Effect of Cu- nanoparticles and Ionization Radiation on Lactate Dehydrogenase (LDH)

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Sih This is a preprint; it has not been peer reviewed by a journal. https://doi.org/ 10.21203/rs.3.rs-6435692/v1 This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License Status: Posted Version 1 posted You are reading this latest preprint version Abstract This study investigates the effect of copper nanoparticles (Cu-NPs), synthesized via a green method, on the activity of lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) enzyme in blood samples from cancer patients, both in vivo and in vitro, under varying doses of X-ray irradiation. LDH, a key enzyme in glucose metabolism, showed significant activity elevation at initial irradiation doses (2.5, 5, and 7.5 Gy), suggesting increased cellular stress and damage. However, at higher doses (10 and 15 Gy), a reduction in LDH activity was observed in vivo, possibly reflecting the destruction of cancer cells responsible for the enzyme’s release. Cu-NPs alone significantly reduced LDH levels by up to 36%, indicating their cytotoxic potential and interference with enzyme functionality. Interestingly, when Cu-NPs were combined with radiation, LDH activity increased again—though remaining below control levels—implying radiation-induced changes in the nanoparticles' structure and reactivity. These findings support the dual use of Cu-NPs and radiation to modulate LDH activity and potentially suppress cancer metabolism, while highlighting the differences between in vivo and in vitro environments in response to treatment. Biophysics General Cell Biology & Physiology Nanoscience Cu nanoparticles lactate dehydrogenase LDH effect of X-ray on LDH Figures Figure 1 Introduction Lactate dehydrogenase (LDH): One of a group of enzymes found in blood, and any other body tissue that is involved in producing energy in cells. An increased amount of lactate dehydrogenase in the blood may be a sign of tissue damage, some types of cancer or other diseases. Also called lactic acid dehydrogenase and LDH [1,2]. Lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) is an enzyme required during the process of turning sugar into energy for your cells. LDH is present in many kinds of organs and tissues throughout the body, including the liver, heart, pancreas, kidneys, skeletal muscles, lymph tissue, and blood cells [3]. Lactate dehydrogenase (also called lactic acid dehydrogenase, or LDH) is an enzyme found in almost all body tissues. It plays an important role in cellular respiration, the process by which glucose (sugar) from food is converted into usable energy for our cells [4]. The LDH enzyme consists of four subunits, and the composition of these subunits varies in different tissues, giving rise to different is enzymes. These isoenzymes are given names such as LDH-1, LDH-2, LDH-3, LDH-4, and LDH-5, with LDH-1 having the highest compatibility for the conversion of pyruvate into lactate, and LDH-5 having the highest compatibility for the reverse reaction ( lactate to pyruvate). Levels of these relative is enzymes can vary in different tissues and in different conditions, and may be indications in different clinical contexts. LDH is commonly measured in blood tests to assess tissue damage, particularly in the context of certain diseases or conditions. Elevated LDH levels in the blood can be related to tissue damage or cell death, which may occur in various conditions, including but not limited to: Tissue damage as a result of injuries or bruises. Hemolytic anemia, in which red blood cells are destroyed prematurely. Liver diseases. Some types of cancer, where cancer cells can secrete the enzyme LDH when they grow and multiply rapidly. Heart attack and other heart-related conditions. infection. It is important to note that LDH levels may indicate tissue damage or certain diseases, but they are not specific to any particular condition. Additional testing and clinical evaluation are required to determine the exact cause of elevated LDH enzyme levels and to make a definitive diagnosis. [5]. In last year’s nanoparticles widely used in medicine and pharmacy. Nanoparticles (NPs) are increasingly used in diagnostic and drug delivery. After entering the bloodstream, a protein corona will form around NPs. The size and curvature of NPs is one of the major characteristics affecting the composition of bound protein in the corona [6]. Many researchers have interest in the versatility of nanoparticles chemistry (e.g. wettability, energy, charge, reactivity), and physical properties such as size, shape, and concentration on cell behavior and protein adsorption [7,8,9]. Adding nanoparticles such as AuNPs to plasma or serum form a hard (h-days) and soft (sec-min) protein corona create a conditioned interface at which make the cells respond [10,11,12]. In last years many types of research have shown that there are very important links between nanoparticle (NP) and protein interactions, immunogenicity, and cytotoxicity [13,14] . Studies have shown that strong links exist between nanoparticle (NP)-protein interactions, immunogenicity. Surface curvature of nanoparticles affect on the amount of protein, some studies explain that a variety of ligands demonstrate that protein structure, NP size and composition, chemistry have the greatest important in protein corona [15,16]. In modern research, nanotechnology has been used in many branches, especially in medicine Drug delivery: It is used to design Nano medicines to target only diseased cells and minimize side effects on healthy cells, such as cancer. Early diagnosis: Recent research has shown that nanoparticles can be more sensitive to some diseases, which is considered a good detector or diagnosis for them. Precision medical devices: They are used in image enhancement operations using medical imaging devices such as magnetic resonance imaging and x-ray imaging Genetic Research and Therapies: Nanotechnologies are opening new doors in genetic research and delivering gene therapies in precise and targeted ways. Much research has used nanotechnology to kill bacteria and fungi as a form of treatment or sterilization, in addition to studying the effectiveness of enzymes or hormones in the body. [17,18,19,20] Materials and methods Using (0.06) M copper penta-sulfate and 0.11 M ascorbic acid solution to bromide. All the solution putted in backer (250ml) with a small magnetic stir bar, and a thermometer, solution, the sample was kept on a magnetic stirrer for 24h, 850rpm using ( M TOPS (S300HS) med in Sou Korea)). The primitive color of the solution was green, by heating and stirring (45 o C) the solution color change to red, then the stagnant appeared with brick red, which is the color of copper. Then it was reddish described. camps were isolated by filtration and cleaning with deionized water. Then wash the solution by centrifuge device at 4500 rpm for 15 min to get residual Cu-NPs, Through the well-known washing method, the precipitate is washed with distilled deionized water three times and the stagnant is filtered on filter paper for (48-72) hours to dry without using an oven and laboratory temperature to avoid the effect of heat on the properties of the resulting Cu-NPs [21]. Cu-NPs with 20-35 nm were prepared by using a green method. Eases Cu-NPs were dissolved by normal saline (to avoid blood hemolysis), in proportions (For each 1 ml of normal saline, 1 µg of Cu-NPs) With the use of a dispersing agent that works to surround the nanoparticles to prevent their adhesion or clumping together (pvp) polyvinyl pyrrolidone at a rate three times the weight of the Nano used(1:3),then placed in a device ultrasonic at a power of 150 watt for 5 minutes. For measuring The optical density was measured at 340±20 nm (According to BIOLABO company instructions) by using Automatic Semi-biochemist try analyzer BTS-350. XRD, and SEM for Cu-NPs was measured. Preparation of blood samples Blood samples for 35 breast cancer patients venous were prepared ( 10 ml of, blood withdrawn from antecubital vein of 25 apparent patients with breast cancer) . Collected blood samples were put in EDTA containing tubes, to avoid blood clotting the work Part One: This part concerns the measurement of the effectiveness of the LDH enzyme within the patients body (in vivo) , where samples were taken from the patients since the beginning of the radiotherapy sessions , in agreement with the patient. Control samples were withdrawn from the patients prior to the start of the radiation treatment, which were considered control sample and the basis for comparison with the rest of the samples. Then all measurements were taken of the radiation effect after each radiation session, with the first session being at 2.5Gy the second session with 5Gy, the third session 7.5 Gy, the fourth session with 10Gy and sixth session with 15Gy ,with (6MeV) the blood samples withdrawn after 4 hours from the each session. Part two: measuring LDH activity enzyme in vitro (external measurements): To preparing the blood samples for this part the control sample in part one divided to 10 tubes and 3 gropes Group one: 4samples irradiated by X-ray (2.5,5,7.5, 10, and 15)Gy as in vitro samples , Group two:5 samples treated by(40 µml Cu-NPs) of Cu-NPs ,tube one cornered as a control for treated samples. Group three: 4samples in group two irradiated by same doses of X-ray as in group one 2- the activity of LDH enzyme has been measured in 3- In A Linear Accelerator X-ray; primus Mid; Serial No. 3779; Siemens. /Germany) used for irradiation of blood samples .