Preliminary Research on Tailored Fluid Therapy in Pigs: Comparing Customized Ionic Solutions with Hartmann's Solution

Preliminary Research on Tailored Fluid Therapy in Pigs: Comparing Customized Ionic Solutions with Hartmann's Solution | Research Square window.SnipcartSettings = { analytics: { enabled: false } }; (function() { var accessVector = localStorage.getItem('access_vector') || ''; window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; if (accessVector) { window.dataLayer.push({ user: { profile: { profileInfo: { snid: accessVector } } } }); } })(); (function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start':new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0],j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src='https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f);})(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-K279D39R'); Browse Preprints In Review Journals COVID-19 Preprints AJE Video Bytes Research Tools Research Promotion AJE Professional Editing AJE Rubriq About Preprint Platform In Review Editorial Policies Our Team Advisory Board Help Center Sign In Submit a Preprint Cite Share Download PDF Research Article Preliminary Research on Tailored Fluid Therapy in Pigs: Comparing Customized Ionic Solutions with Hartmann's Solution Seongju Lee, Seung-Eun Lee, Jae-Ik Han, Sang Chul Lee, Yubyeol Jeon This is a preprint; it has not been peer reviewed by a journal. https://doi.org/ 10.21203/rs.3.rs-3993007/v1 This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License Status: Under Review Version 1 posted 4 You are reading this latest preprint version Abstract Background Fluid therapy in veterinary medicine is pivotal for treating various conditions in pigs; however, standard solutions, such as Hartmann's solution, may not optimally align with pig physiology. This study explored the development and efficacy of a customized fluid therapy tailored to the ionic concentrations of pig blood, aiming to enhance treatment outcomes and safety in both healthy and diseased pigs. Results The study involved two experiments: the first to assess the safety and stability of customized fluids in healthy pigs, and the second to evaluate the efficacy in pigs with clinical symptoms of dehydration. In healthy pigs, the administration of customized fluids showed no adverse effects, with slight alterations observed in pO2, Hematocrit, and glucose levels in some groups. In symptomatic pigs, the customized fluid group did not show any improvement in clinical symptoms, with no significant changes in blood chemistry or metabolite levels compared to controls. The customized fluid group showed a mild increase in some values after administration, yet within normal physiological ranges. The study reported no significant improvements in clinical or dehydration status, attributing the observed variations in blood test results to the limited sample size and anaesthesia effects rather than fluid characteristics. Conclusions Customized fluid therapy, tailored to mimic the ionic concentrations of pig blood, appears to be a safe and potentially more effective alternative to conventional solutions such as Hartmann’s solution for treating pigs under various health conditions. Further research with larger sample sizes and controlled conditions is recommended to validate these findings and to explore the full potential of customized fluid therapy in veterinary practice. Figures Figure 1 Figure 2 Figure 3 Figure 4 Figure 5 Figure 6 Figure 7 Background The significance of fluid therapy in veterinary medicine, specifically concerning preserving the health and welfare of pigs, cannot be emphasized enough. In veterinary medicine, fluid therapy is an important treatment for small animals. It is used for multiple purposes such as correcting dehydration, maintaining proper blood volume, addressing electrolyte imbalances, and ensuring proper transport of fluids within the body ( 1 ). Pigs are mostly administered oral electrolyte solutions to treat diarrhea caused by Escherichia coli , rotavirus ( 2 ), and transmissible gastroenteritis virus ( 3 ). Nevertheless, sows, particularly those that are pregnant, in labor, or postpartum, are commonly treated with intravenous (IV) fluid. In such cases, 5% dextrose IV is administered to treat sows with dystocia caused by uterine inertia ( 4 ). Furthermore, intravenous (IV) fluids play a crucial role in pigs, as they are frequently administered before and after anesthesia in experimental models ( 5 ). IV fluids can be categorized into colloidal and crystalloid solutions. Owing to their higher molecular weight, colloids are more efficient in expanding the intravascular compartment. Crystalloids are aqueous solutions containing both inorganic and small organic compounds. Crystalloids that have an ionic composition similar to plasma may be described as "balanced" or "physiological."( 6 ) Hartmann's solution (H/S) is a type of isotonic crystalloid that is similar to lactated Ringer's solution and is commonly given to animals during surgery ( 7 ). The solution contains sodium chloride, sodium lactate, potassium chloride, and calcium chloride dissolved in water, which closely resembles the ionic composition of blood plasma ( 8 ). The osmolarity of this fluid is comparable to that of extracellular fluid, which means that about 20% of the administered volume will remain in the intravascular space ( 9 ). It is suitable for fluid resuscitation in patients with metabolic acidosis, as it can enhance perfusion and restore circulating blood volume. Small animal veterinarians typically choose isotonic balanced crystalloid solutions over other commonly used options such as isotonic saline (0.9% NaCl) solution for IV fluid treatment ( 10 ). Additionally, H/S is commonly employed as the standard solution in cattle ( 11 ). Nevertheless, the composition of authentic pig serum varies( 12 ) necessitating the development of a corresponding fluid. In recent years, point-of-care testing (POCT) has become increasingly prevalent in veterinary referral and specialty practices ( 13 ). For large animals, in situ point-of-care (POC) testing is frequently favored over the testing of companion animals ( 14 ). The validity of the enterprise point-of-care (EPOC) blood analysis system ( Epocal Inc., ON, Canada), a portable blood analyzer, has been demonstrated in several animal species ( 15 , 16 ). Previously, blood analysis in pigs predominantly relied on conventional laboratory techniques( 17 ) or alternative point-of-care (POC) blood analyzers( 18 ), with the exclusion of EPOC utilization. There has been limited research involving the application of EPOC for this specific purpose. This study aims to introduce the creation and implementation of personalized fluid treatments for pigs, designed to precisely mimic the ionic concentrations observed in pig blood. This novel strategy seeks to improve the effectiveness and safety of fluid therapy in veterinary medicine, specifically in swine. In addition, the purpose of this study is to enhance treatment outcomes in different clinical situations, such as dehydration and disease recovery, by precisely modifying fluid composition according to the specific physiological needs of pigs. The present study makes a substantial contribution to veterinary practice by providing a more focused and efficient therapeutic approach for controlling fluid therapy in pigs. Results Quantitative composition of the customized fluids Target concentrations (Table 1 ) of each ion were determined using species-specific serum chemistry reference intervals ( 17 , 19 , 20 ). All components of the customized fluid were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich (St. Louis, MO, USA). Table 1 Target ion concentrations of each group. Na + K + Ca 2+ Cl − Lactate − Hartmann’s solution 130 4 2.7 109 28 Group 1 150 3.9 2.6 109 30 Group 2 150 3.9 2.6 118 28 Group 3 130 6 2.7 115 28 Group 4 150 6 2.6 123 30 Ion concentrations are expressed in milliequivalents per liter (mEq/L). The amount of each component was adjusted to match the target ion concentration (Table 2 ). In addition, osmolarity measurements were conducted because of the increased quantity of the respective chemicals in H/S. Table 2 The total amount of components in each group. NaCl KCl CaCl 2 Sodium Lactate Osmolarity Hartmann’s solution 5.0 0.30 0.20 3.10 278 Group 1 5.0 0.30 0.20 5.90 316 Group 2 6.2 0.30 0.20 3.10 327 Group 3 5.0 0.45 0.20 3.10 319 Group 4 5.6 0.45 0.20 5.90 346 The amount of each component is expressed in grams per liter (g/L). The osmolarity is determined via calculation. Evaluating the stability of customized fluid by injecting it in healthy pigs We performed a comparative analysis of blood test results by assessing the mean values of blood parameters before and after the administration of tailored fluids to healthy pigs. Šídák’s post-hoc multiple comparison tests were applied following a 2-way ANOVA to identify any discrepancies. Regarding blood gases, the only alteration observed before and after fluid administration was in the pO2 level of group 1, which received a higher dosage of sodium lactate (Fig. 1 ). Blood chemistry tests revealed a decrease in Hct levels following the administration of fluids in Groups 2 (NaCl increased) and 4 (most components were increased to match the composition of pig blood) (Fig. 2 ). Glucose levels exhibited a notable reduction following fluid administration in both Groups 2 and control during metabolite testing (Fig. 3 ). Concurrent blood analyses were conducted before and after the injection of fluids to evaluate clinical symptoms and visually observe any negative consequences of fluid administration. No abnormalities were detected and there were no fatalities among the animals. Evaluating the efficacy of the customized fluids in diseased pigs Given the absence of complications in the initial experiment, we selected Group 4 as the fluid for the second experiment to inject into sick pigs. In the second experiment, we analyzed the blood, observed clinical symptoms, and evaluated dehydration. This evaluation was performed before and after fluid administration, as in the first experiment, but was extended until the day following fluid administration. A marginal disparity in blood gas levels was observed between the no-fluid groups (N.C-g, N.C-b) and the fluid groups (H/S, T1, and T2) (Fig. 4 ). In the group without fluid administration, distinct variations in pCO2 and pO2 levels were observed before and after administration. Within the fluidized bed group, the cHCO3- and BE (ecf) values exhibited a disparity before and after fluid administration. Blood chemistry tests revealed that in the control group without fluids (N.C-g), TCO2 levels increased 1 h after fluid administration and reverted to their initial level the following day (Fig. 5 ). Hct levels decreased and then increased in the symptomatic group that did not receive fluids (N.C-b). After receiving 500 mL of the customized fluids, the group (T1) exhibited elevated Cl- levels one-day post-administration in comparison to the pre-administration levels. Additionally, Be(b) values considerably decreased one day after fluid administration in comparison to the pre-administration levels. Glucose was the sole metabolite that exhibited a noteworthy difference over time when comparing pre- and post-hydration metabolite levels (Fig. 6 ). Both the presence and absence of fluids exhibited a consistent declining trend 1 h after fluid administration, followed by restoration to preinjection levels the following day. No specific clinical symptoms were observed before or after fluid administration. However, two pigs in the group that received H/S (P.C) died: one on day 1 and another on day 7 after the fluid injection. In total, two deaths occurred in this group. Additionally, one pig died on day 17 after receiving 1 L of the customized fluid (T2). Dehydration evaluations revealed no enhancement in the dehydration status before or after fluid administration. Discussion A pivotal aspect of fluid therapy in veterinary medicine is the alignment of fluid composition with the animal's blood composition. H/S is designed to replace fluids and electrolytes in patients with low blood volume or blood pressure; however, its electrolyte composition, although similar, is not identical to that of animal plasma (Table 3 ). This discrepancy can potentially affect the effectiveness and safety of fluid therapy, especially in critical care situations where precise fluid and electrolyte balance is crucial. Table 3 Ion concentrations compared between Hartmann's solution and the stable dog, pig, and sepsis pig models. Na + K + Ca 2+ Cl − Hartmann’s solution( 8 ) 131 5 2 111 Adult dog( 13 ) 143.9–154.7 3.7–4.6 1.18–1.47 108.2–117.2 Miniature pig( 17 ) 136.33 ~ 148.04 2.86 ~ 6.69 0.96 ~ 1.62* 95.49 ~ 106.2 Pig model of severe sepsis( 21 ) 135 ± 5 3.6 ± 0.4 2.2 ± 0.4 103 ± 5 Ion concentrations are expressed in millimoles per litre (mmol/L). For dogs and pigs, the reference intervals were written. *Ca + + of pigs was initially presented in mg/dl, but was changed to mmol/L with two decimal places to provide consistency in units. To address this issue, our research focused on creating a customized fluid treatment for pigs that precisely mimics the ionic concentrations present in pig blood. This approach is based on the hypothesis that accurately tailoring the fluid treatment to an animal’s physiological requirements is vital, particularly in instances of shock and substantial fluid depletion, in which the selection and composition of the supplied fluid can exert a considerable impact on the outcomes. The physiology of fluid compartments in animals, such as pigs, is intricate, and the selection of fluid therapy must consider elements such as the distribution of blood volume, the function of various capillaries in fluid exchange, and the body's general maintenance of water balance ( 22 ). In our initial experiment, our objective was to investigate the effect of modifying the quantities of constituents in H/S on pigs. Except for calcium chloride, which contains the divalent cation Ca 2+, all other compounds consist of a monovalent cation in combination with a monovalent anion. The decision not to modify the quantity of calcium chloride was not based on the convenience of computation but rather on the belief that hypercalcemia poses the most severe risk to pigs among the other ions. A study revealed that cats and guinea pigs administered with potassium (1.1 mmol/kg · h) or 0.9% NaCl did not exhibit any structural abnormalities ( 23 ). However, this treatment caused a harmful impact on the pancreas, leading to the death of acinar cells in human individuals who experienced sudden high levels of calcium in their blood. We established a specific concentration goal for each ion (Table 1 ) except for calcium ions. Because of the lack of a reference value for the blood of Jeju Native Pigs (JNPs; Sus scrofa ), which were utilized as experimental mini-pigs, we established the desired ion concentration by considering the results from blood analysis in other experimental pigs ( 17 , 19 , 20 ). Subsequently, we computed the ion concentration to generate several groups representing quantitative changes in the number of grams to be added (Table 2 ). To verify the calculated ion concentrations, we employed inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS), a type of ion chromatography, to directly measure the actual ion concentrations. However, specific concentrations of ions such as chloride and lactate were not accessible. Consequently, we conducted our tests by relying on the ion concentrations and quantities of the components in H/S. Following the production of customized fluids, we measured the pH and osmolarity of each fluid sample. The pH of the solution closely resembled that of H/S (6.0)( 24 ). However, the osmolarity was significantly greater than that of H/S, ranging from a minimum of 316 moSm/L (Group 1) to a maximum of 346 moSm/L, in contrast to the osmolarity of H/S at 276 moSm/L ( 24 ). The osmolality of the authentic porcine serum was determined by adding the primary electrolyte ions, glucose, and urea. The resulting serum osmolality in pigs was measured to be 284.74 ± 5.73 mEq/L ( 25 ). Hyperosmotic therapy is used to treat intracranial hypertension in patients with traumatic brain injury ( 26 ). Nevertheless, despite undergoing this treatment, it is advised that the osmolality should not exceed 320 mOsm/kg H2O, as osmolality over 310 mOsm/kg H2O may lead to the development of cardiac and immune system diseases ( 27 ). In the first experiment, the volume administered (500 mL) was small compared to the body weight (min: 45 kg, max: 75 kg); therefore, no significant clinical signs or symptoms were observed. In a subsequent experiment, Group 4, which had the highest osmolality, was used as the customized fluid. Due to body homeostasis, all relevant values returned to normal on the following day. The ear vein is the primary site of intravenous fluid administration in pigs ( 28 ). According to a study, ear vein catheterization was more advantageous than jugular catheterization for a duration of 7 to 14 days ( 29 ). Nevertheless, the behavioral traits of pigs make them unaccustomed to restraint like trained animals, which poses a challenge when attempting to place an IV catheter. Thus, we administered a combined intramuscular injection of Zoletyl and Rompun and maintained respiratory anesthesia with isoflurane. The present