Holocene relative sea level records of the Nakdong River incised valley fill in the south-eastern Korean Peninsula

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This study compiled sedimentary facies and age data from both published and new cores from the post-Last Glacial Maximum (LGM) incised valley fill deposits beneath the coastal plain in the Nakdong River Valley (NRV). The presence of a fluvial system led to a deep incision during the LGM, and the post-LGM sediment succession provides a well-preserved geological record. Five new sediment cores were collected from the NRV coastal plain, along with data from 12 published cores. The new data from five cores were combined with published data from 12 cores to define cross-sections through the NRV and construct isochrones. We also constructed the Holocene relative sea level (RSL) change in the NRV by analyzing intertidal and supratidal sediments. In total, 303 age dates, including 70 new dates, were reviewed, and 220 depositional ages were selected to create a RSL curve. We identified initial marine flooding due to the last deglacial transgression and shoreline progradation during the Holocene highstand. Using age-depth plots of 49 selected sea level index points (SLIPs), a sea level curve was plotted and corrected using modern tidal range data. The age of the Holocene in the NRV spans approximately 13–1 ka. At the study site, which has a mean spring tidal range of 1.2 m, supratidal and intertidal sediments accumulated according to the fluctuation of RSL. This RSL curve showed that the sea level rose at an average rate of 12 mm/yr from 12.2 to 8.2 ka. During this period, it rose rapidly from − 55 m to − 15 m, in several stages of stepwise stages. From 8.2 to 4.5 ka, the rate of increase slowed to an average of 2.8 mm/yr, placing it at about − 3 m below the current level. Around 3 ka, it dropped by 1.5 m to − 4.5 m. The sea level has risen gradually to the present level since 3 ka. This paper presents the most accurate SLIPs for the Nakdong River lowlands, drawing from data accumulated through decades of research in the Nakdong River estuary. RSL curve sea level index point (SLIP) incised valley fill Nakdong River sedimentary facies Figures Figure 1 Figure 2 Figure 3 Figure 4 Figure 5 Figure 6 Figure 7 1. Introduction The global average sea level has risen by approximately 4 mm since 1993, and the rate of increase is continuing to escalate (Chen et al. 2017 ). Periodic climate phenomena, such as El Niño and La Niña, have a significant impact on changes in sea level (Timmermann et al. 2018 ; Cai et al. 2020 ; Tollefson 2021 ). Increases in sea level directly impact coastal communities, leading to coastal erosion, increased flooding, habitat loss, and subsequent economic and social hardships (Rovere et al. 2016 ). Despite its importance, our understanding of the regional differences in the causes and effects of such increases remains incomplete. Factors such as global climate change, regional geographical characteristics, land subsidence, and glacier retreat influence sea levels (Shennan et al. 2015; Rovere et al. 2016 ; Khan et al. 2019 ; Masson-Delmotte et al. 2021 ; Tay et al. 2022 ). Therefore, there is increasing emphasis on the importance of constructing a relative sea level (RSL) curve, which accounts for regional characteristics. Understanding changes in RSL is crucial for effective planning and policy making, providing valuable data for environmental and ecological studies, and preserving historical and cultural heritage sites (Fan et al. 2019 ). In addition, a comprehensive understanding of changes in RSL will also enhance scientific models related to climate change and Earth dynamics, thus providing a more precise understanding of the causes of fluctuations of global sea level (Lambeck et al. 2014 ; Khan et al. 2019 ). Incised valleys, which are fluvially eroded features develop in shelf and coastal plains during periods of sea level fall, are subsequently filled by continuous sedimentary records, showing the progressive transition from fluvial to estuarine to deltaic deposits (Hori et al. 2002 ; Ta et al. 2005 ; Tanabe et al. 2006 ; Hanebuth et al. 2012 ; Song et al. 2013 ; Yoo et al. 2020 ; Yoon et al. 2023 ). These paleovalley systems form during phases of base level lowering, and their filling corresponds with postglacial increase in sea level, creating ideal conditions for sediment accumulation and preservation (Dalrymple and Zaitlin 1994 ; Simms et al. 2006 ; Blum et al. 2013 ; Wang et al. 2020 ; Amorosi et al. 2023 ). The stratigraphy of paleovalleys in coastal plains is primarily controlled by the rate and magnitude of changes in RSL. These paleovalleys typically contain estuarine successions formed during periods of shoreline transgression (Dalrymple et al. 1992 ; Zaitlin et al. 1994 ; Boyd et al. 2006 ; Dalrymple 2006 ; Blum et al. 2013 ). Geological records of such phenomena are crucial to understanding sea level history on local, regional, and global scales, and also help determine how large rivers and coastal systems react to changes in RSL and sediment supply. Several studies of changes in sea level conducted in incised valleys have confirmed that the rate of increase was not constant during the last glacial period. In particular, meltwater pulse (MWP) 1A (Hanebuth et al. 2000 ) and the pre-8.2 ka event (Tornqvist and Hijma 2012; Wang et al. 2013 ; Tjallingii et al. 2014 ; Hijma and Cohen 2019 ) are widely known and are considered to have been eustatic events (Carlson and Clark 2012 ). In addition, jumps in sea level such as MWPs 1B, 1C, and 1D have been reported (Fairbanks 1989 ; Liu et al. 2004 ; Smith et al. 2011 ), and cannot be identified in every location. Recent advances in RSL studies have been driven by multi-proxy approaches, incorporating GIA (Glacial Isostatic Adjustment) modeling, biological indicators, and high-resolution seismic data. These standardized methodologies have laid the groundwork for understanding the complex interactions between global sea-level trends and regional variations, facilitating the integration of localized data into a broader global framework (Khan et al. 2019 ). In Korean peninsula, RSL studies has predominantly focused on the west coast, consistently documenting rapid sea-level rise followed by stabilization during the early to middle Holocene (Bloom and Park 1985 ; Song et al. 2018 ; Yang et al. 2022 , 2023 ). In comparison, the south and east coasts, which are shaped by unique oceanographic conditions such as tidal ranges, stronger wave energy, and more dynamic currents, as well as greater tectonic instability, remain underexplored. Addressing these regional characteristics is crucial for building a comprehensive understanding of sea-level variations across the Korean Peninsula. In the south coast, Yoo and Park ( 2000 ) examined Holocene RSL changes using high-resolution seismic profiles and sedimentary data, revealing interactions between shoreline migration, sediment supply, and sea-level rise. More recently, Choi et al. ( 2024 ) and Hong et al. ( 2024 ) proposed RSL curves for the Nakdong River Valley (NRV). Choi et al. ( 2024 ) utilized data extending to the continental shelf but did not fully account for regional factors such as tides, sediment dynamics, and bedrock topography. Hong et al. ( 2024 ), while focusing on the delta, failed to adequately capture spatial variability. To advance RSL research in the Nakdong River Valley, a standardized approach that quantitatively integrates regional factors and spatial heterogeneity is urgently needed. Previous studies on the NRV have mainly been conducted from a paleoenvironmental viewpoint using physical, chemical, and biological approaches (Shin et al. 2015; Takata et al. 2016 ; Cho et al. 2017 ; Khim et al. 2019 ). Studies that have clarified depositional age through high-resolution age dating have provided important data on changes in sea level (Kim et al. 2015 ; Kim et al. 2021b ). However, they were based on a limited number of sediment cores, thereby limiting understanding of the overall evolution of the NRV and any correlations with changes in sea level. Recent studies have used multi-drilling data in the N–S direction and have applied sequence stratigraphic interpretation, thus enabling a more accurate reconstruction of the sedimentary environment (Yoo et al. 2020 ; Jeong et al. 2021 ; Choi et al. 2024 ; Hong et al. 2024 ). Nevertheless, due to limited core data, an overall understanding of the entire valley is still lacking. To construct the RSL curve of the NRV, it is essential to secure sedimentary environments that can indicate sea level and their dating data. The post-Last Glacial Maximum (LGM) sedimentary succession consists of continuous geological records from cores arranged in the N–S direction. The incised valley shows an asymmetric shape with a steep slope in the eastern part (Yoo et al. 2020 ). In this study, we compiled all sedimentary facies and age dates identified and obtained from published cores and new cores from the post-LGM incised valley fills on the coastal plain in NRV. The newly acquired cores were obtained from key locations connecting the east-west direction of the incised valley, and they include intertidal flat that developed during the highstand. We present further details of this composition and also construct the sedimentary succession