( third and fourth group) by 5Gy, this dose divided to four parts (1.75Gy) for every side, and 15Gy as 3.75Gy for every side. As for blood samples from radiation-treated patients, the samples were collected from them after two hours (from the second and fourth sessions). Device is present in radiotherapy department /Al-Amal hospital for cancer, which .designed for therapeutic purposes). Tubes put in plastic racks and placed under, one parallels field two, levels X-ray source. Dose time of every with (expect of control sample which not irradiated) automatically depend on the dose. Note : All blood samples were treated (dilution), as 1ml of blood and 1.5 this step was applied for all samples to measuring the enzyme activity with same condition for in all samples. Results and Dissection 1. Cu-Nanoparticles 1.1 XRD for Cu-NPs: XRD (X-ray diffraction) is used to study the crystal lattice structure of materials and determine the orientation of crystals. In the case of copper nanoparticles (Cu-NPs), XRD analysis usually shows several peaks representing specific locations in the crystal. XRD peaks represent radial space points that represent specific orientations of atoms within the crystal. In the case of copper, the numbers in parentheses (hkl) express an understanding of the angles and crystallographic directions. If you had an illustration of the XRD pattern of copper nanoparticles, you would notice peaks at known locations of crystallographic orientations such as (1,1,1), (2,0,0), and (2,2,2) for copper. XRD analysis shows the location and intensity of these peaks and can be used to determine crystal orientations and the size of copper nanoparticles based on the spread and width of the peaks . 1.2 UV-Absorption 1.3 1 .2 SEM scanning for Cu-NPs: SEM (Scanning Electron Microscopy) analysis is used to see particles at the Nano-level and provide high-resolution images of sample surfaces. When studying copper nanoparticles using SEM, the shape, size and distribution of these particles on the surface can be seen. Results from an SEM usually contain a set of images that show fine details of the particles. Several pieces of information can be determined from the SEM analysis: Particle size: Particle sizes can be measured using SEM, which helps in understanding the size distribution and spread of these particles, especially since particle size is very important in working in the medical field, noting that the size below 25 nanometers is the most appropriate for medical work fields, (SEM) used for measuring the size of copper nanoparticles. This device shows different sizes of copper-oxide nanoparticles (14.9, 15.9, 19.7, 20.7, 20.9 and 28.36nm), so the average size is 22.8nm, see figure (1). Shape and Structure: SEM shows clear details of the shape of particles, such as whether they are spherical, nearly spherical, or have certain geometric shapes. The surface structure of these particles can also be shown. Surface distribution: The distribution of particles on the surface and the distances between them can be observed, which gives an idea about the aggregation or surface spread of these particles. Surface Reactions: SEM may show reactions or changes on the surface of particles, such as possible scattering or impurities. 2. Measuring LDH: Experimental results insure that LDH (IU/L) has high value (447±14) U/L) ( p-value<0.01) as showed in table (2)in cancer blood samples (including solid tumors), while normal human LDH is between 140 to 280 U/L [23,24].An important enzyme metabolism of glucose in the cells also increase . Therefore, it is expected to increase cancer patients blood. This is why this percentage has been shown to be high in the results of patients, and it may be an increase in the cells that secrete this enzyme in the blood. This enzyme indicates increased cell damage and is also an indicator in some cases of the of cancer cells. Table (2) Shows the effect of Cu-NPs and X-ray on LDH activity LDH(IU/l/L)±SE In vivo In vitro Cu-NPs 0 2.5Gy 5Gy 7.5Gy 10Gy 15 Gy 2.5Gy 5Gy 7.5Gy 10Gy 15 Gy 0 2.5Gy 5Gy 7.5Gy 10Gy 15 Gy 447±14 497±17 541±25 549±27 523 ±21 395±66.48 460±22 474±17 487±15 527±19 541±42 288 ±12 356 ±16 377 ±11 394 ±16 407 ±12 436 ±15 SD 79 99 143 155 117 376 123 97 83 110 238 69 91 61 91 65 86 P-value <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 Reduction 0% 11% 26% 35% -4% -12% 3% 4% 9% 18% 32% -36% -20% -16% -12% -9% -3% The work divided to three parts First part : in this part the change of the enzyme LDH activity with effect of X-ray has been studied for patients after each session of radiotherapy, it’s observed that LDH activity significant increased for the (2.5,5 and 7.5)Gy P-valu ≤ 0.01, but decrease at the dose (10 and 15)Gy. In some clinical studies, researchers confirmed that radiation therapy sessions temporarily increase levels of the enzyme (LDH) in some cases, this increase is often the result of the effect of radiation on the tumor cells and the surrounding tissue, which results in the release of more LDH into the blood. This enzyme is considered to indicate increased cell damage and is also an indicator in some cases of the presence of cancer cells because these cells are voracious consumers of glucose, and since the enzyme is the most important enzyme for glucose metabolism, it is therefore linked to the presence of cells that metabolize more glucose. [25,26]. In 5 th session or at 15Gy of radiotherapy almost medical tests results of for patients insure significant decrement (15%) from the control, Radiation therapy targets and kills cancer cells. But the initial doses are not sufficient, so in the beginning it can be concluded that the response of cancer cells is after the dose (7.5Gy). This can lead to a decrease in the number of cancer cells that secrete the LDH enzyme, which results in lower levels of the enzyme in the body. The dose (7.5 and 10)Gy can be considered a dose that improves the patient and reduces the inflammation that accompanies cancer. B- Part Two: Blood samples taken from Part One patients (for patients before any radiotherapy sessions) were divided into 6 parts, 1.5 ml per tube. Samples were irradiated at the same doses corresponding to radiotherapy doses to study the effect of these doses in vivo. The first three doses (2.5, 5, and 7) Gy were similar in effect but different in values. It can be said that the effect of radiation on cells inside the human body causes a larger area of damage and a change in metabolism compared to outside. In blood samples only blood cells are affected, but in the human body the values of enzymes rise due to the number of affected cells, due to radiation, as it increases Enzyme efficacy in vivo compared to its in vitro increase. After these doses, specifically at (10 and 15) Gray, the behavior differed. In irradiated samples in vitro, enzyme activity increased compared to the control sample, in contrast to what happened in vivo (Graph (2)), this is because ionizing radiation increases damage to blood cells with increasing dose in vitro, and this indicates that there is no rebuilding or remodeling, but rather Continuous damage, and this is an indicator of damage to a larger number of blood cells. Third Part: results of treated samples with Cu-NPs showed that significant decreasing in (-36% from the control sample), nanoparticles, especially highly soluble copper, cause the inactivation of the lactate dehydrogenase enzyme. This inactivation may come from a change in some molecules substances or structures present in the blood that causes the cessation of the effectiveness of this enzyme. This opinion is agreed upon by some previous research [27]. It is known that measuring the toxicity of copper nanoparticles causes cell death. It was found that they interact with highly reactive oxygen, and since red blood cells are saturated with oxygen, it is possible to generate reactive oxygen species that cause cell death [28]. In previous research, research has confirmed that the smallest Nano - sizes are the most effective in causing damage in cell membrane, because the cell membranes are saturated with oxygen, and since the hemoglobin in the red blood cell is saturated with oxygen, it is therefore expected that they will be the most affected and exposed to damage. Oxidation: The interactions of copper nanoparticles with the sulfhydryl groups present in enzymes lead to an oxidation and reduction process, which sometimes leads to a loss of the enzyme’s effectiveness. Cu-NPs may be changes in the pH of the enzyme or the combination of a substance HDL with the chemical structure of the enzyme, which disrupts the work of the enzyme or changes its chemical structure, In any case, decreasing LDH enzyme values reduce the growth and proliferation of cancer cells, especially as its known this enzyme is the most important in the process of cellular respiration, by converting lactate into pyruvate [29]. Part three: samples treated by Cu-NPs then irradiated by X-ray these samples showed change in the properties of Cu-NPs with X-ray radiation, this change was deduced from the significant increasing 423±19 (P- <0.01) enzyme activity level although it still less than the control by 5%,this increment the surface distribution, crystalline structure, or change in electrical and magnetic properties of the nanoparticles. All of these effects, or more, cause a change in the qualities and properties of the nanoparticles, which