Utilization of Sugarcane Vinasse as a Sustainable Substitute for Concrete Mixing Water

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It has since expanded globally to become the most essential construction material, particularly in structural foundations. In pursuit of higher quality and strength, studies have sought additives to enhance certain intrinsic characteristics of concrete, such as setting time, workability, and consistency. A promising additive for achieving these goals is sucralose, which is abundantly found in vinasse reservoirs of sugar and alcohol mills in Brazil, the world's largest producer and exporter of these commodities. This study aims to analyze the influence of total and partial replacement of mixing water in concrete with vinasse in compressive strength of hardened concrete. The research involved creating 4 specimens for each of the 4 curing times and each of the 6 degrees of vinasse substitution, using the mix ratio 1:2.5:4.0, through empirical calculation method for material quantification. Compression strength tests were conducted using a hydraulic press equipped with a compression strength reading system, with readings taken at the end of curing periods of 7, 14, 21, and 28 days. Results show that a 60% substitution rate of mixing water with vinasse yields the most satisfactory performance in terms of strength enhancement, with an almost 20% increase compared to conventional concrete. Furthermore, 100% vinasse replacement demonstrated promising results in consistency improvement. While further research is needed to explore the impact of vinasse on aggregate granulometry and solid content, this study underscores the viability of vinasse as an eco-friendly and economically sound alternative in concrete production, without compromising the strength of the constructed works. Concrete Compression Structural Percentage Strength Substitution Curing time Vinasse Figures Figure 1 Figure 2 Figure 3 Figure 4 1. Introduction According to FIGUEROA & DOMÍNGUEZ (2023), globally, the construction industry ranks among the top five in terms of pollution burden, despite representing a reliable and steady source of employment. However, from an environmental standpoint, the manufacturing of materials remains a detrimental stage. Concrete is one of the fundamental elements extensively used in the construction industry, with Portland cement forming the basis of its composition. As cited by State Environmental Sanitation Technology Company of São Paulo - CETESB (2010), producing cement primarily involves a sequence of operations of exploration and beneficiation of non-metallic mineral substances, with the release of carbon dioxide (CO 2 ). As SILVA et al. (2016) indicated, the construction industry is heavily reliant on non-renewable resources and consumes substantial amounts of energy in extracting materials required for building production. Therefore, the adoption of advanced waste management practices, such as recycling and reusing discarded materials in the manufacturing of new products, emerges as a critical strategy to mitigate environmental impacts. According to SILVA et al., 2016, there has been a growing trend in utilizing waste materials incorporated into concrete, whether from construction sites or other sources, aiming not only to reduce environmental impact but also to add value to the reused material. The authors cite recycled aggregates from construction and demolition waste as an example, which not only contribute to reducing environmental impact but also create market opportunities. One of the residues that can be used in concrete is sugarcane vinasse, which, when generated in large quantities, can become a problematic item, as it is generally directed into ponds at distilleries. Vinasse, in turn, is an organic waste generated through the industrial process that transforms sugarcane into ethanol, containing nutrients such as potassium, phosphorus, and nitrogen, as shown in Table 1 , and is used as a biofertilizer through irrigation (HOARAU et al., 2018 ). Table 1 Physico-chemical characteristics of vinasse. Parameter Vinasse (mg/L) pH (25 °C) 3.64 Total solids 7920 Volatile total solids 4340 Chemical oxygen demand 20,970 Biochemical oxygen demand 13,033 Nitrogen 148 Phosphorus 54,323 Sulfate 1186 Potassium 1247 Source: NOGUEIRA et al., 2015 Regarding the use in civil construction, the use of Sugarcane Bagasse Ash (SBA) stands out as an option for replacing fine aggregate, among others (VANDERLEI et al., 2014 ), and FUESS et al. (2021) mention that one of the problems for the sugarcane ethanol sector in Brazil is how to properly manage the generated vinasse. Thus, there are also possibilities for the use of vinasse (liquid residue) in civil construction, precisely because it is a highly abundant byproduct, especially in alcohol production, and it can be used to replace mixing water in non-structural concrete.The sucrose present in vinasse helps to increase the setting time and the useful working time with lower thermal variation, making the application environmentally and economically interesting (NEHRING et al., 2020 ). Vinasse is basically composed of 93% water and 7% minerals (such as potassium), sugars, organic matter, among others, and its solids concentration can vary, but its pollutant load is approximately 100 times higher than that of domestic sewage (FERREIRA et al., 2011 ). Sugarcane vinasse is a residual liquid from the fermentation process from ethanol distilleries and the sugar-energy sector has great relevance in the Brazilian economic activity. For production of 1 L of ethanol from sugarcane, approximately 12–18 L of vinasse are generated (KUSUMANINGTYAS et al., 2020 ); therefore, vinasse is produced in huge volumes in Brazil. In other countries it is also generated in ethanol production, but with different raw materials such as carrot, corn, grape and beet. Due to the organic matter and nutrients, such as potassium (K), calcium (Ca) and magnesium (Mg), vinasse is widely used as a fertilizer and spread on sugarcane fields (KUSUMANINGTYAS et al., 2020 ). This study aims to evaluate the influence on consistency and compressive strength by replacing mixing water in concrete with vinasse. 2. Materials and Methods This study was conducted at the Construction Materials and Structures Laboratory of the Federal University of Paraná, Campus in Jandaia do Sul, State of Paraná-Brazil, from June to August 2022. The study involved the preparation of cylindrical specimens, calculation of the material quantities for the chosen mix design using the empirical method, mixing in a 120-liter concrete mixer, curing in water tanks, and compressive strength tests using a hydraulic press. For this experiment, 28 molds with dimensions of 20 cm x 10 cm (height x diameter) were prepared according to the Brazilian Standards NBR 5738 (2015) - "Concrete — Procedure for molding and curing concrete test specimens". For this purpose, materials were purchased for the fabrication of the molds, including PVC pipes with a nominal diameter of 100 millimeters, and 28 caps made of the same material. The fabrication was carried out in the laboratory by cutting and finishing the pieces to a height of 200 millimeters. Subsequently, the caps were inserted, and all of them were drilled with a 6-millimeter thick bit to provide an escape point for air during concreting and to allow for the demolding of the specimens using compressed air. The materials used were purchased from local suppliers, aiming to approximate the typical characteristics of construction works in general. However, they could not meet the demand for information and specifications, such as the particle size distribution of their products (coarse and fine aggregates). Thus, an empirical mix design was chosen and the materials delivered by the supplier also contained impurities from mining and transportation, requiring the separation of some of the larger particles. To determine the quantities, the water/cement ratio (w/c) was obtained, and a target compressive strength (fck) of 10 MPa was adopted (a standard restriction for the use of empirical mix design). Considering the afore mentioned about aggregates, the project was classified as a type C construction work, which, in turn, adds a standard deviation (Sd) of 7 MPa to the quality control. Following the recommendation of Brazilian Standards NBR 12655 (2015), calculations for the mix were adopted based on the premise of containing at least 300 kg of cement per cubic meter. The remaining calculations took into consideration the methodology indicated by SOUZA (1997), where equations 1 , 2 , 3 , and 4 are presented. $$\:Pc=\frac{2400}{\text{0,856}+\left(\text{1,014}\text{*}a\right)+\left(\text{0,835}\text{*}b\right)+\text{2,65}\text{*}{R}_{a/c}}$$ 1 $$\:Quantity\:of\:sand=\frac{Pc\text{*}\text{1,014}\text{*}a}{\text{1,42}}$$ 2 $$\:Quantity\:of\:gravel=\frac{Pc\text{*}\text{0,835}\text{*}b}{\text{1,42}}$$ 3 $$\:Quantity\:of\:water=Pc\text{*}{R}_{a/c}\:$$ 4 $$\:Fcj\:=\:Fck\:+\:\text{1,65}*\:Sd$$ 5 In which Pc is weight of cement [kg] to make 1 m³ of concrete; a is parts of sand in the mix [dimensionless]; b is parts of gravel in the mix [dimensionless]; R a/c is water/cement ratio (minimum of 0.48 and maximum of 0.70) [dimensionless]; Quantity of sand, [liters]; Quantity of gravel, [liters]; Quantity of water, [liters]; Fck is the Characteristic compressive strength of concrete (specified in the design), [MPa]; Fcj is Compressive strength of concrete mix design expected at age j days, [MPa], and Sd is Standard deviation of the mix design due to site control. Thus, for the use and obtaining of R a/c , through the Abrams' Law Curve, an F cj(28 days) of 22 MPa was used, resulting in a R a/c of 0.68. Considering that each concrete specimen has a volume of 0.00165 m³ and 16 specimens are made for each batch, approximately 0.0265 m³ of concrete would be required. Therefore, the value of approximately 8 kg of cement was obtained for each batch. It was also decided to adopt a mix for the concrete referring to the construction of beams, slabs, pillars, and consoles, which according to Souza (1997) is 1:2.5:4.0. Applying all the above values in equations 2 , 3 , and 4 , the necessary volumes of sand, gravel, and water were obtained to produce each analyzed batch was 8.0 Kg (cement); 14.3 L (sand); 18.82 L (gravel) and 5.44 L (water). It is worth mentioning that, according to the objectives of this experiment, each new batch had the corresponding substitution of water with vinasse, considering the proportions of 20, 40, 60, 80, and 100% of vinasse, with a control batch using only raw water. Table 1 presents the values of both water and vinasse for each batch: Table 1 Quantities of water and vinasse in each batch Batches 1 2 3 4 5 6 % of vinasse 0 20 40 60 80 100 Pure Water (L) 5.44 4.35 3.26 2.18 1.09 0 Vinasse (L) 0 1.09 2.18 3.26 4.35 5.44 According to Brazilian Standards NBR 12655 (2015) "Portland cement concrete - Preparation, control and acceptance - Procedure," two types of dosing can be performed, empirical and experimental: the latter being recommended for new dosages when changing the brand and type of cement, as well as any changes in material characteristics, highlighting the need for great care with them. According to the same standard, the empirical mix requires a minimum consumption of 300 kg of cement per cubic meter (m 3 ) of concrete, in addition to a resistance restriction of up to 10 MPa. RIBEIRO et al. ( 2015 ) reinforce such an indication regarding the empirical dosing method, indicating that proportions are established through the experience of the builder, who can still use tables. To carry out the experiments, 6 batches of 16 cylindrical specimens were made, with the first batch consisting of plain water (without vinasse addition), the second batch with a 20% replacement of the mixing water with vinasse, the third with 40%, the fourth with 60%, the fifth with 80%, and the sixth batch with 100% vinasse. Each of these batches was divided into groups of 4 specimens each, to be tested according to their respective curing time, with breaks taken at 7, 14, 21, and 28 days, totaling 24 groups. Due to the number of available molds at that time (34 units), the batches were made in three stages, with a seven-day interval between them, and each concrete mix was made individually and systematically. The exact weight of Portland CP II-Z-32 cement (commercially available) was measured, as well as the volumetric measurement of aggregates and mixing liquid, and the mixing was carried out in a 120-liter concrete mixer, which remained in operation until the respective batch molds were filled. It is worth noting that between the batches, all objects and tools, including the concrete mixer, were washed and dried to prevent contamination between batches. The curing process was gradual, starting with a period ranging from 24 to 36 hours in a reserved environment, free from winds, excessive humidity, and solar incidence, so that the specimens would reach sufficient rigidity to be demolded. Once the molds were removed, they were cleaned and lubricated with vegetable oil to be ready for the next batch. The specimens were identified and sent to a curing tank with enough water volume to completely cover them. For the compression tests, a Fortest brand press, model FT01, with a capacity of 200 tons, available at the UFPR-Jandaia do Sul Construction Materials and Structures Laboratory, was used. The press has several height adjustment options using steel shims and is equipped with a panel that displays the resulting test data. The concrete specimens were removed from the curing tank approximately 24 hours before testing, in order to avoid excess moisture due to their immersion in water influencing the results. It was also noted that the surface of the specimens presented small irregularities, resulting from the mass shrinkage processes and also from the demolding operations, requiring capping to ensure even load distribution during testing. To solve this demand, a non-bonded capping technique was used, with 70 Shore Neoprene discs made of elastomer, a type of rubber that acts as a "cushion" and functioned to regularize the imperfections presented by the specimens, like shows Fig. 1 . The tests were performed according to the age of each group belonging to their respective batch, as presented in Table 5 in section 3.4, starting with group G01 of batch 01 with 0% vinasse at 7 days of age and ending with group G24 of batch 06 with 100% vinasse at 28 days of age. Each rupture provided load, force, and type of rupture data. The experimental design was completely randomized, consisting of 2 sources of variation, namely: 1) Amount of vinasse with 6 levels: 0%; 20%; 40%; 60%; 80% and 100% vinasse; 2) Concrete curing with 4 levels: 7, 14, 21 and 28 days. The dependent variable evaluated was compressive strength, with 4 replicates in a 6 x 4 factorial scheme. Analysis of variance with interaction breakdown followed by Tukey's test was performed at a significance level of 5%. 3. Results and Discussion Table 2 presents the result of the analysis of variance for compressive strength tests, with significance at the 5% level observed in all variables analyzed, Vinasse amount (0; 20; 40; 60; 80 and 100%) and curing time (7; 14; 21 and 28 days), as well as interaction between them, with subsequent breakdowns presented. Regarding curing time, the results corroborate with those cited in specific literature, presenting higher compressive strength values at 28 days, with mean strength values for all substitution percentages being 5.20; 6.68; 7.01 and 7.27 MPa for 7; 14; 21 and 28 days of curing, respectively. In relation to the observed results for vinasse amount tests, there was no trend of increasing strength with the increase in vinasse concentration in water, with mean values of 5.10; 6.04; 6.37; 6.29; 7.93 and 7.49 MPa for 0; 20; 40; 60; 80 and 100% of vinasse. Table 2 Analysis of Variance for Amount of Vinasse and Curing Time. Source of variation Tukey Test Factor Means (MPa) Amount of Vinasse 0% 6,04 A B 20% 5,10 A 40% 6,37 B 60% 6,29 B 80% 7,93 C 100% 7,49 C Curing Time 7 days 5,20 A 14 days 6,68 B 21 days 7,01 B 28 days 7,27 B *5% significance level. Equal letters indicate statistically equal means. When considering the possibility and feasibility of incorporating waste from the sugarcane industry into concrete, the values obtained in this study are consistent with the results obtained by VANDERLEI et al. (2014) in their analysis of the viability of using sugarcane bagasse ash (SBA) as a partial replacement sand in concrete, which showed the possibility of reducing costs in a sustainable way without compromising the potential strength of concrete. Similarly, DAL MOLIN FILHO et al. (2019), analyzing the inclusion of sugarcane bagasse ash in concrete, concluded that up to 10% of the fine aggregate can be replaced by CBC without compromising the strength of the concrete, helping to reduce the demand for natural resources and the amount of waste generated by the industry. Therefore, the studies cited, together with this work, converge in the sense that the substitution (precisely determined) of one of the components can be carried out without compromising the safety or integrity of the works. Figure 2 shows the comparison of the compressive strength results in relation to curing time (2b) and the amount of vinasse added to the mixing water (2a). Figure 3, in turn, presents a comparison of the evolution of strength over time for each batch. The graph shows a sinusoidal