490","acceptedTermsAndConditions":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"archivedVersions":[],"articleType":"Research Article","associatedPublications":[],"authors":[{"id":320597320,"identity":"dbf5dfd0-dc5b-4ab8-bf01-87a418646604","order_by":0,"name":"Qi Li","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Sichuan Cancer Hospital \u0026 Institute, Sichuan Cancer Center, Affiliated Cancer Hospital of University of Electronic Science and Technology of China","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Qi","middleName":"","lastName":"Li","suffix":""},{"id":320597321,"identity":"37e2e106-a80e-4911-b5ed-6d38c38aa7c1","order_by":1,"name":"Huaiming Wang","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Sichuan Cancer Hospital \u0026 Institute, Sichuan Cancer Center, Affiliated Cancer Hospital of University of Electronic Science and Technology of China","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Huaiming","middleName":"","lastName":"Wang","suffix":""},{"id":320597322,"identity":"e437410e-6bd8-4876-a479-ad86011d4b21","order_by":2,"name":"Aimin zhang","email":"data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAZAAAAAyAQMAAABI0h/eAAAABlBMVEX///8AAABVwtN+AAAACXBIWXMAAA7EAAAOxAGVKw4bAAABBklEQVRIiWNgGAWjYDACCSjJxsB8AMSSIUULWwKIxUOsFrBiA+K0yM9ufvbwS41FNJ90z+cPP/7U8RjcSGB8XPGLQd4chxbGOcfMjWWOSeS2yZzdJtnbxgbSwmx4to/BcGcDdi3MEglm0hJsQC0SuduYGRt4QFrYJBt7GBIMDmDXwiaR/k1a4h9IS87jzwx/JAhr4ZHIMZP82AbWwiDNwGYA0dLwA7cWCYmcMmnGPpCWNDOgXxJ4JM88bDZsbJAw3IBDi/yM9G2SP77V5c6fkfwYFGJyfMeTDz5s+GMjj8sWcBCgxIXChcQGBsY2CVyqwYDxB4q9/SDT/+DVMQpGwSgYBSMLAAB8fVcq2yhSPgAAAABJRU5ErkJggg==","orcid":"","institution":"Sichuan Cancer Hospital \u0026 Institute, Sichuan Cancer Center, Affiliated Cancer Hospital of University of Electronic Science and Technology of China","correspondingAuthor":true,"prefix":"","firstName":"Aimin","middleName":"","lastName":"zhang","suffix":""}],"badges":[],"createdAt":"2024-06-20 14:37:29","currentVersionCode":1,"declarations":"","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-4612490/v1","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-4612490/v1","draftVersion":[],"editorialEvents":[],"editorialNote":"","failedWorkflow":false,"files":[{"id":60163142,"identity":"28f01a32-0ccf-4ff0-89e1-6b8783065456","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-07-12 13:28:47","extension":"png","order_by":1,"title":"Figure 1","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":60846,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eFlowchart of data processing\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"Onlinefloatimage1.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-4612490/v1/c55aa26ad88e8b1026c56b2d.png"},{"id":60163137,"identity":"34274024-d062-4cef-a1a4-d332a9cbc3d2","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-07-12 13:28:47","extension":"png","order_by":2,"title":"Figure 2","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":19301,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eAnnual output and cumulative output\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"Onlinefloatimage2.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-4612490/v1/8d4d565ac099e3474a117b44.png"},{"id":60163138,"identity":"8427a6bb-5365-4f73-9452-9205574ac237","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-07-12 13:28:47","extension":"png","order_by":3,"title":"Figure 3","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":25516,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003e(a) The annual published literature and growth tendency in the top 10 countries on research of TLRs in cognitive; (b) The cooperation map among these countries\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"Onlinefloatimage3.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-4612490/v1/847432a1b819666e04302665.png"},{"id":60163141,"identity":"77b58481-c28e-4042-a32f-5731a18a31d3","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-07-12 13:28:47","extension":"png","order_by":4,"title":"Figure 4","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":251867,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003e(a) Top 5 authors with strongest citation bursts; (b) Network of the authors or co-cited authors. Each node stands for an author or a co-cited author.\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"Onlinefloatimage4.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-4612490/v1/fdac1589513e4d18de4312ef.png"},{"id":60163139,"identity":"23db927f-85fe-424e-a46a-c15525f888aa","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-07-12 13:28:47","extension":"png","order_by":5,"title":"Figure 5","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":85877,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003e(a) The cluster view of keywords; (b) Treemap chart of the 50 most frequently used keyword terms; (c) Keywords that have experienced the strongest burst of citations; (d) The cluster view of keywords\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"Onlinefloatimage5.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-4612490/v1/bb4a3b44242fa5aaa5339d8c.png"},{"id":60163140,"identity":"511c5326-b75b-41c6-8936-fef8de3a5674","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-07-12 13:28:47","extension":"png","order_by":6,"title":"Figure 6","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":69638,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003e(a) The network of co-cited references; (b) The top 5 corresponding clusters of the co-cited references; (c) Top 25 co-cited references with strongest citation bursts; (d) The coupling cluster in accordance with the most frequently cited reference\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"Onlinefloatimage6.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-4612490/v1/701be91182576101262be3a5.png"},{"id":60933185,"identity":"4d00e030-212f-4633-9d4a-d076af5fb168","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-07-23 17:49:35","extension":"pdf","order_by":0,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"manuscript-pdf","size":1540999,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"manuscript.pdf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-4612490/v1/1508eb35-b4ce-4667-8b28-e493cf64ab59.pdf"}],"financialInterests":"No competing interests reported.","formattedTitle":"Unveiling the Landscape of Toll-Like Receptors in Cognitive Dysfunction: A Bibliometric Analysis","fulltext":[{"header":"1. Introduction","content":"\u003cp\u003eCognitive dysfunction, also referred to as cognitive impairment, can be delineated as a state of functioning that falls below the anticipated normative levels or entails a decline in the capacity to perform cognitive tasks across various domains\u003csup\u003e\u003cspan citationid=\"CR1\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e,\u003cspan citationid=\"CR2\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e, is a prevalent manifestation in various pathological or disease states. Cognitive dysfunction can be influenced by various factors; nevertheless, the underlying mechanism responsible for cognitive dysfunction remains insufficiently understood. \u003csup\u003e\u003cspan citationid=\"CR3\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e,\u003cspan citationid=\"CR4\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e. previous studies showed that neuroinflammation plays a significant role in cognitive dysfunction's initiation and development\u003csup\u003e\u003cspan citationid=\"CR5\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e5\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e, the aberrant activation of Toll-like receptors (TLRs) in microglia elicits neuroinflammatory reactions, thereby precipitating a deterioration in cognitive capabilities\u003csup\u003e\u003cspan citationid=\"CR6\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e6\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e. As such, TLRs have emerged as crucial mechanisms for understanding cognitive dysfunction and investigating potential therapeutic targets.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eTLRs are a specific group of pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) that are recognized for their essential roles in two key functions\u003csup\u003e\u003cspan citationid=\"CR7\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e7\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e. Firstly, TLRs act as initiators of both innate and adaptive host defense mechanisms against infections by recognizing molecular patterns associated with diverse microbes. Secondly, TLRs play a significant role in the generation of inflammatory cytokines and the development of autoinflammatory responses\u003csup\u003e\u003cspan citationid=\"CR8\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e8\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e.The current understanding is that the activation of TLRs plays a crucial role in initiating the inflammatory response and triggering the production of proinflammatory cytokines\u003csup\u003e\u003cspan citationid=\"CR9\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e9\u003c/span\u003e,\u003cspan citationid=\"CR10\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e10\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e. Specifically, Toll-like receptor 4 has been identified as a mediator of cognitive decline induced by sevoflurane in mice\u003csup\u003e\u003cspan citationid=\"CR11\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e11\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e. Additionally, in stressful conditions, the up-regulation of TLR7 is prompted by an increase in let-7b, which initiates downstream inflammatory signaling and significantly contributes to perioperative neurocognitive disorders\u003csup\u003e\u003cspan citationid=\"CR12\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e12\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e. TLRs have gained significant importance in cognitive research due to their essential involvement in the regulation of cognitive dysfunction, thereby presenting promising opportunities for comprehending and addressing cognitive disorders.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIn recent years, bibliometric analysis has gained significant momentum for its capacity to offer quantitative insights into collaborations among organizations, publications, and scientific research trends\u003csup\u003e\u003cspan citationid=\"CR13\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e13\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e. To our knowledge, no bibliometric analysis focusing on TLRs in cognitive dysfunction has hitherto been published. To address this gap, we systematically searched related publications within the Web of Science Core Collection (WoSCC) and subsequently conducted a visualized bibliometric study. We sought to uncover intricate relationships within this literature and provide valuable information that can guide and inform researchers in future studies on TLRs and cognitive dysfunction.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"2. Materials and methods","content":"\u003cdiv id=\"Sec3\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e2.1 Data Collection\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe data for this study were collected from WOSCC, encompassing the Social Sciences Citation Index (SSCI), the Science Citation Index Expanded (SCI-Expanded), and the Emerging Sources Citation Index (ESCI). As of October 3, 2023, a total of 684 publications were retrieved using the search strategy: TI = (Cognitive or Cognitive dysfunction or Cognitive impairment) and (Toll-like receptor or Toll-like receptors or TLRs or TLR) (Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig1\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec4\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e2.2 Inclusion Criteria\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003col\u003e \u003cspan\u003e \u003cli\u003e \u003cp\u003eArticles on TLRs in the context of cognitive dysfunction.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/li\u003e \u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan\u003e \u003cli\u003e \u003cp\u003eArticles published between January 1, 2002 and October 3, 2023.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/li\u003e \u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan\u003e \u003cli\u003e \u003cp\u003eLiterature indexes from WOSCC, SSCI, SCI-Expanded, and ESCI.