finally changes its effect on reducing the effectiveness of the enzyme. In comparison The researcher proved that LDH after radiotherapy may be one of the natural signs of the body's response to treatment. And in many cases from it is noted that the effectiveness of LDH enzyme increases in irradiated samples entering and ) in vivo), but it significantly decreases in samples treated with Cu-NPs. Nevertheless, the effect of the nanoparticles inside the body was not measured due to the inability to administer the nanoparticles to patients. Therefore, the comparison was limited to samples taken from patients receiving radiation treatment and samples irradiated outside the living body, which confirmed the same effect. As for the samples treated with the nanoparticles and then irradiated with the (5 and) dose of X-rays, an increase in the enzyme was observed, but at lower rates than those in the irradiated samples only . Conclusions LDH enzyme is considered a measure of radiation response in vivo Difference in the radiation effects on the effectiveness of LDH enzyme in blood samples in-vitro and in vivo at doses after 7.5Gy of radiotherapy, whereas The decrease in enzyme values with the effect of Cu-NPs can be considered an aid in the process of stopping the Krebs cycle in releasing energy to cancer cells and thus stopping their sleep and reproduction. The change in the effect of nanoparticles with irradiation on the activity of an enzyme can be considered an indication of a change in the properties of Cu-NPs. Declarations Ethics Statement: The study titled "Effect of Cu- nanoparticles and Ionization Radiation on Lactate Dehydrogenase (LDH)" was reviewed and approved by the Ethics Committee of the College of Science, University of Baghdad (Ref.: CSEC/1129/0139, Date: February 24, 2024). The committee operates in accordance with the College of Science guidelines on biomedical research. All procedures involving human samples were conducted with informed consent and in accordance with ethical standards. References - Aisha Farhana; Sarah L. Lappin.(2021) “Biochemistry, Lactate Dehydrogenase” Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing; 2022 Jan-. https://covid19.nih.gov / Drent M, Cobben NA, Henderson RF, Wouters EF, van Dieijen-Visser M. 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Supplementary Files graph1.png Graph (1) XRD for Cu-NPs The peak (1,1,1) represents a point in the crystal that has one parallel axis and two other perpendicular intersections. Peak (2,0,0) means there are two parallel axes. Peak (2,2,2) expresses the presence of three parallel axes. graph2.png Graph (2): different types of physical effect on LDH enzyme in vivo and in vitro Cite Share Download PDF Status: Posted Version 1 posted You are reading this latest preprint version Research Square lets you share your work early, gain feedback from the community, and start making changes to your manuscript prior to peer review in a journal. As a division of Research Square Company, we’re committed to making research communication faster, fairer, and more useful. We do this by developing innovative software and high quality services for the global research community. Our growing team is made up of researchers and industry professionals working together to solve the most critical problems facing scientific publishing. Also discoverable on Platform About Our Team In Review Editorial Policies Advisory Board Help Center Resources Author Services Accessibility API Access RSS feed Manage Cookie Preferences © Research Square 2026 | ISSN 2693-5015 (online) Privacy Policy Terms of Service Do Not Sell My Personal Information {"props":{"pageProps":{"initialData":{"identity":"rs-6435692","acceptedTermsAndConditions":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"archivedVersions":[],"articleType":"Research Article","associatedPublications":[],"authors":[{"id":442099902,"identity":"5f6ddd2f-71cb-4381-b8d2-f558bd894bc6","order_by":0,"name":"Baydaa T. Sih","email":"data:image/png;base64,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","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6613-0268","institution":"university of baghdad","correspondingAuthor":true,"prefix":"","firstName":"Baydaa","middleName":"T.","lastName":"Sih","suffix":""}],"badges":[],"createdAt":"2025-04-12 16:35:34","currentVersionCode":1,"declarations":{"humanSubjects":true,"vertebrateSubjects":false,"conflictsOfInterestStatement":false,"humanSubjectEthicalGuidelines":true,"humanSubjectConsent":true,"humanSubjectClinicalTrial":false,"humanSubjectCaseReport":true,"vertebrateSubjectEthicalGuidelines":false},"doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-6435692/v1","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-6435692/v1","draftVersion":[],"editorialEvents":[],"editorialNote":"","failedWorkflow":false,"files":[{"id":80779825,"identity":"f4633cde-470a-42e0-8a55-130ef44bcea7","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-04-17 04:23:58","extension":"png","order_by":1,"title":"Figure 1","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":1066284,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eCu-NPs using SEM technique\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"1.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-6435692/v1/00a8ff5c565d79d30b036c45.png"},{"id":80780612,"identity":"405e0558-a734-46bf-9827-4d1c555afff5","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-04-17 04:32:04","extension":"pdf","order_by":0,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"manuscript-pdf","size":1930379,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"manuscript.pdf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-6435692/v1/8697fc92-51da-4012-a3d0-c94cc77d6561.pdf"},{"id":80779838,"identity":"cf670715-5bbe-4ca5-95b3-9ed29ca8bb2b","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-04-17 04:23:59","extension":"png","order_by":1,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"supplement","size":39843,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eGraph (1) XRD for Cu-NPs\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe peak (1,1,1) represents a point in the crystal that has one parallel axis and two other perpendicular intersections.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003ePeak (2,0,0) means there are two parallel axes.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003ePeak (2,2,2) expresses the presence of three parallel axes.\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"graph1.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-6435692/v1/306d81e11ca50df86a1c234e.png"},{"id":80779828,"identity":"2921e1a0-91e7-47d8-9b95-9252a29aa838","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-04-17 04:23:58","extension":"png","order_by":2,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"supplement","size":77093,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eGraph (2): different types of physical effect on LDH enzyme in vivo and in vitro\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"graph2.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-6435692/v1/ae1b80b1f03e78a4bc17a729.png"}],"financialInterests":"The authors declare no competing interests.","formattedTitle":"\u003cp\u003eEffect of Cu- nanoparticles and Ionization Radiation on Lactate Dehydrogenase (LDH)\u003c/p\u003e","fulltext":[{"header":"Introduction","content":"\u003cp\u003eLactate dehydrogenase (LDH): One of a group of enzymes found in blood, and any other body tissue that is involved in producing energy in cells. An increased amount of lactate dehydrogenase in the blood may be a sign of tissue damage, some types of cancer or other diseases. Also called lactic acid dehydrogenase and LDH [1,2].\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;Lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) is an enzyme required during the process of turning sugar into energy for your cells. LDH is present in many kinds of organs and tissues throughout the body, including the liver, heart, pancreas, kidneys, skeletal muscles, lymph tissue, and blood cells [3].\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eLactate\u0026nbsp;dehydrogenase\u0026nbsp;(also\u0026nbsp;called\u0026nbsp;lactic\u0026nbsp;acid\u0026nbsp;dehydrogenase,\u0026nbsp;or\u0026nbsp;LDH)\u0026nbsp;is\u0026nbsp;an\u0026nbsp;enzyme\u0026nbsp;found\u0026nbsp;in\u0026nbsp;almost\u0026nbsp;all\u0026nbsp;body\u0026nbsp;tissues.\u0026nbsp;It\u0026nbsp;plays\u0026nbsp;an\u0026nbsp;important\u0026nbsp;role\u0026nbsp;in\u0026nbsp;cellular\u0026nbsp;respiration,\u0026nbsp;the\u0026nbsp;process\u0026nbsp;by\u0026nbsp;which\u0026nbsp;glucose\u0026nbsp;(sugar)\u0026nbsp;from\u0026nbsp;food\u0026nbsp;is\u0026nbsp;converted\u0026nbsp;into\u0026nbsp;usable\u0026nbsp;energy\u0026nbsp;for\u0026nbsp;our\u0026nbsp;cells\u003cspan dir=\"RTL\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e[4]. The LDH enzyme consists of four subunits, and the composition of these subunits varies in different tissues, giving rise to different is enzymes. These isoenzymes are given names such as LDH-1, LDH-2, LDH-3, LDH-4, and LDH-5, with LDH-1 having the highest compatibility for the conversion of pyruvate into lactate, and LDH-5 having the highest compatibility for the reverse reaction ( lactate to pyruvate). Levels of these relative is enzymes can vary in different tissues and in different conditions, and may be indications in different clinical contexts.