behavior, with positive fluctuations. Este estudo corrobora com o encontrado MEGAHED et al. (2018) que ao criar um aditivo para concreto (VSW2016) com base em vinhaça encontrou aumento na Resistencia a compressao de até 6% em comparaçaõ ao controle, reforçando o potencial de uso do resíduo na construção. It is possible to see that the highest peaks occurred with 80% substitutions at 14 days and with 60% at 28 days. It is also evident that there is a gain in strength as the curing time progresses from 7 days in all batches, but such gains only remain continuous for the groups with 20% and 60% substitution. When looking at the behavior of the curves, conclusively, it is noted that the batch with 20% follows a behavior closer to the reference concrete, where there are uniform and continuous gains in strength, but with final values still below the batch with raw water. On the other hand, the batch with 60% did not follow uniformly during the 28 days of curing, but always with gains, sometimes modestly, sometimes very sharply, and positively impressed by delivering almost 20% higher strength values at the end of the experiment than the reference batch, being also the batch with the highest compressive strength among all others. Figure 4 presents a comparison of the breakdown of all levels of vinasse quantity within the concrete curing time, bringing a confrontation between the results of the tests with raw water and the tests with 20%, 40%, 60%, 80%, and 100% vinasse, considering the rupture curves of each batch. NEHRING et al. (2020) confirm the feasibility of using vinasse and also demonstrate results very close to those found in this work for the proportions of 25% and 50%, showing improvements in the setting time delay and reduction of thermal variability. Although there is a small difference between the two works at these percentages, they are still very close to the best situations recorded here, which are 20% and 60%. When it comes to experiments conducted with 100% vinasse, both studies converge, as they both report certain drawbacks to the quality of the concrete, pointing to the infeasibility of this proportion, as it may negatively affect the strength integrity of the construction. 4. Conclusions Benefits were observed through the compressive strength tests, which showed that using vinasse led to increased consistency and better homogeneity of the concrete (due to the presence of sucralose), and in specific cases, there was even an increase in strength, as observed in the tests with 60% vinasse, where there was almost a 20% gain after a curing period of 28 days, when compared to the reference batch made with raw water. Although the results obtained were below the initially targeted values, there were improvements when compared to the reference batch, allowing us to state that the addition of vinasse does not cause any detrimental effects to the strength and still presents gains in workability and consistency. It is important to note that each source of vinasse should be treated and analyzed individually, and the results found in this experiment do not reflect the total reality of all sources available in the country. Furthermore, the adopted mix design is specific to a particular application, therefore, for future work, experiments involving other mix designs, analyzing new proportions of vinasse from other sources, and even with a greater degree of specification of the aggregates and components (especially solids) present in the used vinasse are suggested, as the amount of organic matter can profoundly influence all results. Additionally, it is important to conduct further studies to measure the influence of biological materials present in the vinasse, which are capable of generating some chemical reaction similar to cement, which could lead to transformations such as possible losses in strength. Declarations Author Contribution ALJ and ACBK wrote the main text and analisys and VWO was a Undergraduate students who assisted with the testing. References BRAZILIAN STANDARTS – ABNT - Portland cement concrete — Preparation, control, receipt and acceptance — Procedure- NBR12655. Rio de Janeiro, 2015. BRAZILIAN STANDARTS – ABNT - Concrete — Procedure for molding and curing concrete test specimens- NBR5738. Rio de Janeiro, 2015. CETESB - State Environmental Sanitation Technology Company. (2010) Inventory of greenhouse gas emissions associated with industrial processes: mineral products, cement production in the state of São Paulo, 1990 to 2008. Technical report. São Paulo: CETESB, 27 p. DAL MOLIN FILHO RG, LONGHI DA, SOUZA RCT, VANDERLEI RD, PARAÍSO PR, JORGE LMM. (2019) Study of the compressive and tensile strenghts of self-compacting concrete with sugarcane bagasse ash. IBRACON Structures and Materials Journal, 12(4): 874-883. https://doi.org/10.1590/S1983-41952019000400009 FERREIRA LFR, AGUIAR MM, MESSIAS TG, POMPEU GB, LOPEZ AMQ, SILVA DP, MONTEIRO RT. (2011) Evaluation of sugar-cane vinasse treated with Pleurotus sajor-caju utilizing aquatic organisms as toxicological indicators. Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety. 74:132-137. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoenv.2010.08.042 FIGUEROA KPL, DOMÍNGUEZ LCB. (2023) Manufacture of construction blocks with industrial waste from Oaxacan mezcal in Mexico. ION Magazine, 36 (2): 33–46. https://doi.org/10.18273/revion.v36n2-2023003 FUESS LT, ALTOÉ ME, FELIPE MC, GARCIA ML. (2021) Pros and cons of fertirrigation with in natura sugarcane vinasse: Do improvements in soil fertility offset environmental and bioenergy losses? Journal of Cleaner Production, 319. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2021.128684 HOARAU J, CARO Y, GRONDIN I, PETIT T. (2018) Toward a status shift from waste to valuable resource. A review. Journal of Water Process Engineering, 24:11-25. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jwpe.2018.05.003 KUSUMANINGTYAS RD, HARTANTO D, ROHMAN HA, ITAMAYTAWATI QUDUS N, DANIYANTO (2020) Valorization of Sugarcane-Based Bioethanol Industry Waste (Vinasse) to Organic Fertilizer. In: Zakaria Z, Aguilar C, Kusumaningtyas R, Binod P. (eds) Valorization of Agro-industrial Residues – Volume II: Non-Biological Approaches. Applied Environmental Science and Engineering for a Sustainable Future. Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-39208-6_10 MEGAHED A, MOHAMED MA, OMAR AF, SHAWKY MH. (2018) Characteristics and durability of concrete containing sugar industry wastes (vinasse) exposed to aggressive environmental conditions. Journal of Engineering Sciences . 46(3):282-298. https://doi.org/10.21608/jesaun.2018.110417 NEHRING V, MENEZES RS, SILVA LHP, XAVIER JRTB, PAIVA FFG, KINOSHITA AMO (2020). Influence of the incorporation of vinasse on the properties of cementitious composites in the fresh state. Colloquium Exactarum. 12(2):38-44. NOGUEIRA, C. E. C.; SOUZA, S. N. M.; MICUANSKI, V. C.; AZEVEDO, R. L. (2015) Exploring possibilities of energy insertion from vinasse biogas in the energy matrix of Paraná State, Brazil. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews. 48(1), 300-305. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2015.04.023 RIBEIRO CC, PINTO J D S, STARLING T. (2015) Civil Construction Materials, 4° ed., UFMG:Belo Horizonte. SILVA RV, BRITO J, DHIR RK. (2016) Performance of cementitious renderings and masonry mortars containing recycled aggregates from construction and demolition wastes. Construction and Building Materials, 105:400-415. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2015.12.171 SOUZA JLM. (1997) Rural Construction Manual. UFPR, Curitiba,165p. VANDERLEI RD, PEINADO HS, NAGANO MF, DAL MOLIN FILHO RG. (2014) Sugarcane bagasse ash as concrete and mortar aggregate. Revista Eletrônica de Engenharia Civil, 8(1):21-31. https://doi.org/10.5216/reec.v8i1.26534 Additional Declarations No competing interests reported. 