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/li\u003e \u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan\u003e \u003cli\u003e \u003cp\u003eJournal articles written in English.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/li\u003e \u003c/span\u003e \u003c/ol\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec5\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e2.3 Exclusion Criteria\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003col\u003e \u003cspan\u003e \u003cli\u003e \u003cp\u003eArticles not officially published.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/li\u003e \u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan\u003e \u003cli\u003e \u003cp\u003eReview article, early access, proceeding paper, meeting abstract, book chapters, retracted publication, correction, editorial material, Letter.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/li\u003e \u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan\u003e \u003cli\u003e \u003cp\u003eDuplicated publications.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/li\u003e \u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan\u003e \u003cli\u003e \u003cp\u003eTopic-unrelated articles.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/li\u003e \u003c/span\u003e \u003c/ol\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec6\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e2.4 Quality Assessment\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThis bibliometric analysis was performed only on English articles that met the inclusion criteria but not the exclusion criteria.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec7\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e2.5 Analysis tools\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe organization, analysis, and visualization of data were carried out using three different software programs. CiteSpace (6.2 R4) was employed for analyzing authors, countries/regions, references, keywords, and authors/co-cited authors, as well as journals. Additionally, the annual publication trends and the treemap chart of the 50 most frequently used keywords and the most frequently cited references were analyzed using an online bibliometric platform (\u003cspan class=\"ExternalRef\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"RefSource\"\u003ehttps://bibliometric.com/\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan address=\"https://bibliometric.com/\" targettype=\"URL\" class=\"RefTarget\"\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e). For other statistical and cartographic analyses, GraphPad Prism (version 9.0) and IBM SPSS (version 25.0) were utilized.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e"},{"header":"3. Results","content":"\u003cdiv id=\"Sec9\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e3.1 Analysis of publication outputs\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eAs shown in Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig2\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e, research in cognitive science has demonstrated a steady annual increase from 2007 to 2023. Over this period, there has been a consistent growth in the number of research papers addressing the interplay between TLRs and cognitive processes. Starting from 2011, there has been an average annual increase of over 10 articles, representing an Annual Growth Rate of 22.18%, with a peak of 68 articles in the year 2023. While the rise in publications was relatively gradual from 2007 to 2014, a continuous upward trend has been observed since 2017. The surge in TLRs research focusing on cognitive mechanisms can be attributed to advancements in fundamental research methods and sustained scientific enthusiasm. By October 4, 2023, a cumulative total of 45 articles have been published, and there is an expectation of additional contributions in the future. The escalating number of yearly publications underscores the dynamic and promising role that TLRs play in advancing cognitive research.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec10\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e3.2 Analysis of countries and institutions\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eOur analysis encompassed contributions from 47 countries/regions, resulting in a total of 502 papers that met the inclusion criteria. As detailed in Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab1\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e, China emerged as the most prolific country/region in terms of scientific work publication, contributing 200 papers, followed by the United States (n\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;132), South Korea (n\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;26), and Canada (n\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;21). Furthermore, the United States took the lead in the number of citations, amassing a total of 7,821. The top three countries in terms of centrality were the United States (0.68), Germany (0.35), and China (0.21), while several other countries, including South Korea, Iran, and Italy, exhibited productivity with a centrality of less than 0.1. As illustrated in Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig3\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e, each country/region displayed a varying degree of cooperation. The corporation map of countries indicates a strong integration of collaborative efforts between China and the USA, followed by England, Canada, and Germany.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab1\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 1\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTop 10 most productive countries/regions.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"5\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCountries/Regions\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePublications\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCitations\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAverage citations per item\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCentrality\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePEOPLES R CHINA\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e200\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4,867\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e24.34\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.21\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eUSA\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e132\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7,821\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e59.25\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.68\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSOUTH KOREA\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e26\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e746\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e28.69\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.00\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCANADA\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e21\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1,303\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e62.05\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.13\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eENGLAND\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e18\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1,230\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e68.33\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.18\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eIRAN\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e18\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e487\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e27.06\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.00\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eITALY\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e18\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e857\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e47.61\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.04\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eEGYPT\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e17\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e209\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.29\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.09\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAUSTRALIA\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e16\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e962\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e60.13\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.11\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSPAIN\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e16\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1,012\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e63.25\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.03\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAs shown in Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab2\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e, several institutions emerged as notable contributors to the publication landscape on TLRs in cognitive science. In terms of publications, the University of California System secured the top position with 19 publications, followed closely by the Egyptian Knowledge Bank with 17 publications and Cairo University with 11 publications. The top 10 most productive institutions prominently featured representatives from both the United States and Egypt, reflecting a strong presence and contribution from these regions in advancing research on TLRs in cognitive science.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab2\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 2\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTop 10 most productive institutions.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"5\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eRank\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eInstitution\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCountry\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003epublications\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCentrality\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eUniversity of California System\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eUSA\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e19\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.12\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eEgyptian Knowledge Bank (EKB)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eEgypt\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e17\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.00\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCairo University\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eEgypt\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e11\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.00\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNational Institutes of Health (NIH) - USA\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eUSA\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e10\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.11\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eUniversity System of Ohio\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eUSA\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e9\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.04\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eIran University of Medical Sciences\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eIran\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e9\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.00\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eShahed University\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eIran\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e8\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.00\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e8\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNanjing Medical University\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eChina\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e8\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.00\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e9\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eLaval University\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCanada\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e8\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.00\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e10\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eGyeongsang National University\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSouth Korea\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e8\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.00\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec11\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e3.3Analysis of journals and co-cited journals\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe 502 papers on TLRs in cognitive science were distributed across 238 different journals. The top ten productive journals in publishing articles on this topic are presented in Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab3\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e, contributing 25.30% (127 publications) to the overall output. According to the results, BRAIN BEHAVIOR AND IMMUNITY published the highest number of articles (40, 7.97%), followed by JOURNAL OF NEUROINFLAMMATION and MOLECULAR NEUROBIOLOGY (22, 4.38%), MOLECULAR NEUROBIOLOGY (12, 2.39%), and BEHAVIOURAL BRAIN RESEARCH (9, 1.79%). BRAIN BEHAVIOR AND IMMUNITY received the most citations, followed by JOURNAL OF NEUROINFLAMMATION, with both journals surpassing others in terms of citations. Notably, these two journals also boasted the highest H-index and impact factor among all the journals (H-index: 22, 17; 2023 IF: 6.633, 5.793).