in an E–W direction. In addition, we include results of the interpretation of the intertidal and salt marsh sedimentary facies and also extracted 49 sea level index points (SLIPs) from them to reconstruct the Holocene RSL curve. The RSL curve derived in this study shows more precise changes in RSL compared to the previously proposed curves for the Korean Peninsula. We also provide basic data to examine the influence of changes in eustatic sea level (ESL) or local tectonic movements within the Korean Peninsula through comparison with the RSL curves of other regions in East Asia. 2. Regional setting The Nakdong River is the longest in South Korea, with a mainstream length of approximately 510.36 km and drainage basin is approximately 23,384 km 2 . Its annual discharge is approximately 2000 m³/s of freshwater with about 10 Mt/yr of sediment (Williams et al. 2013 ). The Nakdong River has the second highest sediment discharge after the Han River. The Nakdong River Lowland is located in the range of 35°05′–35°13′N, 128°54′–129°00′E, and is a plain area about 17 km from north to south and 9 km from east to west. The area is even larger if the surrounding plains are included. In the study area, the Yangsan Fault developed in the NNE–SSW direction, so the incised valley, where the valley center is tilted to the east, is filled with sediments, and a delta plain is currently developing on the surface (Ryu et al. 2005 ). The Yangsan Fault is characterized by the development of rivers in the NNE–SSW direction with relatively weak development in other directions (Fig. 1 ). The upland area is well developed around the study area, and after passing through the narrow incised valley in the north, the upland area around the NRV has the shape of a gourd. Several barrier islands are developed to the south of the NRV (Fig. 1 ). The area was a valley tilled to the east, during the sea level lowstand, but it filled with marine sediments as the sea level rised during post-LGM, forming a valley fill. The bedrock making up the surrounding mountains is composed of andesite and granite. However, in the upper reaches of the river, there is a wide distribution of Cretaceous sedimentary rocks that have been significantly weathered, so the amount of sediment discharge relative to the water discharge is large compared to other rivers on the Korean Peninsula (Chough and Sohn 2010 ). A wide continental shelf has developed in the NW–SE direction past the NRV and barrier islands (Fig. 1 ). The water depth of the shelf is less than 100 m, so this area was exposed as land the sea level lowstand. The Kuroshio Current, which flows from the Pacific Ocean between South Korea and Japan, influences the study area (Fig. 1 ). Tidal ranges observed at the Gadeok gauge station within the study area were recorded by the National Geographic Institute in 1999 (Table 1 ). The area has a recorded highest high water level (HHW), indicating the maximum observed tidal height, of 59.2 cm; mean spring high water level (MSHW), representing the average high tide during spring tides, of 49.7 cm; The mean high water level (MHW), representing the average of all high tides of 30.9 cm; mean sea level (MSL), a key reference point for tidal measurements, of − 12.1 cm; mean low water level (MLW), representing the average low tide, of -55.1 cm; mean spring low water level (MSLW), representing the average low tide during spring tides, of -73.9 cm; lowest low water level (LLW), i.e., the minimum observed tidal height, of -83.4 cm; maximum tidal range is 123.6 cm, the mean and minimal tidal ranges are 86.0 cm and 48.4 cm, respectively. In this area, wave energy has a strong influence during storms in the summer and winter, and the average significant wave height is 1.07 m (Yoon and Lee 2008 ). Table 1 Tidal Ranges According to Data from Gauge Stations of the Study Area (National Geographic Institute, 1999 ). Gauge station Highest High Water level (HHW) (cm) Mean Spring High Water level (MSHW) (cm) Mean High Water level (MHW) (cm) Mean Sea Level (MSL) (cm) Mean Low Water level (MLW) (cm) Mean Spring Low Water level (MSLW) (cm) Lowest Low Water level (LLW) (cm) Gadeok 59.2 49.7 30.9 -12.1 -55.1 -73.9 -83.4 3. Materials and Methods 3.1 Datum and elevation measurements This study follows the geodetic framework established by the National Geographic Information Institute (NGII) of Korea. The horizontal reference system uses the World Geodetic Reference System (ITRF2000 and GRS80), and the vertical datum is based on mean sea level (MSL) measured in Incheon Bay. The NGII has installed control points and benchmarks throughout the Korean Peninsula, creating a unified system for spatial and elevation measurements. The coordinates were converted to decimal degrees (WGS-84) and rounded to four decimals, which means that a point can be located within approximately 10m. All elevation data in this study reference this national geodetic framework to maintain consistency with existing datasets. We surveyed sediment core locations using differential GPS (DGPS) and virtual reference station GPS (VRS-GPS) for sub-meter precision. When GPS was unavailable, we determined elevations using electro-optical total stations referenced to local benchmarks. We validated some sampling points by comparing GPS coordinates with 1:5000 topographic maps. This standardized geodetic system provides reliable spatial and elevation data, enabling accurate reconstruction of the relative sea-level curve for the Nakdong River lowland. This methodology ensures compatibility with previous studies and minimizes uncertainties in sedimentary and stratigraphic analyses. 3.2. Core data This study is based on five new sediment cores (20GH02, 20GH03, 20GH04, 20GH05, 19MJ-C01) collected from an area corresponding to the coastal plain in the present Nakdong River and 233 radiocarbon and OSL age data collected from previously published studies (Table 2 ). The newly acquired cores 20GH02, 20GH03, 20GH04, and 20GH05 were obtained in the E–W direction of the NRV while the core 19MJ-C01 was recovered near the western Nakdong River channel to the south of the 20GH series. The altitude of each drilling core was defined by conducting a leveling survey with an altitude accuracy of ± 0.1 m. The location of each drill core is shown in Fig. 1 C, and detailed information is provided in Table 2 . In the laboratory, the cores were split, photographed, and described in terms of sedimentary characteristics. Their lithofacies (grain size, color, texture, clast- or matrix-supported, sedimentary structure, and character of contacts) and biofacies (shells, burrows, and rootlets) were described from the split cores. The 19MJ-C01 sediment samples were collected at 20 cm intervals for grain size analysis, from locations representative of the surrounding sediment. For the analysis, pretreatment of the samples included the removal of organic matter and carbonates. To remove organic matter, 10% hydrogen peroxide was added, followed by heating for 1–2 h in a water bath at about 60°C to remove the remaining hydrogen peroxide. Carbonates were reacted with 1 N hydrochloric acid for 24 h, after which the remaining hydrochloric acid was removed by washing at least five times. The pretreated sediment samples using a Microtrac S3500 laser diffraction particle size analyzer. Data were statistically processed using GRADISTAT (Blott et al. 2001). Grain size is reported using the classification scheme of Folk and Ward ( 1957 ), and sediment texture follows the same scheme. Table 2 Site Coordinates and Detailed Information of Drill Cores Taken in the Nakdong River Valley. Core name Location (WGS84) Core length (m) Elevation (m) Reference Latitude Longitude 16ND-C01 35°08′54” 128°55′02” 61 1.3 Yoo et al. ( 2020 ), Kim et al. (2021), Hong et al. ( 2024 ) 16ND-C02 35°11′20” 128°55′24” 70 1.0 Yoo et al. ( 2020 ), Kim et al. (2021), Hong et al. ( 2024 ) 16ND-C03 35°12′18” 128°52′33” 33.5 0.6 Hong et al. ( 2024 ) 16ND-C04 35°12′51” 128°57′59” 50.5 1.8 Yoo et al. ( 2020 ), Kim et al. (2021), Hong et al. ( 2024 ) 16ND-C05 35°16′21” 129°00′14” 33 4.1 Yoo et al. ( 2020 ), Kim et al. (2021), Hong et al. ( 2024 ) ND-1 35°06’04” 128°54’14” 55 4.6 Kim et al. ( 2015 ), Shin ( 2016 ), Yoo et al. ( 2020 ), (Kim et al. 2021) ND-2 35°03’22” 128°55’49” 61 0 Shin ( 2016 ), Yoo et al. ( 2020 ), Kim et al. (2021), Jeong et al.