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Also discoverable on Platform About Our Team In Review Editorial Policies Advisory Board Help Center Resources Author Services Accessibility API Access RSS feed Manage Cookie Preferences © Research Square 2026 | ISSN 2693-5015 (online) Privacy Policy Terms of Service Do Not Sell My Personal Information {"props":{"pageProps":{"initialData":{"identity":"rs-6372642","acceptedTermsAndConditions":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"archivedVersions":[],"articleType":"Research Article","associatedPublications":[],"authors":[{"id":439405215,"identity":"87204a04-5a49-40ad-b6bd-ed3b6ef75ad0","order_by":0,"name":"Andre Luiz Justi","email":"data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAZAAAAAyAQMAAABI0h/eAAAABlBMVEX///8AAABVwtN+AAAACXBIWXMAAA7EAAAOxAGVKw4bAAAAwElEQVRIiWNgGAWjYDACdoYEICkhx8B8gIGBsYEYLcwgLQkSxgxsCcRrAYIEhsQGorXwNzM8k/z5wyJ9wzHeYx8Yd9wjrEXiMEOaNE+CRO6GY3zJMxjPFBNhDUgLA0jL/R5jBsa2BMI65IFaJH8kSKQbHOMhUosBUIsE0GEJxGsxPMyQbM2TJmE4E+gXhsQzRGiRO96TePOHTZ083zHewwwfdxChhYGBB6aKh4GBKA3AFHMAoWUUjIJRMApGATYAAAl8M6AiElFPAAAAAElFTkSuQmCC","orcid":"","institution":"Federal University of Paraná","correspondingAuthor":true,"prefix":"","firstName":"Andre","middleName":"Luiz","lastName":"Justi","suffix":""},{"id":439405218,"identity":"ab8a73ba-20fe-41fe-89db-9a7b84270989","order_by":1,"name":"Ana Carolina Barbosa Kummer","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Universidade Estadual do Centro-Oeste","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Ana","middleName":"Carolina Barbosa","lastName":"Kummer","suffix":""},{"id":439405219,"identity":"2eb735d2-475b-45ea-a36b-976a4675123c","order_by":2,"name":"Vanderson Willian Oliveira","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Vanderson","middleName":"Willian","lastName":"Oliveira","suffix":""}],"badges":[],"createdAt":"2025-04-04 01:53:14","currentVersionCode":1,"declarations":"","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-6372642/v1","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-6372642/v1","draftVersion":[],"editorialEvents":[],"editorialNote":"","failedWorkflow":false,"files":[{"id":80115138,"identity":"c89bead2-c9f2-4e6a-b260-cce7a62006a4","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-04-08 06:02:47","extension":"png","order_by":1,"title":"Figure 1","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":425378,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eSample of compression test. Concrete sample being tested in a compression machine to assess strength\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"floatimage1.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-6372642/v1/7f4ceeb8dc477dea99320035.png"},{"id":80115767,"identity":"ef8d27bf-7fdc-4874-b12f-624bcb5ad4ea","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-04-08 06:10:47","extension":"png","order_by":2,"title":"Figure 2","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":118935,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eComparison of concrete compression strength regarding a) amount of vinasse and b) curing time. \u003cstrong\u003e(2a)\u003c/strong\u003e Graph showing the variation in compressive strength of concrete with different percentages of vinasse replacing mixing water.\u003cstrong\u003e(2b)\u003c/strong\u003e Graph demonstrating the evolution of concrete compressive strength at different curing times.\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"floatimage2.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-6372642/v1/11837aca625375e60e7131e0.png"},{"id":80115140,"identity":"d8695b6d-833b-4e45-8bcc-76f62ae6a7ac","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-04-08 06:02:47","extension":"png","order_by":3,"title":"Figure 3","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":118752,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eComparison of compression strength for vinasse and evaluated curing days. Graph comparing concrete compressive strength with varied vinasse percentages over specific curing periods.\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"floatimage3.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-6372642/v1/3544f76b639217f4fc1b4c36.png"},{"id":80115145,"identity":"bc68ec43-bded-4ea1-a9e5-636a8a8917ac","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-04-08 06:02:48","extension":"png","order_by":4,"title":"Figure 4","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":162657,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eComparison of vinasse amount within the concrete curing time. Graph displaying the variation in compressive strength with different proportions of vinasse and curing times.\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"floatimage4.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-6372642/v1/c0fab5a069ff47bbdf7b24cb.png"},{"id":80116638,"identity":"7ac37bee-2c50-4ee9-8869-893cc029fb73","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-04-08 06:34:50","extension":"pdf","order_by":0,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"manuscript-pdf","size":1255095,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"manuscript.pdf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-6372642/v1/95543c41-58ee-4101-b930-289985828ed6.pdf"}],"financialInterests":"No competing interests reported.","formattedTitle":"Utilization of Sugarcane Vinasse as a Sustainable Substitute for Concrete Mixing Water","fulltext":[{"header":"1. Introduction","content":"\u003cp\u003eAccording to FIGUEROA \u0026amp; DOM\u0026Iacute;NGUEZ (2023), globally, the construction industry ranks among the top five in terms of pollution burden, despite representing a reliable and steady source of employment. However, from an environmental standpoint, the manufacturing of materials remains a detrimental stage.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eConcrete is one of the fundamental elements extensively used in the construction industry, with Portland cement forming the basis of its composition. As cited by State Environmental Sanitation Technology Company of S\u0026atilde;o Paulo - CETESB (2010), producing cement primarily involves a sequence of operations of exploration and beneficiation of non-metallic mineral substances, with the release of carbon dioxide (CO\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAs SILVA et al. (2016) indicated, the construction industry is heavily reliant on non-renewable resources and consumes substantial amounts of energy in extracting materials required for building production. Therefore, the adoption of advanced waste management practices, such as recycling and reusing discarded materials in the manufacturing of new products, emerges as a critical strategy to mitigate environmental impacts.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAccording to SILVA et al., 2016, there has been a growing trend in utilizing waste materials incorporated into concrete, whether from construction sites or other sources, aiming not only to reduce environmental impact but also to add value to the reused material. The authors cite recycled aggregates from construction and demolition waste as an example, which not only contribute to reducing environmental impact but also create market opportunities.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eOne of the residues that can be used in concrete is sugarcane vinasse, which, when generated in large quantities, can become a problematic item, as it is generally directed into ponds at distilleries.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eVinasse, in turn, is an organic waste generated through the industrial process that transforms sugarcane into ethanol, containing nutrients such as potassium, phosphorus, and nitrogen, as shown in Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab2\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e, and is used as a biofertilizer through irrigation (HOARAU et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR8\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2018\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab1\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 1\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePhysico-chemical characteristics of vinasse.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"2\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eParameter\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eVinasse (mg/L)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003epH (25\u0026nbsp;\u0026deg;C)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.64\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTotal solids\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7920\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eVolatile total solids\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4340\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eChemical oxygen demand\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e20,970\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eBiochemical oxygen demand\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e13,033\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNitrogen\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e148\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePhosphorus\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e54,323\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSulfate\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1186\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePotassium\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1247\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003ctfoot\u003e \u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd colspan=\"2\"\u003eSource: NOGUEIRA et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR13\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2015\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tfoot\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eRegarding the use in civil construction, the use of Sugarcane Bagasse Ash (SBA) stands out as an option for replacing fine aggregate, among others (VANDERLEI et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR18\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2014\u003c/span\u003e), and FUESS et al. (2021) mention that one of the problems for the sugarcane ethanol sector in Brazil is how to properly manage the generated vinasse. Thus, there are also possibilities for the use of vinasse (liquid residue) in civil construction, precisely because it is a highly abundant byproduct, especially in alcohol production, and it can be used to replace mixing water in non-structural concrete.The sucrose present in vinasse helps to increase the setting time and the useful working time with lower thermal variation, making the application environmentally and economically interesting (NEHRING et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR12\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2020\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eVinasse is basically composed of 93% water and 7% minerals (such as potassium), sugars, organic matter, among others, and its solids concentration can vary, but its pollutant load is approximately 100 times higher than that of domestic sewage (FERREIRA et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR5\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2011\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSugarcane vinasse is a residual liquid from the fermentation process from ethanol distilleries and the sugar-energy sector has great relevance in the Brazilian economic activity. For production of 1 L of ethanol from sugarcane, approximately 12\u0026ndash;18 L of vinasse are generated (KUSUMANINGTYAS et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR9\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2020\u003c/span\u003e); therefore, vinasse is produced in huge volumes in Brazil. In other countries it is also generated in ethanol production, but with different raw materials such as carrot, corn, grape and beet. Due to the organic matter and nutrients, such as potassium (K), calcium (Ca) and magnesium (Mg), vinasse is widely used as a fertilizer and spread on sugarcane fields (KUSUMANINGTYAS et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR9\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2020\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThis study aims to evaluate the influence on consistency and compressive strength by replacing mixing water in concrete with vinasse.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"2. Materials and Methods","content":"\u003cp\u003eThis study was conducted at the Construction Materials and Structures Laboratory of the Federal University of Paran\u0026aacute;, Campus in Jandaia do Sul, State of Paran\u0026aacute;-Brazil, from June to August 2022. The study involved the preparation of cylindrical specimens, calculation of the material quantities for the chosen mix design using the empirical method, mixing in a 120-liter concrete mixer, curing in water tanks, and compressive strength tests using a hydraulic press.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eFor this experiment, 28 molds with dimensions of 20 cm x 10 cm (height x diameter) were prepared according to the Brazilian Standards NBR 5738 (2015) - \"Concrete \u0026mdash; Procedure for molding and curing concrete test specimens\". For this purpose, materials were purchased for the fabrication of the molds, including PVC pipes with a nominal diameter of 100 millimeters, and 28 caps made of the same material. The fabrication was carried out in the laboratory by cutting and finishing the pieces to a height of 200 millimeters. Subsequently, the caps were inserted, and all of them were drilled with a 6-millimeter thick bit to provide an escape point for air during concreting and to allow for the demolding of the specimens using compressed air.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe materials used were purchased from local suppliers, aiming to approximate the typical characteristics of construction works in general. However, they could not meet the demand for information and specifications, such as the particle size distribution of their products (coarse and fine aggregates). Thus, an empirical mix design was chosen and the materials delivered by the supplier also contained impurities from mining and transportation, requiring the separation of some of the larger particles.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eTo determine the quantities, the water/cement ratio (w/c) was obtained, and a target compressive strength (fck) of 10 MPa was adopted (a standard restriction for the use of empirical mix design). Considering the afore mentioned about aggregates, the project was classified as a type C construction work, which, in turn, adds a standard deviation (Sd) of 7 MPa to the quality control.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eFollowing the recommendation of Brazilian Standards NBR 12655 (2015), calculations for the mix were adopted based on the premise of containing at least 300 kg of cement per cubic meter. The remaining calculations took into consideration the methodology indicated by SOUZA (1997), where equations \u003cspan refid=\"Equ1\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan refid=\"Equ2\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan refid=\"Equ3\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e, and \u003cspan refid=\"Equ4\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003e are presented.\u003cdiv id=\"Equ1\" class=\"Equation\"\u003e\u003cdiv format=\"TEX\" class=\"mathdisplay\" id=\"FileID_Equ1\" name=\"EquationSource\"\u003e\n$$\\:Pc=\\frac{2400}{\\text{0,856}+\\left(\\text{1,014}\\text{*}a\\right)+\\left(\\text{0,835}\\text{*}b\\right)+\\text{2,65}\\text{*}{R}_{a/c}}$$\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"EquationNumber\"\u003e1\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv id=\"Equ2\" class=\"Equation\"\u003e\u003cdiv format=\"TEX\" class=\"mathdisplay\" id=\"FileID_Equ2\" name=\"EquationSource\"\u003e\n$$\\:Quantity\\:of\\:sand=\\frac{Pc\\text{*}\\text{1,014}\\text{*}a}{\\text{1,42}}$$\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"EquationNumber\"\u003e2\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv id=\"Equ3\" class=\"Equation\"\u003e\u003cdiv format=\"TEX\" class=\"mathdisplay\" id=\"FileID_Equ3\" name=\"EquationSource\"\u003e\n$$\\:Quantity\\:of\\:gravel=\\frac{Pc\\text{*}\\text{0,835}\\text{*}b}{\\text{1,42}}$$\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"EquationNumber\"\u003e3\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv id=\"Equ4\" class=\"Equation\"\u003e\u003cdiv format=\"TEX\" class=\"mathdisplay\" id=\"FileID_Equ4\" name=\"EquationSource\"\u003e\n$$\\:Quantity\\:of\\:water=Pc\\text{*}{R}_{a/c}\\:$$\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"EquationNumber\"\u003e4\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv id=\"Equ5\" class=\"Equation\"\u003e\u003cdiv format=\"TEX\" class=\"mathdisplay\" id=\"FileID_Equ5\" name=\"EquationSource\"\u003e\n$$\\:Fcj\\:=\\:Fck\\:+\\:\\text{1,65}*\\:Sd$$\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"EquationNumber\"\u003e5\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIn which \u003cem\u003ePc\u003c/em\u003e is weight of cement [kg] to make 1 m\u0026sup3; of concrete; \u003cem\u003ea\u003c/em\u003e is parts of sand in the mix [dimensionless]; \u003cem\u003eb\u003c/em\u003e is parts of gravel in the mix [dimensionless]; \u003cem\u003eR\u003c/em\u003e\u003csub\u003e\u003cem\u003ea/c\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/sub\u003e is water/cement ratio (minimum of 0.48 and maximum of 0.70) [dimensionless]; Quantity of sand, [liters]; Quantity of gravel, [liters]; Quantity of water, [liters]; \u003cem\u003eFck\u003c/em\u003e is the Characteristic compressive strength of concrete (specified in the design), [MPa]; \u003cem\u003eFcj\u003c/em\u003e is Compressive strength of concrete mix design expected at age j days, [MPa], and \u003cem\u003eSd\u003c/em\u003e is Standard deviation of the mix design due to site control.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThus, for the use and obtaining of R\u003csub\u003ea/c\u003c/sub\u003e, through the Abrams' Law Curve, an F\u003csub\u003ecj(28 days)\u003c/sub\u003e of 22 MPa was used, resulting in a R\u003csub\u003ea/c\u003c/sub\u003e of 0.68.