study employed the EPOC® blood analysis system, which is a point-of-care blood analyzer utilized for analyzing blood samples after they have been collected. The purpose of this study was to demonstrate its practical utility in real-life scenarios for pigs. One study utilized the simplicity of blood analysis to establish reference intervals for hematological, biochemical, electrolytic, and blood gas parameters in puppies ( 13 ). In the first experiment, the pO2 levels after fluid administration in Group 1 were significantly elevated compared to those before fluid administration (Fig. 1 ). However, in contrast to previous measurements of blood gas levels, it has been demonstrated that pO2 readings in sheep are most precise when obtained from arterial blood samples ( 30 , 31 ). Hence, the alteration in pO2 values seems to lack significance, since it was unaffected by the administration of fluids, but rather influenced by the extraction of venous blood. The pCO2 level, which was anticipated to exhibit an inverse pattern, demonstrated inconsistent outcomes following fluid administration. In contrast, the Hct levels decreased following the administration of fluids in Groups 2 and 4 (Fig. 2 ). Hct is the ratio of the volume of red blood cells in the blood and tends to be relatively high when there is a decrease in the amount of water in the body. Notably, HCT levels were found to increase in piglets with diarrhea ( 32 ); therefore, it is likely that this was reduced by fluid administration, and all other groups also showed a reduction in absolute values. Glucose levels declined following the delivery of fluids in Groups 2 and H/S. The value was markedly below the normal range (89.64–144.9 mg/dL) ( 33 ). Multiple investigations have demonstrated that anesthetics inhibit insulin secretion by obstructing ATP-sensitive K + channels in β-cells, resulting in elevated blood sugar levels (hyperglycemia) ( 34 ). The administration of isoflurane through inhalation and injection of ketamine/xylazine in mice( 35 ) and the use of propofol or pentobarbital in pigs( 36 ) have been demonstrated to elevate glucose levels. The findings of these studies contradict those of the current study, indicating that the administration of fluids in this study may have caused a slight dilution in the blood analyzed shortly after fluid administration, leading to lower glucose levels. Following confirmation that the fluid composition used in the first experiment did not exhibit any adverse effects on blood analysis or clinical symptoms, Group 4, in which most of its components were adjusted to match the pig fluids, was utilized as a customized fluid in the second trial. In the second experiment, we aimed to determine the efficacy of customized fluids in dehydrated pigs. None of the pigs exhibited symptoms of lethargy or vomiting or were diagnosed with an infection caused by a specific bacteria or virus. Consequently, fluids represented the preferred treatment option. In contrast to the initial experiment, the second experiment involved conducting blood tests on the day following fluid delivery, while simultaneously evaluating dehydration levels. Initially, blood gas measurements exhibited distinct pattern variations between the groups without fluid (N.C-g, N.C-b) and the groups with fluid (H/S, T1, T2) (Fig. 4 ). Within the fluidized group, both pCO2 and pO2 exhibited consistent rather than contrasting patterns. This similarity can be attributed to the factors previously discussed. Conversely, in the fluidized bed group, the cHCO3 − and BE (ecf) values exhibited a disparity before and after fluid administration. For cHCO3 − , both H/S and customized fluids are anticipated to be influenced by lactate. Furthermore, the correlation between the trends of HCO3 − and pCO2 is typically examined similarly ( 37 ). In this case, both trends indicated the same pattern, suggesting that respiratory acidosis may have occurred as a result of reduced respiration caused by anesthesia. The BE(ecf) lacks significance because the anion gap, which denotes the disparity between cations and anions, holds greater clinical relevance. Moreover, the base excess in the extracellular fluid (ecf) does not accurately reflect the base excess in the entire body ( 38 ). Thus, in this investigation, neither value exhibited any significant difference compared to the control group, which received H/S despite the administration of customized fluids. Blood chemistry readings demonstrated that, in the healthy group without fluids (N.C-g), TCO2 increased by 1 h after fluid administration and returned to its original level the next day (Fig. 5 ). TCO2, similar to pCO2, is an indicator of the overall level of carbon dioxide in the blood. This indicates that the respiratory disturbance caused by anesthesia is evident in the TCO2 levels. During anesthesia in horses, the levels of pCO2, bicarbonate, and tCO2 increased. A previous study revealed that the increase in tCO2 was more pronounced with sevoflurane than with isoflurane ( 39 ). In the group of symptomatic pigs that did not receive fluids, there was an initial decline, followed by an increase in Hct levels. As previously indicated, an increase in Hct level is indicative of dehydration. As no fluids were administered, the Hct levels increased again on the following day. After receiving 500 mL of customized fluid (T1), the group showed slightly elevated Cl − levels one day later compared to the previous day. However, all levels remained within the normal range of 86.8–103.3 mmol/L( 33 ), except for two pigs whose exhibited higher levels (104 mmol/L). A previous study demonstrated hyperchloremia in calves following the administration of hypertonic saline.( 40 ) However, no significant difference was observed in the 1 L group, in which the volume of fluids was higher. Therefore, it is unlikely that this is the underlying reason. Be(b) is a measure of the BE in the blood, which is similar to the BE (ecf) observed in blood gas tests. After fluid administration, the Be (b) value was significantly lower than before, but still fell within the normal range. The absolute change in value was similar in the group receiving H/S, indicating that there was no significant difference with this fluid, at least in terms of the Be(b) value. Glucose levels exhibited a reduction for analogous reasons as in the initial trial, followed by an increase on the subsequent day as a result of homeostasis (Fig. 6 ). Concurrent with blood collection, we evaluated the clinical symptoms and dehydration status of the pigs. Our findings indicate that there was no amelioration of clinical symptoms or dehydration among the pigs displaying symptoms. An assessment of survival based on the group revealed that two animals died in H/S group. One death occurred on day 1 and another on day 7 following fluid administration. Additionally, one animal died on day 17 after receiving 1 L of the customized fluid. The two fatalities inside H/S group seem to be relatively severe, with significant challenges in terms of treatment with fluids. Similarly, deaths within the 1 L customized fluid group also appeared to be equally severe. Consequently, it is expected that the pigs that passed away in the current study were critically ill and unable to be treated with symptomatic relief, regardless of whether they received fluids. Overall, the findings indicated that while there were considerable variations in certain values, these discrepancies were primarily attributable to the limited sample size (three to four pigs per group), use of anesthetics during fluid administration, and not the characteristics of the fluids themselves. Hence, the first experiment revealed no detrimental effects on pig health when personalized fluids were used in healthy pigs. Furthermore, the present study found no noteworthy alterations in blood test results after administering personalized fluids compared to H/S in both healthy and symptomatic individuals. This illustrates that customized fluids do not have a detrimental impact on pigs and can serve as a substitute for the conventional H/S. Furthermore, this implies that when commercially accessible fluids are unavailable, it could be advantageous to formulate and provide customized fluids according to the blood analysis outcomes of each individual. This study had several limitations. First, the limited number of animals per group ( 3 – 4 ) led to certain fluctuations in the blood analysis findings. For instance, in the group in which H/S was administered, one animal died within 24 h of receiving the solution, precluding blood analysis. Nevertheless, current laboratory animal facility constraints have led to the use of a limited number of animals. However, it is imperative to choose a minimum of five animals for comparative analyses in future research. Second, because a portable blood analyzer was utilized to analyze the blood, it is unfavorable. Portable blood analyzers offer the convenience of not requiring sample storage or transportation. However, it is susceptible to environmental factors, such as temperature and humidity, and requires meticulous calibration and validation ( 41 ). In future studies, it is necessary to analyze the blood using conventional laboratory devices. Finally, due to the housing conditions of the pigs, it was challenging to simultaneously conduct a comprehensive assessment of dehydration by measuring weight loss, urine output, and other relevant factors along with the blood analysis. This would have yielded a more precise understanding of the improvement in dehydration as the evaluation of dehydration was predominantly based on subjective judgment. Conclusion This study successfully demonstrated the feasibility and safety of implementing customized fluid therapy in pigs adjusted to closely match the ionic concentrations of pig blood. No significant adverse effects on the health of pigs were observed when comparing the effects of the tested solution with the standard H/S. However, the study was limited by a small sample size and environmental factors affecting the portable blood analyzer used. Subsequent research should prioritize increasing the sample size and utilizing more controlled laboratory conditions for blood analysis. The strategy developed in this study has the potential to offer a practical solution in situations where commercial fluids are not feasible in veterinary medicine, particularly in pigs, by aligning treatments more closely with their physiological requirements. This approach charted a new direction, demonstrating a pivotal shift in veterinary fluid therapy towards more species-specific and situation-adapted interventions. Methods Experimental Design Developing porcine-customized fluid compositions and evaluating their stability The first experiment involved customizing the fluid’s composition to align with the composition of pig blood, followed by administering it to healthy pigs. The objective of this study was to assess the safety and absence of adverse reactions in comparison with commercial fluids. The fluid composition was derived from porcine blood based on previous research findings. ( 17 , 19 , 20 ) We set H/S as the control group and regulated the quantities of its constituents, including NaCl, KCl, CaCl 2 , and lactate. This enabled us to modify the quantities of Na + , K + , Cl − , and lactate, which are the primary ions in H/S. Four sets of increasing ion concentrations, each totaling 500 mL, were prepared and administered to three healthy pigs in each group. The pigs were then observed for the development of side effects, and their blood samples were collected before and after fluid injection for comparative analysis. Assessing the efficacy of porcine-customized fluid through symptomatic individual administration The second experiment assessed the efficacy of customized fluids in comparison with H/S when administered to porcine subjects requiring fluid treatment for conditions such as dehydration, vomiting, and diarrhea. In the first experiment, Group 4, closely mirroring the composition of pig blood and exhibiting increased concentration of most ions, was designated as the fluid to be administered. Five groups were established as control and experimental groups: N.C-g (healthy pigs without fluids), N.C-b (symptomatic pigs without fluids), P.C (symptomatic pigs with 500mL of H/S), T1 (symptomatic pigs with 500 mL of customized fluids), and T2 (symptomatic pigs with 1 L of customized fluids). Four pigs were randomly selected from each group to ensure that individuals within each group were closely matched in age and weight. Furthermore, clinical observations and blood analyses were conducted on three occasions (before fluid administration, 1 h after fluid administration, and 24 h after fluid administration) to ascertain the efficacy of fluid administration in ameliorating dehydration and clinical symptoms. Animals A total of 35 Jeju Native pigs (JNPs, Sus scrofa ) were evaluated at Cronex Corporation, Cheongju, Chungcheongbuk-do, Korea. The first experiment involved the selection of three pigs from each group (n = 15, Table 4 ). For the second experiment, four pigs were selected per group (n = 20, Table 5 ). The subjects were randomly selected from the existing herd, and pigs within the same group were similar in terms of age and weight. The symptomatic pigs (n = 16) were selected for the second experiment. The term "symptomatic" encompasses not only a decrease in appetite and an increase in lethargy, but also includes symptoms such as diarrhea, vomiting, and other indications that necessitate the administration of fluid treatment to improve dehydration. Each group was segregated into individual enclosures equipped with straw bedding, feed, and drinking water. Before blood collection, the pigs were acclimated to the experimental settings for a duration of one week. They were fed a commercially formulated diet twice daily (Daehanfeed, Korea; Table 6 ). The interior temperature and humidity levels were maintained within the range of 22–25°C and 50–70%, respectively. The pigs underwent daily health and welfare evaluations during which signs of distress or disease were carefully recorded. Healthy pigs displayed uniform average body temperature, physical activity level, and appetite, with no noticeable clinical signs. Table 4 Demographic characteristics of animals in the first experiment. Sex Age (months) Weight (kg) Hartmann’s solution Male 2 8 62.5 ± 0.65 Female 1 Group 1 Male 0 9 57.75 ± 0.85 Female 3 Group 2 Male 3 9 72 ± 0.91 Female 0 Group 3 Male 1 7 46.25 ± 0.48 Female 2 Group 4 Male 0 6 51 ± 0.70 Female 3 Weight is presented as mean ± standard error of the mean (SEM). Table 5 Demographic characteristics of animals in the second experiment. Sex Age (months) Weight (kg) N.C - g Male 1 3 16 ± 0.41 (No fluid, good condition) Female 3 N.C - b Male 1 3 12.38 ± 0.69 (No fluid, bad condition) Female 3 P.C Male 2 4 20.75 ± 1.65 (Hartmann’s solution) Female 2 T1 Male 3 4 17.25 ± 1.50 (Customized Fluid) Female 1 T2 Male 3 4 22.75 ± 2.75 (Customized Fluid 1L) Female 1 Weight is presented as mean ± standard error of the mean (SEM). Table 6 Chemical composition of commercially formulated diet Component Amount Component Amount Crude Protein (min.) 17.00% Phosphorus (P) (min.) 0.65% Lysine (min.) 1.00% Salt (NaCl) (min.) 0.32% Crude Fat (min.) 3.20% Salt (NaCl) (max.) 0.82% Crude Fiber (max.) 7.00% Zinc (Zn) (min.) 175ppm Calcium (Ca) (min.) 0.50% Selenium (Se) (min.) 0.30ppm Calcium (Ca) (max.) 1.00% Phytase (A.Oryzae) (min.) 227 FYT/lb Developing fluid samples with adjusted composition Conducting investigations on the components of customized fluid H/S (JW Pharmaceutical, Seoul, Korea) was used as the foundational solution and the concentration of each ion was modified by changing the quantity of each constituent. H/S consists of four components: sodium chloride (MW:54.4), sodium lactate (MW:112.06), potassium chloride (MW:74.55), and calcium chloride dihydrate (MW:147.01). Four groups were created: in Group 1 the amount of sodium lactate was increased. In group 2 the amount of NaCl was increased. In group 3, the amount of KCl was increased. In Group 4 the amounts of NaCl, KCl, and sodium lactate were increased to closely match the fluid composition to that of pig blood. Producing tangible fluid samples Fluid samples were prepared to match the number of participants in each group. An IV solution pack consists of three essential elements: a fluid bag containing the fluid, a port for injecting the fluid, and a port for administering the fluid. The fluid bags are composed of polypropylene (PP) and a non-polyvinyl chloride (non-PVC) polymer. Fluid bags and all other components were purchased from Isupply (Seongnam, Korea). To minimize contamination, we autoclaved each port and a 1 L glass bottle (DURAN, Germany). The fluid bag was sterilized using a low-temperature plasma sterilizer (MAXterileTM PS60; DAIHAN Labtech, Korea). Subsequently, the compounds were blended to achieve the same composition as the group and transferred to 1 L containers. Following sterilization, the medication administration port was sealed initially, and the fluid prepared in the fluid bag was introduced using a 50 mL syringe (Fig. 7 ). The fluid administration port was subsequently sealed and placed in a refrigerator at a temperature of 4°C. Before the experiment, the samples were removed from the refrigerator and allowed to reach room temperature (22–25°C) for 3 h. Injection of customized fluid Before