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eLDH is commonly measured in blood tests to assess tissue damage, particularly in the context of certain diseases or conditions. Elevated LDH levels in the blood can be related to tissue damage or cell death, which may occur in various conditions, including but not limited to:\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cul\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eTissue damage as a result of injuries or bruises.\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eHemolytic anemia, in which red blood cells are destroyed prematurely.\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eLiver diseases.\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eSome types of cancer, where cancer cells can secrete the enzyme LDH when they grow and multiply rapidly.\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eHeart attack and other heart-related conditions.\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003einfection.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003c/ul\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eIt is important to note that LDH levels may indicate tissue damage or certain diseases, but they are not specific to any particular condition. Additional testing and clinical evaluation are required to determine the exact cause of elevated LDH enzyme levels and to make a definitive diagnosis. [5].\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eIn last year\u0026rsquo;s nanoparticles widely used in medicine and pharmacy. Nanoparticles (NPs) are increasingly used in diagnostic and drug delivery. After entering the bloodstream, a protein corona will form around NPs. The size and curvature of NPs is one of the major characteristics affecting the composition of bound protein in the corona [6].\u0026nbsp;Many researchers have interest in the versatility of nanoparticles chemistry (e.g. wettability, energy, charge, reactivity), and physical properties such as size, shape, and concentration on cell behavior and protein adsorption [7,8,9]. Adding nanoparticles such as AuNPs \u0026nbsp;to \u0026nbsp; plasma or serum \u0026nbsp;form a \u0026nbsp;hard (h-days) and soft (sec-min) protein corona \u0026nbsp;create a conditioned interface at which make the cells respond [10,11,12].\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eIn last years \u0026nbsp;many types of research have shown that there are very important links between nanoparticle (NP) and protein interactions, immunogenicity, and cytotoxicity [13,14] . Studies have shown that strong links exist between nanoparticle (NP)-protein interactions, immunogenicity.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eSurface curvature of nanoparticles \u0026nbsp; affect on the amount of protein, some studies explain that \u0026nbsp;a variety of ligands demonstrate that protein structure, NP size and composition, \u0026nbsp; chemistry have the greatest important \u0026nbsp; in \u0026nbsp;protein corona [15,16].\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eIn modern research, nanotechnology has been used in many branches, especially in medicine\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eDrug delivery: It is used to design Nano medicines to target only diseased cells and minimize side effects on healthy cells, such as cancer.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eEarly diagnosis: Recent research has shown that nanoparticles can be more sensitive to some diseases, which is considered a good detector or diagnosis for them.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003ePrecision medical devices: They are used in image enhancement operations using medical imaging devices such as magnetic resonance imaging and x-ray imaging\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eGenetic Research and Therapies: Nanotechnologies are opening new doors in genetic research and delivering gene therapies in precise and targeted ways.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eMuch research has used nanotechnology to kill bacteria and fungi as a form of treatment or sterilization, in addition to studying the effectiveness of enzymes or hormones in the body.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;[17,18,19,20]\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Materials and methods","content":"\u003cp\u003eUsing (0.06) M copper penta-sulfate and 0.11 M ascorbic acid solution to bromide. All the solution putted in backer (250ml) with a small magnetic stir bar, and a thermometer, solution, the sample was kept on a magnetic stirrer for 24h, 850rpm using ( M TOPS (S300HS) med in Sou Korea)). The primitive color of the solution was green, by heating and stirring (45\u003csup\u003eo\u003c/sup\u003eC) the solution color change to red, then the stagnant appeared with brick red, which is the color of copper. Then it was reddish described. camps were isolated by filtration and cleaning with deionized water. Then wash the solution by centrifuge device at 4500 rpm for 15 min to get residual Cu-NPs, Through the well-known washing method, the precipitate is washed with distilled deionized water three times and the stagnant is filtered on filter paper for (48-72) hours to dry without using an oven and laboratory temperature to avoid the effect of heat on the properties of the resulting Cu-NPs [21].\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eCu-NPs\u003cspan dir=\"RTL\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003ewith 20-35 nm were prepared by using a green method. \u0026nbsp;Eases Cu-NPs were dissolved by normal saline (to avoid blood hemolysis), in proportions (For each 1 ml of normal saline, 1 \u0026micro;g of Cu-NPs) With the use of a dispersing agent that works to surround the nanoparticles to prevent their adhesion or clumping together (pvp) polyvinyl \u0026nbsp;pyrrolidone at a rate three times the weight of the Nano used(1:3),then placed in a device ultrasonic at a power of 150 watt for 5 minutes.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eFor measuring The optical density was measured at 340\u0026plusmn;20 nm (According to BIOLABO company instructions) by using Automatic Semi-biochemist try analyzer BTS-350. XRD, and SEM for Cu-NPs was measured.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003ePreparation of blood samples\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eBlood samples for \u003cspan dir=\"RTL\"\u003e35\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003ebreast cancer patients venous were prepared ( 10 ml of, blood withdrawn from antecubital vein of \u0026nbsp;25 apparent patients with breast cancer) . \u0026nbsp;Collected blood samples were put in EDTA containing tubes, to avoid blood clotting the work\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003col style=\"list-style-type: lower-alpha;\"\u003e\n \u003cli\u003ePart One: This part concerns the measurement of the effectiveness of the LDH \u0026nbsp;enzyme within the patients \u0026nbsp;body (in vivo) , where samples were taken from the patients since the beginning of the radiotherapy sessions , in agreement with the patient. Control samples were withdrawn from the patients prior to the start of the radiation treatment, which were considered control sample and the basis for comparison with the rest of the samples. Then all measurements were taken of the radiation effect after each radiation session, with the first session being at 2.5Gy the second session with \u0026nbsp;5Gy, the third session 7.5 Gy, the fourth session with 10Gy and sixth session with 15Gy \u0026nbsp;,with (6MeV) the blood samples withdrawn after \u0026nbsp;4 hours from the each session. \u0026nbsp;\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003ePart two: measuring LDH activity enzyme in vitro (external measurements):\u0026nbsp;\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003c/ol\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eTo preparing the blood samples for this part the control sample in part one divided to 10 tubes and 3 gropes\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cul\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eGroup one: 4samples irradiated \u0026nbsp;by X-ray (2.5,5,7.5, 10, and 15)Gy as in vitro samples ,\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eGroup two:5 samples treated by(40 \u0026micro;ml Cu-NPs) of Cu-NPs ,tube one cornered as a control for treated samples.\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eGroup three: 4samples in \u0026nbsp;group two \u0026nbsp; irradiated by same doses of X-ray as in group one\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003c/ul\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e2- the activity of LDH enzyme has been measured in\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e3- In A Linear Accelerator X-ray; primus Mid; Serial No. 3779; Siemens. /Germany) used for irradiation of \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;blood samples .( third and fourth group) by 5Gy, this \u0026nbsp;dose divided to four parts (1.75Gy) for every \u0026nbsp;side, and 15Gy as 3.75Gy for every side. As for blood samples from radiation-treated patients, the samples were collected from them after two hours (from the second and fourth sessions). Device is present in radiotherapy department /Al-Amal hospital for cancer, which .designed for therapeutic purposes). Tubes put in plastic racks and placed under, one parallels field two, levels X-ray source. Dose time of every with (expect of control sample which not irradiated) automatically depend on the dose.