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eConsidering that each concrete specimen has a volume of 0.00165 m\u0026sup3; and 16 specimens are made for each batch, approximately 0.0265 m\u0026sup3; of concrete would be required. Therefore, the value of approximately 8 kg of cement was obtained for each batch. It was also decided to adopt a mix for the concrete referring to the construction of beams, slabs, pillars, and consoles, which according to Souza (1997) is 1:2.5:4.0. Applying all the above values in equations \u003cspan refid=\"Equ2\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan refid=\"Equ3\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e, and \u003cspan refid=\"Equ4\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003e, the necessary volumes of sand, gravel, and water were obtained to produce each analyzed batch was 8.0 Kg (cement); 14.3 L (sand); 18.82 L (gravel) and 5.44 L (water).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIt is worth mentioning that, according to the objectives of this experiment, each new batch had the corresponding substitution of water with vinasse, considering the proportions of 20, 40, 60, 80, and 100% of vinasse, with a control batch using only raw water. Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab2\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e presents the values of both water and vinasse for each batch:\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab2\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 1\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eQuantities of water and vinasse in each batch\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"7\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c6\" colnum=\"6\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c7\" colnum=\"7\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eBatches\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e% of vinasse\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e20\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e40\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e60\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e80\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e100\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003ePure Water (L)\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.44\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.35\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.26\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.18\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.09\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eVinasse (L)\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.09\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.18\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.26\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.35\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.44\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAccording to Brazilian Standards NBR 12655 (2015) \"Portland cement concrete - Preparation, control and acceptance - Procedure,\" two types of dosing can be performed, empirical and experimental: the latter being recommended for new dosages when changing the brand and type of cement, as well as any changes in material characteristics, highlighting the need for great care with them. According to the same standard, the empirical mix requires a minimum consumption of 300 kg of cement per cubic meter (m\u003csup\u003e3\u003c/sup\u003e) of concrete, in addition to a resistance restriction of up to 10 MPa. RIBEIRO et al. (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR14\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2015\u003c/span\u003e) reinforce such an indication regarding the empirical dosing method, indicating that proportions are established through the experience of the builder, who can still use tables.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eTo carry out the experiments, 6 batches of 16 cylindrical specimens were made, with the first batch consisting of plain water (without vinasse addition), the second batch with a 20% replacement of the mixing water with vinasse, the third with 40%, the fourth with 60%, the fifth with 80%, and the sixth batch with 100% vinasse. Each of these batches was divided into groups of 4 specimens each, to be tested according to their respective curing time, with breaks taken at 7, 14, 21, and 28 days, totaling 24 groups.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eDue to the number of available molds at that time (34 units), the batches were made in three stages, with a seven-day interval between them, and each concrete mix was made individually and systematically. The exact weight of Portland CP II-Z-32 cement (commercially available) was measured, as well as the volumetric measurement of aggregates and mixing liquid, and the mixing was carried out in a 120-liter concrete mixer, which remained in operation until the respective batch molds were filled. It is worth noting that between the batches, all objects and tools, including the concrete mixer, were washed and dried to prevent contamination between batches.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe curing process was gradual, starting with a period ranging from 24 to 36 hours in a reserved environment, free from winds, excessive humidity, and solar incidence, so that the specimens would reach sufficient rigidity to be demolded. Once the molds were removed, they were cleaned and lubricated with vegetable oil to be ready for the next batch. The specimens were identified and sent to a curing tank with enough water volume to completely cover them.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eFor the compression tests, a Fortest brand press, model FT01, with a capacity of 200 tons, available at the UFPR-Jandaia do Sul Construction Materials and Structures Laboratory, was used. The press has several height adjustment options using steel shims and is equipped with a panel that displays the resulting test data.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe concrete specimens were removed from the curing tank approximately 24 hours before testing, in order to avoid excess moisture due to their immersion in water influencing the results. It was also noted that the surface of the specimens presented small irregularities, resulting from the mass shrinkage processes and also from the demolding operations, requiring capping to ensure even load distribution during testing. To solve this demand, a non-bonded capping technique was used, with 70 Shore Neoprene discs made of elastomer, a type of rubber that acts as a \"cushion\" and functioned to regularize the imperfections presented by the specimens, like shows Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig1\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe tests were performed according to the age of each group belonging to their respective batch, as presented in Table\u0026nbsp;5 in section 3.4, starting with group G01 of batch 01 with 0% vinasse at 7 days of age and ending with group G24 of batch 06 with 100% vinasse at 28 days of age. Each rupture provided load, force, and type of rupture data.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe experimental design was completely randomized, consisting of 2 sources of variation, namely: 1) Amount of vinasse with 6 levels: 0%; 20%; 40%; 60%; 80% and 100% vinasse; 2) Concrete curing with 4 levels: 7, 14, 21 and 28 days. The dependent variable evaluated was compressive strength, with 4 replicates in a 6 x 4 factorial scheme. Analysis of variance with interaction breakdown followed by Tukey's test was performed at a significance level of 5%.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"3. Results and Discussion","content":"\u003cp\u003eTable 2 presents the result of the analysis of variance for compressive strength tests, with significance at the 5% level observed in all variables analyzed, Vinasse amount (0; 20; 40; 60; 80 and 100%) and curing time (7; 14; 21 and 28 days), as well as interaction between them, with subsequent breakdowns presented. Regarding curing time, the results corroborate with those cited in specific literature, presenting higher compressive strength values at 28 days, with mean strength values for all substitution percentages being 5.20; 6.68; 7.01 and 7.27 MPa for 7; 14; 21 and 28 days of curing, respectively. In relation to the observed results for vinasse amount tests, there was no trend of increasing strength with the increase in vinasse concentration in water, with mean values of 5.10; 6.04; 6.37; 6.29; 7.93 and 7.49 MPa for 0; 20; 40; 60; 80 and 100% of vinasse.