administering the customized fluids, all the pigs in each group were anesthetized and manually restrained to ensure fluid delivery. The induction procedure involved administering a mixture of 17.5 mg/kg Zoletyl (an anesthetic including Tiletamine and Zolazepam, Virbac, France) and 25 mg/kg Rompun (an analgesic containing Xylazine and Methylparaben, Elanco, USA) through an intramuscular (IM) injection. Following the insertion of an intravenous (IV) catheter into the auricular vein, the pig underwent tracheal intubation, and anesthesia was sustained using isoflurane (Isotroy, Troikaa Pharmaceuticals, India) at an inhaled concentration of 1.5–1.8% in oxygen. In the initial trial, 500 mL of fluid was administered to all healthy pigs. In the subsequent trial, the pigs that received fluids were administered 1 L of fluid in addition to the initial 500 mL. Intravenous fluid was delivered to the pigs at an average rate of 20ml/kg BW per hour, with adjustments based on each individual's weight and medical condition. Blood collection and analysis Blood samples were collected from the external jugular vein using a 5-mL syringe (Korean Vaccine Co., Seoul, Korea). Blood samples were collected by a single researcher at consistent daily intervals for each group, making it impossible for the investigator to remain unaware of the blood sample collection process. After aspiration, the blood sample was immediately placed into a 0.5-mL heparin capillary tube (MedicalSK Co., Daegu, Korea) and kept on wet ice until all samples from the pigs in the group were obtained. Subsequently, the EPOC® blood analysis system (Woodly Equipment Company Ltd, Lancashire, UK) was used to examine the blood samples. The following parameters were evaluated: pH; partial pressure of carbon dioxide (pCO2); partial pressure of oxygen (pO2); base excess of extracellular fluid (BE ecf); the concentration of bicarbonate (cHCO3); oxygen saturation (cSO2); total carbon dioxide (tCO2); levels of sodium, potassium, calcium, and chloride; hematocrit (Hct); the concentration of circulating hemoglobin (cHgb); glucose and lactate concentrations; blood urea nitrogen (BUN); urea nitrogen (Urea); creatinine (Crea); and the ratio of BUN/Crea. In the first experiment, blood sampling and analysis were conducted on two occasions: before fluid administration and 1 h after fluid administration. In the second experiment, blood sampling and analysis were performed three times, including before fluid administration and 1 h and 24 h after fluid administration. This was performed to mitigate the effect of anesthesia. Assessment of clinical signs and dehydration Each pig was examined for clinical symptoms and dehydration during blood sampling and subsequent analyses. The observed clinical symptoms included body temperature, heart rate, respiratory rate, and behavior. Dehydration was assessed by examining skin turgor, ocular appearance, mucous membrane condition, and capillary refill time. Skin turgor was assessed by elevating the skin on the posterior aspect of the neck and noting the time taken for it to revert to its normal state. The ocular appearance was evaluated based on the extent of concavity and desiccation. The condition of the mucous membrane was assessed based on the color, wetness, and texture of the gums. Capillary refill time was assessed by applying pressure to the gum and measuring the duration until the usual color was restored. Statistical analysis Data were analyzed using GraphPad Prism (version 9.3, GraphPad Software Inc., San Diego, CA, USA). Prior to conducting the analysis of variance (ANOVA), the normality of the data was determined using the Shapiro-Wilk test, and the homogeneity of variances was examined with Levene's test. These initial assessments guarantee that the ANOVA's assumptions are satisfied. One-way ANOVA with Tukey’s multiple comparisons test and 2-way ANOVA with Šídák's multiple comparisons test were used to determine the statistical differences between parameters. If the values were missing, a mixed-effects model was used. Following the second experiment, one of the four pigs that received H/S died within 24 h of receiving the fluid. Consequently, the blood analysis data from this particular pig were omitted from the study because of its unmeasurable status. The significance level was set at p < 0.05. The results are presented as mean ± standard error of the mean (SEM). Abbreviations pCO2 partial pressure of carbon dioxide (pCO2) pO2 partial pressure of oxygen BE ecf base excess of extracellular fluid cHCO3 the concentration of bicarbonate cSO2 oxygen saturation tCO2 total carbon dioxide Hct hematocrit cHgb the concentration of haemoglobin Glu glucose Lac lactate BUN blood urea nitrogen Urea urea nitrogen Crea creatinine Declarations Ethics approval and consent to participate The animal study protocol was approved by the Cronex-Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee (Cronex-IACUC; Approval Number CRONEX-IACUC 202204005) and the research was carried out in accordance with relevant guidelines and recommendations. There were 35 pigs used in this study, all of which are laboratory animals owned by Cronex. All pigs were obtained commercially; therefore, consent to participate was not applicable. The study was conducted in accordance with the ARRIVE guidelines. Consent for publication Not applicable. Competing interests The authors declare that they have no competing interests. Availability of data and materials The datasets used and/or analysed during the current study are available from the corresponding author on reasonable request. Acknowledgements We express our gratitude to the personnel of Cronex Inc. for their care and management of the swine used in this study. Also, we would like to thank Editage (www.editage.co.kr) for English language editing. Funding This work was supported by the Korea Institute of Planning and Evaluation for Technology in Food, Agriculture, and Forestry (IPET) through the Livestock Industrialization Technology Development Program (or Project), funded by the Ministry of Agriculture, Food, and Rural Affairs (MAFRA)(321084-3) and the National Institute of Wildlife Disease Control and Prevention as a Specialized Graduate School Support Project for Wildlife Disease Specialist. Author information Authors and Affiliations Department of Theriogenology and Reproductive Biotechnology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jeonbuk National University, Iksan 54596, Republic of Korea Seongju Lee, Yubyeol Jeon Cronex Inc., Cheongju, 28174, Republic of Korea Seung-Eun Lee, Sang Chul Lee Laboratory of Wildlife Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jeonbuk National University, Iksan 54596, Republic of Korea Jae-Ik Han Authors' contributions Conceptualization, S.L.; methodology, S.L. and SE.L.; investigation, S.L., SC.L., and Y.J.; data curation, S.L.; writing —original draft preparation, S.L..; writing—review and editing, S.L., SC.L., SE.L., JI.H. and Y.J.; visualization, S.L.; supervision, SC.L., SE.L., and Y.J.; project administration, Y.J.; funding acquisition, SC.L., JI.H. and Y.J. All authors read and approved the final manuscript. References Mazzaferro E, Powell LL. Fluid therapy for the emergent small animal patient: crystalloids, colloids, and albumin products. Veterinary Clinics: Small Anim Pract. 2013;43(4):721–34. Bywater R, Woode G. Oral fluid replacement by a glucose glycine electrolyte formulation in E coli and rotavirus diarrhoea in pigs. Vet Rec. 1980;106(4):75–8. Drolet R, Morin M, Fontaine M. Fluid therapy trials in neonatal piglets infected with transmissible gastroenteritis virus. Can J Comp Med. 1985;49(4):357. Reshma A, Gowda A, Aswathanarayanappa V. Dystocia due to primary uterine inertia in a primiparous sow: A case report. J Ent Zoo Stud. 2020;8(3):277–8. Hiltebrand LB, Kimberger O, Arnberger M, Brandt S, Kurz A, Sigurdsson GH. Crystalloids versus colloids for goal-directed fluid therapy in major surgery. Crit Care. 2009;13(2):1–13. Gan TJ. Colloid or crystalloid: any differences in outcomes. Rev Course Lectures. 2011;7. West E, Pettitt R, Jones RS, Cripps PJ, Mosing M. Acid–base and electrolyte balance following administration of three crystalloid solutions in dogs undergoing elective orthopaedic surgery. 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Evaluation of the i-STAT portable point‐of‐care analyzer for determination of blood gases and acid–base status in newborn calves. J Veterinary Emerg Crit Care. 2014;24(5):519–28. West E, Bardell D, Senior J. Comparison of the EPOC and i-STAT analysers for canine blood gas and electrolyte analysis. J Small Anim Pract. 2014;55(3):139–44. Bardell D, West E, Senior JM. Evaluation of a new handheld point-of-care blood gas analyser using 100 equine blood samples. Veterinary Anaesth Analg. 2017;44(1):77–85. Yeom S-C, Cho S-Y, Park C-G, Lee W-J. Analysis of reference interval and age-related changes in serum biochemistry and hematology in the specific pathogen free miniature pig. lar. 2012;28(4):245–53. Kutter AP, Mauch JY, Riond B, Martin-Jurado O, Spielmann N, Weiss M, Bettschart-Wolfensberger R. Evaluation of two devices for point-of-care testing of haemoglobin in neonatal pigs. Lab Anim. 2012;46(1):65–70. Cooper CA, Moraes LE, Murray JD, Owens SD. Hematologic and biochemical reference intervals for specific pathogen free 6-week-old Hampshire-Yorkshire crossbred pigs. J Anim Sci Biotechnol. 2014;5(1):1–6. Brockus CW, Mahaffey EA, Bush SE, KruppDespain W. Hematologic and serum biochemical reference intervals for Vietnamese potbellied pigs (Sus scrofa). Comp Clin Pathol. 2005;13:162–5. de Azevedo LCP, Park M, Noritomi DT, Maciel AT, Brunialti MK, Salomão R. Characterization of an animal model of severe sepsis associated with respiratory dysfunction. Clinics. 2007;62(4):491–8. Muir WW, Hughes D, Silverstein DC. Fluid therapy in animals: physiologic principles and contemporary fluid resuscitation considerations. Frontiers Media SA; 2021. p. 744080. Frick TW, Hailemariam S, Heitz PU, Largiadér F, Goodale RL. Acute hypercalcemia induces acinar cell necrosis and intraductal protein precipitates in the pancreas of cats and guinea pigs. Gastroenterology. 1990;98(6):1675–81. Reid F, Lobo DN, Williams RN, Rowlands BJ, Allison SP. (Ab) normal saline and physiological Hartmann's solution: a randomized double-blind crossover study. Clin Sci. 2003;104(1):17–24. CĂPRIŢĂ R, Căpriţă A. Experimentally-derived formula for computing serum osmolarity in pigs. Sci Papers Anim Sci Biotechnologies. 2009;42(1):537. Lazaridis C, Neyens R, Bodle J, DeSantis SM. High-osmolarity saline in neurocritical care: systematic review and meta-analysis. Crit Care Med. 2013;41(5):1353–60. Dabrowski W, Siwicka-Gieroba D, Robba C, Bielacz M, Sołek-Pastuszka J, Kotfis K, et al. Potentially detrimental effects of hyperosmolality in patients treated for traumatic brain injury. J Clin Med. 2021;10(18):4141. Berchtold J. Intravenous fluid therapy of calves. Veterinary Clin North America: Food Anim Pract. 1999;15(3):505–31. Van Leengoed L, De Vrey P, Verheijden J. Intravenous catheterization in pigs: an evaluation of two methods. J Vet Med Ser A. 1987;34(1–10):649–56. Onmaz A, Gunes V, Atalan G, Gelfert C, Atalan G. Comparison of arterial and venous blood gas values in sheep before and during isoflurane anaesthesia. Revue Med Vet. 2009;160:356–61. Izer J, Mattern E, Ellwanger J, Wilson R. Comparison of arterial and venous blood-gas values in anesthetized Dorset cross-bred lambs (Ovis aries) using a point-of-care analyzer. Veterinary Anaesth Analg. 2019;46(2):209–13. Balsbaugh RK, Curtis SE, Meyer RC. Body weight, total body water and hematocrit in diarrheic piglets. J Anim Sci. 1986;62(2):307–14. Perri AM, O’Sullivan TL, Harding JC, Wood RD, Friendship RM. Hematology and biochemistry reference intervals for Ontario commercial nursing pigs close to the time of weaning. Can Veterinary J. 2017;58(4):371. Xiong X-H, Chen C, Chen H, Gao R, Deng Q-Y, Cai X-W et al. Effects of intravenous and inhalation anesthesia on blood glucose and complications in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus: study protocol for a randomized controlled trial. Annals Translational Med. 2020;8(13). Pomplun D, Möhlig M, Spranger J, Pfeiffer AF, Ristow M. Elevation of blood glucose following anaesthetic treatment in C57BL/6 mice. Horm Metab Res. 2004;36(01):67–9. Daş G, Vernunft A, Görs S, Kanitz E, Weitzel J, Brüssow K, Metges C. Acute effects of general anesthesia with propofol, pentobarbital or isoflurane plus propofol on plasma metabolites and hormones in adult pigs. J Anim Sci. 2016;94(12):5182–91. Singh V, Khatana S, Gupta P. Blood gas analysis for bedside diagnosis. Natl J maxillofacial Surg. 2013;4(2):136–41. Collier CR, Hackney JD, Mohler JG. Use of extracellular base excess in diagnosis of acid-base disorders: a conceptual approach. Chest. 1972;61(2):S6–12. Arıcan M, Erol H, Esin E. Clinical comparison of medetomidine with isoflurane or sevoflurane for anesthesia in horses. Pakistan Veterinary J. 2015;35(4):474–8. Cambier C, Detry B, Beerens D, Florquin S, Ansay M, Frans A, et al. Effects of hyperchloremia on blood oxygen binding in healthy calves. J Appl Physiol. 1998;85(4):1267–72. Stoot LJ, Cairns NA, Cull F, Taylor JJ, Jeffrey JD, Morin F, et al. Use of portable blood physiology point-of-care devices for basic and applied research on vertebrates: a review. Conserv Physiol. 2014;2(1):cou011. Additional Declarations No competing interests reported. Cite Share Download PDF Status: Under Review Version 1 posted Editorial decision: Revision requested 21 Mar, 2024 Submission checks completed at journal 17 Mar, 2024 Editor assigned by journal 17 Mar, 2024 First submitted to journal 27 Feb, 2024 You are reading this latest preprint version Research Square lets you share your work early, gain feedback from the community, and start making changes to your manuscript prior to peer review in a journal. As a division of Research Square Company, we’re committed to making research communication faster, fairer, and more useful. We do this by developing innovative software and high quality services for the global research community. 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Also discoverable on Platform About Our Team In Review Editorial Policies Advisory Board Help Center Resources Author Services Accessibility API Access RSS feed Manage Cookie Preferences © Research Square 2026 | ISSN 2693-5015 (online) Privacy Policy Terms of Service Do Not Sell My Personal Information {"props":{"pageProps":{"initialData":{"identity":"rs-3993007","acceptedTermsAndConditions":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"archivedVersions":[],"articleType":"Research Article","associatedPublications":[],"authors":[{"id":281047428,"identity":"6cbdc6b7-6b23-443c-b480-5ec69fe198a1","order_by":0,"name":"Seongju Lee","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Jeonbuk National University","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Seongju","middleName":"","lastName":"Lee","suffix":""},{"id":281047429,"identity":"ae4d91fb-4a07-4db4-8a21-b35b46239e4f","order_by":1,"name":"Seung-Eun Lee","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Cronex Inc","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Seung-Eun","middleName":"","lastName":"Lee","suffix":""},{"id":281047430,"identity":"783aaa21-dd77-40d3-87aa-fee9cd1209c7","order_by":2,"name":"Jae-Ik Han","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Jeonbuk National University","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Jae-Ik","middleName":"","lastName":"Han","suffix":""},{"id":281047431,"identity":"da47609c-7243-497d-9907-f0ccd5228dd0","order_by":3,"name":"Sang Chul Lee","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Cronex Inc","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Sang","middleName":"Chul","lastName":"Lee","suffix":""},{"id":281047432,"identity":"e1e4be2d-5ef3-4665-9d91-6709743795f9","order_by":4,"name":"Yubyeol Jeon","email":"data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAZAAAAAyAQMAAABI0h/eAAAABlBMVEX///8AAABVwtN+AAAACXBIWXMAAA7EAAAOxAGVKw4bAAAAz0lEQVRIiWNgGAWjYDACCYYEIGnDbADlG+BRi6IljTQtIHCYgXgtBrcbHj74uOM8u7l0jwHDjxoGY/MGQlruHEg2nHnmNrPlnDMGjD3HGMxkDhDSciMhTZq37TazwY0cAwbeBgYbCYIOu5GQ/pu37RxYC+NfIrWkMfO2HQBrYQbaYkZQiyTQL5Iz25KZLWekFRyWOSZhTFAL3+2exA8f2+ySzSWSNz58U2NjOIOQFoUDPAkgOhlEHIBFE14g38B+AETbEVY6CkbBKBgFIxYAAIG3Pe93uwwoAAAAAElFTkSuQmCC","orcid":"","institution":"Jeonbuk National University","correspondingAuthor":true,"prefix":"","firstName":"Yubyeol","middleName":"","lastName":"Jeon","suffix":""}],"badges":[],"createdAt":"2024-02-27 06:02:26","currentVersionCode":1,"declarations":"","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-3993007/v1","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-3993007/v1","draftVersion":[],"editorialEvents":[],"editorialNote":"","failedWorkflow":false,"files":[{"id":53106929,"identity":"7db6e93d-ad4d-425e-8b96-3ca1e5f89785","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-03-20 16:29:34","extension":"png","order_by":1,"title":"Figure 1","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":320025,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eMean values of the blood gas test for each group before and after administering fluids. Error bars represent the standard error of the mean. The asterisk (*) above the bars denotes statistically significant differences (p \u0026lt; 0.05). (a): Group1; (b): Group2; (c) Group3; (d) Group4; and (e) Control (H/S). (pCO2, pO2 = mmHg; cHCO3\u003csup\u003e-\u003c/sup\u003e, BE (ecf) = mmol/L; cSO2 = %).