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab3\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 3\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe top 10 most productive journals\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"6\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c6\" colnum=\"6\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eJournals\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePublications\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCitations\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAverage citations per tem\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eH_ index\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2023 IF\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eBRAIN BEHAVIOR AND IMMUNITY\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e40\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2,006\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e50.15\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e22\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.633\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eJOURNAL OF NEUROINFLAMMATION\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e22\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1,998\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e90.82\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e17\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.793\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMOLECULAR NEUROBIOLOGY\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e12\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e309\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e25.75\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e9\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eBEHAVIOURAL BRAIN RESEARCH\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e9\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e156\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e17.33\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e8\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.977\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePLOS ONE\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e8\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e362\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e45.25\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.74\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSCIENTIFIC REPORTS\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e8\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e579\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e72.38\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.998\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFRONTIERS IN PHARMACOLOGY\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e75\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.71\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.225\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eINTERNATIONAL IMMUNOPHARMACOLOGY\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e96\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.71\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.943\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eJOURNAL OF ALZHEIMERS DISEASE\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e235\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e33.57\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.909\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eJOURNAL OF NEUROSCIENCE\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e562\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e80.29\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.765\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAs shown in Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab4\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003e, the top 10 co-cited journals with the highest counts/centrality in research on TLRs in cognitive science are presented. Four co-cited journals (PLOS ONE, Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A, JOURNAL OF NEUROINFLAMMATION, JOURNAL OF NEUROSCIENCE) had over 250 co-citations. According to centrality, PLOS ONE, Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A, JOURNAL OF NEUROINFLAMMATION, JOURNAL OF NEUROSCIENCE, and BRAIN BEHAVIOR AND IMMUNITY ranked as the top 5 sources. Notably, the top 10 co-cited journals with the most citations and centrality were all based in the United States.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab4\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 4\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe top 10 co-cited journals\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"10\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c6\" colnum=\"6\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c7\" colnum=\"7\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c8\" colnum=\"8\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c9\" colnum=\"9\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c10\" colnum=\"10\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eRank\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCounts\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCo-cited Journal\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2023 IF\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003econtry\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eRank\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCentrality\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCo-cited Journal\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2023\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIF\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003econtry\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e299\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePLOS ONE\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.74\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eUNITED STATES\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.11\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePLOS ONE\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.74\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eUNITED STATES\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e281\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eProc Natl Acad Sci U S A\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.41\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eUNITED STATES\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eProc Natl Acad Sci U S A\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.41\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eUNITED STATES\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e275\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eJOURNAL OF NEUROINFLAMMATION\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.793\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eENGLAND\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.07\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eJOURNAL OF NEUROINFLAMMATION\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.793\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eENGLAND\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e273\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eJOURNAL OF NEUROSCIENCE\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.765\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eUNITED STATES\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.06\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eJOURNAL OF NEUROSCIENCE\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.765\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eUNITED STATES\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e245\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eBRAIN BEHAVIOR AND IMMUNITY\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.633\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eUNITED STATES\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.05\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eBRAIN BEHAVIOR AND IMMUNITY\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.633\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eUNITED STATES\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e211\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eJOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.217\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eUNITED STATES\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.05\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eJOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.217\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eUNITED STATES\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e201\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eJOURNAL OF BIOLOGICAL CHEMISTRY\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.238\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eUNITED STATES\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.05\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eJOURNAL OF BIOLOGICAL CHEMISTRY\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.238\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eUNITED STATES\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e8\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e191\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNEUROSCIENCE\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.05\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eENGLAND\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e8\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.04\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNEUROSCIENCE\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.05\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eENGLAND\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e9\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e191\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNATURE\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e42.778\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eENGLAND\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e9\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.04\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNATURE\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e42.778\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eENGLAND\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e10\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e191\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eJOURNAL OF NEUROCHEMISTRY\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.7\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eENGLAND\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e10\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.04\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eJOURNAL OF NEUROCHEMISTRY\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.7\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eENGLAND\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003ctfoot\u003e \u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd colspan=\"10\"\u003e\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003eIF in category according to Journal Citation Reports (2021). IF, impact factor.