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cu\u003e\u0026nbsp;Note\u003c/u\u003e: All blood samples were treated (dilution), as 1ml of blood and 1.5 this step was applied for all samples to measuring \u0026nbsp;the enzyme activity with same condition for in all samples.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Results and Dissection","content":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e1. Cu-Nanoparticles\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e1.1 XRD for Cu-NPs:\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eXRD (X-ray diffraction) is used to study the crystal lattice structure of materials and determine the orientation of crystals. In the case of copper nanoparticles (Cu-NPs), XRD analysis usually shows several peaks representing specific locations in the crystal.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eXRD peaks represent radial space points that represent specific orientations of atoms within the crystal. In the case of copper, the numbers in parentheses (hkl) express an understanding of the angles and crystallographic directions.\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eIf you had an illustration of the XRD pattern of copper nanoparticles, you would notice peaks at known locations of crystallographic orientations such as (1,1,1), (2,0,0), and (2,2,2) for copper.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eXRD analysis shows the location and intensity of these peaks and can be used to determine crystal orientations and the size of copper nanoparticles based on the spread and width of the peaks\u003cstrong\u003e.\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;1.2\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eUV-Absorption\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e1.3\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cimg width=\"593\" height=\"321\" 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\" alt=\"image\"\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"RTL\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"RTL\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e.2 SEM scanning for Cu-NPs:\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eSEM (Scanning Electron Microscopy) analysis is used to see particles at the Nano-level and provide high-resolution images of sample surfaces. When studying copper nanoparticles using SEM, the shape, size and distribution of these particles on the surface can be seen.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eResults from an SEM usually contain a set of images that show fine details of the particles. Several pieces of information can be determined from the SEM analysis:\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eParticle size: Particle sizes can be measured using SEM, which helps in understanding the size distribution and spread of these particles, especially since particle size is very important in working in the medical field, noting that the size below 25 nanometers is the most appropriate for medical work fields, (SEM) used for measuring the size of copper nanoparticles. This device shows different sizes of copper-oxide nanoparticles (14.9, 15.9, 19.7, 20.7, 20.9 and 28.36nm), so the average size is 22.8nm, see figure (1).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eShape and Structure: SEM shows clear details of the shape of particles, such as whether they are spherical, nearly spherical, or have certain geometric shapes. The surface structure of these particles can also be shown.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eSurface distribution: The distribution of particles on the surface and the distances between them can be observed, which gives an idea about the aggregation or surface spread of these particles.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eSurface Reactions: SEM may show reactions or changes on the surface of particles, such as possible scattering or impurities.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e2. Measuring LDH:\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eExperimental results insure that LDH (IU/L) has high value (447\u0026plusmn;14) U/L) ( p-value\u0026lt;0.01) as showed in table (2)in cancer blood samples (including solid tumors), while normal human LDH is between 140 to 280 U/L [23,24].An important enzyme metabolism of glucose in the cells also increase . Therefore, it is expected to increase cancer patients blood. This is why this percentage has been shown to be high in the results of patients, and it may be an increase in the cells that secrete this enzyme in the blood.\u0026nbsp;This enzyme indicates increased cell damage and is also an indicator in some cases of the of cancer cells.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTable (2) Shows the effect of Cu-NPs and X-ray on LDH activity\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cdiv align=\"center\"\u003e\n \u003ctable border=\"1\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\" width=\"106%\"\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"3\" style=\"width: 48px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eLDH(IU/l/L)\u0026plusmn;SE\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"6\" style=\"width: 243px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eIn vivo\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"5\" style=\"width: 205px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eIn vitro\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"6\" style=\"width: 248px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eCu-NPs\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 48px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e0\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 37px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e2.5Gy\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 38px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e5Gy\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 37px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e7.5Gy\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 40px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e10Gy\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 43px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e15\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eGy\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 40px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e2.5Gy\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 40px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e5Gy\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 40px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e7.5Gy\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 40px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e10Gy\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 43px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e15\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eGy\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 40px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e0\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 40px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e2.5Gy\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 42px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e5Gy\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 42px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e7.5Gy\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 42px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e10Gy\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 42px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e15\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eGy\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 48px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e447\u0026plusmn;14\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 37px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e497\u0026plusmn;17\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 38px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e541\u0026plusmn;25\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 37px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e549\u0026plusmn;27\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 40px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e523\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026plusmn;21\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 43px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e395\u0026plusmn;66.48\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 40px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e460\u0026plusmn;22\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 40px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e474\u0026plusmn;17\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 40px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e487\u0026plusmn;15\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 40px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e527\u0026plusmn;19\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 43px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e541\u0026plusmn;42\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 40px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e288 \u0026plusmn;12\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 40px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e356 \u0026plusmn;16\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 42px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e377 \u0026plusmn;11\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 42px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e394 \u0026plusmn;16\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 42px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e407 \u0026plusmn;12\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 42px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e436 \u0026plusmn;15\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 48px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eSD\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 48px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e79\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 37px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e99\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 38px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e143\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 37px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e155\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 40px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e117\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 43px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e376\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 40px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e123\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 40px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e97\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 40px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e83\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 40px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e110\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 43px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e238\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 40px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e69\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 40px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e91\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 42px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e61\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 42px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e91\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 42px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e65\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 42px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e86\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 48px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eP-value\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 48px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026lt;0.01\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 37px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026lt;0.01\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 38px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026lt;0.01\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 37px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026lt;0.01\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 40px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026lt;0.01\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 43px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026lt;0.01\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 40px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026lt;0.01\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 40px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026lt;0.01\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 40px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026lt;0.01\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 40px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026lt;0.01\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 43px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026lt;0.01\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 40px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026lt;0.01\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 40px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026lt;0.01\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 42px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026lt;0.01\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 42px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026lt;0.01\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 42px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026lt;0.01\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 42px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026lt;0.01\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 48px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eReduction\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 48px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e0%\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 37px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e11%\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 38px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e26%\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 37px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e35%\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 40px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e-4%\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 43px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e-12%\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 40px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e3%\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 40px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e4%\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 40px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e9%\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 40px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e18%\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 43px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e32%\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 40px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e-36%\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 40px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e-20%\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 42px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e-16%\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 42px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e-12%\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 42px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e-9%\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 42px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e-3%\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n \u003c/table\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe work divided to three parts\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003col class=\"decimal_type\" style=\"list-style-type: lower-alpha;\"\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eFirst part : in this part the change of the enzyme LDH activity with effect of X-ray has been studied \u0026nbsp;for patients after each session of radiotherapy, it\u0026rsquo;s observed \u0026nbsp;that \u0026nbsp;LDH activity significant increased for the (2.5,5 and 7.5)Gy P-valu \u0026le; 0.01, \u0026nbsp;but decrease at the dose (10 and 15)Gy. In some clinical studies, researchers confirmed that radiation therapy sessions temporarily increase levels of the enzyme (LDH) in some cases, this increase is often the result of the effect of radiation on the tumor cells and the surrounding tissue, which results in the release of more LDH into the blood. This enzyme is considered to indicate increased cell damage and is also an indicator in some cases of the presence of cancer cells because these cells are voracious consumers of glucose, and since the enzyme is the most important enzyme for glucose metabolism, it is therefore linked to the presence of cells that metabolize more glucose. [25,26]. In 5\u003csup\u003eth\u003c/sup\u003e session or at 15Gy of radiotherapy almost medical tests results of for patients insure significant decrement (15%) from the control, Radiation therapy targets and kills cancer cells. But the initial doses are not sufficient, so in the beginning it can be concluded that the response of cancer cells is after the dose (7.5Gy). This can lead to a decrease in the number of cancer cells that secrete the LDH enzyme, which results in lower levels of the enzyme in the body. The dose (7.5 and 10)Gy can be considered a dose that improves the patient and reduces the inflammation that accompanies cancer.\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eB- Part Two: Blood samples taken from Part One patients (for patients before any radiotherapy sessions) were divided into 6 parts, 1.5 ml per tube. Samples were irradiated at the same doses corresponding to radiotherapy doses to study the effect of these doses in vivo. The first three doses (2.5, 5, and 7) Gy were similar in effect but different in values. It can be said that the effect of radiation on cells inside the human body causes a larger area of damage and a change in metabolism compared to outside. In blood samples only blood cells are affected, but in the human body the values of enzymes rise due to the number of affected cells, due to radiation, as it increases Enzyme efficacy in vivo compared to its in vitro increase. After these doses, specifically at (10 and 15) Gray, the behavior differed. In irradiated samples in vitro, enzyme activity increased compared to the control sample, in contrast to what happened in vivo (Graph (2)), this is because ionizing radiation increases damage to blood cells with increasing dose in vitro, and this indicates that there is no rebuilding or remodeling, but rather Continuous damage, and this is an indicator of damage to a larger number of blood cells.