(2022) ND-3 35°04’06” 128°53’05” 46.6 0 Shin ( 2016 ), Jeong et al. (2022) KND-3 35°04’04” 128°53’50” 50.6 0 Jeong et al. ( 2018 ), Jeong et al. (2022) OW-01 35°10'32' 128°58'15'' 70 0 Ham et al. ( 2018 ) SB-14 - - 36 1.05 Ryu et al. ( 2005 ) BH-1 - - 42.5 3.13 Ryu et al. ( 2011 ) 19MJ-C01 35°06'18" 128°55'40" 51 1.2 This study 20GH02 35°11'19" 128°49'46" 17 0.03 This study 20GH03 35°11'43" 128°52'42" 39 0.14 This study 20GH04 35°11'58" 128°55'23" 64 1.01 This study 20GH05 35°12'06' 128°57'33'' 65 0.8 This study 3.3. Age data Plant fragments and shells were treated with acid (0.5 M HCl)-alkali (0.5 M NaOH)-acid (0.5 M HCl) to remove potential contaminants. The pretreated samples were graphitized and radiocarbon-dated at the Accelerator Mass Spectrometry Facility of the Korea Institute of Geoscience and Mineral Resources (KIGAM). For consistency and accuracy, radiocarbon data from previous studies were recalibrated using the latest calibration curves. Conventional radiocarbon dates ( 14 C ages) were converted to calibrated ages (cal yr BP) using OxCal 4.3.2 (Ramsey 2017 ) and the IntCal20 calibration curve (Reimer et al. 2020 ). Ages of marine materials, including mollusks, were recalibrated considering the regional marine reservoir effect (ΔR) using the Marine20 dataset ( http://radiocarbon.pa.qub.ac.uk/marine ) and based on studies by Kong and Lee ( 2005 ) and Kim et al. ( 2021a ), applying a weighted average ΔR value of − 134 ± 100 year. All ages are reported in cal BP (calibrated 14 C age) unless otherwise specified as yr BP (conventional 14 C age). This comprehensive recalibration provides a reliable chronological framework for interpreting Holocene relative sea-level variations and depositional environments in the study area. The integration of recalibrated ages resolves inconsistencies in previous datasets and ensures compatibility with regional and global studies. Fifteen OSL dates were derived from core 19MJ-C01. The age results were obtained from fine grain quartz (4–11 µm) using the SAR protocol (Kim et al. 2015 ). A TL/OSL DA-20 reader was used, and the equivalent dose was measured using the single aliquot regeneration (SAR) method with a heat pretreatment temperature of 220°C and a cut heat of 160°C. A standardized growth curve (SGC) was created to determine D e values. Four samples were selected, and three replicates were used in each analysis with a test dose of 20 Gy and regeneration doses of 20, 100, 200, and 350 Gy. For the four samples below core depth of 41.5 m, equivalent doses were determined using conventional SAR. The OSL infrared (IR) depletion ratio was measured to detect any feldspar contamination (Duller 2003 ). In addition, the recycling ratio and recuperation were measured for effective sensitivity calibration. The data gathered from new sediment cores were combined with those obtained from previous studies. To define two cross-sections through the NRV, the ages of the new cores, along with those of the existing cores, were utilized to construct isochrones. Then this information was used to calculate accumulation rates. Sediment compaction was not taken into account when calculating accumulation rates. To clarify the coastal depositional system and sequence stratigraphy, we identified the initial marine flooding due to the last deglacial transgression and the shoreline progradation during the Holocene highstand. The sedimentary facies of intertidal and salt marsh sediments deposited near the marine flooding and plaeoshoreline are described in detail in this study. In total, 303 age dates (191 radiocarbon and 112 OSL) were reviewed, including 70 new dates (55 radiocarbon and 15 OSL) obtained from the new core. We selected 220 depositional ages (147 radiocarbon and 73 OSL), excluding those derived from reworked materials and pre-Holocene. For convenience, both the calibrated radiocarbon and OSL dates in the chronological data are uniformly indicated in kiloannums (ka) in this manuscript. However, calibrated radiocarbon dates are indicated in calibrated years before present (cal BP) in the tables. 3.4. Sea-level indicators Sea-level index points (SLIPs) are typically defined relative to tidal datums such as mean sea level (MSL) or mean high water (MHW) (Khan et al. 2019 ). These are established based on detailed analyses of sedimentary facies from these cores. Beach deposits, beach rocks, and environments such as tidal flats and salt marshes serve as reliable RSL indicators because their formation locations are very close to sea level (Mauz et al. 2015 ; Rovere et al. 2016 ; Khan et al. 2019 ). In total, 49 SLIPs from the tidalflat and saltmarsh sediments were identified in 17 sediment cores. When illustrating the sea-level curve, we corrected SLIPs using present tidal range data. The relations between tidal flat and saltmarsh, used as SLIPs with sea level, were as applied by Song et al. ( 2018 ). The RSL calculation method was computed using the following equation: E P−msl = E M−msl –D SLIP –R SLIP (1) WhereE P−msl = elevation of palaeo-MSL; E M−msl = modern elevation of the location of the SLIP; D SLIP = depth of the SLIP point; R SLIP = indicative range of the proxy of SLIP. There are some errors for each SLIP point arising from multiple sources (Shennan et al. 2016 ), including the tidal range interpretation of the indicative meaning and testing error. The following equation was used to determine the error bars for each SLIP: Er − total = [(Er − measured ) 2 + (Er − indicative range ) 2 ] 1/2 (2) WhereEr − total = total error in elevation measurement for the SLIP; Er − measured = uncertainty in the measured depth of the sample; Er − indicative range = indicative range error of the SLIP. Age dates with sea level corrections were used to create RSL curve for the NRV during the Holocene using Clam (Blaauw 2010 ). Weighted mean were calculated to combine multiple SLIPs into single values, giving greater weight to values with smaller error ranges since OSL and radiocarbon dates have significantly different of error range. 4. Results 4.1. Sedimentary unit The interpretation of cores is mainly described for new cores (Figs. 2 and 3 ) based on those published previously. Sedimentary units were primarily classified into two groups based on the description of sedimentary structures and the traces contained therein for environmental interpretation, Pleistocene weathered sediments and incised valley fill sediments after the LGM (Fig. 4 ). The mainly describe sediments after the LGM as our goal was to find indicators of changes in sea level during the Holocene. The results were interpreted based on Hong et al. ( 2024 ) and the facies model framework of Boyd et al. ( 2006 ). 4.1.1. Pleistocene weathered deposits Pleistocene weathered deposits (depth in cores: 20GH03 core, 19.0–38.9 m; 20GH04 core, 32.9–62.0 m; 20GH05 core, 44.3–64.0 m) This unit is found in the lower part of the 20GH03, 20GH04, and 20GH05 cores, is placed on the Cretaceous bedrock at the bottom, and is unconformably covered by the post-LGM sediments (Figs. 2 and 4 ). The top of this unit is composed of consolidated sediments ranging in color from reddish to yellow, dark green-gray mud and sand, with oxidization and laterite weathering. The sandy bed is fine- to medium-grained and shows parallel lamination, and low-angle cross-lamination (Fig. 5 A). In the 20GH04 and 20GH05 cores, a thick gravel bed is seen under the muddy bed. This bed does not contain any sand or mud, and gravel > 5 cm in diameter is frequently observed. The gravel is well rounded and sphericity is cylindrical. Due to the stratigraphic position below the major unconformity, the lower unit is interpreted as consisting of late Pleistocene sediments. The high degree of consolidation, oxidation, and laterite weathering indicate subaerial exposure during the LGM, which makes them easily distinguishable from the post-LGM units. Hong et al. ( 2024 ) confirmed through OSL dating in the lower unit of the 16ND-C03 core that the oxidized sediment bed is made up of fluvial and intertidal sediments dating from about 60–122 ka. The stratigraphic position and similarity with other sediments in the research area suggest that this sediment unit is late Pleistocene in origin. 4.1.2. Post-LGM deposits Fluvial channel This unit appears at 15.0–16.5 m, 16.5–19.0 m, and 30.0–44.5 m in 20GH02, 20GH03, and 20GH05, respectively, and at 4.0–5.5 m and 4.5–6.0 m in 20GH04 and 19MJ-C01, respectively (Figs. 2 – 4 ). In 20GH02, 20GH03, and 20GH05, a sharp boundary can be seen at the top of the weathered sediment of the Pleistocene, which gradually changes to a tidal channel. In contrast, in 20GH04 and 19MJ-C01, there is a gradual change from a tidal channel to a fluvial channel. This unit is composed of > 70% sand, ranging in color from greenish gray to brownish orange. The sand has a fine to medium grain size, and low-angle cross-bedding and parallel lamination are observed (Fig. 5 D). In some places, an upward fining trend can be seen, and sediment with larger than medium grain size is very rough and contains small amounts of gravel (Fig. 5 E). Plant fragments, mud drapes, and organic-rich layers are commonly observed, while there are no shells or shell fragments. On the other hand, bioturbation and burrows appear rarely. The dominance of fine-to-medium grained sand, upward fining trends, development of cross-bedding, and absence of shell fragments indicate a fluvial channel environment (Davies 1992). The alternation of sand and mud beds is strong evidence for a channel influenced by tidal currents. The 20GH05 and 16ND-C04 cores showed changes in sediment color, increases in shell contents, mud drapes, reticular bedding, and upward fining trends indicating a gradual increase in tidal influence over time (Dalrymple and Choi 2007 ). Conversely, changes due to increased river influx or decreased tidal influence are observed in the upper part. Flood plain/natural levee This unit is related to the fluvial channel and is represented by an upward fining trend (Figs. 2 – 4 ). It is mainly composed of homogeneous mud and sandy mud with thin parallel lamination (Fig. 5 F), and it ranges in color from greenish gray to reddish brown and dark brown. Plant roots or peat are commonly observed. Pebbles approximately 0.5 cm in diameter are also scattered throughout the core. In core 19MJ-C01, vivianite is common (Fig. 5 F). The gradual