\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tfoot\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec12\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e3.4 Analysis of authors and co-cited authors\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe 502 papers on TLRs in cognitive science were authored by a total of 3,248 contributors. Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab5\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e5\u003c/span\u003e highlights the top ten authors based on their publication records. The most prolific authors included BALUCHNEJADMOJARAD T and ROGHANI M (n\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;9 publications each), followed by AFSHIN-MAJD S and GUERRI C (n\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;7 publications), and PASCUAL M and KIASALARI Z (n\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;6 publications). GUERRI C garnered the highest number of citations (575), trailed by PASCUAL M with 351 citations. PASCUAL M also boasted the highest average citations among the top authors. BALUCHNEJADMOJARAD T and ROGHANI M, both with an H-index of 9, emerged as the five most influential authors. A visual representation of the author network is provided in Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig4\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003ea.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab5\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 5\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTop ten most productive authors\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"5\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAuthor\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePublications\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCitations\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAverage citations per tem\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eH_ index\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eBALUCHNEJADMOJARAD T\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e9\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e384\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e42.67\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e9\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eROGHANI M\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e9\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e384\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e42.67\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e9\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAFSHIN-MAJD S\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e290\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e41.43\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eGUERRI C\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e575\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e82.14\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePASCUAL M\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e536\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e89.33\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eKIASALARI Z\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e247\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e41.17\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eZHANG J\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e171\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e34.20\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eZHANG X\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e193\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e48.25\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eLYNCH MA\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e352\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e88.00\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eHEO HJ\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e32\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.00\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eTable\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab6\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e6\u003c/span\u003e presents the ten co-cited authors based on their publications, and Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig4\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003eb illustrates the interconnectedness of co-cited authors in the network. In terms of co-cited counts, OKUN E (73), HENEKA MT (46), and KAWAI T (44) secured the top three positions. Additionally, for co-cited authors with centrality, TAHARA K (0.25) and OKUN E (0.12) exhibited higher centrality values compared to other researchers.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab6\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 6\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTop ten co-cited authors\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"4\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eRank\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAuthor\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCounts\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCentrality\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eOKUN E\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e73\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.12\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eHENEKA MT\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e46\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.05\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eKAWAI T\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e44\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.08\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eWALTER S\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e41\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eLEHNARDT S\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e41\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eWANG Y\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e38\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.04\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTAHARA K\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e34\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.25\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e8\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eLIU Y\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e31\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.07\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e9\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eROLLS A\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e31\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.02\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e10\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eRICHARD KL\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e30\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.05\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec13\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e3.5 Analysis of the 10 most-cited papers\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe academic impact of a research study can be assessed by the number of citations it receives in the literature. Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab7\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e7\u003c/span\u003e presents the top 10 most-cited papers on TLRs in cognitive science, along with the average citations for these top 10 cited papers. Out of the 502 publications, the citation counts for the top 10 most-referenced papers ranged from 222 to 679, collectively constituting 20.93% of all citations. The most-cited paper, titled \"Inflammation in Alzheimer's disease-a brief review of the basic science and clinical literature\" by WYSS-CORAY T, was published in \u003cem\u003eCold Spring Harb Perspect Med\u003c/em\u003e in 2012. Among the top 10 papers based on citation counts, only two were published within the past five years. Notably, \"Neuroinflammation induced by lipopolysaccharide causes cognitive impairment in mice\" by ZHAO JY, published in \u003cem\u003eScientific Reports\u003c/em\u003e, and \"Hesperetin, a Citrus Flavonoid, Attenuates LPS-Induced Neuroinflammation, Apoptosis and Memory Impairments by Modulating TLR4/NF-κB Signaling\" by MUHAMMAD T, published in \u003cem\u003eNutrients\u003c/em\u003e, represent the most recent and highly cited literature in the field. Furthermore, these papers exhibited the highest average number of citations per year, underscoring their significant contribution to advancing our understanding of cognitive mechanisms.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab7\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 7\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe top 10 papers in the number of citations\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"5\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTitle\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eJournal\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eYear\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCitations\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2023 IF\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eInflammation in Alzheimer disease-a brief review of the basic science and clinical literature.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCold Spring Harb Perspect Med\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2012\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e679\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.00\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTumor necrosis factor-alpha triggers a cytokine cascade yielding postoperative cognitive decline.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eProc Natl Acad Sci U S A\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2010\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e518\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.41\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMinocycline attenuates lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced neuroinflammation, sickness behavior, and anhedonia.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eJ Neuroinflammation\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2008\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e479\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.79\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePeripheral lipopolysaccharide (LPS) challenge promotes microglial hyperactivity in aged mice that is associated with exaggerated induction of both pro-inflammatory IL-1beta and anti-inflammatory IL-10 cytokines.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eBrain Behav Immun\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2009\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e412\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.63\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNeuroinflammation induced by lipopolysaccharide causes cognitive impairment in mice.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSci Rep\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2019\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e370\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.00\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eObese-type gut microbiota induce neurobehavioral changes in the absence of obesity.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eBiol Psychiatry\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2015\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e359\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.10\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eExtensive innate immune gene activation accompanies brain aging, increasing vulnerability to cognitive decline and neurodegeneration: a microarray study.