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eThird Part: results of treated samples with Cu-NPs showed that significant decreasing in (-36% from the control sample), nanoparticles, especially highly soluble copper, cause the inactivation of the lactate dehydrogenase enzyme. This inactivation may come from a change in some molecules \u0026nbsp;substances or structures present in the blood that causes the cessation of the effectiveness of this enzyme. This opinion is agreed upon by some previous research [27]. It is known that measuring the toxicity of copper nanoparticles causes cell death.\u003cspan dir=\"RTL\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003eIt was found that they interact with highly reactive oxygen, and since red blood cells are saturated with\u0026nbsp;\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eoxygen, it is possible to generate reactive oxygen species that cause cell death [28]. In previous research, research has confirmed that the smallest Nano\u003cspan dir=\"RTL\"\u003e-\u003c/span\u003e sizes are the most effective in causing damage in cell membrane, because the cell membranes are saturated with oxygen, and since the hemoglobin in the red blood cell is saturated with oxygen, it is therefore expected that they will be the most affected and exposed to damage. Oxidation: The interactions of copper nanoparticles with the sulfhydryl groups\u003cspan dir=\"RTL\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003epresent in enzymes lead to an oxidation and reduction process, which sometimes leads to a loss of the enzyme\u0026rsquo;s effectiveness. Cu-NPs may be changes in the pH of the enzyme or the combination of a substance HDL with the chemical structure of the enzyme, which disrupts the work of the enzyme or changes its chemical structure, In any case, decreasing LDH enzyme values reduce the growth and proliferation of cancer cells, especially as its known \u0026nbsp;this enzyme is the most important in the process of cellular respiration, by converting lactate into pyruvate [29].\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003ePart three: samples treated by Cu-NPs then irradiated by X-ray these samples showed change in the properties of Cu-NPs with X-ray radiation, this change was deduced\u003cspan dir=\"RTL\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003efrom the significant increasing 423\u0026plusmn;19 (P- \u0026lt;0.01) enzyme activity level although it still less than the control by 5%,this increment \u0026nbsp;the surface distribution, crystalline structure, or change in electrical and magnetic properties of the nanoparticles. All of these effects, or more, cause a change in the qualities and properties of the nanoparticles, which finally changes its effect on reducing the effectiveness of the enzyme.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003c/ol\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eIn comparison The researcher proved that LDH after radiotherapy may be one of the natural signs of the body\u0026apos;s response to treatment. And in many cases from it is noted that the effectiveness of LDH enzyme increases in irradiated samples entering and\u003cspan dir=\"RTL\"\u003e)\u003c/span\u003e in vivo), but it significantly decreases in samples treated with Cu-NPs. Nevertheless, the effect of the nanoparticles inside the body was not measured due to the inability to administer the nanoparticles to patients. Therefore, the comparison was limited to samples taken from patients receiving radiation treatment and samples irradiated outside the living body, which confirmed the same effect. As for the samples treated with the nanoparticles and then irradiated with the (5 and) dose of X-rays, an increase in the enzyme was observed, but at lower rates than those in the irradiated samples only\u003cstrong\u003e.\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Conclusions","content":"\u003cul type=\"disc\"\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eLDH enzyme is considered a measure of radiation response in vivo\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eDifference in the radiation effects on the effectiveness of LDH enzyme in blood samples in-vitro and in vivo at doses after 7.5Gy of radiotherapy, whereas\u0026nbsp;\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eThe decrease in enzyme values with the effect of Cu-NPs can be considered an aid in the process of stopping the Krebs cycle in releasing energy to cancer cells and thus stopping their sleep and reproduction.\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eThe change in the effect of nanoparticles with irradiation on the activity of an enzyme can be considered an indication of a change in the properties of Cu-NPs.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003c/ul\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Declarations","content":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eEthics Statement:\u003c/strong\u003e The study titled \u0026quot;Effect of Cu- nanoparticles and Ionization Radiation on Lactate Dehydrogenase (LDH)\u0026quot; was reviewed and approved by the Ethics Committee of the College of Science, University of Baghdad (Ref.: CSEC/1129/0139, Date: February 24, 2024). The committee operates in accordance with the College of Science guidelines on biomedical research. All procedures involving human samples were conducted with informed consent and in accordance with ethical standards.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"References","content":"\u003col\u003e\n \u003cli\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e-\u003c/strong\u003eAisha Farhana; Sarah L. Lappin.(2021) \u0026ldquo;Biochemistry, Lactate Dehydrogenase\u0026rdquo; Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing; 2022 Jan-. https://covid19.nih.gov\u003cstrong\u003e/\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eDrent M, Cobben NA, Henderson RF, Wouters EF, van Dieijen-Visser M. Usefulness of lactate dehydrogenase and its isoenzymes as indicators of lung damage or inflammation. Eur Respir J. 1996 Aug;9(8):1736-42. [PubMed].\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003ePassarella S, Schurr A. l-Lactate Transport and Metabolism in Mitochondria of Hep G2 Cells-The Cori Cycle Revisited. Front Oncol. 2018;8:120. 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Clin Chem. 1967;13(3):196\u0026ndash;203.\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eElodie Sanfins, Cecilia Augustsson, Bj\u0026ouml;rn Dahlb\u0026auml;ck, Sara Linse, and Tommy Cedervall\u0026rdquo; Cite this: Nano Lett. 2014, 14, 8, 4736\u0026ndash;4744, Publication Date:July 15, 2014, Copyright \u0026copy; 2014 American Chemical Society: RIGHTS \u0026amp; PERMISSIONS,ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4827080/ :https://doi.org/10.1021/nl501863u\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eNiloofar Ajdari, Cian Vyas, Stephanie L. Bogan, Bashir A. Lwaleed, Brian G. Cousins. Gold nanoparticle interactions in human blood: a model evaluation. Nanomedicine: Nanotechnology, Biology and Medicine 2017, 13 (4) , 1531-1542. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nano.2017.01.019\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eP. Aggarwal, J.B. Hall, C.B. McLeland, M.A. Dobrovolskaia, S.E. McNeil \u0026ldquo;Nanoparticle interaction with plasma proteins as it relates to particle biodistribution, biocompatibility and therapeutic efficacy\u0026rdquo;Adv Drug Deliv Rev, 61 (2009), pp. 428-437\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eS.J. Soenen, P. Rivera-Gil, J.M. Montenegro, W.J. Parak, S.C. De Smedt, K. Braeckmans Cellular toxicity of inorganic nanoparticles: common aspects and guidelines for improved nanotoxicity evaluation, Nano Today, 6 (2011), pp. 446-465.\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eD.S. Sutherland, M. Broberg, H. Nygren, B. Kasemo\u0026rdquo;Influence of nanoscale surface topography and chemistry on the functional behaviour of an adsorbed model macromolecule\u0026rdquo;Macromol Biosci, 1 (2001), pp. 270-273.\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eL. Vroman\u0026rdquo;Effect of adsorbed proteins on the wettability of hydrophilic and hydrophobic solids\u0026rdquo; Nature, 196 (1962), pp. 476-477.\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eS.H. Brewer, W.R. Glomm, M.C. Johnson, M.K. Knag, S. Franzen \u0026rdquo;Probing BSA binding to citrate-coated gold nanoparticles and surfaces\u0026rdquo; Langmuir, 21 (2005), pp. 9303-9307.\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eM.A. Dobrovolskaia, S.E. McNeil \u0026ldquo;Immunological properties of engineered nanomaterials\u0026rdquo; Nat Nanotechnol, 2 (2007), pp. 469-478.\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eS. Hussain, J.A. Vanoirbeek, P.H. Hoet \u0026ldquo;Interactions of nanomaterials with the immune system\u0026rdquo; Wiley Interdiscip Rev Nanomed Nanobiotechnol, 4 (2012), pp. 169-183.