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cdiv\u003e\n \u003ctable id=\"Tab3\" border=\"1\"\u003e\n \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e\n \u003cdiv\u003eTable 2\u003c/div\u003e\n \u003cdiv\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAnalysis of Variance for Amount of Vinasse and Curing Time.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/div\u003e\n \u003c/caption\u003e\n \u003ccolgroup cols=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/colgroup\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSource of variation\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eTukey Test\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eFactor\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMeans (MPa)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" rowspan=\"6\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAmount of Vinasse\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6,04 A B\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e20%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5,10 A\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e40%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6,37 B\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e60%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6,29 B\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e80%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7,93 C\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e100%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7,49 C\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" rowspan=\"4\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eCuring Time\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7 days\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5,20 A\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e14 days\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6,68 B\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e21 days\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7,01 B\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e28 days\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7,27 B\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n \u003c/table\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e*5% significance level. Equal letters indicate statistically equal means.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eWhen considering the possibility and feasibility of incorporating waste from the sugarcane industry into concrete, the values obtained in this study are consistent with the results obtained by VANDERLEI et al. (2014) in their analysis of the viability of using sugarcane bagasse ash (SBA) as a partial replacement sand in concrete, which showed the possibility of reducing costs in a sustainable way without compromising the potential strength of concrete. Similarly, DAL MOLIN FILHO et al. (2019), analyzing the inclusion of sugarcane bagasse ash in concrete, concluded that up to 10% of the fine aggregate can be replaced by CBC without compromising the strength of the concrete, helping to reduce the demand for natural resources and the amount of waste generated by the industry. Therefore, the studies cited, together with this work, converge in the sense that the substitution (precisely determined) of one of the components can be carried out without compromising the safety or integrity of the works. Figure 2 shows the comparison of the compressive strength results in relation to curing time (2b) and the amount of vinasse added to the mixing water (2a).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eFigure 3, in turn, presents a comparison of the evolution of strength over time for each batch. The graph shows a sinusoidal behavior, with positive fluctuations.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eEste estudo corrobora com o encontrado MEGAHED et al. (2018) que ao criar um aditivo para concreto (VSW2016) com base em vinhaça encontrou aumento na Resistencia a compressao de até 6% em comparaçaõ ao controle, reforçando o potencial de uso do resíduo na construção.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eIt is possible to see that the highest peaks occurred with 80% substitutions at 14 days and with 60% at 28 days. It is also evident that there is a gain in strength as the curing time progresses from 7 days in all batches, but such gains only remain continuous for the groups with 20% and 60% substitution.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eWhen looking at the behavior of the curves, conclusively, it is noted that the batch with 20% follows a behavior closer to the reference concrete, where there are uniform and continuous gains in strength, but with final values still below the batch with raw water. On the other hand, the batch with 60% did not follow uniformly during the 28 days of curing, but always with gains, sometimes modestly, sometimes very sharply, and positively impressed by delivering almost 20% higher strength values at the end of the experiment than the reference batch, being also the batch with the highest compressive strength among all others. Figure 4 presents a comparison of the breakdown of all levels of vinasse quantity within the concrete curing time, bringing a confrontation between the results of the tests with raw water and the tests with 20%, 40%, 60%, 80%, and 100% vinasse, considering the rupture curves of each batch.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eNEHRING et al. (2020) confirm the feasibility of using vinasse and also demonstrate results very close to those found in this work for the proportions of 25% and 50%, showing improvements in the setting time delay and reduction of thermal variability. Although there is a small difference between the two works at these percentages, they are still very close to the best situations recorded here, which are 20% and 60%. When it comes to experiments conducted with 100% vinasse, both studies converge, as they both report certain drawbacks to the quality of the concrete, pointing to the infeasibility of this proportion, as it may negatively affect the strength integrity of the construction.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"4. Conclusions","content":"\u003cp\u003eBenefits were observed through the compressive strength tests, which showed that using vinasse led to increased consistency and better homogeneity of the concrete (due to the presence of sucralose), and in specific cases, there was even an increase in strength, as observed in the tests with 60% vinasse, where there was almost a 20% gain after a curing period of 28 days, when compared to the reference batch made with raw water. Although the results obtained were below the initially targeted values, there were improvements when compared to the reference batch, allowing us to state that the addition of vinasse does not cause any detrimental effects to the strength and still presents gains in workability and consistency. It is important to note that each source of vinasse should be treated and analyzed individually, and the results found in this experiment do not reflect the total reality of all sources available in the country. Furthermore, the adopted mix design is specific to a particular application, therefore, for future work, experiments involving other mix designs, analyzing new proportions of vinasse from other sources, and even with a greater degree of specification of the aggregates and components (especially solids) present in the used vinasse are suggested, as the amount of organic matter can profoundly influence all results. Additionally, it is important to conduct further studies to measure the influence of biological materials present in the vinasse, which are capable of generating some chemical reaction similar to cement, which could lead to transformations such as possible losses in strength.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Declarations","content":"\u003ch2\u003eAuthor Contribution\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eALJ and ACBK wrote the main text and analisys and VWO was a Undergraduate students who assisted with the testing.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"References","content":"\u003col\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eBRAZILIAN STANDARTS \u0026ndash; ABNT - Portland cement concrete \u0026mdash; Preparation, control, receipt and acceptance \u0026mdash; Procedure- NBR12655. Rio de Janeiro, 2015.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eBRAZILIAN STANDARTS \u0026ndash; ABNT - Concrete \u0026mdash; Procedure for molding and curing concrete test specimens- NBR5738. Rio de Janeiro, 2015.