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eJ Neuroinflammation\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2012\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e336\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.79\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eToll-like receptor 2 acts as a natural innate immune receptor to clear amyloid beta 1\u0026ndash;42 and delay the cognitive decline in a mouse model of Alzheimer's disease.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eJ Neurosci\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2008\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e250\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.67\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eHesperetin, a Citrus Flavonoid, Attenuates LPS-Induced Neuroinflammation, Apoptosis and Memory Impairments by Modulating TLR4/NF-κB Signaling.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNutrients\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2019\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e235\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.55\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eInflammation in epilepsy: clinical observations.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eEpilepsia\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2011\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e222\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.04\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"5\" nameend=\"c5\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eAverage per year\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNeuroinflammation induced by lipopolysaccharide causes cognitive impairment in mice.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSci Rep\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2019\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e74.00\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.00\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eInflammation in Alzheimer disease-a brief review of the basic science and clinical literature.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCold Spring Harb Perspect Med\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2012\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e56.58\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.00\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eHesperetin, a Citrus Flavonoid, Attenuates LPS-Induced Neuroinflammation, Apoptosis and Memory Impairments by Modulating TLR4/NF-κB Signaling.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNutrients\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2019\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e47.00\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.55\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eObese-type gut microbiota induce neurobehavioral changes in the absence of obesity.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eBiol Psychiatry\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2015\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e39.89\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.10\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCurcumin inhibits LPS-induced neuroinflammation by promoting microglial M2 polarization via TREM2/ TLR4/ NF-κB pathways in BV2 cells.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMol Immunol\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2019\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e38.60\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.64\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTumor necrosis factor-alpha triggers a cytokine cascade yielding postoperative cognitive decline.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eProc Natl Acad Sci U S A\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2010\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e37.00\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.41\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eProbiotics modulate the microbiota-gut-brain axis and improve memory deficits in aged SAMP8 mice.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eActa Pharm Sin B\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2020\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e35.75\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.10\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMinocycline attenuates lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced neuroinflammation, sickness behavior, and anhedonia.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eJ Neuroinflammation\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2008\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e29.94\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.79\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eGalectin-3, a novel endogenous TREM2 ligand, detrimentally regulates inflammatory response in Alzheimer's disease.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eActa Neuropathol\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2019\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e29.20\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.25\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSARS-CoV-2 spike S1 subunit induces neuroinflammatory, microglial and behavioral sickness responses: Evidence of PAMP-like properties.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eBrain Behav Immun\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2022\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e28.50\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.63\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec14\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e3.6 Analysis of keywords\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eA total of 152 keywords were extracted, with 60 terms appearing more than 10 times and 9 terms emerging more than 50 times in the field of TLRs in cognitive dysfunction. Figure\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig5\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e5\u003c/span\u003ea displays the Word Cloud Map composed of these keywords, emphasizing the aspect of highest frequency and centrality. The top 10 most frequent keywords in this specialized research field are presented in Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab8\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e8\u003c/span\u003e and Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig5\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e5\u003c/span\u003eb, with \"activation\" (112 papers, 7%), \"toll-like receptors\" (99 papers, 6%), and \"inflammation\" (96 papers, 5%) identified as the three most important keywords, based on their frequency of mention in publications. Keywords with citation bursts signify the development of specific knowledge areas. Figure\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig5\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e5\u003c/span\u003ec showcases the top 25 keywords about TLRs in cognitive dysfunction with the strongest citation bursts since 2004. The temporal boundaries of the research frontier and the duration of the research frontier are indicated by the length of the red bars. Furthermore, Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig5\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e5\u003c/span\u003ed illustrates the intensity of mutation, with five clusters of keywords representing distinct areas of research. The magnitude of the outbreak reflects the intensity of change and development in the research landscape related to TLRs in cognitive dysfunction.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab8\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 8\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe top 10 keywords with the highest centrality and counts\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"8\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c6\" colnum=\"6\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c7\" colnum=\"7\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c8\" colnum=\"8\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eRank\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eKeyword\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCounts\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eInital year\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eRank\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eKeyword\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCentrality\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eInital year\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eactivation\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e112\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2007\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003einflammation\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.13\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2010\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003etoll like receptors\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e99\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2010\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003emouse model\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.12\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2009\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003einflammation\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e96\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2010\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eactivation\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.11\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2007\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eexpression\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e84\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2009\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eexpression\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.09\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2009\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ealzheimers disease\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e81\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2007\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eoxidative stress\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.09\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2007\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ebrain\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e74\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2009\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ebrain\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.08\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2009\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003emouse model\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e54\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2009\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eprefrontal cortex\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.08\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2009\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e8\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eoxidative stress\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e52\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2007\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e8\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003edisease\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.07\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2009\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e9\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ecognitive impairment\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e50\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2010\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e9\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ehmgb1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.07\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2015\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e10\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003emicroglia\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e49\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2013\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e10\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eToll-like