\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"image1.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-3993007/v1/18c9dd9f6735a3c0a1e36c93.png"},{"id":53106964,"identity":"27a4946e-70a5-4559-b331-4dd014dec89a","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-03-20 16:29:36","extension":"png","order_by":2,"title":"Figure 2","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":315993,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eMean values of blood chemistry test for each group before and after administering fluids. Error bars represent the standard error of the mean. The asterisks (*) above the bars denote statistically significant differences (Single asterisk indicates p \u0026lt; 0.05; double asterisks indicate p \u0026lt; 0.01; triple asterisks indicate p \u0026lt; 0.001). (a): Group1; (b): Group2; (c) Group3; (d) Group4; and (e) Control (H/S). (Na\u003csup\u003e+\u003c/sup\u003e, K\u003csup\u003e+\u003c/sup\u003e, Ca2\u003csup\u003e+\u003c/sup\u003e, Cl\u003csup\u003e-\u003c/sup\u003e, TCO2, BE(b) = mmol/L; HCT = %; cHgb = g/dL)\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"image2.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-3993007/v1/674110634b60456d8b619070.png"},{"id":53106959,"identity":"7f3fdf3e-6c4a-4758-81da-f527a168d404","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-03-20 16:29:35","extension":"png","order_by":3,"title":"Figure 3","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":361772,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eMean values of metabolite test for each group before and after administering fluids. Error bars represent the standard error of the mean. The asterisk (*) above the bars denotes statistically significant differences (Triple asterisks indicate p \u0026lt; 0.001). (a): Group1; (b): Group2; (c) Group3; (d) Group4; (and e) Control (H/S). (Glu, BUN, Crea = mg/dL; Lac, Urea = mmol/L; BUN/Crea = mg/mg)\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"image3.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-3993007/v1/e7310db4c4eacd6e5ed3c1e1.png"},{"id":53107509,"identity":"916cfac9-10d4-4dd5-9bcf-869d3437f807","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-03-20 16:37:35","extension":"png","order_by":4,"title":"Figure 4","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":374499,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eMean values of blood gas test for each group at three different time points. Error bars represent the standard error of the mean. The asterisk (*) above the bars denotes statistically significant differences (Single asterisk indicates p \u0026lt; 0.05; double asterisks indicate p \u0026lt; 0.01; triple asterisks indicate p \u0026lt; 0.001; quadruple asterisks indicate p \u0026lt; 0.0001). (a): N.C-g; (b): N.C-b; (c) P.C; (d) T1; (e) T2. (pCO2, pO2 = mmHg; cHCO3\u003csup\u003e-\u003c/sup\u003e, BE (ecf) = mmol/L; cSO2 = %; N.C-g = healthy pigs without fluids; N.C-b = symptomatic pigs without fluids; P.C = symptomatic pigs with 500mL of H/S; T1 = symptomatic pigs with 500 mL of customized fluids; and T2 = symptomatic pigs with 1 L of customized fluids)\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"image4.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-3993007/v1/805cfb18997b4cc126fd4bf8.png"},{"id":53106962,"identity":"2614c25b-23c4-42e1-87a0-78bfa771cc29","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-03-20 16:29:35","extension":"png","order_by":5,"title":"Figure 5","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":338673,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eMean values of blood chemistry test for each group at three different time points. Error bars represent the standard error of the mean. The asterisk (*) above the bars denotes statistically significant differences (Single asterisk indicates p \u0026lt; 0.05; double asterisks indicate p \u0026lt; 0.01; triple asterisks indicate p \u0026lt; 0.001). (a): N.C-g; (b): N.C-b; (c) P.C; (d) T1; (e) T2. (Na\u003csup\u003e+\u003c/sup\u003e, K\u003csup\u003e+\u003c/sup\u003e, Ca2\u003csup\u003e+\u003c/sup\u003e, Cl\u003csup\u003e-\u003c/sup\u003e, TCO2, BE(b) = mmol/L; HCT = %; cHgb = g/dL; N.C-g = healthy pigs without fluids; N.C-b = symptomatic pigs without fluids; P.C = symptomatic pigs with 500mL of H/S; T1 = symptomatic pigs with 500 mL of customized fluids; and T2 = symptomatic pigs with 1 L of customized fluids)\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"image5.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-3993007/v1/15abde8a347a11a0cdfb4cf2.png"},{"id":53106966,"identity":"2e04f5d0-b10f-46b1-952d-e49247e14712","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-03-20 16:29:37","extension":"png","order_by":6,"title":"Figure 6","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":352068,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eMean values of metabolite test for each group at three different time points. Error bars represent the standard error of the mean. The asterisk (*) above the bars denotes statistically significant differences (Single asterisk indicates p \u0026lt; 0.05; double asterisks indicate p \u0026lt; 0.01; triple asterisks indicate p \u0026lt; 0.001; quadruple asterisks indicate p \u0026lt; 0.0001). (a): N.C-g; (b): N.C-b; (c) P.C; (d) T1; (e) T2. (Glu, BUN, Crea = mg/dL; Lac, Urea = mmol/L; BUN/Crea = mg/mg)\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"image6.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-3993007/v1/69c98e8751d8190f7b79a8c8.png"},{"id":53106928,"identity":"076dbeb2-4e2f-4407-b294-d04038216989","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-03-20 16:29:34","extension":"png","order_by":7,"title":"Figure 7","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":643665,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eA sample of an infusion pack and a recently designed infusion set (Sungwon Medical, Korea) for this experiment.\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"7.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-3993007/v1/ac47ac8013528aaf801fbcc0.png"},{"id":53107538,"identity":"ebe66134-cea3-460e-93f6-d8facec24e64","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-03-20 16:37:44","extension":"pdf","order_by":0,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"manuscript-pdf","size":1653594,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"manuscript.pdf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-3993007/v1/2f0c381a-74f4-4ec5-90e0-4d9e7edb37c9.pdf"}],"financialInterests":"No competing interests reported.","formattedTitle":"Preliminary Research on Tailored Fluid Therapy in Pigs: Comparing Customized Ionic Solutions with Hartmann's Solution","fulltext":[{"header":"Background","content":"\u003cp\u003eThe significance of fluid therapy in veterinary medicine, specifically concerning preserving the health and welfare of pigs, cannot be emphasized enough. In veterinary medicine, fluid therapy is an important treatment for small animals. It is used for multiple purposes such as correcting dehydration, maintaining proper blood volume, addressing electrolyte imbalances, and ensuring proper transport of fluids within the body (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR1\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003ePigs are mostly administered oral electrolyte solutions to treat diarrhea caused by \u003cem\u003eEscherichia coli\u003c/em\u003e, rotavirus (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR2\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e), and transmissible gastroenteritis virus (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR3\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e). Nevertheless, sows, particularly those that are pregnant, in labor, or postpartum, are commonly treated with intravenous (IV) fluid. In such cases, 5% dextrose IV is administered to treat sows with dystocia caused by uterine inertia (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR4\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003e). Furthermore, intravenous (IV) fluids play a crucial role in pigs, as they are frequently administered before and after anesthesia in experimental models (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR5\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e5\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIV fluids can be categorized into colloidal and crystalloid solutions. Owing to their higher molecular weight, colloids are more efficient in expanding the intravascular compartment. Crystalloids are aqueous solutions containing both inorganic and small organic compounds. Crystalloids that have an ionic composition similar to plasma may be described as \"balanced\" or \"physiological.\"(\u003cspan citationid=\"CR6\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e6\u003c/span\u003e) Hartmann's solution (H/S) is a type of isotonic crystalloid that is similar to lactated Ringer's solution and is commonly given to animals during surgery (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR7\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e7\u003c/span\u003e). The solution contains sodium chloride, sodium lactate, potassium chloride, and calcium chloride dissolved in water, which closely resembles the ionic composition of blood plasma (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR8\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e8\u003c/span\u003e). The osmolarity of this fluid is comparable to that of extracellular fluid, which means that about 20% of the administered volume will remain in the intravascular space (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR9\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e9\u003c/span\u003e). It is suitable for fluid resuscitation in patients with metabolic acidosis, as it can enhance perfusion and restore circulating blood volume. Small animal veterinarians typically choose isotonic balanced crystalloid solutions over other commonly used options such as isotonic saline (0.9% NaCl) solution for IV fluid treatment (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR10\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e10\u003c/span\u003e). Additionally, H/S is commonly employed as the standard solution in cattle (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR11\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e11\u003c/span\u003e). Nevertheless, the composition of authentic pig serum varies(\u003cspan citationid=\"CR12\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e12\u003c/span\u003e) necessitating the development of a corresponding fluid.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIn recent years, point-of-care testing (POCT) has become increasingly prevalent in veterinary referral and specialty practices (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR13\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e13\u003c/span\u003e). For large animals, in situ point-of-care (POC) testing is frequently favored over the testing of companion animals (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR14\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e14\u003c/span\u003e). The validity of the enterprise point-of-care (EPOC) blood analysis system ( Epocal Inc., ON, Canada), a portable blood analyzer, has been demonstrated in several animal species (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR15\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e15\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR16\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e16\u003c/span\u003e). Previously, blood analysis in pigs predominantly relied on conventional laboratory techniques(\u003cspan citationid=\"CR17\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e17\u003c/span\u003e) or alternative point-of-care (POC) blood analyzers(\u003cspan citationid=\"CR18\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e18\u003c/span\u003e), with the exclusion of EPOC utilization. There has been limited research involving the application of EPOC for this specific purpose.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThis study aims to introduce the creation and implementation of personalized fluid treatments for pigs, designed to precisely mimic the ionic concentrations observed in pig blood. This novel strategy seeks to improve the effectiveness and safety of fluid therapy in veterinary medicine, specifically in swine. In addition, the purpose of this study is to enhance treatment outcomes in different clinical situations, such as dehydration and disease recovery, by precisely modifying fluid composition according to the specific physiological needs of pigs. The present study makes a substantial contribution to veterinary practice by providing a more focused and efficient therapeutic approach for controlling fluid therapy in pigs.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Results","content":"\u003cdiv id=\"Sec3\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eQuantitative composition of the customized fluids\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eTarget concentrations (Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab1\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e) of each ion were determined using species-specific serum chemistry reference intervals (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR17\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e17\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR19\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e19\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR20\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e20\u003c/span\u003e). All components of the customized fluid were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich (St. Louis, MO, USA).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab1\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 1\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTarget ion concentrations of each group.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"6\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c6\" colnum=\"6\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNa\u003csup\u003e+\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eK\u003csup\u003e+\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCa\u003csup\u003e2+\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCl\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eLactate\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eHartmann\u0026rsquo;s solution\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e130\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.7\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e109\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e28\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eGroup 1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e150\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.9\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.6\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e109\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e30\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eGroup 2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e150\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.9\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.6\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e118\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e28\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eGroup 3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e130\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.7\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e115\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e28\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eGroup 4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e150\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.6\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e123\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e30\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIon concentrations are expressed in milliequivalents per liter (mEq/L).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe amount of each component was adjusted to match the target ion concentration (Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab2\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e). In addition, osmolarity measurements were conducted because of the increased quantity of the respective chemicals in H/S.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab2\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 2\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe total amount of components in each group.