fining upward trend from the fluvial channel, abundant plant roots and peat, absence of shell fragments, and oxidized soil color indicate that this core represents an environment that underwent a gradual transition to a natural levee and floodplain close to active channels. Tidal channel This unit appears in 20GH04, 20GH05, and 19MJ-C01, and is found up to a thickness of 12 m in the 20GH05 core (Figs. 2 – 4 ). Including 20GH04 and 20GH05, cores currently located around the river channel such as 16ND-C04 show a gradual transition from a fluvial channel to a tidal channel environment, while in other locations it is placed above the intertidal flat (Fig. 4 ). The upper part of this unit is placed in the central basin or delta front. In cores such as previously published core 16ND-C05, BH-1 corresponding to the up-estuary of the valley. It shows a rapid transition to a delta front environment (Fig. 4 ). This unit is composed of sand and sandy silt laminations with an upward-fining trend (Fig. 5 G). The sand is medium to fine grained, and bidirectional cross-bedding is observed. The laminations with alternating fine and silty sand include mud drapes and show a clear upward fining trend. In some sections, lamination with a high organic matter content alternates with fine sand. Overall, this unit is characterized by abundant shell fragments. Bidirectional cross-lamination and herringbone stratifications indicate a tidal influence (Dalrymple and Choi 2007 ). Rhythmically alternating sand and mud, as seen in core 19MJ-C01 is typical in tidal environments (Reineck and Singh 1980 ). The sediment shows gradually fining upward, which is associated with an upward increase in tidal influence in the river channel indicated by sedimentary structures. The upward fining succession in this unit may indicate a decrease in bed load velocity due to infill from a tidal channel (Hori et al. 2002 ). Salt marsh This unit is 5 m thick in core 20GH02 (Fig. 2 ). Below this unit, late Pleistocene deposits or fluvial channels, floodplains, showing a sharp boundary with the lower unit (Figs. 2 – 4 ). This unit consists of a dark gray clay layer mixed with burrows and plant roots (Fig. 5 H). Very fine sand to silt laminations are observed in some sections. This coarser lamination is interpreted as being formed by flooding events (Tanabe et al. 2010 ). In this unit, abundant organic layers, plant roots, and shell fragments are observed. In the lower part of 19MJ-C01 (core depth 41.5 m), nodules showing bioturbation are observed (Fig. 5 I). The internal structure is completely bioturbated, making it difficult to observe the primary sedimentary structure. The plant roots and abundant bioturbation traces indicate that the sediment was deposited in an environment with both freshwater and marine influences, such as a salt marsh. In addition, fine shell fragments suggest a marine influence. Generally, salt marsh sediments are deposited on higher plains than intertidal zones (Eisma et al. 1998 ). Therefore, we consider salt marsh sediments as sea level indicators in this study. Tidal flat (mudflat and tidal creek) This unit is 8 m thick in 20GH02 and 13.5 m thick in 20GH03. In 20GH02, there is a fining upward trend, whereas the trend shifts from upward coarsening to upward fining at a depth 13 m in core 20GH03 (Figs. 2 – 4 ). This unit consists of gray clay and may include intact bivalve shells (Fig. 5 J). The unit has a very fine sand and mud lamination and is highly bioturbated. The dark gray clay and very fine sand lamination have thin, distinct contact surfaces and exhibit a fining upward trend with a maximum thickness of 0.5 cm. The sandy lamination is composed of organic clay and silt, showing parallel and lenticular bedding. In some sections, unidentified burrow traces 0.2–0.3 cm in length are found in the clay bed (and are filled with sand). These sand beds sometimes show alternating sand and mud layers, which occur in environments influenced by tides (Reineck and Singh 1980 ). Some sections include a large number of small shell fragments, and alternating laminations of medium-fine sand and mud appear (Fig. 5 K). These laminations do not show any evidence of burrows or bioturbation but include wood fragments, peat, and abundant shells, exhibiting a coarsening upward trend. This bed is interpreted as an tidal creek serving as a waterway within the intertidal zone. Generally, continuous laminations that show coarsening upward from mud-dominated deposits to silt and fine sand indicate deposition by overbank flows (Pizzuto et al. 2008 ). Parallel bedding, lenticular bedding, upward fining trends in sand and mud, root traces, plant roots, bioturbation, and small amounts of shells indicate an tidalflat (Archer et al. 1995 ). Central basin to prodelta This unit is represented by 20GH05 (2.5 m thick) and 19MJ-C01 (10 m thick) (Figs. 2 and 3 ). Compared to the published cores, the thickness gradually increases from the head to the mouth of the valley (Fig. 4 ). This unit is distributed between approximately − 15 to − 35 m from the current sea level in the study area. It is associated with a lower tidal channel, and the delta front appears in the upper part. It is composed of the finest sediments among all of the sedimentary units, and the variation in grain size in 19MJ-C01 is 5–7 phi (Fig. 3 ). This sedimentary unit is typically represented by dark gray homogeneous mud to crudely laminated mud. Laminations are rarely observed and are mostly bioturbated. This unit transitions from an upward fining trend to an upward coarsening trend, with the former indicating deepening water depth and the latter interpreted as the advancement of the deltaic body (Bhattacharya and Walker 1992 ). This sedimentary layer contains almost no sand and partially includes very small shell fragments (Fig. 5 L). The homogeneous mud and absence of shell fragments suggest that organic activity may have been limited due to a high suspended sediment supply (Aschoff et al. 2018 ). The discontinuous laminations are interpreted as deposition due to low-energy conditions, and some laminations and small shell fragments are interpreted as having been reworked by tidal currents (Reineck and Singh 1980 ). This environment is interpreted as a central basin in an estuarine environment and a prodelta environment due to delta prograding (Dalrymple et al. 1992 ). The depth observed in the cores and the characteristics of the cores where this unit appears indicate the depositional center of this environment. Delta front This unit is thick in cores 20GH04 (7 m thick), 20GH05 (8.5 m thick), and 19MJ-C01 (9 m thick) (Figs. 2 and 3 ), and is distributed between approximately − 5 to − 15 m from the current sea level in the study area (Fig. 4 ). Below this unit, it is associated with prodelta and shows gradual changes. In some locations (16ND-C05), it also shows changes with the tidal channel (Fig. 4 ). It mainly consists of dark gray sand and sandy silt rhythmic alternations with low-angle cross-bedding, mud clasts, mud drapes, plant fragments, and bioturbation. There is a clear coarsening upward trend from the bottom, with a tendency for the content of coarse-grained sediments to increase, including sand. This unit contains numerous scattered shell fragments, and shows wavy and lenticular bedding disrupted by bioturbation (Fig. 5 M). The mottled and burrow structures are interpreted as features deformed by bioturbation. The wavy and lenticular bedding is interpreted as indicating tidal influences (Reineck and Singh 1980 ). The gradual upward coarsening trend is a characteristic of decreasing water depth due to progradation of the deltaic body (Bhattacharya and Walker 1992 ). This unit differs from a tidal channel in that it contains a much higher content of clayey sediments and, unlike the tidal channel, shows an upward coarsening trend. 4.2. Age determination When considering error ranges, most OSL ages show stratigraphic order, though some cores exhibit age reversals or differ significantly from nearby radiocarbon dating results. These discrepancies between OSL and radiocarbon dates may stem from their different methodologies. The fine quartz grains dated using OSL might not have been reset after being reworked and transported before burial. Similarly, shells and organic materials used for radiocarbon dating could have been transported from their original locations. The inverted radiocarbon ages particularly suggest that shells were reworked from older deposits. To maintain consistency in depositional ages, we identified "stratigraphic inconsistencies" where dating results either showed differences beyond the error range between the two methods or displayed stratigraphic inversions. These inconsistencies were either underlined in Fig. 4 or excluded from the depositional ages in Fig. 6 —a crucial step for generating precise SLIPs. Age dates were determined by radiocarbon and OSL dating. In the newly obtained drilling cores, we obtained 15 OSL dates and 53 radiocarbon dates (Tables 3 and 4 ). We excluded stratigraphic inconsistent data based on the new dating results and previously published dates. The ratio of reworked samples is described for each drilling core and each environment. Based on the results of sedimentary interpretation, the sedimentary environments were divided into terrestrial, supratidal, intertidal, subtidal, and shallow