receptors\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.06\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2010\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec15\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e3.7 Analysis of Reference\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eTable\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab9\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e9\u003c/span\u003e provides valuable insights into citation patterns and influential works in the field of TLRs in cognitive dysfunction. A study by Okun E\u003csup\u003e\u003cspan citationid=\"CR14\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e14\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e garnered significant attention, holding the highest number of citations at 12 and a centrality of 0.12, indicating its significance and impact. Figure\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig6\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e6\u003c/span\u003ea illustrates the cooperative relationships and references of TLRs in cognitive processes over time. The increasing number and size of nodes signify growing influence and collaboration among researchers. Colors represent referenced years, while intricate connection lines denote the complexity of relationships between references. The graph, arranged chronologically from left to right, demonstrates an increasing number and size of nodes, as well as a growing quantity and complexity of connection lines. In Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig6\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e6\u003c/span\u003eb, references are clustered based on focal points, representing specific topics or themes. Core references are marked by their centrality and frequency. TLRs in cognitive research involves several sub-clusters, including cognitive deficits, normal brain aging, symptoms of inflammation-induced sickness, basic science, act, new drug target, and more. Figure\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig6\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e6\u003c/span\u003ec highlights references with high burst values, indicating emerging trends in TLRs in cognitive science from 2013 to 2023. Okun E\u003csup\u003e\u003cspan citationid=\"CR14\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e14\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e stood out with a burst value of 5.29, revealing TLR3 as a suppressor of hippocampal cellular plasticity and memory retention. Another significant burst value (4.97) is associated with Reed-Geaghan EG \u003csup\u003e\u003cspan citationid=\"CR15\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e15\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e, suggesting that innate immune receptors TLR4 and TLR2, components of the microglial fibril β-amyloid (fAβ) receptor complex, promote microglial activation. The analysis of research references on TLRs in cognitive science provides valuable insights into emerging trends and research directions. Researchers can use these references to stay informed about recent developments and contribute to the advancement of cognitive research. Coupling clusters, including the main clusters of \"toll-like receptors\", \"oxidative stress\", and \"rats,\" as well as the latest research frontiers encompassing topics such as \"tlr4\", \"stroke\", \"microglia\", \"health\", \"astrocytes\", \"risk\", \"damage\", and \"receptors\", are visualized in Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig6\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e6\u003c/span\u003ed. Additional coupling clusters involving \"mobility group box-1, temporal-lobe epilepsy, antiepileptic drugs \", \"central-nervous-system, microglial activation, blood-brain-barrier\", \"prefrontal cortex, toll-like receptor-3, brain-damage\", \"activation, inflammation, expression\", and \"lobectomy, surgery, cognition, models\", are also displayed.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab9\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 9\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe top 10 references in the field of TLRs in cognitive\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"6\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c6\" colnum=\"6\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eRank\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCounts\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCentrality\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAuthor\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eyear\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSource\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e12\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.11\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eOkun E\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2010\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePNAS\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e11\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.04\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eHeneka MT\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2015\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eLancet. Neurology\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e10\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.07\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eReed-Geaghan EG\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2015\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eJournal of neuroscience\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e10\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eGambuzza M\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2014\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCNS \u0026amp; neurological disorders drug targets\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e9\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.07\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMaroso M\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2010\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNature medicine\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e9\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.01\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eHanke M\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2011\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eClinical science\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e8\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMichaud JP\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2013\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePNAS\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e8\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e8\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.12\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTahara K\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2006\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eBrain: a journal of neurology\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e9\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e8\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTrotta T\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2014\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eJournal of neuroimmunology\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e10\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e8\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.08\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eRichard K\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2008\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eJournal of neuroscience\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e"},{"header":"4. Discussion","content":"\u003cp\u003eThe role of TLRs in cognitive-related diseases remains elusive, despite abundant fundamental scientific research. This bibliometric analysis, covering the literature from 2002 to 2023, employed quantitative and visualization techniques to illuminate various dimensions of current research on TLRs in cognitive dysfunction. The analysis revealed a consistent rise in annual publications, emphasizing the growing significance of TLRs in cognitive dysfunction. Prestigious journals such as BRAIN BEHAVIOR AND IMMUNITY and JOURNAL OF NEUROINFLAMMATION have played a pivotal role in highlighting interdisciplinary attention to Toll-like receptors in cognitive dysfunction. The collaborative network highlighted the crucial contributions of China and the United States, with influential figures like Professor OKUN E instrumental in understanding TLR mechanisms in cognitive dysfunction. \u003csup\u003e\u003cspan citationid=\"CR16\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e16\u003c/span\u003e,\u003cspan citationid=\"CR17\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e17\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e. Citation bursts, particularly those of ROGHANI M and BALUCHNEJADMOJARAD T, indicated their potential influence \u003csup\u003e\u003cspan citationid=\"CR18\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e18\u003c/span\u003e,\u003cspan citationid=\"CR19\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e19\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e. This comprehensive analysis provides a broader perspective on Toll-like receptor research in cognitive dysfunction, facilitating the development of future endeavors, collaborations, and navigating this evolving landscape with stakeholders in the field.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIn the exploration of TLRs in cognitive mechanisms, several pivotal research findings have assumed a crucial guiding role, leading to their recognition as highly cited articles. The analysis of the top 10 papers, based on their citation frequency, sheds light on significant contributions to the field. One notable contribution is Tony Wyss Coray et al.'s paper, published in the \u003cem\u003eCold Spring Harb Perspect Med\u003c/em\u003e journal. This work posits that immune and inflammatory processes in genes, cells, and molecules are intricately linked to cognitive impairment in Alzheimer's disease. The authors highlight anti-inflammatory approaches as a key direction that holds promise for improving cognitive dysfunction in Alzheimer's disease \u003csup\u003e\u003cspan citationid=\"CR20\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e20\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e. Another noteworthy study, conducted by Jiayi Zhao et al., is titled \"Neuroimaging induced by lipopolysaccharide causes cognitive impairment in mice\", and it boasts the highest annual average citation. Zhao et al.'s findings support the notion that lipopolysaccharide (LPS) triggers microglial activation through the NF-kB signaling pathway, leading to cognitive impairment and neuroinflammation\u003csup\u003e\u003cspan citationid=\"CR21\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e21\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e. The cumulative impact of these highly cited articles, both in terms of total citations and annual average citations, suggests a strong association between TLRs-mediated neuroinflammation and the regulation of cognitive dysfunction \u003csup\u003e\u003cspan citationid=\"CR22\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e22\u003c/span\u003e,\u003cspan citationid=\"CR23\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e23\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe analysis of TLRs research-related keywords has revealed key hotspots that reflect the evolving landscape of the field. Through keyword sorting and clustering, the top three frequently occurring terms were identified as \"activation\", \"toll-like receptors\", and \"inflammation\". Toll-like receptors play a critical role in regulating innate immunity and the inflammatory response. In the context of Alzheimer's disease, the presence of nucleic acid-containing amyloid fibrils induces interferon and activates TLRs, leading to neuroinflammation and synapse loss \u003csup\u003e\u003cspan