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"6\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c6\" colnum=\"6\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNaCl\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eKCl\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCaCl\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSodium Lactate\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eOsmolarity\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eHartmann\u0026rsquo;s solution\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.30\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.20\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.10\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e278\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eGroup 1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.30\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.20\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.90\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e316\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eGroup 2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.30\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.20\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.10\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e327\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eGroup 3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.45\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.20\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.10\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e319\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eGroup 4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.6\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.45\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.20\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.90\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e346\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe amount of each component is expressed in grams per liter (g/L). The osmolarity is determined via calculation.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec4\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eEvaluating the stability of customized fluid by injecting it in healthy pigs\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eWe performed a comparative analysis of blood test results by assessing the mean values of blood parameters before and after the administration of tailored fluids to healthy pigs. Š\u0026iacute;d\u0026aacute;k\u0026rsquo;s post-hoc multiple comparison tests were applied following a 2-way ANOVA to identify any discrepancies. Regarding blood gases, the only alteration observed before and after fluid administration was in the pO2 level of group 1, which received a higher dosage of sodium lactate (Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig1\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eBlood chemistry tests revealed a decrease in Hct levels following the administration of fluids in Groups 2 (NaCl increased) and 4 (most components were increased to match the composition of pig blood) (Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig2\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eGlucose levels exhibited a notable reduction following fluid administration in both Groups 2 and control during metabolite testing (Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig3\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eConcurrent blood analyses were conducted before and after the injection of fluids to evaluate clinical symptoms and visually observe any negative consequences of fluid administration. No abnormalities were detected and there were no fatalities among the animals.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec5\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eEvaluating the efficacy of the customized fluids in diseased pigs\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eGiven the absence of complications in the initial experiment, we selected Group 4 as the fluid for the second experiment to inject into sick pigs. In the second experiment, we analyzed the blood, observed clinical symptoms, and evaluated dehydration. This evaluation was performed before and after fluid administration, as in the first experiment, but was extended until the day following fluid administration.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eA marginal disparity in blood gas levels was observed between the no-fluid groups (N.C-g, N.C-b) and the fluid groups (H/S, T1, and T2) (Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig4\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003e). In the group without fluid administration, distinct variations in pCO2 and pO2 levels were observed before and after administration. Within the fluidized bed group, the cHCO3- and BE (ecf) values exhibited a disparity before and after fluid administration.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eBlood chemistry tests revealed that in the control group without fluids (N.C-g), TCO2 levels increased 1 h after fluid administration and reverted to their initial level the following day (Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig5\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e5\u003c/span\u003e). Hct levels decreased and then increased in the symptomatic group that did not receive fluids (N.C-b). After receiving 500 mL of the customized fluids, the group (T1) exhibited elevated Cl- levels one-day post-administration in comparison to the pre-administration levels. Additionally, Be(b) values considerably decreased one day after fluid administration in comparison to the pre-administration levels.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eGlucose was the sole metabolite that exhibited a noteworthy difference over time when comparing pre- and post-hydration metabolite levels (Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig6\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e6\u003c/span\u003e). Both the presence and absence of fluids exhibited a consistent declining trend 1 h after fluid administration, followed by restoration to preinjection levels the following day.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eNo specific clinical symptoms were observed before or after fluid administration. However, two pigs in the group that received H/S (P.C) died: one on day 1 and another on day 7 after the fluid injection. In total, two deaths occurred in this group. Additionally, one pig died on day 17 after receiving 1 L of the customized fluid (T2). Dehydration evaluations revealed no enhancement in the dehydration status before or after fluid administration.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e"},{"header":"Discussion","content":"\u003cp\u003eA pivotal aspect of fluid therapy in veterinary medicine is the alignment of fluid composition with the animal's blood composition. H/S is designed to replace fluids and electrolytes in patients with low blood volume or blood pressure; however, its electrolyte composition, although similar, is not identical to that of animal plasma (Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab3\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e). This discrepancy can potentially affect the effectiveness and safety of fluid therapy, especially in critical care situations where precise fluid and electrolyte balance is crucial.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab3\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 3\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eIon concentrations compared between Hartmann's solution and the stable dog, pig, and sepsis pig models.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"5\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNa\u003csup\u003e+\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eK\u003csup\u003e+\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCa\u003csup\u003e2+\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCl\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eHartmann\u0026rsquo;s solution(\u003cspan citationid=\"CR8\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e8\u003c/span\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e131\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e111\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAdult dog(\u003cspan citationid=\"CR13\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e13\u003c/span\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e143.9\u0026ndash;154.7\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.7\u0026ndash;4.6\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.18\u0026ndash;1.47\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e108.2\u0026ndash;117.2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMiniature pig(\u003cspan citationid=\"CR17\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e17\u003c/span\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e136.33\u0026thinsp;~\u0026thinsp;148.04\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.86\u0026thinsp;~\u0026thinsp;6.69\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.96\u0026thinsp;~\u0026thinsp;1.62*\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e95.49\u0026thinsp;~\u0026thinsp;106.2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePig model of severe sepsis(\u003cspan citationid=\"CR21\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e21\u003c/span\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e135\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.6\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.2\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e103\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIon concentrations are expressed in millimoles per litre (mmol/L). For dogs and pigs, the reference intervals were written.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e*Ca\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;of pigs was initially presented in mg/dl, but was changed to mmol/L with two decimal places to provide consistency in units.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eTo address this issue, our research focused on creating a customized fluid treatment for pigs that precisely mimics the ionic concentrations present in pig blood. This approach is based on the hypothesis that accurately tailoring the fluid treatment to an animal\u0026rsquo;s physiological requirements is vital, particularly in instances of shock and substantial fluid depletion, in which the selection and composition of the supplied fluid can exert a considerable impact on the outcomes. The physiology of fluid compartments in animals, such as pigs, is intricate, and the selection of fluid therapy must consider elements such as the distribution of blood volume, the function of various capillaries in fluid exchange, and the body's general maintenance of water balance (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR22\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e22\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIn our initial experiment, our objective was to investigate the effect of modifying the quantities of constituents in H/S on pigs. Except for calcium chloride, which contains the divalent cation Ca\u003csup\u003e2+,\u003c/sup\u003e all other compounds consist of a monovalent cation in combination with a monovalent anion. The decision not to modify the quantity of calcium chloride was not based on the convenience of computation but rather on the belief that hypercalcemia poses the most severe risk to pigs among the other ions. A study revealed that cats and guinea pigs administered with potassium (1.1 mmol/kg \u0026middot; h) or 0.9% NaCl did not exhibit any structural abnormalities (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR23\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e23\u003c/span\u003e). However, this treatment caused a harmful impact on the pancreas, leading to the death of acinar cells in human individuals who experienced sudden high levels of calcium in their blood.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eWe established a specific concentration goal for each ion (Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab1\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e) except for calcium ions. Because of the lack of a reference value for the blood of Jeju Native Pigs (JNPs; \u003cem\u003eSus scrofa\u003c/em\u003e), which were utilized as experimental mini-pigs, we established the desired ion concentration by considering the results from blood analysis in other experimental pigs (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR17\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e17\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR19\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e19\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR20\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e20\u003c/span\u003e). Subsequently, we computed the ion concentration to generate several groups representing quantitative changes in the number of grams to be added (Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab2\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e). To verify the calculated ion concentrations, we employed inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS), a type of ion chromatography, to directly measure the actual ion concentrations. However, specific concentrations of ions such as chloride and lactate were not accessible. Consequently, we conducted our tests by relying on the ion concentrations and quantities of the components in H/S.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eFollowing the production of customized fluids, we measured the pH and osmolarity of each fluid sample. The pH of the solution closely resembled that of H/S (6.0)(\u003cspan citationid=\"CR24\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e24\u003c/span\u003e). However, the osmolarity was significantly greater than that of H/S, ranging from a minimum of 316 moSm/L (Group 1) to a maximum of 346 moSm/L, in contrast to the osmolarity of H/S at 276 moSm/L (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR24\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e24\u003c/span\u003e). The osmolality of the authentic porcine serum was determined by adding the primary electrolyte ions, glucose, and urea. The resulting serum osmolality in pigs was measured to be 284.74\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;5.73 mEq/L (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR25\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e25\u003c/span\u003e). Hyperosmotic therapy is used to treat intracranial hypertension in patients with traumatic brain injury (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR26\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e26\u003c/span\u003e). Nevertheless, despite undergoing this treatment, it is advised that the osmolality should not exceed 320 mOsm/kg H2O, as osmolality over 310 mOsm/kg H2O may lead to the development of cardiac and immune system diseases (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR27\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e27\u003c/span\u003e). In the first experiment, the volume administered (500 mL) was small compared to the body weight (min: 45 kg, max: 75 kg); therefore, no significant clinical signs or symptoms were observed. In a subsequent experiment, Group 4, which had the highest osmolality, was used as the customized fluid. Due to body homeostasis, all relevant values returned to normal on the following day.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe ear vein is the primary site of intravenous fluid administration in pigs (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR28\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e28\u003c/span\u003e). According to a study, ear vein catheterization was more advantageous than jugular catheterization for a duration of 7 to 14 days (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR29\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e29\u003c/span\u003e). Nevertheless, the behavioral traits of pigs make them unaccustomed to restraint like trained animals, which poses a challenge when attempting to place an IV catheter. Thus, we administered a combined intramuscular injection of Zoletyl and Rompun and maintained respiratory anesthesia with isoflurane.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e The present study employed the EPOC\u0026reg; blood analysis system, which is a point-of-care blood analyzer utilized for analyzing blood samples after they have been collected. The purpose of this study was to demonstrate its practical utility in real-life scenarios for pigs. One study utilized the simplicity of blood analysis to establish reference intervals for hematological, biochemical, electrolytic, and blood gas parameters in puppies (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR13\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e13\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIn the first experiment, the pO2 levels after fluid administration in Group 1 were significantly elevated compared to those before fluid administration (Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig1\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e). However, in contrast to previous measurements of blood gas levels, it has been demonstrated that pO2 readings in sheep are most precise when obtained from arterial blood samples (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR30\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e30\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR31\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e31\u003c/span\u003e). Hence, the alteration in pO2 values seems to lack significance, since it was unaffected by the administration of fluids, but rather influenced by the extraction of venous blood. The pCO2 level, which was anticipated to exhibit an inverse pattern, demonstrated inconsistent outcomes following fluid administration.