marine environments. The terrestrial (fluvial channels, flood plains, natural levees), supratidal (saltmarsh), intertidal (tidal flats and tidal creeks), subtidal (tidal channels and delta fronts), shallow marine (central basin and prodelta) environments (Fig. 6 ). Table 3 OSL Dates in Core 19MJ-C01 of Nakdong River Valley. See Fig. 1 for the core location and Fig. 3 for the sampling depth. No. Depth in core (m) Water content (%) a Dose rate (Gy/ka) De (Gy) OSL age Alpha Beta Gamma Cosmic Total 1 4.7 28 ± 5 0.2 ± 0.1 1.9 ± 0.1 0.8 ± 0.0 0.1 ± 0.0 3.0 ± 0.2 1.9 ± 0.1 0.6 ± 0.0 2 8.5 32 ± 5 0.2 ± 0.1 2.0 ± 0.1 0.9 ± 0.1 0.1 ± 0.0 3.2 ± 0.2 3.2 ± 0.0 1.0 ± 0.1 3 14.5 36 ± 5 0.3 ± 0.2 2.0 ± 0.1 1.1 ± 0.1 0.0 ± 0.0 3.5 ± 0.2 6.0 ± 0.1 1.7 ± 0.1 4 16.4 35 ± 5 0.3 ± 0.2 1.9 ± 0.1 1.1 ± 0.1 0.0 ± 0.0 3.4 ± 0.2 11.4 ± 0.1 3.4 ± 0.2 5 18.5 37 ± 5 0.3 ± 0.2 1.9 ± 0.1 1.1 ± 0.1 0.0 ± 0.0 3.4 ± 0.2 17.3 ± 0.2 5.1 ± 0.3 6 20.8 40 ± 5 0.3 ± 0.2 1.9 ± 0.1 1.1 ± 0.1 0.0 ± 0.0 3.4 ± 0.2 18.9 ± 0.1 5.6 ± 0.4 7 23.2 46 ± 5 0.3 ± 0.2 1.8 ± 0.1 1.0 ± 0.1 0.0 ± 0.0 3.2 ± 0.2 18.3 ± 0.2 5.8 ± 0.4 8 25.6 50 ± 5 0.3 ± 0.2 1.8 ± 0.1 1.0 ± 0.1 0.0 ± 0.0 3.2 ± 0.2 18.9 ± 0.1 6.0 ± 0.4 9 28.0 50 ± 5 0.3 ± 0.1 1.6 ± 0.1 0.9 ± 0.0 0.0 ± 0.0 2.8 ± 0.2 19.2 ± 0.4 6.8 ± 0.4 10 30.4 50 ± 5 0.3 ± 0.1 1.5 ± 0.1 0.8 ± 0.0 0.0 ± 0.0 2.6 ± 0.2 19.8 ± 0.2 7.6 ± 0.5 11 38.5 39 ± 5 0.3 ± 0.2 1.9 ± 0.1 1.1 ± 0.1 0.0 ± 0.0 3.3 ± 0.2 35.8 ± 1.4 11.0 ± 0.8 12 41.5 43 ± 5 0.4 ± 0.2 1.9 ± 0.1 1.1 ± 0.1 0.0 ± 0.0 3.4 ± 0.2 36.1 ± 0.6 10.5 ± 0.7 13 44.5 35 ± 5 0.4 ± 0.2 2.0 ± 0.1 1.1 ± 0.1 0.0 ± 0.0 3.6 ± 0.2 38.2 ± 0.3 10.7 ± 0.7 14 47.5 37 ± 5 0.4 ± 0.2 1.9 ± 0.1 1.1 ± 0.1 0.0 ± 0.0 3.5 ± 0.2 38.6 ± 0.6 11.1 ± 0.8 15 50.5 26 ± 5 0.3 ± 0.2 1.9 ± 0.1 0.1 ± 0.1 0.0 ± 0.0 3.3 ± 0.2 45.1 ± 0.3 13.8 ± 0.9 a Water content is expressed as the weight of water divided by the weight of dry sediments. Table 4 Radiocarbon Dates in 19MJ-C01, 20GH02, 20GH03, 20GH04, and 20GH05 cores. See Fig. 1 for the core locations. Figures 2 and 3 for the sampling depth. No. Core Name Depth in core (m) Materials δ¹³C (‰) Conventional ¹⁴C age (yr BP) Calibrated age (cal yr BP) Lab. code 1 19MJ-01 6.3 Shell 2.4 ± 0.4 755 ± 32 695 ± 35 KGM-ICa200046 2 8.9 Plant -29.2 ± 1.1 1,904 ± 32 1,811 ± 81 KGM-IWd200207 3 16.5 Shell -1.4 ± 0.4 3,480 ± 36 3,763 ± 83 KGM-ICa200047 4 16.7 Shell 2.3 ± 1.4 3,773 ± 35 4,160 ± 86 KGM-ICa200048 5 18.4 Shell -1.6 ± 1.3 4,644 ± 38 5,310 ± 157 KGM-ICa200049 6 19.1 Shell -1.9 ± 0.9 4,949 ± 39 5,592 ± 154 KGM-ICa200050 7 19.5 Shell -4.2 ± 0.9 4,919 ± 39 5,588 ± 139 KGM-ICa200051 8 28.1 Shell -4.6 ± 1.1 6,217 ± 42 6,994 ± 183 KGM-ICa200052 9 31.4 Shell 0.6 ± 0.5 7,551 ± 43 8,305 ± 117 KGM-ICa200053 10 50.7 Plant -28.5 ± 0.9 10,000 ± 50 11,269 ± 384 KGM-Iwd200208 11 20GH02 6.1 Wood -28.7 ± 0.6 4,947 ± 32 5,666 ± 70 KGM-IWd200594 12 7.5 Wood -28.2 ± 1.7 5,258 ± 32 5,982 ± 51 KGM-IWd200595 13 8.3 Wood -28.8 ± 0.8 5,443 ± 33 6,248 ± 53 KGM-IWd200596 14 9.6 Wood -27.0 ± 0.7 5,961 ± 33 6,806 ± 85 KGM-IWd200597 15 11.9 Wood -22.8 ± 1.5 6,510 ± 34 7,363 ± 38 KGM-IWd200598 16 12.5 Wood -25.9 ± 1.1 6,905 ± 36 7,733 ± 65 KGM-IWd200599 17 20GH03 2.9 Wood -28.5 ± 1.6 1,588 ± 32 1,465 ± 67 KGM-IWd200541 18 3.6 Wood -27.3 ± 1.4 2,720 ± 34 2,816 ± 60 KGM-IWd200542 19 4.4 Wood -24.5 ± 0.9 4,348 ± 36 4,911 ± 68 KGM-IWd200543 20 17.2 Wood -27.0 ± 0.9 49,198 ± 704 50,554 KGM-IWd200544 21 18.6 Wood -28.4 ± 2.2 > 50,000 - KGM-IWd200545 22 19.2 Wood -30.6 ± 2.0 > 50,000 - KGM-IWd200546 23 33.2 Wood -27.9 ± 0.8 > 50,000 - KGM-IWd200547 24 34.9 Wood -30.1 ± 0.8 > 50,000 - KGM-IWd200548 25 20GH04 2.7 Wood -27.3 ± 0.7 1,311 ± 31 1,236 ± 60 KGM-IWd200549 26 5.8 Wood -23.9 ± 0.7 3,502 ± 35 3,783 ± 93 KGM-IWd200550 27 .7.2 Wood -34.8 ± 1.5 4,959 ± 51 5,674 ± 84 KGM-IWd200551 28 8.2 Wood -25.9 ± 1.1 5,349 ± 39 6,158 ± 57 KGM-IWd200552 29 10.8 Wood -18.1 ± 1.6 5,872 ± 44 6,677 ± 117 KGM-IWd200553 30 20.5 Wood -27.7 ± 1.2 8,389 ± 45 9,392 ± 102 KGM-IWd200554 31 22.4 Wood -31.3 ± 0.7 7,988 ± 47 8,848 ± 153 KGM-IWd200555 32 25.5 Wood -25.8 ± 1.1 8,402 ± 44 9,463 ± 66 KGM-IWd200556 33 31.5 Wood -28.3 ± 0.2 > 50,000 - KGM-IWd200557 34 32.1 Wood -29.0 ± 0.3 > 50,000 - KGM-IWd200558 35 34.2 Wood -28.1 ± 0.4 > 50,000 - KGM-IWd200559 36 20GH-05 1.6 Wood -29.4 ± 0.9 1,334 ± 34 1,241 ± 64 KGM-IWd200560 37 4.0 Wood -34.7 ± 0.9 618 ± 44 543 ± 119 KGM-IWd200562 38 4.9 Wood -31.2 ± 1.0 3,938 ± 38 4,246 ± 201 KGM-IWd200563 39 5.6 Wood − 27.2 ± 0.4 4,354 ± 38 4,845 ± 139 KGM-IWd200564 40 7.9 Wood -28.6 ± 0.4 5,287 ± 41 5,985 ± 206 KGM-IWd200565 41 9.2 Wood -31.7 ± 1.35 5,848 ± 50 6,531 ± 223 KGM-IWd200566 Table 4 (Continued) No. Core Name Depth in core (m) Materials δ¹³C (‰) Conventional ¹⁴C age (yr BP) Calibrated age (cal yr BP) Lab. code 42 20GH05 15.5 Wood -24.8 ± 0.8 7,016 ± 42 7,734 ± 206 KGM-IWd200567 43 19.5 Wood -29.2 ± 0.7 8,133 ± 47 8,991 ± 157 KGM-IWd200568 44 20.8 Wood -29.2 ± 0.2 8,063 ± 46 8,769 ± 269 KGM-IWd200569 45 22.6 Wood -26.8 ± 1.1 8,165 ± 51 9,004 ± 272 KGM-IWd200570 46 24.2 Wood -29.7 ± 1.2 8,175 ± 46 9,010 ± 266 KGM-IWd200571 47 28.5 Wood -29.0 ± 0.7 8,699 ± 51 9,541 ± 252 KGM-IWd200572 48 30.4 Wood -31.2 ± 0.9 8,240 ± 47 9,078 ± 247 KGM-IWd200573 49 32.9 Wood -30.6 ± 0.9 8,593 ± 48 9,487 ± 194 KGM-IWd200574 50 33.9 Wood -27.6 ± 0.9 8,613 ± 46 9,526 ± 164 KGM-IWd200575 51 34.5 Wood -28.3 ± 1.6 8,692 ± 47 9,540 ± 242 KGM-IWd200576 52 38.9 Wood -21.5 ± 0.9 8,819 ± 38 9,690 ± 274 KGM-IWd200577 53 39.7 Wood -22.6 ± 1.2 8,901 ± 57 9,773 ± 95 KGM-IWd200578 4.2.1. Radiocarbon age dating Of 191 radiocarbon dates obtained from the coastal plain of the NRV, 179 correspond to the post-LGM, and 12 are from the pre-Holocene. Of the radiocarbon dates corresponding to the post-LGM period, 6 samples have been confirmed to be modern. Of the 173 post-LGM samples, 27 (15%) indicate stratigraphic inconsistent data. For each core, there were no stratigraphic inconsistent data for 20GH02, 20GH03, and 19MJ-C01, while 1 of 7 samples (13%) was stratigraphic inconsistent for 20GH04. For 20GH05, 3 out of 15 samples (17%) were stratigraphic inconsistent. Among previously published cores, 7 of 15 samples (32%) were stratigraphic inconsistent for 16ND-C01, 2 of 15 (12%) for 16ND-C02, 3 of 13 (19%) for 16ND-C04, 4 of 14 (22%) for 16ND-C05, and 6 of 17 (26%) for ND-02. Of 18 samples from terrestrial environments, 2 (11%), 1 of 16 (6%) were from supratidal, 1 of 28 (4%) were from intertidal, 17 of 94 (18%) were from subtidal, and 5 of 17 (29%) were from shallow marine. In summary, a high proportion of samples were reworked in the drilling sites currently located around the river, and by environment, the supratidal and intertidal samples had relatively low proportions of stratigraphic inconsistent data, while there were high proportions of subtidal and shallow marine samples. Generally, stratigraphic inconsistent samples from terristrial, supratidal, and intertidal are relatively young, whereas reworked samples from subtidal and shallow marine often show older age measurements than their surroundings. 4.2.2. OSL age dating Of the 112 OSL dates obtained from the coastal plain of the NRV, 103 correspond to the period after the LGM, and 9 correspond to the pre-Holocene. Of the 103 post-LGM samples, 30 (29%) show younger or older dates than the surrounding radiocarbon dates. OSL dating was performed from drilling cores (19MJ-C01, 16ND-C02, 16ND-C03, 16ND-C05, ND-01, ND-02, ND-03, OW-01). For each core, All four OSL ages for 16ND-C03 and three for OW-01 were accepted. 16ND-C02 showed inconsistent results for 14 of 16 (88%), 16ND-C05 showed inconsistent results for 4 of 12 samples (33%). ND-01 had 4 of 24 (17%), ND-02 had 5 of 23 (22%), ND-03 had 1 of 6 (17%) stratigraphic inconsistent. For the newly acquired core 19MJ-C01, 2 of 15 (13%) samples were excluded. The numbers of stratigraphica inconsistent samples for each environment were 1 of 9 (11%) for terrestrial, 3 of 8 (37%) for supratidal, 5 of 8 (62%) for intertidal, 14 of 51 (27%) for subtidal, 7 of 27 (26%) for sallow marine environments. Generally, samples from subtidal and shallow marine environments often appear younger than surrounding radiocarbon dates, while terrestrial shows relatively older ages. Although the number was small, 5 of 8 intertidal samples were excluded. In this environment, OSL ages are older than the surrounding radiocarbon dates. These results suggest that the sediments did not receive sufficient bleaching during the movement process in the intertidal environment. The results of OSL dates should take into account the larger error compared to radiocarbon dates. 