citationid=\"CR24\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e24\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e. The exploration of how TLR activation mediates cognitive dysfunction is an ongoing area of investigation. For instance, the activation of Toll-like receptor 2 through high mobility group box-1 has been linked to postoperative neuroinflammation and cognitive dysfunction in mice, showcasing the continuous exploration of these mechanisms\u003csup\u003e\u003cspan citationid=\"CR25\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e25\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e. The development of the field is discernible through keyword citation bursts. Notably, between 2008 and 2013, a substantial body of literature emerged employing transgenic mice to investigate potential mechanisms of TLRs in cognitive dysfunction. Mar\u0026iacute;a Pascual et al. made a significant contribution during this period by demonstrating, in genetically modified mice, that alcohol-induced inflammation is mediated by TLR4 function\u003csup\u003e\u003cspan citationid=\"CR26\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e26\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e. This work further indicated that alcohol-induced behavioral and cognitive impairments result from epigenetic modifications mediated by TLR4 \u003csup\u003e22\u003c/sup\u003e. Since 2019, there has been a shift in the keyword landscape, with terms such as \"shock\", \"microglia\", and \"damage\" emerging as prominent themes. This shift suggests that research on TLRs in cognition has entered a new direction, signaling ongoing exploration and evolution in the understanding of the complex interplay between TLRs and cognitive processes\u003csup\u003e\u003cspan citationid=\"CR27\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e27\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAnalyzing references is a valuable approach to discerning important trends and impactful works in TLRs research on cognitive dysfunction. One notable reference is Okun E's study \u003csup\u003e\u003cspan citationid=\"CR14\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e14\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e which stands out for its high citation rate. This suggests that the study is not only of high quality but also deemed crucial within the field, signifying its importance as a key research work. Additionally, renowned investigations by Maroso M\u003csup\u003e\u003cspan citationid=\"CR28\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e28\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e and Hanke M\u003csup\u003e\u003cspan citationid=\"CR17\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e17\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e have been published in top-tier journals. These studies have significantly contributed to enriching scientists' understanding of the role of Toll-like receptors in cognitive dysfunction. The publication of such works in reputable journals indicates their impact on the field and underscores their importance in shaping the current knowledge landscape surrounding TLRs and cognitive dysfunction.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cb\u003eConclusion\u003c/b\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eOverall, this comprehensive visualized bibliometric analysis offers valuable insights into emerging areas, trends, and potential directions for TLRs in cognitive research. Our study reveals that TLRs play a pivotal role in cognitive dysfunction, spanning from fundamental mechanisms to potential clinical applications. This research promises to usher in a new era of advancements in medicine, with the goal of benefiting patients and advancing the field of medical science. Empowered by these insights, researchers are poised to make significant contributions to the ever-evolving landscape of TLRs in cognitive dysfunction, further shaping the trajectory of this critical area of study.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Declarations","content":"\u003cp\u003e \u003ch2\u003eAcknowlegments\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe team expresses gratitude to Professor Zou Jiang of the Anesthesiology Department at Sichuan Cancer Hospital for providing guidance in the study of bibliometrics.\u003c/p\u003e \u003ch2\u003eConflict of interest\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe authors declare that they have no competing interests.\u003c/p\u003e \u003ch2\u003eFunding\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThis work was supported by Youth Science Foundation of Natural Science Foundation of Sichuan (Grant No. 2022NSFSC1346); and Medical Research Project in Sichuan Province (Grant No. S21052); and Bethune Charitable Foundation (NO. ezmr2023-031).\u003c/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eAuthor Contribution\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eAZ and QL were involved in the conception and study design. AZ and H W were involved in the writing and revision of the manuscript. QL was responsible for the data analysis. AZ was in charge of concept design, article proofreading and project guidance. All authors were responsible for critical revision of the manuscript and reviewed the manuscript.\u003c/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eData Availability\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eIt is included in the article that the authors' original contributions are described in more detail. Further inquiries may be directed to the corresponding authors.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"References","content":"\u003col\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003ePan WT, Liu PM, Ma D, Yang JJ. Advances in photobiomodulation for cognitive improvement by near-infrared derived multiple strategies. J Transl Med Feb. 2023;22(1):135. \u003cspan class=\"ExternalRef\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"RefSource\"\u003e10.1186/s12967-023-03988-w\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan address=\"10.1186/s12967-023-03988-w\" targettype=\"DOI\" class=\"RefTarget\"\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eKumar KS, Samuelkamaleshkumar S, Viswanathan A, Macaden AS. Cognitive rehabilitation for adults with traumatic brain injury to improve occupational outcomes. Cochrane Database Syst Rev Jun. 2017;20(6):Cd007935. \u003cspan class=\"ExternalRef\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"RefSource\"\u003e10.1002/14651858.CD007935.pub2\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan address=\"10.1002/14651858.CD007935.pub2\" targettype=\"DOI\" class=\"RefTarget\"\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eS\u0026aacute;iz-Vazquez O, Puente-Mart\u0026iacute;nez A, Pacheco-Bonrostro J, Ubillos-Landa S. Blood pressure and Alzheimer's disease: A review of meta-analysis. Front Neurol. 2022;13:1065335. \u003cspan class=\"ExternalRef\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"RefSource\"\u003e10.3389/fneur.2022.1065335\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan address=\"10.3389/fneur.2022.1065335\" targettype=\"DOI\" class=\"RefTarget\"\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eSoenarto RF, Mansjoer A, Amir N, Aprianti M, Perdana A. Cardiopulmonary Bypass Alone Does Not Cause Postoperative Cognitive Dysfunction Following Open Heart Surgery. Anesth Pain Med Dec. 2018;8(6):e83610. \u003cspan class=\"ExternalRef\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"RefSource\"\u003e10.5812/aapm.83610\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan address=\"10.5812/aapm.83610\" targettype=\"DOI\" class=\"RefTarget\"\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eSun Q, Yan H, Chen F, et al. Restoration of Proresolution Pathway with Exogenous Resolvin D1 Prevents Sevoflurane-Induced Cognitive Decline by Attenuating Neuroinflammation in the Hippocampus in Rats with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus. Front Pharmacol. 2021;12:720249. \u003cspan class=\"ExternalRef\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"RefSource\"\u003e10.3389/fphar.2021.720249\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan address=\"10.3389/fphar.2021.720249\" targettype=\"DOI\" class=\"RefTarget\"\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eG\u0026oacute;mez-G\u0026oacute;mez ME, Zapico SC, Frailty. Cognitive Decline, Neurodegenerative Diseases and Nutrition Interventions. Int J Mol Sci Jun. 2019;11(11). \u003cspan class=\"ExternalRef\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"RefSource\"\u003e10.3390/ijms20112842\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan address=\"10.3390/ijms20112842\" targettype=\"DOI\" class=\"RefTarget\"\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eLe Pennec G, Gard\u0026egrave;res J. The Challenge of the Sponge Suberites domuncula (Olivi, 1792) in the Presence of a Symbiotic Bacterium and a Pathogen Bacterium. Genes (Basel) Jun. 2019;26(7). \u003cspan class=\"ExternalRef\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"RefSource\"\u003e10.3390/genes10070485\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan address=\"10.3390/genes10070485\" targettype=\"DOI\" class=\"RefTarget\"\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eZheng M, Shi S, Zheng Q, Wang Y, Ying X, Jin Y. Association between TLR-9 gene rs187084 polymorphism and knee osteoarthritis in a Chinese population. Biosci Rep Oct. 2017;31(5). \u003cspan class=\"ExternalRef\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"RefSource\"\u003e10.1042/bsr20170844\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan address=\"10.1042/bsr20170844\" targettype=\"DOI\" class=\"RefTarget\"\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003e!!! INVALID CITATION !!!. (Sindhu, 2019).\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eKomine O, Yamashita H, Fujimori-Tonou N, et al. Innate immune adaptor TRIF deficiency accelerates disease progression of ALS mice with accumulation of aberrantly activated astrocytes. Cell Death Differ Dec. 2018;25(12):2130\u0026ndash;46. \u003cspan class=\"ExternalRef\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"RefSource\"\u003e10.1038/s41418-018-0098-3\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan address=\"10.1038/s41418-018-0098-3\" targettype=\"DOI\" class=\"RefTarget\"\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eFei X, Wang JX, Wu Y, Dong N, Sheng ZY. Sevoflurane-induced cognitive decline in aged mice: Involvement of toll-like receptors 4. Brain Res Bull Dec. 2020;165:23\u0026ndash;9. \u003cspan class=\"ExternalRef\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"RefSource\"\u003e10.1016/j.brainresbull.2020.08.030\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan address=\"10.1016/j.brainresbull.2020.08.030\" targettype=\"DOI\" class=\"RefTarget\"\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eDeng L, Gao R, Chen H, et al. Let-7b-TLR7 Signaling Axis Contributes to the Anesthesia/Surgery-Induced Cognitive Impairment. Mol Neurobiol. 2023. \u003cspan class=\"ExternalRef\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"RefSource\"\u003e10.1007/s12035-023-03658-4\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan address=\"10.1007/s12035-023-03658-4\" targettype=\"DOI\" class=\"RefTarget\"\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eMerig\u0026oacute; JM, N\u0026uacute;\u0026ntilde;ez A. Influential journals in health research: a bibliometric study. Global Health Aug. 2016;22(1):46. \u003cspan class=\"ExternalRef\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"RefSource\"\u003e10.1186/s12992-016-0186-4\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan address=\"10.1186/s12992-016-0186-4\" targettype=\"DOI\" class=\"RefTarget\"\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eOkun E, Griffioen K, Barak B, et al. Toll-like receptor 3 inhibits memory retention and constrains adult hippocampal neurogenesis. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 2010;107(35):15625\u0026ndash;30. \u003cspan class=\"ExternalRef\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"RefSource\"\u003e10.1073/pnas.1005807107\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan address=\"10.1073/pnas.1005807107\" targettype=\"DOI\" class=\"RefTarget\"\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eReed-Geaghan E, Savage J, Hise A, Landreth G. CD14 and toll-like receptors 2 and 4 are required for fibrillar A{beta}-stimulated microglial activation. J neuroscience: official J Soc Neurosci. 