A Regenerative Braking System Proposal For Light Electric Vehicles

A Regenerative Braking System Proposal For Light Electric Vehicles | Research Square window.SnipcartSettings = { analytics: { enabled: false } }; (function() { var accessVector = localStorage.getItem('access_vector') || ''; window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; if (accessVector) { window.dataLayer.push({ user: { profile: { profileInfo: { snid: accessVector } } } }); } })(); (function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start':new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0],j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src='https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f);})(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-K279D39R'); Browse Preprints In Review Journals COVID-19 Preprints AJE Video Bytes Research Tools Research Promotion AJE Professional Editing AJE Rubriq About Preprint Platform In Review Editorial Policies Our Team Advisory Board Help Center Sign In Submit a Preprint Cite Share Download PDF Article A Regenerative Braking System Proposal For Light Electric Vehicles İbrahim CAN, Ahmet AKSÖZ, Hakan TABAK This is a preprint; it has not been peer reviewed by a journal. https://doi.org/ 10.21203/rs.3.rs-9066043/v1 This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License Status: Posted Version 1 posted You are reading this latest preprint version Abstract One of the most prominent products of electric vehicle technology is electric kick scooters (EKS), which belong to the class of light electric vehicles (LEVs). The driving range provided by different battery types used in LEVs has not yet reached the desired levels. In this study, a novel regenerative braking technique is proposed to extend the range of EKS. According to the proposed approach, a regenerative braking strategy is developed for different battery types by varying the charging and discharging currents through the use of a multi-cell battery system combined with an adjustable resistor. To evaluate the performance of the regenerative braking system, simulation tests were conducted using MATLAB/Simulink, and an experimental study was carried out to validate the theoretical results. The simulation results indicate a range increase of 21.09% for lead–acid batteries and 28.35% for lithium-ion batteries. In real driving tests, the range improvement was measured as 18.24% for lead–acid batteries and 25.36% for lithium-ion batteries. Both theoretical and experimental results demonstrate that a simple and efficient regenerative braking system can be implemented to enhance the driving range of EKS. Physical sciences/Energy science and technology Physical sciences/Engineering Regenerative braking Light electric vehicles (LEVs) electric kick scooters (EKS) Driving cycle MATLAB/simulink Full Text Additional Declarations No competing interests reported. Cite Share Download PDF Status: Posted Version 1 posted You are reading this latest preprint version Research Square lets you share your work early, gain feedback from the community, and start making changes to your manuscript prior to peer review in a journal. As a division of Research Square Company, we’re committed to making research communication faster, fairer, and more useful. We do this by developing innovative software and high quality services for the global research community. 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Also discoverable on Platform About Our Team In Review Editorial Policies Advisory Board Help Center Resources Author Services Accessibility API Access RSS feed Manage Cookie Preferences © Research Square 2026 | ISSN 2693-5015 (online) Privacy Policy Terms of Service Do Not Sell My Personal Information {"props":{"pageProps":{"initialData":{"identity":"rs-9066043","acceptedTermsAndConditions":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"archivedVersions":[],"articleType":"Article","associatedPublications":[],"authors":[{"id":610721782,"identity":"099b5ad2-0700-4eff-a198-ebeb75be49f2","order_by":0,"name":"İbrahim CAN","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Sivas Cumhuriyet University","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"İbrahim","middleName":"","lastName":"CAN","suffix":""},{"id":610721785,"identity":"082056a1-c66c-42ea-a0b2-a69aa147a9bc","order_by":1,"name":"Ahmet AKSÖZ","email":"data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAZAAAAAyAQMAAABI0h/eAAAABlBMVEX///8AAABVwtN+AAAACXBIWXMAAA7EAAAOxAGVKw4bAAABE0lEQVRIiWNgGAWjYDACCTCZAMTMhyEizEDMQ0jLAbAWtmQULRJEaOExRoji08I/uzvx8YeaNHt+/jOfDX621cmZtzMwPnjbxlBn3oDDkjtnNxscOJaTOLPh7ObE3rbDxjKHGZgN57YxSMgcwGHNjdxtEgfYKhIMDvZuPsDbdiBxBjMDmzQvUAsul8nfyN3+48C/CnuDwzyPD/5tq6sHamH/jU+LAdAWhoNtOYwbjvEwJ/O2MSdIAG1hxqfF8EbuZomzfWmJM3vYjI1lzh02nMHM2Cw555yE5AwcWuRu5G78UPEtGRhihx9Lvimrk5fgP3zww5syG37cEYMMGNnAZAMDvphEA3+IVTgKRsEoGAUjCQAA0ZJXewAMi0sAAAAASUVORK5CYII=","orcid":"","institution":"Kayseri University","correspondingAuthor":true,"prefix":"","firstName":"Ahmet","middleName":"","lastName":"AKSÖZ","suffix":""},{"id":610721787,"identity":"5f44084f-6be3-4990-b87d-597970313329","order_by":2,"name":"Hakan TABAK","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Hakan","middleName":"","lastName":"TABAK","suffix":""}],"badges":[],"createdAt":"2026-03-08 18:38:29","currentVersionCode":1,"declarations":"","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-9066043/v1","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-9066043/v1","draftVersion":[],"editorialEvents":[],"editorialNote":"","failedWorkflow":false,"files":[{"id":106283437,"identity":"a9040f46-6d79-435a-91c0-bf95bc8f35e4","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2026-04-07 06:27:48","extension":"pdf","order_by":1,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"manuscript-pdf","size":1508414,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"ARegenerativeBrakingSystemProposalForLightElectricVehicles.pdf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-9066043/v1_covered_b74b3579-52c1-430a-b739-6bd7956cc6c5.pdf"}],"financialInterests":"No competing interests reported.","formattedTitle":"A Regenerative Braking System Proposal For Light Electric Vehicles","fulltext":[],"fulltextSource":"","fullText":"","funders":[],"hasAdminPriorityOnWorkflow":false,"hasManuscriptDocX":false,"hasOptedInToPreprint":true,"hasPassedJournalQc":"","hasAnyPriority":false,"hideJournal":true,"highlight":"","institution":"","isAcceptedByJournal":false,"isAuthorSuppliedPdf":true,"isDeskRejected":"","isHiddenFromSearch":false,"isInQc":false,"isInWorkflow":false,"isPdf":true,"isPdfUpToDate":true,"isWithdrawnOrRetracted":false,"journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"researchsquare","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"/submission","title":"Research Square","twitterHandle":"researchsquare","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"","reportingPortfolio":"","inReviewEnabled":false,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true},"keywords":"Regenerative braking, Light electric vehicles (LEVs), electric kick scooters (EKS), Driving cycle, MATLAB/simulink","lastPublishedDoi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-9066043/v1","lastPublishedDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-9066043/v1","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"},"manuscriptAbstract":"\u003cp\u003eOne of the most prominent products of electric vehicle technology is electric kick scooters (EKS), which belong to the class of light electric vehicles (LEVs). The driving range provided by different battery types used in LEVs has not yet reached the desired levels. In this study, a novel regenerative braking technique is proposed to extend the range of EKS. According to the proposed approach, a regenerative braking strategy is developed for different battery types by varying the charging and discharging currents through the use of a multi-cell battery system combined with an adjustable resistor. To evaluate the performance of the regenerative braking system, simulation tests were conducted using MATLAB/Simulink, and an experimental study was carried out to validate the theoretical results. The simulation results indicate a range increase of 21.09% for lead\u0026ndash;acid batteries and 28.35% for lithium-ion batteries. In real driving tests, the range improvement was measured as 18.24% for lead\u0026ndash;acid batteries and 25.36% for lithium-ion batteries. 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