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIn contrast, the Hct levels decreased following the administration of fluids in Groups 2 and 4 (Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig2\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e). Hct is the ratio of the volume of red blood cells in the blood and tends to be relatively high when there is a decrease in the amount of water in the body. Notably, HCT levels were found to increase in piglets with diarrhea (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR32\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e32\u003c/span\u003e); therefore, it is likely that this was reduced by fluid administration, and all other groups also showed a reduction in absolute values.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eGlucose levels declined following the delivery of fluids in Groups 2 and H/S. The value was markedly below the normal range (89.64\u0026ndash;144.9 mg/dL) (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR33\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e33\u003c/span\u003e). Multiple investigations have demonstrated that anesthetics inhibit insulin secretion by obstructing ATP-sensitive K\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;channels in β-cells, resulting in elevated blood sugar levels (hyperglycemia) (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR34\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e34\u003c/span\u003e). The administration of isoflurane through inhalation and injection of ketamine/xylazine in mice(\u003cspan citationid=\"CR35\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e35\u003c/span\u003e) and the use of propofol or pentobarbital in pigs(\u003cspan citationid=\"CR36\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e36\u003c/span\u003e) have been demonstrated to elevate glucose levels. The findings of these studies contradict those of the current study, indicating that the administration of fluids in this study may have caused a slight dilution in the blood analyzed shortly after fluid administration, leading to lower glucose levels. Following confirmation that the fluid composition used in the first experiment did not exhibit any adverse effects on blood analysis or clinical symptoms, Group 4, in which most of its components were adjusted to match the pig fluids, was utilized as a customized fluid in the second trial.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIn the second experiment, we aimed to determine the efficacy of customized fluids in dehydrated pigs. None of the pigs exhibited symptoms of lethargy or vomiting or were diagnosed with an infection caused by a specific bacteria or virus. Consequently, fluids represented the preferred treatment option. In contrast to the initial experiment, the second experiment involved conducting blood tests on the day following fluid delivery, while simultaneously evaluating dehydration levels.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eInitially, blood gas measurements exhibited distinct pattern variations between the groups without fluid (N.C-g, N.C-b) and the groups with fluid (H/S, T1, T2) (Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig4\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003e). Within the fluidized group, both pCO2 and pO2 exhibited consistent rather than contrasting patterns. This similarity can be attributed to the factors previously discussed. Conversely, in the fluidized bed group, the cHCO3\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u003c/sup\u003e and BE (ecf) values exhibited a disparity before and after fluid administration. For cHCO3\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u003c/sup\u003e, both H/S and customized fluids are anticipated to be influenced by lactate. Furthermore, the correlation between the trends of HCO3\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u003c/sup\u003e and pCO2 is typically examined similarly (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR37\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e37\u003c/span\u003e). In this case, both trends indicated the same pattern, suggesting that respiratory acidosis may have occurred as a result of reduced respiration caused by anesthesia. The BE(ecf) lacks significance because the anion gap, which denotes the disparity between cations and anions, holds greater clinical relevance. Moreover, the base excess in the extracellular fluid (ecf) does not accurately reflect the base excess in the entire body (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR38\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e38\u003c/span\u003e). Thus, in this investigation, neither value exhibited any significant difference compared to the control group, which received H/S despite the administration of customized fluids.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eBlood chemistry readings demonstrated that, in the healthy group without fluids (N.C-g), TCO2 increased by 1 h after fluid administration and returned to its original level the next day (Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig5\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e5\u003c/span\u003e). TCO2, similar to pCO2, is an indicator of the overall level of carbon dioxide in the blood. This indicates that the respiratory disturbance caused by anesthesia is evident in the TCO2 levels. During anesthesia in horses, the levels of pCO2, bicarbonate, and tCO2 increased. A previous study revealed that the increase in tCO2 was more pronounced with sevoflurane than with isoflurane (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR39\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e39\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIn the group of symptomatic pigs that did not receive fluids, there was an initial decline, followed by an increase in Hct levels. As previously indicated, an increase in Hct level is indicative of dehydration. As no fluids were administered, the Hct levels increased again on the following day. After receiving 500 mL of customized fluid (T1), the group showed slightly elevated Cl\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u003c/sup\u003e levels one day later compared to the previous day. However, all levels remained within the normal range of 86.8\u0026ndash;103.3 mmol/L(\u003cspan citationid=\"CR33\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e33\u003c/span\u003e), except for two pigs whose exhibited higher levels (104 mmol/L). A previous study demonstrated hyperchloremia in calves following the administration of hypertonic saline.(\u003cspan citationid=\"CR40\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e40\u003c/span\u003e) However, no significant difference was observed in the 1 L group, in which the volume of fluids was higher. Therefore, it is unlikely that this is the underlying reason. Be(b) is a measure of the BE in the blood, which is similar to the BE (ecf) observed in blood gas tests. After fluid administration, the Be (b) value was significantly lower than before, but still fell within the normal range. The absolute change in value was similar in the group receiving H/S, indicating that there was no significant difference with this fluid, at least in terms of the Be(b) value. Glucose levels exhibited a reduction for analogous reasons as in the initial trial, followed by an increase on the subsequent day as a result of homeostasis (Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig6\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e6\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eConcurrent with blood collection, we evaluated the clinical symptoms and dehydration status of the pigs. Our findings indicate that there was no amelioration of clinical symptoms or dehydration among the pigs displaying symptoms. An assessment of survival based on the group revealed that two animals died in H/S group. One death occurred on day 1 and another on day 7 following fluid administration. Additionally, one animal died on day 17 after receiving 1 L of the customized fluid. The two fatalities inside H/S group seem to be relatively severe, with significant challenges in terms of treatment with fluids. Similarly, deaths within the 1 L customized fluid group also appeared to be equally severe. Consequently, it is expected that the pigs that passed away in the current study were critically ill and unable to be treated with symptomatic relief, regardless of whether they received fluids.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eOverall, the findings indicated that while there were considerable variations in certain values, these discrepancies were primarily attributable to the limited sample size (three to four pigs per group), use of anesthetics during fluid administration, and not the characteristics of the fluids themselves. Hence, the first experiment revealed no detrimental effects on pig health when personalized fluids were used in healthy pigs. Furthermore, the present study found no noteworthy alterations in blood test results after administering personalized fluids compared to H/S in both healthy and symptomatic individuals. This illustrates that customized fluids do not have a detrimental impact on pigs and can serve as a substitute for the conventional H/S. Furthermore, this implies that when commercially accessible fluids are unavailable, it could be advantageous to formulate and provide customized fluids according to the blood analysis outcomes of each individual.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThis study had several limitations. First, the limited number of animals per group (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR3\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e\u0026ndash;\u003cspan citationid=\"CR4\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003e) led to certain fluctuations in the blood analysis findings. For instance, in the group in which H/S was administered, one animal died within 24 h of receiving the solution, precluding blood analysis. Nevertheless, current laboratory animal facility constraints have led to the use of a limited number of animals. However, it is imperative to choose a minimum of five animals for comparative analyses in future research. Second, because a portable blood analyzer was utilized to analyze the blood, it is unfavorable. Portable blood analyzers offer the convenience of not requiring sample storage or transportation. However, it is susceptible to environmental factors, such as temperature and humidity, and requires meticulous calibration and validation (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR41\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e41\u003c/span\u003e). In future studies, it is necessary to analyze the blood using conventional laboratory devices. Finally, due to the housing conditions of the pigs, it was challenging to simultaneously conduct a comprehensive assessment of dehydration by measuring weight loss, urine output, and other relevant factors along with the blood analysis. This would have yielded a more precise understanding of the improvement in dehydration as the evaluation of dehydration was predominantly based on subjective judgment.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Conclusion","content":"\u003cp\u003eThis study successfully demonstrated the feasibility and safety of implementing customized fluid therapy in pigs adjusted to closely match the ionic concentrations of pig blood. No significant adverse effects on the health of pigs were observed when comparing the effects of the tested solution with the standard H/S. However, the study was limited by a small sample size and environmental factors affecting the portable blood analyzer used. Subsequent research should prioritize increasing the sample size and utilizing more controlled laboratory conditions for blood analysis. The strategy developed in this study has the potential to offer a practical solution in situations where commercial fluids are not feasible in veterinary medicine, particularly in pigs, by aligning treatments more closely with their physiological requirements. This approach charted a new direction, demonstrating a pivotal shift in veterinary fluid therapy towards more species-specific and situation-adapted interventions.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Methods","content":"\u003cdiv id=\"Sec9\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eExperimental Design\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec10\" class=\"Section3\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eDeveloping porcine-customized fluid compositions and evaluating their stability\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe first experiment involved customizing the fluid\u0026rsquo;s composition to align with the composition of pig blood, followed by administering it to healthy pigs. The objective of this study was to assess the safety and absence of adverse reactions in comparison with commercial fluids. The fluid composition was derived from porcine blood based on previous research findings. (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR17\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e17\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR19\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e19\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR20\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e20\u003c/span\u003e) We set H/S as the control group and regulated the quantities of its constituents, including NaCl, KCl, CaCl\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e, and lactate. This enabled us to modify the quantities of Na\u003csup\u003e+\u003c/sup\u003e, K\u003csup\u003e+\u003c/sup\u003e, Cl\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u003c/sup\u003e, and lactate, which are the primary ions in H/S. Four sets of increasing ion concentrations, each totaling 500 mL, were prepared and administered to three healthy pigs in each group. The pigs were then observed for the development of side effects, and their blood samples were collected before and after fluid injection for comparative analysis.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec11\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eAssessing the efficacy of porcine-customized fluid through symptomatic individual administration\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe second experiment assessed the efficacy of customized fluids in comparison with H/S when administered to porcine subjects requiring fluid treatment for conditions such as dehydration, vomiting, and diarrhea. In the first experiment, Group 4, closely mirroring the composition of pig blood and exhibiting increased concentration of most ions, was designated as the fluid to be administered. Five groups were established as control and experimental groups: N.C-g (healthy pigs without fluids), N.C-b (symptomatic pigs without fluids), P.C (symptomatic pigs with 500mL of H/S), T1 (symptomatic pigs with 500 mL of customized fluids), and T2 (symptomatic pigs with 1 L of customized fluids). Four pigs were randomly selected from each group to ensure that individuals within each group were closely matched in age and weight. Furthermore, clinical observations and blood analyses were conducted on three occasions (before fluid administration, 1 h after fluid administration, and 24 h after fluid administration) to ascertain the efficacy of fluid administration in ameliorating dehydration and clinical symptoms.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec12\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eAnimals\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eA total of 35 Jeju Native pigs (JNPs, \u003cem\u003eSus scrofa\u003c/em\u003e) were evaluated at Cronex Corporation, Cheongju, Chungcheongbuk-do, Korea. The first experiment involved the selection of three pigs from each group (n\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;15, Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab4\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003e). For the second experiment, four pigs were selected per group (n\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;20, Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab5\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e5\u003c/span\u003e). The subjects were randomly selected from the existing herd, and pigs within the same group were similar in terms of age and weight. The symptomatic pigs (n\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;16) were selected for the second experiment. The term \"symptomatic\" encompasses not only a decrease in appetite and an increase in lethargy, but also includes symptoms such as diarrhea, vomiting, and other indications that necessitate the administration of fluid treatment to improve dehydration. Each group was segregated into individual enclosures equipped with straw bedding, feed, and drinking water. Before blood collection, the pigs were acclimated to the experimental settings for a duration of one week. They were fed a commercially formulated diet twice daily (Daehanfeed, Korea; Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab6\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e6\u003c/span\u003e). The interior temperature and humidity levels were maintained within the range of 22\u0026ndash;25\u0026deg;C and 50\u0026ndash;70%, respectively. The pigs underwent daily health and welfare evaluations during which signs of distress or disease were carefully recorded. Healthy pigs displayed uniform average body temperature, physical activity level, and appetite, with no noticeable clinical signs.