2009;29(38):11982\u0026ndash;92. \u003cspan class=\"ExternalRef\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"RefSource\"\u003e10.1523/jneurosci.3158-09.2009\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan address=\"10.1523/jneurosci.3158-09.2009\" targettype=\"DOI\" class=\"RefTarget\"\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eOkun E, Griffioen K, Mattson M. Toll-like receptor signaling in neural plasticity and disease. Trends Neurosci. 2011;34(5):269\u0026ndash;81. \u003cspan class=\"ExternalRef\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"RefSource\"\u003e10.1016/j.tins.2011.02.005\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan address=\"10.1016/j.tins.2011.02.005\" targettype=\"DOI\" class=\"RefTarget\"\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eHeneka M, Carson M, El Khoury J, et al. Neuroinflammation in Alzheimer's disease. Lancet Neurol. 2015;14(4):388\u0026ndash;405. \u003cspan class=\"ExternalRef\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"RefSource\"\u003e10.1016/s1474-4422(15)70016-5\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan address=\"10.1016/s1474-4422(15)70016-5\" targettype=\"DOI\" class=\"RefTarget\"\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eZarezadeh M, Baluchnejadmojarad T, Kiasalari Z, Afshin-Majd S, Roghani M. Garlic active constituent s-allyl cysteine protects against lipopolysaccharide-induced cognitive deficits in the rat: Possible involved mechanisms. Eur J Pharmacol. 2017;795:13\u0026ndash;21. \u003cspan class=\"ExternalRef\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"RefSource\"\u003e10.1016/j.ejphar.2016.11.051\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan address=\"10.1016/j.ejphar.2016.11.051\" targettype=\"DOI\" class=\"RefTarget\"\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eBaluchnejadmojarad T, Kiasalari Z, Afshin-Majd S, Ghasemi Z, Roghani M. S-allyl cysteine ameliorates cognitive deficits in streptozotocin-diabetic rats via suppression of oxidative stress, inflammation, and acetylcholinesterase. Eur J Pharmacol. 2017;794:69\u0026ndash;76. \u003cspan class=\"ExternalRef\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"RefSource\"\u003e10.1016/j.ejphar.2016.11.033\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan address=\"10.1016/j.ejphar.2016.11.033\" targettype=\"DOI\" class=\"RefTarget\"\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eWyss-Coray T, Rogers J. Inflammation in Alzheimer disease-a brief review of the basic science and clinical literature. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Med. Jan 2012;2(1):a006346. \u003cspan class=\"ExternalRef\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"RefSource\"\u003e10.1101/cshperspect.a006346\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan address=\"10.1101/cshperspect.a006346\" targettype=\"DOI\" class=\"RefTarget\"\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eZhao J, Bi W, Xiao S, et al. Neuroinflammation induced by lipopolysaccharide causes cognitive impairment in mice. Sci Rep Apr. 2019;8(1):5790. \u003cspan class=\"ExternalRef\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"RefSource\"\u003e10.1038/s41598-019-42286-8\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan address=\"10.1038/s41598-019-42286-8\" targettype=\"DOI\" class=\"RefTarget\"\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eRichard KL, Filali M, Pr\u0026eacute;fontaine P, Rivest S. Toll-like receptor 2 acts as a natural innate immune receptor to clear amyloid beta 1\u0026ndash;42 and delay the cognitive decline in a mouse model of Alzheimer's disease. J Neurosci May. 2008;28(22):5784\u0026ndash;93. \u003cspan class=\"ExternalRef\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"RefSource\"\u003e10.1523/jneurosci.1146-08.2008\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan address=\"10.1523/jneurosci.1146-08.2008\" targettype=\"DOI\" class=\"RefTarget\"\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eMuhammad T, Ikram M, Ullah R, Rehman S, Kim M. Hesperetin, a Citrus Flavonoid, Attenuates LPS-Induced Neuroinflammation, Apoptosis and Memory Impairments by Modulating TLR4/NF-κB Signaling. Nutrients. 2019;11(3). \u003cspan class=\"ExternalRef\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"RefSource\"\u003e10.3390/nu11030648\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan address=\"10.3390/nu11030648\" targettype=\"DOI\" class=\"RefTarget\"\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eShmookler Reis RJ, Atluri R, Balasubramaniam M, Johnson J, Ganne A, Ayyadevara S. Protein aggregates contain RNA and DNA, entrapped by misfolded proteins but largely rescued by slowing translational elongation. Aging Cell May. 2021;20(5):e13326. \u003cspan class=\"ExternalRef\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"RefSource\"\u003e10.1111/acel.13326\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan address=\"10.1111/acel.13326\" targettype=\"DOI\" class=\"RefTarget\"\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eZarezadeh M, Baluchnejadmojarad T, Kiasalari Z, Afshin-Majd S, Roghani M. Garlic active constituent s-allyl cysteine protects against lipopolysaccharide-induced cognitive deficits in the rat: Possible involved mechanisms. Eur J Pharmacol Jan. 2017;15:795:13\u0026ndash;21. \u003cspan class=\"ExternalRef\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"RefSource\"\u003e10.1016/j.ejphar.2016.11.051\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan address=\"10.1016/j.ejphar.2016.11.051\" targettype=\"DOI\" class=\"RefTarget\"\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003ePascual M, Bali\u0026ntilde;o P, Alfonso-Loeches S, Arag\u0026oacute;n CM, Guerri C. Impact of TLR4 on behavioral and cognitive dysfunctions associated with alcohol-induced neuroinflammatory damage. Brain Behav Immun Jun. 2011;25(Suppl 1):S80\u0026ndash;91. \u003cspan class=\"ExternalRef\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"RefSource\"\u003e10.1016/j.bbi.2011.02.012\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan address=\"10.1016/j.bbi.2011.02.012\" targettype=\"DOI\" class=\"RefTarget\"\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eWang L, Yang JW, Lin LT, et al. Acupuncture Attenuates Inflammation in Microglia of Vascular Dementia Rats by Inhibiting miR-93-Mediated TLR4/MyD88/NF-κB Signaling Pathway. Oxid Med Cell Longev. 2020;2020:8253904. \u003cspan class=\"ExternalRef\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"RefSource\"\u003e10.1155/2020/8253904\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan address=\"10.1155/2020/8253904\" targettype=\"DOI\" class=\"RefTarget\"\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eMaroso M, Balosso S, Ravizza T, et al. Toll-like receptor 4 and high-mobility group box-1 are involved in ictogenesis and can be targeted to reduce seizures. Nat Med. 2010;16(4):413\u0026ndash;9. \u003cspan class=\"ExternalRef\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"RefSource\"\u003e10.1038/nm.2127\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan address=\"10.1038/nm.2127\" targettype=\"DOI\" class=\"RefTarget\"\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003c/ol\u003e"}],"fulltextSource":"","fullText":"","funders":[],"hasAdminPriorityOnWorkflow":false,"hasManuscriptDocX":true,"hasOptedInToPreprint":true,"hasPassedJournalQc":"","hasAnyPriority":false,"hideJournal":true,"highlight":"","institution":"","isAcceptedByJournal":false,"isAuthorSuppliedPdf":false,"isDeskRejected":"","isHiddenFromSearch":false,"isInQc":false,"isInWorkflow":false,"isPdf":false,"isPdfUpToDate":true,"isWithdrawnOrRetracted":false,"journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"researchsquare","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"/submission","title":"Research Square","twitterHandle":"researchsquare","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"","reportingPortfolio":"","inReviewEnabled":false,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true},"keywords":"bibliometric analysis, CiteSpace, TLRs, cognitive","lastPublishedDoi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-4612490/v1","lastPublishedDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-4612490/v1","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"},"manuscriptAbstract":"\u003ch2\u003eOBJECTIVES\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eToll-like receptors (TLRs) are transmembrane proteins primarily involved in the immune response, mediating the pathophysiological process of cognitive impairment through pathways. Despite an abundance of literature elucidating the role of TLRs in cognitive dysfunction, bibliometric analyses of this topic are notably scarce.\u003c/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eMETHODS\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eWe conducted a bibliometric analysis of publications spanning from 2002 to 2023, retrieved from the widely utilized Web of Science Core Collection, employing tools such as R language, CiteSpace software, and the online bibliometric platform (\u003cspan class=\"ExternalRef\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"RefSource\"\u003ehttps://bibliometric.com/\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan address=\"https://bibliometric.com/\" targettype=\"URL\" class=\"RefTarget\"\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e) for a comprehensive visual analysis. Data analysis was performed using GraphPad Prism and IBM SPSS.\u003c/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eRESULTS\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eOur findings revealed a total of 502 articles published over the past 11 years. Notably, China contributed significantly, accounting for 39.84% (n\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;200) of the publications, underscoring its prominence in this field. The \u003cem\u003eJournal of Brain Behavior and Immunity\u003c/em\u003e emerged as the leading journal in terms of article contributions, with 40 publications (7.07%). Author influence, measured by the H-index, highlighted Baluchnejadmojarad, Tourandokht, and Roghani, Mehrdad, as the two most influential authors, each with an H-index of 9. The co-occurrence analysis of keywords revealed that terms such as \"activation\", \"toll-like receptors\", and \"inflammation\" were consistently prevalent in the literature.\u003c/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eCONCLUSION\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThis visualized bibliometric analysis demonstrated the progress in research related to TLRs in cognitive dysfunction, with a gradual increase in literature volume over the past 11 years. Researchers can derive valuable insights into research trends, frontiers, and influential authors from our study, aiding them in shaping their future research endeavors in this field.\u003c/p\u003e","manuscriptTitle":"Unveiling the Landscape of Toll-Like Receptors in Cognitive Dysfunction: A Bibliometric Analysis","msid":"","msnumber":"","nonDraftVersions":[{"code":1,"date":"2024-07-12 13:28:42","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-4612490/v1","editorialEvents":[{"type":"communityComments","content":0}],"status":"published","journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"researchsquare","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"/submission","title":"Research Square","twitterHandle":"researchsquare","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"","reportingPortfolio":"","inReviewEnabled":false,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true}}],"origin":"","ownerIdentity":"599344a9-e77f-425d-bd02-e5666dbc9f13","owner":[],"postedDate":"July 12th, 2024","published":true,"recentEditorialEvents":[],"rejectedJournal":[],"revision":"","amendment":"","status":"posted","subjectAreas":[],"tags":[],"updatedAt":"2024-07-26T13:54:51+00:00","versionOfRecord":[],"versionCreatedAt":"2024-07-12 13:28:42","video":"","vorDoi":"","vorDoiUrl":"","workflowStages":[]},"version":"v1","identity":"rs-4612490","journalConfig":"researchsquare"},"__N_SSP":true},"page":"/article/[identity]/[[...version]]","query":{"redirect":"/article/rs-4612490","identity":"rs-4612490","version":["v1"]},"buildId":"qtupq5eGEP_6zYnWcrvyt","isFallback":false,"isExperimentalCompile":false,"dynamicIds":[84888],"gssp":true,"scriptLoader":[]}