4.3. Age – depth plots Figure 6 shows a plot of all radiocarbon OSL ages corresponding to the post-LGM period obtained from the coastal plain of the NRV (276 in total, excluding 6 modern samples: 173 radiocarbon dates, 103 OSL dates). The age–depth plots are divided into five categories excluding reworked sediments: 24 terrestrial (16 radiocarbon dates, 8 OSL dates), 20 supratidal (15 radiocarbon dates, 5 OSL dates), 30 intertidal (27 radiocarbon dates, 3 OSL dates), 114 subtidal (77 radiocarbon dates, 37 OSL dates), and 32 shallow marine (16 radiocarbon dates, 8 OSL dates). The 24 terrestrial sediments in the age–depth plots do not indicate sea level positions, but they do represent the boundary of the terrestrial environment. These sediments include fluvial environments, such as fluvial channels, flood plains, natural levees, and other environments. Most are between − 32 and − 49.5 m, with ages of 9.5–9.8 ka fluvial channel. In 19MJ-C01, the age is 10.7–11.3 ka flood plain environments at depths between − 40.0 and − 47.1m. In cores located at the edge of the branches such as BH-01, 16ND-C03, 16ND-C05, the ages are 0.3–3.6 ka flood plain environments at depths between + 1.6 and − 3 m. All 20 positions of supratidal sediments are considered SLIPs. The supratidal environment is located between the MSL and the HHW, indicating the maximum sea level. These sediments contain abundant bioturbation traces, very small shell fragments, and traces of various types of organic material, including wood fragments. In cores from 16ND-C02, 19MJ-C01, ND-01, and ND-02, the ages range from 10.1 ka to 12.3 ka at depths of − 36.3 to − 54.8 m. In the core 16ND-C05 located at the northernmost of the valley, the ages range from 9.7–10.1 ka at depths of − 21.9 to − 23.7m. In the cores 16ND-C03 and 20GH03 located on the west side of the valley, the ages range from 1.5 ka to 7.5 ka at depths between − 2.7 and − 11.0 m. Like the supratidal sediments, all 29 positions of intertidal sediments are considered markers of SLIPs. The intertidal sediments represent an environment located between the MHW and the MLW, indicating the lowest sea level. These sediments show alternating sand and mud, including lenticular bedding, and fine shell fragments are observed. Some bioturbation can also be seen. In the cores from the west side of the NRV, shell-rich beds appear between the interlaminated sand and mud, and some include peat and wood fragments. These sedimentary features are interpreted as indicating sedimentation by relatively fast flows in the intertidal environment, i.g., small tidal creeks. These sediments appear at depths of − 34 to − 45 m with ages of 10.1–10.9 ka in the southward cores ND-01, ND-02, KND-03, 16ND-C01, 16ND-C02. In cores 16ND-C05, and 20GH04 near the current channel to the north, the ages are 9.3–9.5 ka at depths of − 24.3 to − 25.5 m. In the westward direction, they show ages of 1.2–8.9 ka at depths of − 1.7 to − 15.3 m. These observations were very similar to supratidal sediments. All 114 positions of subtidal sediments include tidal channels and delta fronts, and represent environments located between the MSL and the LLW. The sediments are mainly composed of sand in the highest energy environment among all environments, with significantly fewer traces of organic matter and bioturbation, and various degrees of shells, mud balls, parallel lamination, and cross lamination. These sediments appear continuously according to the cores from − 40 to − 3.3 m, with ages varying from 0.5–10.1 ka. All 32 positions of shallow marine sediments indicate the deepest water environment, and the depth from the sea surface cannot be determined. Therefore, it is interpreted as a shallow marine environment. These sediments are characterized by homogeneous mud with almost imperceptible changes in grain size and no stratification. They have been severely bioturbated, and the presence of some shells indicates a marine environment. These sediments appear only at restricted depths of − 18.2 to − 32.5 m with ages of 4.8–8.8 ka. These sediments mainly appear in cores from the center of the NRV toward the south. 4.4. Indicative meaning of paleo-RSL The SLIPs of this study are presented in Table 5 . Only those with clear sea-level indicative meanings, such as salt marshes and tidal flats, were selected as SLIP points. Salt marshes and tidal flats form within the range between mean spring high water (MSHW) and mean high water (MHW) (Wang et al. 2013 ). Based on changes in Holocene depositional environments, salt marsh and tidal flat facies can be used as proxies for paleosea level (Chang et al., 1996 ; Wang et al., 2013 ; Song et al., 2013 ; Yang et al., 2022 , 2023 ), and tide gauge parameters located in the study area can be used for data calibration (Table 1 ). Through these dynamics, paleosea level can be estimated using the method described in section 3.4 . Although biological evidence indicating depositional environments is lacking, tidal flats and salt marshes identified by the relative position of facies based on the facies model and lithological features were used to identify sea-level proxies. Table 5 Details of the 49 SLIPs of Supratidal and Intertidal Sediments in Nakdong River Velley. Core Name Depth in core (m) Elevation (m) Material (Species) Conventional ¹⁴C age (yr BP) Calibrated age (cal yr BP) OSL age (Ka) Lab. code Reference Environment Paleo-MSL (m) 16ND-C01 35.6 -34.3 Wood 8780 ± 40 10,095 ± 25 KGMIWd180668 Kim et al. 2021 Tidalflat b -34.3 ± 0.4 38.6 -37.3 Shell 9520 ± 50 10,870 ± 220 KGMICa180098 Tidalflat b -37.3 ± 0.4 16ND-C02 37.3 -36.3 Wood 9,008 ± 58 10,090 ± 180 ESCh170432 Salt marsh a -36.7 ± 0.1 39.7 -38.7 Shell 9,741 ± 43 11,080 ± 170 ESCh170444 Salt marsh a -39.1 ± 0.1 42.4 -41.4 Wood 9,603 ± 41 10,960 ± 200 ESCh170427 Salt marsh a -41.8 ± 0.4 40.0 -39.0 10.9 ± 0.7 tidalflat b -39.0 ± 0.4 16ND-C03 9.7 -9.1 Shell 6.9 ± 0.0 Hong et al. 2024 Salt marsh a -9.5 ± 0.1 11.0 -10.3 Shell 7.5 ± 0.0 Salt marsh a -10.7 ± 0.1 13.9 -13.3 Shell 8.2 ± 0.0 tidalflat b -13.3 ± 0.4 5.6 -5.0 5.2 ± 0.3 Salt marsh a -5.4 ± 0.1 8.8 -8.2 5.8 ± 0.4 Salt marsh a -8.6 ± 0.1 11.6 -11.0 7.0 ± 0.4 Salt marsh a -11.4 ± 0.1 16ND-C05 28.4 -24.3 Wood 8,290 ± 40 9,280 ± 150 KGMIWd180367 Kim et al. 2021 Tidalflat b -24.3 ± 0.4 29.4 -25.3 Wood 8,450 ± 40 9,470 ± 50 KGMIWd180368 Tidalflat b -25.3 ± 0.4 30.4 -26.3 Wood 8,760 ± 40 9,750 ± 160 KGMIWd180369 Salt marsh a -26.7 ± 0.1 30.5 -26.4 Wood 8,790 ± 40 9,785 ± 165 KGMIWd180370 Salt marsh a -26.8 ± 0.1 31.3 -27.2 Wood 8,870 ± 40 9,980 ± 200 KGMIWd180372 Salt marsh a -27.6 ± 0.1 31.4 -27.3 Wood 8,750 ± 40 9,735 ± 175 KGMIWd180373 Salt marsh a -27.7 ± 0.1 31.7 -27.6 Wood 8,780 ± 40 9,765 ± 165 KGMIWd180374 Salt marsh a -28.0 ± 0.1 31.9 -27.8 Wood 9,020 ± 40 10,205 ± 55 KGMIWd180375 Salt marsh a -28.2 ± 0.1 ND-01 44.0 -39.4 Wood 9,250 ± 50 10,381 ± 133 KGM-ICa120153 Tidalflat b -39.4 ± 0.4 49.6 -45.0 Wood 9,640 ± 40 10,992 ± 203 KGM-ICa120154 Salt marsh a -45.4 ± 0.1 45.4 -40.8 10.2 ± 0.6 Tidalflat b -40.8 ± 0.4 49.5 -44.9 10.4 ± 0.7 Salt marsh a -45.3 ± 0.1 ND-02 45.5 -45.5 Wood 9,500 ± 50 11,010 ± 80 KGM-ITg140025 Tidalflat b -45.5 ± 0.4 54.1 -54.1 Wood 10,400 ± 60 12,240 ± 200 KGM-ITg140026 Salt marsh a -54.5 ± 0.1 54.8 -54.8 Wood 10,330 ± 60 12,185 ± 235 KGM-ITg140027 Salt marsh a -55.2 ± 0.1 45.7 -45.7 10.7 ± 0.7 Tidalflat b -45.7 ± 0.4 KND-03 34.4 -34.4 Benthic foraminifera 9,180 ± 30 10,153 ± 121 Beta-468297 Jeong et al. 2022 Tidalflat b -34.5 ± 0.4 SB-14 4.0 -2.9 Crassostrea gigas 4,054 ± 35 4,522 ± 102 NZA 21669 Ryu et al. 2005 Tidalflat b -2.9 ± 0.4 8.8 -7.7 Saxidomus purpuratus 6,163 ± 40 7,055 ± 111 NZA 21670 Tidalflat b -7.7 ± 0.4 12.0 -11.0 Saxidomus purpuratus 6,475 ± 35 7,371 ± 60 NZA 21671 Tidalflat b -11.0 ± 0.4 16.1 -15.1 Macoma incongrua 7,991 ± 35 8,859 ± 142 NZA 20416 Tidalflat b -15.1 ± 0.4 19MJ-C01 41.5 -40.3 10.5 ± 0.7 This study Salt marsh a -40.7 ± 0.1 20GH02 6.1 -6.1 Wood 4,947 ± 32 5,666 ± 70 KGM-IWd200594 Tidalflat b -6.1 ± 0.4 7.5 -7.5 Wood 5,258 ± 32 5,982 ± 51 KGM-IWd200595 Tidalflat b -7.5 ± 0.4 8.3 -8.2 Wood 5,443 ± 33 6,248 ± 53 KGM-IWd200596 Tidalflat b -8.2 ± 0.4 9.6 -9.6 Wood 5,961 ± 33 6,806 ± 85 KGM-IWd200597 Tidalflat b -9.6 ± 0.4 11.9 -11.9 Wood 6,510 ± 34 7,363 ± 38 KGM-IWd200598 Tidalflat b -11.9 ± 0.4 Table 5 (Continued) Core Name Depth in core (m) Elevation (m) Material (Species) Conventional ¹⁴C age (yr BP) Calibrated age (cal yr BP) OSL age (Ka) Lab. code Reference Environment Paleo-MSL (m) 20GH02 12.5 -12.5 Wood 6,905 ± 36 7,733 ± 65 KGM-IWd200599 This study Tidalflat b -12.5 ± 0.4 20GH03 3.6 -3.4 Wood 1,588 ± 32 1,466 ± 68 KGM-IWd200541 Tidalflat b -3.4 ± 0.4 4.4 -4.2 Wood 2,720 ± 34 2,817 ± 61 KGM-IWd200542 Tidalflat b -4.2 ± 0.4 2.9 -2.7 Wood 4,348 ± 36 4,912 ± 69 KGM-IWd200543 Salt marsh a -3.1 ± 0.1 20GH04 2.7 -1.7 Wood 1,311 ± 31 1,236 ± 60 KGM-IWd200549 Tidalflat b -1.7 ± 0.4 5.8 -5.8 Wood 3,502 ± 35 3,783 ± 93 KGM-IWd200550 Tidalflat b -5.8 ± 0.4 25.5 -25.5 Wood 8,402 ± 44 9,463 ± 66 KGM-IWd200556 Tidalflat b -25.5 ± 0.4 20GH05 4.9 -4.1 Wood 3,938 ± 38 4,246 ± 201 KGM-IWd200563 Tidalflat b -4.1 ± 0.4 5.6 -4.8 Wood 4,354 ± 38 4,845 ± 139 KGM-IWd200564 Tidalflat b -4.8 ± 0.4 7.9 -7.1 Wood 5,287 ± 41 5,985 ± 206 KGM-IWd200565 Tidalflat b -7.1 ± 0.4 a Salt marsh, elevation-(MHW+(MSHW-MHW)/2) ± (MSHW-MHW)/2; b Tidalflat, elevation ± (MHW-MLW)/2 Data availability No, I do not have any research data outside the submitted manuscript file. The tidal flat consists mainly of mud layers with very low sand content, and tidal creek facies containing shell fragments, peat, and sand appear in 20GH02 ~ 20GH05 (Fig. 5 ). The tidal flat is 8m thick in 20GH02 and 13.5m thick in 20GH03, with both cores showing fining-upward trends. It consists of gray clay characterized by bivalve shells, very fine sand-mud laminae, and bioturbation. The laminae are less than 0.5cm thick showing parallel and lenticular bedding, and the clay layers exhibit 0.2-0.3cm long burrows and tidally influenced sand-mud alternating lamination (Reineck and Singh 1980 ). Some intervals show shell fragments and sand-mud alternating laminae (Fig. 5 K), and the coarsening-upward trend containing wood fragments, peat, and shells indicates a tidal channel environment. The coarsening-upward sequence from mud to sand indicates flood deposits (Pizzuto et al. 2008 ), while the overall sedimentary structures and trace fossils indicate a tidal flat environment (Archer et al. 1995 ). Salt marsh is 5m thick in core 20GH02 and shows a distinct boundary with late Pleistocene deposits, river channels, and floodplains. This deposit consists of dark gray clay layers mixed with burrows and plant roots, and in some sections, very fine sand-silt laminations formed by flooding can be observed. Organic layers, plant roots, and shell fragments are abundant, and bioturbated nodules are observed in the lower part of 19MJ-C01 (41.5m). The presence of plant roots, bioturbation traces, and shell fragments indicates that this sediment was deposited in a salt marsh environment influenced by both freshwater and marine conditions. Since salt marsh sediments are deposited on plains higher than the intertidal (Eisma et al. 1998 ), they were used as sea level indicators. 