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab4\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 4\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eDemographic characteristics of animals in the first experiment.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"6\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c6\" colnum=\"6\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c3\" namest=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSex\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAge (months)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eWeight (kg)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eHartmann\u0026rsquo;s solution\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMale\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c4\" namest=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e8\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e62.5\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.65\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFemale\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c4\" namest=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eGroup 1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMale\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c4\" namest=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e9\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e57.75\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.85\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFemale\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c4\" namest=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eGroup 2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMale\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c4\" namest=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e9\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e72\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.91\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFemale\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c4\" namest=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eGroup 3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMale\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c4\" namest=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e46.25\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.48\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFemale\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c4\" namest=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eGroup 4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMale\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c4\" namest=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e51\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.70\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFemale\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c4\" namest=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eWeight is presented as mean\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;standard error of the mean (SEM).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab5\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 5\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eDemographic characteristics of animals in the second experiment.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"5\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSex\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAge (months)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eWeight (kg)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eN.C - g\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMale\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e16\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.41\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e(No fluid, good condition)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFemale\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eN.C - b\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMale\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.38\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.69\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e(No fluid, bad condition)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFemale\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eP.C\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMale\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e20.75\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.65\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e(Hartmann\u0026rsquo;s solution)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFemale\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eT1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMale\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e17.25\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.50\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e(Customized Fluid)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFemale\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eT2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMale\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e22.75\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;2.75\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e(Customized Fluid 1L)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFemale\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eWeight is presented as mean\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;standard error of the mean (SEM).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab6\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 6\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eChemical composition of commercially formulated diet\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"4\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eComponent\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAmount\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eComponent\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAmount\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCrude Protein (min.)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e17.00%\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePhosphorus (P) (min.)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.65%\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eLysine (min.)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.00%\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSalt (NaCl) (min.)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.32%\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCrude Fat (min.)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.20%\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSalt (NaCl) (max.)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.82%\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCrude Fiber (max.)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.00%\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eZinc (Zn) (min.)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e175ppm\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCalcium (Ca) (min.)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.50%\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSelenium (Se) (min.)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.30ppm\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCalcium (Ca) (max.)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.00%\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePhytase (A.Oryzae) (min.)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e227 FYT/lb\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec13\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eDeveloping fluid samples with adjusted composition\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec14\" class=\"Section3\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eConducting investigations on the components of customized fluid\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eH/S (JW Pharmaceutical, Seoul, Korea) was used as the foundational solution and the concentration of each ion was modified by changing the quantity of each constituent. H/S consists of four components: sodium chloride (MW:54.4), sodium lactate (MW:112.06), potassium chloride (MW:74.55), and calcium chloride dihydrate (MW:147.01). Four groups were created: in Group 1 the amount of sodium lactate was increased. In group 2 the amount of NaCl was increased. In group 3, the amount of KCl was increased. In Group 4 the amounts of NaCl, KCl, and sodium lactate were increased to closely match the fluid composition to that of pig blood.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec15\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eProducing tangible fluid samples\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eFluid samples were prepared to match the number of participants in each group. An IV solution pack consists of three essential elements: a fluid bag containing the fluid, a port for injecting the fluid, and a port for administering the fluid. The fluid bags are composed of polypropylene (PP) and a non-polyvinyl chloride (non-PVC) polymer. Fluid bags and all other components were purchased from Isupply (Seongnam, Korea). To minimize contamination, we autoclaved each port and a 1 L glass bottle (DURAN, Germany). The fluid bag was sterilized using a low-temperature plasma sterilizer (MAXterileTM PS60; DAIHAN Labtech, Korea). Subsequently, the compounds were blended to achieve the same composition as the group and transferred to 1 L containers. Following sterilization, the medication administration port was sealed initially, and the fluid prepared in the fluid bag was introduced using a 50 mL syringe (Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig8\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e7\u003c/span\u003e). The fluid administration port was subsequently sealed and placed in a refrigerator at a temperature of 4\u0026deg;C. Before the experiment, the samples were removed from the refrigerator and allowed to reach room temperature (22\u0026ndash;25\u0026deg;C) for 3 h.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec16\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eInjection of customized fluid\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eBefore administering the customized fluids, all the pigs in each group were anesthetized and manually restrained to ensure fluid delivery. The induction procedure involved administering a mixture of 17.5 mg/kg Zoletyl (an anesthetic including Tiletamine and Zolazepam, Virbac, France) and 25 mg/kg Rompun (an analgesic containing Xylazine and Methylparaben, Elanco, USA) through an intramuscular (IM) injection. Following the insertion of an intravenous (IV) catheter into the auricular vein, the pig underwent tracheal intubation, and anesthesia was sustained using isoflurane (Isotroy, Troikaa Pharmaceuticals, India) at an inhaled concentration of 1.5\u0026ndash;1.8% in oxygen.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIn the initial trial, 500 mL of fluid was administered to all healthy pigs. In the subsequent trial, the pigs that received fluids were administered 1 L of fluid in addition to the initial 500 mL. Intravenous fluid was delivered to the pigs at an average rate of 20ml/kg BW per hour, with adjustments based on each individual's weight and medical condition.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec17\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eBlood collection and analysis\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eBlood samples were collected from the external jugular vein using a 5-mL syringe (Korean Vaccine Co., Seoul, Korea). Blood samples were collected by a single researcher at consistent daily intervals for each group, making it impossible for the investigator to remain unaware of the blood sample collection process. After aspiration, the blood sample was immediately placed into a 0.5-mL heparin capillary tube (MedicalSK Co., Daegu, Korea) and kept on wet ice until all samples from the pigs in the group were obtained. Subsequently, the EPOC\u0026reg; blood analysis system (Woodly Equipment Company Ltd, Lancashire, UK) was used to examine the blood samples. The following parameters were evaluated: pH; partial pressure of carbon dioxide (pCO2); partial pressure of oxygen (pO2); base excess of extracellular fluid (BE ecf); the concentration of bicarbonate (cHCO3); oxygen saturation (cSO2); total carbon dioxide (tCO2); levels of sodium, potassium, calcium, and chloride; hematocrit (Hct); the concentration of circulating hemoglobin (cHgb); glucose and lactate concentrations; blood urea nitrogen (BUN); urea nitrogen (Urea); creatinine (Crea); and the ratio of BUN/Crea. In the first experiment, blood sampling and analysis were conducted on two occasions: before fluid administration and 1 h after fluid administration. In the second experiment, blood sampling and analysis were performed three times, including before fluid administration and 1 h and 24 h after fluid administration. This was performed to mitigate the effect of anesthesia.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec18\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eAssessment of clinical signs and dehydration\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eEach pig was examined for clinical symptoms and dehydration during blood sampling and subsequent analyses. The observed clinical symptoms included body temperature, heart rate, respiratory rate, and behavior. Dehydration was assessed by examining skin turgor, ocular appearance, mucous membrane condition, and capillary refill time. Skin turgor was assessed by elevating the skin on the posterior aspect of the neck and noting the time taken for it to revert to its normal state. The ocular appearance was evaluated based on the extent of concavity and desiccation. The condition of the mucous membrane was assessed based on the color, wetness, and texture of the gums. Capillary refill time was assessed by applying pressure to the gum and measuring the duration until the usual color was restored.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec19\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eStatistical analysis\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eData were analyzed using GraphPad Prism (version 9.3, GraphPad Software Inc., San Diego, CA, USA). Prior to conducting the analysis of variance (ANOVA), the normality of the data was determined using the Shapiro-Wilk test, and the homogeneity of variances was examined with Levene's test. These initial assessments guarantee that the ANOVA's assumptions are satisfied. One-way ANOVA with Tukey\u0026rsquo;s multiple comparisons test and 2-way ANOVA with Š\u0026iacute;d\u0026aacute;k's multiple comparisons test were used to determine the statistical differences between parameters. If the values were missing, a mixed-effects model was used. Following the second experiment, one of the four pigs that received H/S died within 24 h of receiving the fluid. Consequently, the blood analysis data from this particular pig were omitted from the study because of its unmeasurable status. The significance level was set at p\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.05. The results are presented as mean\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;standard error of the mean (SEM).