\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eM.A. Dobrovolskaia, A.K. Patri, J. Zheng, J.D. Clogston, N. Ayub, P. Aggarwal, et al.\u0026rdquo;Interaction of colloidal gold nanoparticles with human blood: effects on particle size and analysis of plasma protein binding profiles\u0026rdquo; Nanomedicine, 5 (2009), pp. 106-117.\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eM.A. Dobrovolskaia, A.K. Patri, J. Zheng, J.D. Clogston, N. Ayub, P. Aggarwal, et al.\u0026rdquo;Interaction of colloidal gold nanoparticles with human blood: effects on particle size and analysis of plasma protein binding profiles\u0026rdquo; Nanomedicine, 5 (2009), pp. 106-117.\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eGharby, M. A., \u0026amp; Al-Qadhi , B. N. . (2022). The Effect of Zinc oxide Nanoparticles (ZnO NPs) on the Viability of Leishmania tropic In Vitro. Iraqi Journal of Science, 58(2A), 600\u0026ndash;610. Retrieved from https://ijs.uobaghdad.edu.iq/index.php/eijs/article/view/6079.\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eF. Benetti, M. Fedel, L. Minati, G. Speranza, C. Migliaresi\u0026rdquo;Gold nanoparticles: role of size and surface chemistry on blood protein adsorption\u0026rdquo; J Nanopart Res, 15 (2013), pp. 1694-1703.\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eBaydaa Al-Hamawandy; Maha Taha Idrees; Zakariya Yahia \u0026ldquo;Gold nanoparticles and x-rays cause estradiol hormone reduction across oxidative stress of blood samples in vitro\u0026rdquo; AIP Conf. Proc. 2190, 020089 (2019), https://doi.org/10.1063/1.5138575, Volume 2190, Issue 1,11 December 2019.\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eA H AL-Husseini , B T Sih and A M Al-araji \u0026ldquo;Effect Of Iron Oxide Nanoparticles (Fe2O3) On Candida Albicans And Candida Glabrata\u0026rdquo; NVEO - Natural Volatiles \u0026amp; Essential OilsVolume: 8 Issue: 4\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eZainab Nasser, Baydaa T Sih \u0026ldquo;Comparing the effects of copper nanoparticles (Cu-Nps) and X-ray radiation on concentration blood glucose and glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1c) in vitro\u0026rdquo; AIP Conference Proceedings,Volume:2372, Issue:1,AIP Publishing; 2021/11/11\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eSamin Khodaei ,Akram Sadat Naeemi ,Fatemeh Nazarhaghighi, \u0026ldquo;Effects of copper oxide nanoparticles on the tissue and metabolic enzymes of liver and kidney of common carp (Cyprinus carpio)\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eYasuharu Hori, Yasuhiko Takamori and Kazuo Nishio,(1968) \u0026ldquo;The Effect of X-Irradiation on the Lactate Dehydrogenase Level in Plasma and in Various Organs of Mice\u0026rdquo; Radiation Research,Vol. 34, No. 2 (May, 1968), pp. 411-420 (10 pages),Published By: Radiation Research Society.\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eTokinoya K, Ishikura K, Yoshida Y, Ra SG, Sugasawa T, Aoyagi A, Nabekura Y, Takekoshi K, Ohmori H. LDH isoenzyme 5 is an index of early onset muscle soreness during prolonged running. J Sports Med Phys Fitness. 2020 Jul;60(7):1020-1026. [PubMed] [Reference list]\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eMiao P, Sheng S, Sun X, Liu J, Huang G. Lactate dehydrogenase A in cancer: a promising target for diagnosis and therapy. \u003cem\u003eIUBMB Life\u003c/em\u003e. 2013;65(11):904‐910. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eFeng Y, Xiong Y, Qiao T, Li X, Jia L, Han Y. Lactate dehydrogenase A: A key player in carcinogenesis and potential target in cancer therapy. Cancer Med. 2018 Dec;7(12):6124-6136. doi: 10.1002/cam4.1820. Epub 2018 Nov 6. PMID: 30403008; PMCID: PMC6308051.\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eKlimov IA, Serdiukov AS, Elistratova NB. Izofermenty laktatdegidrogenazy pri luchevoĭ terapii u onkologicheskikh bol\u0026apos;nykh [Lactate dehydrogenase isoenzymes in radiation therapy of cancer patients]. Lab Delo. 1989;(7):16-7. Russian. PMID: 2477588.\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eHan X, Gelein R, Corson N, Wade-Mercer P, Jiang J, Biswas P, Finkelstein JN, Elder A, Oberd\u0026ouml;rster G. Validation of an LDH assay for assessing nanoparticle toxicity. Toxicology. 2011 Sep 5;287(1-3):99-104. doi: 10.1016/j.tox.2011.06.011. Epub 2011 Jun 23. PMID: 21722700; PMCID: PMC4070602.\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eRoberta Cassano 20 \u0026sect;, Federica Curcio, Maria Luisa Di Gioia, Sonia Trombino \u0026ldquo;Chapter 16 - Copper nanoparticles-based stimuli-responsive approaches\u0026rdquo; Stimuli-Responsive Nanocarriers,Recent Advances in Tailor-Made Therapeutics,2022, Pages 413-428, https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-824456-2.00015-1\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eKhajah MA, Khushaish S, Luqmani YA. Lactate Dehydrogenase A or B Knockdown Reduces Lactate Production and Inhibits Breast Cancer Cell Motility in vitro. Front Pharmacol. 2021 Oct 20;12:747001. doi: 10.3389/fphar.2021.747001. PMID: 34744727; PMCID: PMC8564068.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003c/ol\u003e"},{"header":"Graph","content":"\u003cp\u003eGraph 1 and 2 are available in the Supplementary Files section.\u003c/p\u003e"}],"fulltextSource":"","fullText":"","funders":[],"hasAdminPriorityOnWorkflow":false,"hasManuscriptDocX":true,"hasOptedInToPreprint":true,"hasPassedJournalQc":"","hasAnyPriority":true,"hideJournal":true,"highlight":"","institution":"University of Baghdad","isAcceptedByJournal":false,"isAuthorSuppliedPdf":false,"isDeskRejected":"","isHiddenFromSearch":false,"isInQc":false,"isInWorkflow":false,"isPdf":false,"isPdfUpToDate":true,"isWithdrawnOrRetracted":false,"journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"researchsquare","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"/submission","title":"Research Square","twitterHandle":"researchsquare","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"","reportingPortfolio":"","inReviewEnabled":false,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true},"keywords":"Cu nanoparticles, lactate dehydrogenase, LDH, effect of X-ray on LDH","lastPublishedDoi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-6435692/v1","lastPublishedDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-6435692/v1","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"},"manuscriptAbstract":"\u003cp\u003eThis study investigates the effect of copper nanoparticles (Cu-NPs), synthesized via a green method, on the activity of lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) enzyme in blood samples from cancer patients, both in vivo and in vitro, under varying doses of X-ray irradiation. LDH, a key enzyme in glucose metabolism, showed significant activity elevation at initial irradiation doses (2.5, 5, and 7.5 Gy), suggesting increased cellular stress and damage. However, at higher doses (10 and 15 Gy), a reduction in LDH activity was observed in vivo, possibly reflecting the destruction of cancer cells responsible for the enzyme\u0026rsquo;s release.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eCu-NPs alone significantly reduced LDH levels by up to 36%, indicating their cytotoxic potential and interference with enzyme functionality. Interestingly, when Cu-NPs were combined with radiation, LDH activity increased again\u0026mdash;though remaining below control levels\u0026mdash;implying radiation-induced changes in the nanoparticles' structure and reactivity.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThese findings support the dual use of Cu-NPs and radiation to modulate LDH activity and potentially suppress cancer metabolism, while highlighting the differences between in vivo and in vitro environments in response to treatment.\u003c/p\u003e","manuscriptTitle":"Effect of Cu- nanoparticles and Ionization Radiation on Lactate Dehydrogenase (LDH)","msid":"","msnumber":"","nonDraftVersions":[{"code":1,"date":"2025-04-17 04:23:53","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-6435692/v1","editorialEvents":[{"type":"communityComments","content":0}],"status":"published","journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"researchsquare","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"/submission","title":"Research Square","twitterHandle":"researchsquare","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"","reportingPortfolio":"","inReviewEnabled":false,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true}}],"origin":"","ownerIdentity":"239c80cf-2326-4307-94c6-1f1c4cf891de","owner":[],"postedDate":"April 17th, 2025","published":true,"recentEditorialEvents":[],"rejectedJournal":[],"revision":"","amendment":"","status":"posted","subjectAreas":[{"id":47231539,"name":"Biophysics"},{"id":47231540,"name":"General Cell Biology \u0026 Physiology"},{"id":47231541,"name":"Nanoscience"}],"tags":[],"updatedAt":"2025-04-17T04:23:53+00:00","versionOfRecord":[],"versionCreatedAt":"2025-04-17 04:23:53","video":"","vorDoi":"","vorDoiUrl":"","workflowStages":[]},"version":"v1","identity":"rs-6435692","journalConfig":"researchsquare"},"__N_SSP":true},"page":"/article/[identity]/[[...version]]","query":{"redirect":"/article/rs-6435692","identity":"rs-6435692","version":["v1"]},"buildId":"8U1c8b4HqxoKbykW_rLl7","isFallback":false,"isExperimentalCompile":false,"dynamicIds":[84888],"gssp":true,"scriptLoader":[]}