4.4. RSL curve of the Nakdong River Valley The RSL curve was reconstructed by integrating previously published core data and new core data from 5 cores based on supratidal and intertidal deposits (Fig. 7 ). In total, 49 SLIPs were extracted for the RSL curve consisting of 41 radiocarbon dates and 8 OSL dates. The median ages of radiocarbon and OSL dates from the same depth in the core show a difference of about 0.2–0.6 ka. OSL dates have a larger error range than radiocarbon dates, and in this study, OSL dates with a median value of about 10 ka show an error of 0.7 ka. OSL dating can be effective to allow reconstruction of depositional age for reconstructing sedimentary environments. However, in tasks requiring high-resolution dating such as sea level curve reconstruction, errors may occur due to the large error range. Therefore, in the composition of the RSL curve for this study, OSL dates were used only for reference, and the curve was primarily based on radiocarbon dates. The mean spring tidal range in the study area is 1.2 m. SLIPs obtained from supratidal and intertidal deposits were adjusted for elevation and error based on their relationship to sea level (Table 5 ). The sea level is estimated to have been slightly lower than the supratidal marshes. This RSL curve indicates that the sea level rose at an average rate of 10.4 mm/yr during the 13.0–8.2 ka. During this period, increased rapidly from − 55 m to − 13.3 m, including several stepwise stages. During the period 8.2–4.5 ka, the rate slowed to an average of 2.8 mm/yr, positioning the sea level about − 3 m below the current level. Subsequently, around 3.0 ka, the sea level dropped by 1.5 m to − 4.5 m. Since 3 ka, the sea level has gradually risen to the present level. 5. Discussion 5.1. Depositional systems in the Nakdong River Valley The sedimentary units and age dates of cores across the N–S and W–E sections of the NRV are closely correlated, indicating the Holocene evolution of the paleo-NRV (Fig. 4 ). Age dates between 20 and 13.8 ka from cores retrieved from the NRV are limited. Therefore, the data discussed here were confined to the last 13 ka. The 20GH series and the 19MJ-C01 core contain seven sedimentary units. These units can be classified into three depositional systems based on their associations: fluvial, estuary, and delta systems, in ascending order. These systems show the accumulation of incised-valley fill deposits unconformably overlying the upper Pleistocene deposits (cf. Yoo et al. 2020 ; Choi et al. 2024 ; Hong et al. 2024 ) (Fig. 4 ). This fill consists of (in ascending order) fluvial channel, floodplain and natural levee, tidal channel, salt marsh, tidal flat, central basin/prodelta, delta front, and delta plain. The central basin is a term indicating a subenvironment in the wave-dominated estuary facies model, and it may also be expressed as a transgressive bay when it appears in tide-dominated or mixed-energy environments (e.g., Anthony et al. 2002 ; Tanabe et al. 2015 ). The fluvial channel, floodplain and natural levee, tidal channel, salt marsh, tidal flat, and central basin are transgressive deposits from 13.0–7.0 ka, with isochrons showing an onlapping stacking pattern. The prodelta, delta front, and delta plain are regressive deposits from 7.0–0 ka, with isochrons showing an offlapping stacking pattern (Fig. 4 ). The uppermost depositional unit has been interpreted as a delta plain in previous studies (Shin 2016 ; Yoo et al. 2020 ; Kim et al. 2021b ; Jeong et al. 2021 ), but Hong et al. ( 2024 ) proposed that it was composed of tidal channels, tidal bars, subtidal and tidal flats. We have subdivided it into tidal channels, salt marshes, tidal flat, fluvial channels, floodplains, and natural levees for extraction of sea-level indicators. The base of the fluvial channel is a sequence boundary (SB), that between the oxidized gravelly fluvial deposits and the overlying sandy fluvial channel is a transgressive surface (TS), the boundary between fluvial channels or floodplains and salt marshes or tidal flat is an initial flooding surface (IFS), and that between the central basin and prodelta is a maximum flooding surface (MFS; 8 ka) (Fig. 4 ). After about 3 ka, a fluvial erosion surface (FES; 3 ka) was widely formed across the study area (Fig. 4 ). The accumulation pattern shows a transgressive stratigraphic trend indicating upward fining, upward deepening environmental changes from fluvial channels to central basin, transitioning to a regressive stratigraphic trend showing upward coarsening, upward shallowing changes from prodelta to delta plain subenvironments. In the study area, the central basin and prodelta units below and above the MFS are distinguished by mud content. Below the MFS, a upward fining sequence is observed, while above the MFS, a upward coarsening is seen. Generally, the finest-grained horizon is used as a criterion for identifying the MFS (Posamentier et al. 1988 ; van Wagoner et al. 1988 ; Catuneanu 2006 ). After about 8–7 ka, the sediment accumulation rate slowed, and in relation to progradation of the delta front, a massive silty mud layer was formed above the MFS with active bioturbation and sometimes including discontinuous laminations of a few millimeters. In the W–E section, especially in the western basin of the NRV, interpretation is very limited due to the lack of drill cores. This study provides an interpretation of four drill cores in the W-E section (Figs. 2 and 5 ). The shape of the pre-LGM topography in the W-E section suggests that deep river erosion occurred in the N–S section, while the western basin was left with a relatively high topography. In addition, the incised valley shows an asymmetric shape with a steep slope in the eastern part (Yoo et al. 2020 ). The modern Nakdong River is almost straight, and river inflow from the west is very limited (Fig. 1 ). The incised valley was flooded in response to an increase in sea level after the LGM, and the environment transitioned from fluvial to estuarine. The 20GH05 core near the present Nakdong River shows a transition from fluvial channel to tidal channel deposits. The 20GH01, 20GH03, and 20GH04 cores, less associated with the fluvial environment, show continuous changes from salt marsh to intertidal, reflecting the initial flooding of the estuary. This system is interpreted as a retrogradationally deposited estuarine system (Boyd et al. 1992 ). Sedimentation rates accumulated very rapidly until about 10–8 ka. From about 8 ka, with the decrease in the rate of sea level rise, delta progradation began from the bay head in the north. During this period, tidal flats developed in the western plain, but the delta began progradational deposition from the bay head to the bay mouth. The delta front unit that started from the north prograded from about 8 ka to 3 ka. The sedimentary facies of this unit are characterized by heterogenic facies of sand and mud, low levels of bioturbation, and abundant shells. In contrast, the western basin during the same period includes mud-dominated facies with discontinuous laminations, highly bioturbation, and low shell fragment contents. These observations indicate sedimentation processes related to suspended and settling sedimentation in a relatively low-energy environment rather than deltaic growth due to abundant sediment supply from rivers (Dalrymple and Choi 2007 ; Tanabe et al. 2015 ; Hong et al. 2024 ). In addition, the differences in depositional environments at the same time depending on location are interpreted as a result of insufficient sediment supply compared to accommodation space (Boyd et al. 1992 ). The western basin, corresponding to the edge of the NRV, shows parallel isochrons after 8 ka. Tidal flat and salt marsh deposits in this area produced abundant SLIPs after 8 ka. The overall depositional environment shallows from the system boundary to the surface. The continuity of upward deepening and upward shallowing stratigraphic evolution is interpreted as the maximum flooding surface. Several previous studies on stratigraphic evolution during the later Quaternary within the NRV yielded similar results. The infilling of the NRV was shown to consist of fluvial deposits during the lowstand, estuarine deposits during transgression, and delta and bay mouth shoreface deposits during the highstand (Ryu et al. 2005 , 2011 ; Yoo et al. 2014 , 2020 ; Shin 