\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e"},{"header":"Abbreviations","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"DefinitionList\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"DefinitionListEntry\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"Term\"\u003epCO2\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"Description\"\u003e \u003cp\u003epartial pressure of carbon dioxide (pCO2)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"DefinitionListEntry\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"Term\"\u003epO2\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"Description\"\u003e \u003cp\u003epartial pressure of oxygen\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"DefinitionListEntry\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"Term\"\u003eBE ecf\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"Description\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ebase excess of extracellular fluid\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"DefinitionListEntry\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"Term\"\u003ecHCO3\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"Description\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ethe concentration of bicarbonate\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"DefinitionListEntry\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"Term\"\u003ecSO2\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"Description\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eoxygen saturation\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"DefinitionListEntry\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"Term\"\u003etCO2\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"Description\"\u003e \u003cp\u003etotal carbon dioxide\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"DefinitionListEntry\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"Term\"\u003eHct\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"Description\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ehematocrit\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"DefinitionListEntry\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"Term\"\u003ecHgb\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"Description\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ethe concentration of haemoglobin\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"DefinitionListEntry\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"Term\"\u003eGlu\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"Description\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eglucose\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"DefinitionListEntry\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"Term\"\u003eLac\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"Description\"\u003e \u003cp\u003elactate\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"DefinitionListEntry\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"Term\"\u003eBUN\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"Description\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eblood urea nitrogen\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"DefinitionListEntry\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"Term\"\u003eUrea\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"Description\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eurea nitrogen\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"DefinitionListEntry\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"Term\"\u003eCrea\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"Description\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ecreatinine\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/div\u003e"},{"header":"Declarations","content":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eEthics approval and consent to participate\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe animal study protocol was approved by the Cronex-Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee (Cronex-IACUC; Approval Number CRONEX-IACUC 202204005) and the research was carried out in accordance with relevant guidelines and recommendations. There were 35 pigs used in this study, all of which are laboratory animals owned by Cronex. All pigs were obtained commercially; therefore, consent to participate was not applicable. The study was conducted in accordance with the ARRIVE guidelines.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eConsent for publication\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eNot applicable.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eCompeting interests\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe authors declare that they have no competing interests.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAvailability of data and materials\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe datasets used and/or analysed during the current study are available from the corresponding author on reasonable request.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAcknowledgements\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eWe express our gratitude to the personnel of Cronex Inc. for their care and management of the swine used in this study. Also, we would like to thank Editage (www.editage.co.kr) for English language editing.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eFunding\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThis work was supported by the Korea Institute of Planning and Evaluation for Technology in Food, Agriculture, and Forestry (IPET) through the Livestock Industrialization Technology Development Program (or Project), funded by the Ministry of Agriculture, Food, and Rural Affairs (MAFRA)(321084-3) and the National Institute of Wildlife Disease Control and Prevention as a Specialized Graduate School Support Project for Wildlife Disease Specialist.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAuthor information\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAuthors and Affiliations\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eDepartment of Theriogenology and Reproductive Biotechnology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jeonbuk National University, Iksan 54596, Republic of Korea\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eSeongju Lee, Yubyeol Jeon\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eCronex Inc., Cheongju, 28174, Republic of Korea\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eSeung-Eun Lee, Sang Chul Lee\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eLaboratory of Wildlife Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jeonbuk National University, Iksan 54596, Republic of Korea\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eJae-Ik Han\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAuthors\u0026apos; contributions\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eConceptualization, S.L.; methodology, S.L. and SE.L.; investigation, S.L., SC.L., and Y.J.; data curation, S.L.; writing \u0026mdash;original draft preparation, S.L..; writing\u0026mdash;review and editing, S.L., SC.L., SE.L., JI.H. \u0026nbsp;and Y.J.; visualization, S.L.; supervision, SC.L., SE.L., and Y.J.; project administration, Y.J.; funding acquisition, SC.L., JI.H. and Y.J. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"References","content":"\u003col\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eMazzaferro E, Powell LL. Fluid therapy for the emergent small animal patient: crystalloids, colloids, and albumin products. Veterinary Clinics: Small Anim Pract. 2013;43(4):721\u0026ndash;34.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eBywater R, Woode G. Oral fluid replacement by a glucose glycine electrolyte formulation in E coli and rotavirus diarrhoea in pigs. Vet Rec. 1980;106(4):75\u0026ndash;8.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eDrolet R, Morin M, Fontaine M. Fluid therapy trials in neonatal piglets infected with transmissible gastroenteritis virus. Can J Comp Med. 1985;49(4):357.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eReshma A, Gowda A, Aswathanarayanappa V. Dystocia due to primary uterine inertia in a primiparous sow: A case report. J Ent Zoo Stud. 2020;8(3):277\u0026ndash;8.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eHiltebrand LB, Kimberger O, Arnberger M, Brandt S, Kurz A, Sigurdsson GH. Crystalloids versus colloids for goal-directed fluid therapy in major surgery. Crit Care. 2009;13(2):1\u0026ndash;13.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eGan TJ. Colloid or crystalloid: any differences in outcomes. Rev Course Lectures. 2011;7.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eWest E, Pettitt R, Jones RS, Cripps PJ, Mosing M. Acid\u0026ndash;base and electrolyte balance following administration of three crystalloid solutions in dogs undergoing elective orthopaedic surgery. Veterinary Anaesth Analg. 2013;40(5):482\u0026ndash;93.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eWhite S, Goldhill D. Is Hartmann's the solution? Anaesthesia. 1997;52(5):422\u0026ndash;7.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eBorland K, Bennett RC. Perianaesthetic fluid therapy: an update. Companion Anim. 2018;23(7):406\u0026ndash;11.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eHopper K, Rojas AG, Barter L. An online survey of small animal veterinarians regarding current fluid therapy practices in dogs and cats. J Am Vet Med Assoc. 2018;252(5):553\u0026ndash;9.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eAdams J. Fluid therapy in adult cattle. Livestock. 2015;20(1):32\u0026ndash;7.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eParker R, Aherne F. Serum and urine concentrations of protein, urea, sodium, and potassium during the immediate postnatal period of the suckling pig. Neonatology. 1980;38(1\u0026ndash;2):11\u0026ndash;5.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eO'Brien MA, McMichael MA, Le Boedec K, Lees G. Reference intervals and age-related changes for venous biochemical, hematological, electrolytic, and blood gas variables using a point of care analyzer in 68 puppies. J Veterinary Emerg Crit Care. 2014;24(3):291\u0026ndash;301.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eBleul U, G\u0026ouml;tz E. Evaluation of the i-STAT portable point‐of‐care analyzer for determination of blood gases and acid\u0026ndash;base status in newborn calves. J Veterinary Emerg Crit Care. 2014;24(5):519\u0026ndash;28.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eWest E, Bardell D, Senior J. Comparison of the EPOC and i-STAT analysers for canine blood gas and electrolyte analysis. J Small Anim Pract. 2014;55(3):139\u0026ndash;44.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eBardell D, West E, Senior JM. Evaluation of a new handheld point-of-care blood gas analyser using 100 equine blood samples. Veterinary Anaesth Analg. 2017;44(1):77\u0026ndash;85.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eYeom S-C, Cho S-Y, Park C-G, Lee W-J. Analysis of reference interval and age-related changes in serum biochemistry and hematology in the specific pathogen free miniature pig. lar. 2012;28(4):245\u0026ndash;53.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eKutter AP, Mauch JY, Riond B, Martin-Jurado O, Spielmann N, Weiss M, Bettschart-Wolfensberger R. Evaluation of two devices for point-of-care testing of haemoglobin in neonatal pigs. Lab Anim. 2012;46(1):65\u0026ndash;70.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eCooper CA, Moraes LE, Murray JD, Owens SD. Hematologic and biochemical reference intervals for specific pathogen free 6-week-old Hampshire-Yorkshire crossbred pigs. J Anim Sci Biotechnol. 2014;5(1):1\u0026ndash;6.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eBrockus CW, Mahaffey EA, Bush SE, KruppDespain W. Hematologic and serum biochemical reference intervals for Vietnamese potbellied pigs (Sus scrofa). Comp Clin Pathol. 2005;13:162\u0026ndash;5.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003ede Azevedo LCP, Park M, Noritomi DT, Maciel AT, Brunialti MK, Salom\u0026atilde;o R. Characterization of an animal model of severe sepsis associated with respiratory dysfunction. Clinics. 2007;62(4):491\u0026ndash;8.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eMuir WW, Hughes D, Silverstein DC. Fluid therapy in animals: physiologic principles and contemporary fluid resuscitation considerations. Frontiers Media SA; 2021. p. 744080.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eFrick TW, Hailemariam S, Heitz PU, Largiad\u0026eacute;r F, Goodale RL. Acute hypercalcemia induces acinar cell necrosis and intraductal protein precipitates in the pancreas of cats and guinea pigs. 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Use of extracellular base excess in diagnosis of acid-base disorders: a conceptual approach. Chest. 1972;61(2):S6\u0026ndash;12.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eArıcan M, Erol H, Esin E. Clinical comparison of medetomidine with isoflurane or sevoflurane for anesthesia in horses. Pakistan Veterinary J. 2015;35(4):474\u0026ndash;8.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eCambier C, Detry B, Beerens D, Florquin S, Ansay M, Frans A, et al. Effects of hyperchloremia on blood oxygen binding in healthy calves. J Appl Physiol. 1998;85(4):1267\u0026ndash;72.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eStoot LJ, Cairns NA, Cull F, Taylor JJ, Jeffrey JD, Morin F, et al. Use of portable blood physiology point-of-care devices for basic and applied research on vertebrates: a review. Conserv Physiol. 2014;2(1):cou011.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003c/ol\u003e"}],"fulltextSource":"","fullText":"","funders":[],"hasAdminPriorityOnWorkflow":false,"hasManuscriptDocX":true,"hasOptedInToPreprint":true,"hasPassedJournalQc":"","hasAnyPriority":false,"hideJournal":false,"highlight":"","institution":"","isAcceptedByJournal":true,"isAuthorSuppliedPdf":false,"isDeskRejected":"","isHiddenFromSearch":false,"isInQc":false,"isInWorkflow":false,"isPdf":false,"isPdfUpToDate":true,"isWithdrawnOrRetracted":false,"journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"bmc-veterinary-research","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"Learn more about [BMC Veterinary Research](http://bmcvetres.biomedcentral.com/)","snPcode":"12917","submissionUrl":"https://submission.nature.com/new-submission/12917/3?","title":"BMC Veterinary Research","twitterHandle":"@BMC_series","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":true,"editorialSystem":"stoa","reportingPortfolio":"BMC Series","inReviewEnabled":true,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true},"keywords":"","lastPublishedDoi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-3993007/v1","lastPublishedDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-3993007/v1","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"},"manuscriptAbstract":"\u003ch2\u003eBackground\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eFluid therapy in veterinary medicine is pivotal for treating various conditions in pigs; however, standard solutions, such as Hartmann's solution, may not optimally align with pig physiology. This study explored the development and efficacy of a customized fluid therapy tailored to the ionic concentrations of pig blood, aiming to enhance treatment outcomes and safety in both healthy and diseased pigs.\u003c/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eResults\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe study involved two experiments: the first to assess the safety and stability of customized fluids in healthy pigs, and the second to evaluate the efficacy in pigs with clinical symptoms of dehydration. In healthy pigs, the administration of customized fluids showed no adverse effects, with slight alterations observed in pO2, Hematocrit, and glucose levels in some groups. In symptomatic pigs, the customized fluid group did not show any improvement in clinical symptoms, with no significant changes in blood chemistry or metabolite levels compared to controls. The customized fluid group showed a mild increase in some values after administration, yet within normal physiological ranges. The study reported no significant improvements in clinical or dehydration status, attributing the observed variations in blood test results to the limited sample size and anaesthesia effects rather than fluid characteristics.\u003c/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eConclusions\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eCustomized fluid therapy, tailored to mimic the ionic concentrations of pig blood, appears to be a safe and potentially more effective alternative to conventional solutions such as Hartmann\u0026rsquo;s solution for treating pigs under various health conditions. Further research with larger sample sizes and controlled conditions is recommended to validate these findings and to explore the full potential of customized fluid therapy in veterinary practice.\u003c/p\u003e","manuscriptTitle":"Preliminary Research on Tailored Fluid Therapy in Pigs: Comparing Customized Ionic Solutions with Hartmann's Solution","msid":"","msnumber":"","nonDraftVersions":[{"code":1,"date":"2024-03-20 16:28:35","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-3993007/v1","editorialEvents":[{"type":"communityComments","content":0},{"type":"decision","content":"Revision requested","date":"2024-03-21T08:25:39+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"checksComplete","content":"","date":"2024-03-17T09:01:55+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorAssigned","content":"","date":"2024-03-17T09:01:55+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"submitted","content":"BMC Veterinary Research","date":"2024-02-27T05:45:52+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""}],"status":"published","journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"bmc-veterinary-research","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"Learn more about [BMC Veterinary Research](http://bmcvetres.biomedcentral.com/)","snPcode":"12917","submissionUrl":"https://submission.nature.com/new-submission/12917/3?","title":"BMC Veterinary Research","twitterHandle":"@BMC_series","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":true,"editorialSystem":"stoa","reportingPortfolio":"BMC Series","inReviewEnabled":true,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true}}],"origin":"","ownerIdentity":"f1c7b4dc-8438-45ac-9727-38b144c766dc","owner":[],"postedDate":"March 20th, 2024","published":true,"recentEditorialEvents":[],"rejectedJournal":[],"revision":"","amendment":"","status":"under-review","subjectAreas":[],"tags":[],"updatedAt":"2024-06-18T04:25:10+00:00","versionOfRecord":[],"versionCreatedAt":"2024-03-20 16:28:35","video":"","vorDoi":"","vorDoiUrl":"","workflowStages":[]},"version":"v1","identity":"rs-3993007","journalConfig":"researchsquare"},"__N_SSP":true},"page":"/article/[identity]/[[...version]]","query":{"redirect":"/article/rs-3993007","identity":"rs-3993007","version":["v1"]},"buildId":"qtupq5eGEP_6zYnWcrvyt","isFallback":false,"isExperimentalCompile":false,"dynamicIds":[84888],"gssp":true,"scriptLoader":[]}