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eCETESB - State Environmental Sanitation Technology Company. (2010) Inventory of greenhouse gas emissions associated with industrial processes: mineral products, cement production in the state of S\u0026atilde;o Paulo, 1990 to 2008. Technical report. S\u0026atilde;o Paulo: CETESB, 27 p.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eDAL MOLIN FILHO RG, LONGHI DA, SOUZA RCT, VANDERLEI RD, PARA\u0026Iacute;SO PR, JORGE LMM. (2019) Study of the compressive and tensile strenghts of self-compacting concrete with sugarcane bagasse ash. IBRACON Structures and Materials Journal, 12(4): 874-883. https://doi.org/10.1590/S1983-41952019000400009\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eFERREIRA LFR, AGUIAR MM, MESSIAS TG, POMPEU GB, LOPEZ AMQ, SILVA DP, MONTEIRO RT. (2011) Evaluation of sugar-cane vinasse treated with Pleurotus sajor-caju utilizing aquatic organisms as toxicological indicators. Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety. 74:132-137. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoenv.2010.08.042\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eFIGUEROA KPL, DOM\u0026Iacute;NGUEZ LCB. (2023) Manufacture of construction blocks with industrial waste from Oaxacan mezcal in Mexico. ION Magazine, \u003cem\u003e36\u003c/em\u003e(2): 33\u0026ndash;46. https://doi.org/10.18273/revion.v36n2-2023003\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eFUESS LT, ALTO\u0026Eacute; ME, FELIPE MC, GARCIA ML. (2021) Pros and cons of fertirrigation with in natura sugarcane vinasse: Do improvements in soil fertility offset environmental and bioenergy losses? Journal of Cleaner Production, 319. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2021.128684\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eHOARAU J, CARO Y, GRONDIN I, PETIT T. (2018) Toward a status shift from waste to valuable resource. A review. Journal of Water Process Engineering, 24:11-25. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jwpe.2018.05.003\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eKUSUMANINGTYAS RD, HARTANTO D, ROHMAN HA, ITAMAYTAWATI QUDUS N, DANIYANTO (2020) Valorization of Sugarcane-Based Bioethanol Industry Waste (Vinasse) to Organic Fertilizer. In: Zakaria Z, Aguilar C, Kusumaningtyas R, Binod P. (eds) Valorization of Agro-industrial Residues \u0026ndash; Volume II: Non-Biological Approaches. Applied Environmental Science and Engineering for a Sustainable Future. Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-39208-6_10\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eMEGAHED A, MOHAMED MA, OMAR AF, SHAWKY MH. (2018) Characteristics and durability of concrete containing sugar industry wastes (vinasse) exposed to aggressive environmental conditions. Journal of Engineering Sciences\u003cem\u003e. \u003c/em\u003e46(3):282-298. https://doi.org/10.21608/jesaun.2018.110417\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eNEHRING V, MENEZES RS, SILVA LHP, XAVIER JRTB, PAIVA FFG, KINOSHITA AMO (2020). Influence of the incorporation of vinasse on the properties of cementitious composites in the fresh state. Colloquium Exactarum. 12(2):38-44.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eNOGUEIRA, C. E. C.; SOUZA, S. N. M.; MICUANSKI, V. C.; AZEVEDO, R. L. (2015) Exploring possibilities of energy insertion from vinasse biogas in the energy matrix of Paran\u0026aacute; State, Brazil. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews. 48(1), 300-305. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2015.04.023\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eRIBEIRO CC, PINTO J D S, STARLING T. (2015) Civil Construction Materials, 4\u0026deg; ed., UFMG:Belo Horizonte. \u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eSILVA RV, BRITO J, DHIR RK. (2016) Performance of cementitious renderings and masonry mortars containing recycled aggregates from construction and demolition wastes. Construction and Building Materials, 105:400-415. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2015.12.171\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eSOUZA JLM. (1997) Rural Construction Manual. UFPR, Curitiba,165p. \u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eVANDERLEI RD, PEINADO HS, NAGANO MF, DAL MOLIN FILHO RG. (2014) Sugarcane bagasse ash as concrete and mortar aggregate. Revista Eletr\u0026ocirc;nica de Engenharia Civil, 8(1):21-31. https://doi.org/10.5216/reec.v8i1.26534 \u003c/li\u003e\n\u003c/ol\u003e"}],"fulltextSource":"","fullText":"","funders":[],"hasAdminPriorityOnWorkflow":false,"hasManuscriptDocX":true,"hasOptedInToPreprint":true,"hasPassedJournalQc":"","hasAnyPriority":true,"hideJournal":true,"highlight":"","institution":"","isAcceptedByJournal":false,"isAuthorSuppliedPdf":false,"isDeskRejected":"","isHiddenFromSearch":false,"isInQc":false,"isInWorkflow":false,"isPdf":false,"isPdfUpToDate":true,"isWithdrawnOrRetracted":false,"journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"researchsquare","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"/submission","title":"Research Square","twitterHandle":"researchsquare","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"","reportingPortfolio":"","inReviewEnabled":false,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true},"keywords":"Concrete, Compression, Structural, Percentage, Strength, Substitution, Curing time, Vinasse","lastPublishedDoi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-6372642/v1","lastPublishedDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-6372642/v1","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"},"manuscriptAbstract":"Concrete has been utilized by humanity for approximately 10,000 years in its primitive form, evolving to include Portland cement only from the 19th century onwards. It has since expanded globally to become the most essential construction material, particularly in structural foundations. In pursuit of higher quality and strength, studies have sought additives to enhance certain intrinsic characteristics of concrete, such as setting time, workability, and consistency. A promising additive for achieving these goals is sucralose, which is abundantly found in vinasse reservoirs of sugar and alcohol mills in Brazil, the world's largest producer and exporter of these commodities. This study aims to analyze the influence of total and partial replacement of mixing water in concrete with vinasse in compressive strength of hardened concrete. The research involved creating 4 specimens for each of the 4 curing times and each of the 6 degrees of vinasse substitution, using the mix ratio 1:2.5:4.0, through empirical calculation method for material quantification. Compression strength tests were conducted using a hydraulic press equipped with a compression strength reading system, with readings taken at the end of curing periods of 7, 14, 21, and 28 days. Results show that a 60% substitution rate of mixing water with vinasse yields the most satisfactory performance in terms of strength enhancement, with an almost 20% increase compared to conventional concrete. Furthermore, 100% vinasse replacement demonstrated promising results in consistency improvement. While further research is needed to explore the impact of vinasse on aggregate granulometry and solid content, this study underscores the viability of vinasse as an eco-friendly and economically sound alternative in concrete production, without compromising the strength of the constructed works.","manuscriptTitle":"Utilization of Sugarcane Vinasse as a Sustainable Substitute for Concrete Mixing Water","msid":"","msnumber":"","nonDraftVersions":[{"code":1,"date":"2025-04-08 06:02:43","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-6372642/v1","editorialEvents":[{"type":"communityComments","content":0}],"status":"published","journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"researchsquare","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"/submission","title":"Research Square","twitterHandle":"researchsquare","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"","reportingPortfolio":"","inReviewEnabled":false,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true}}],"origin":"","ownerIdentity":"30569083-02f9-40f7-a1ab-db4862c95e1f","owner":[],"postedDate":"April 8th, 2025","published":true,"recentEditorialEvents":[],"rejectedJournal":[],"revision":"","amendment":"","status":"posted","subjectAreas":[],"tags":[],"updatedAt":"2025-05-20T12:53:30+00:00","versionOfRecord":[],"versionCreatedAt":"2025-04-08 06:02:43","video":"","vorDoi":"","vorDoiUrl":"","workflowStages":[]},"version":"v1","identity":"rs-6372642","journalConfig":"researchsquare"},"__N_SSP":true},"page":"/article/[identity]/[[...version]]","query":{"redirect":"/article/rs-6372642","identity":"rs-6372642","version":["v1"]},"buildId":"8U1c8b4HqxoKbykW_rLl7","isFallback":false,"isExperimentalCompile":false,"dynamicIds":[84888],"gssp":true,"scriptLoader":[]}