2016 ; Cho et al. 2017 ; Jeong et al. 2018 , 2021 ; Khim et al. 2019 ; Kim et al. 2021b ; Choi et al. 2024 ; Hong et al. 2024 ). Many previous studies define the modern environment as a typical open ocean delta. Hong et al. ( 2024 ) interpreted it as a bay head delta based on the spatial distribution of subenvironments, characteristics of sedimentary facies and sequences, and relatively thin delta front. Many other previous studies interpreted it as an open ocean delta because they are composed of subenvironments classified as prodelta, delta front, and delta plain, and their sequences show an upward coarsening trend. Bayhead deltas are observed in various modern settings but are generally subenvironments of wave-dominated estuaries and fill the accommodation space by prograding toward the bay mouth from their upper part (Allen and Posamentier 1993 ; Dalrymple and Zaitlin 1994 ). As bay head deltas include prodelta, tidal flats, delta front, tidal bar, distributary channel and delta plain, showing a composition similar to the subenvironments of open ocean deltas, they are very difficult to distinguish them in successions (Reineck and Singh 1980 ; Dalrymple and Zaitlin 1994 ; Simms et al. 2018 ). In most bayhead deltas, a biased balance toward large accommodation space results in partial filling of the bay head delta within the upper estuary (Sloss et al., 2006 ). On the other hand, when accommodation space is almost equivalent to sediment input, estuaries can be completely filled within limited systems. In Holocene and modern systems, if sediment flux is high compared to the accommodation capacity of the estuary, it can completely fill the open ocean or open bay part of the estuary, transforming wave-dominated estuaries into tide-dominated estuaries or open ocean deltas (Roy et al. 1980 ; Anthony et al. 2002 ; Harris and Heap 2003 ). Compared to open ocean deltas, bay head deltas have low-gradient and thin clinoforms (less than 10 m) because fluvial sediment input is limited and sometimes strong tidal processes disperse fluvial sediments into the central basin (Aschoff et al. 2018 ; Simms et al. 2018 ). In contrast, open ocean deltas have delta fronts of more than 20 m (e.g., Hori et al. 2002 ; Tanabe et al. 2003 ). Wang et al. ( 2020 ) distinguished non-bay deltas as a comparable concept to bay head deltas filling incised valleys. According to this study, sediment supply and the scale of accommodation space greatly influence their thickness. When sediment supply is insufficient compared to the scale of accommodation space, the underfilling of the incised valley results in the formation of a bay head delta and a thin HST unit. Conversely, when sediment supply is dominant, overfilling of the incised valley results in a non-bay delta and a thick HST unit. Therefore, the modern Nakdong River Valley is a full-filled bay head delta that grew from the bay head to the bay mouth during the HST, filling the incised valley completely, but with limited growth into the marine due to the balance between sediment supply and accommodation space. 5.2. Age of delta initiation The age of delta initiation in the study area has been discussed in previous studies. The timing of delta progradation was proposed to be between 5–7 ka according to different groups. Ryu et al. ( 2005 ) suggested that the sea level rose rapidly until about 8 ka, forming an inner continental shelf environment, and proposed that delta progradation began around 5 ka as the rate of sea level rise decreased. Many reports have proposed that it occurred after 6ka (e.g., Shin 2016 ; Cho et al. 2017 ; Ham et al. 2018 ; Jeong et al. 2021 ; Kim et al. 2021b ), while many others have proposed 7ka (e.g., Ryu et al. 2011 ; Khim et al. 2019 ; Yoo et al. 2020 ; Hong et al. 2024 ). Estuaries and deltas represent progradational and retrogradational depositional systems, respectively, and the change from progradation to retrogradation is determined by the balance between changes in RSL and sediment discharge. The global decrease in the rate of rise in sea level during the mid-Holocene transformed the estuaries of rivers with large sediment influx into deltas (Stanley and Warne 1994 ; Hori and Saito 2007 ). The MFS is the stratigraphic boundary that separates progradational and retrogradational depositional systems, and its age coincides with the beginning of delta formation. In the present study, the timing of the MFS in the NRV appears to be 8 ka (Fig. 4 ). It appears to be 8 ka in the northern bay head and western basin, and gradually approaches 7 ka toward the bay mouth. Studies in large river basins in Asia that discharge large amounts of sediment, such as the Yangtze River (Hori et al. 2002 ; Song et al. 2013 ), Red River (Tanabe et al. 2006 ), and Mekong River (Tamura et al. 2009 ; Ta et al. 2021 ), have shown that the age of the MFS, which is considered the beginning of delta formation, was about 8 ka, and bay head deltas in Japan also show similar timing (e.g., Tanabe et al. 2022 ). This suggests that the timing of delta initiation was critically influenced by the global decrease in rate of rise in sea level. Research in Tokyo Bay (Tanabe et al. 2023 ) has explained the relationship between sediment discharge and delta initiation. In that bay, the Tone River flowing from the northern region joins the bay through the Arakawa Lowland in the west and the Nakagawa Lowland in the east. The influx of the Tone River moved from the Arakawa Lowland to the Nakagawa Lowland around 5 ka, and while the Arakawa Lowland, which had abundant sediment supply, showed an MFS age of 8 ka, that in the Nakagawa Lowland was 7 ka. Yeongil Bay is located approximately 50–60 km northeast of the Nakdong River lowland, and according to recent research, the sedimentary system evolved in a wave-dominated setting the Holocene sea-level rise (Yoon et al. 2023 ). According to this study, although the Hyeongsan River flowing into Yeongil Bay has much less sediment supply compared to the Nakdong River, the timing of delta progradation was found to be 7.8 ka. This suggests that not only the absolute amount of sediment supply but also the relative supply amount compared to accommodation space size may be an important factor.. The differences in timing of delta initiation in previous studies may have been due to methodological differences in physical, chemical, and biological proxies used or to limited dating results. A small sediment supply relative to the size of the accommodation space can hinder delta initiation, causing the timing of the MFS to vary depending on location. The difference in MFS between the bay head and bay mouth in this study may have been due to insufficient sediment supply. Recent advances in dating techniques have allowed discussion of Holocene evolution on a millennial scale. More precise intervals and smaller error ranges in dating results for deposits will help resolve this issue (Kim et al. 2021b ). In addition, it is necessary to address this issue by cross-checking the various proxies used in the analyses. 5.3. Changes in RSL in the Nakdong River Valley during the Holocene Choi et al. ( 2024 ) and Hong et al. ( 2024 ) have presented RSL curves for the study area. The former used the Korea Strait deposits corresponding to the continental shelf and coastal plain of the published cores, whereas the latter focused on interpretation of the coastal plain and explained sedimentary succession along with a conceptual sea level curve. In our study, we present a more precise RSL curve based on extracted sea level indicators. Previous studies have indicated that rapid rise in sea level occurred during the early Holocene, reaching about 10 mm/yr during this period (Kim et al. 2021b ; Hong et al. 2024 ; Choi et al. 2024 ). The rise in ESL from YD to 8.2 ka was reported to be about 14 mm/yr (Lambeck et al. 2014 ). Our results showed that the RSL rise from 12.2 ka to 8.2 ka was about 12 mm/yr. During this period, there were about three instances of rapid rise of RSL exceeding the average rise of RSL rate (Fig. 7 ). A stepwise rise of RSL during the early Holocene was observed in various regions of world (e.g., Liu et al. 2004 ; Bird et al. 2007 ; Törnqvist and Hijma 2012 ; Wang et al. 2013 ; Tjallingii et al. 2014 ; Song et al. 2018 ; Hijma and Cohen 2019 ; Tanabe et al. 2020). Whether this is related to global sea level rise is an important point to consider, and rapid rise in sea level in sections that are not related to global increases can be recognized as changes due to special local conditions. As mentioned above, three instances of rapid rise in RSL are recognized as having occurred during the early Holocene in the study area: 11.5–11.0 ka, 18 mm/yr; 9.9–10.2 ka, 24 mm/yr; 8.8–9.2 ka, 21 mm/yr. The increased known as MWP 1B from 12–11 ka occurred rapidly from − 58 m to − 44 m in Barbados and from − 65 m to − 56 m in Tahiti (Fairbanks 1989 ; Bard et al. 1996 ). This phenomenon was also recognized in the Echigo Plain in western Japan, rising from − 65 m to − 53 m during the same period (Tanabe et al. 2009 ). In the present study area, the sea level rose rapidly from − 48 m to − 39 m of 17 mm/yr for about 500 years from 11.5 to 11.0 ka. MWP 1B is known to have been somewhat smaller than the rate of increase in sea level during MWP 1A (Fairbanks 1989 , 1990 ; Bard et al. 1990 ; Hanebuth et al. 2000 ). Increases during this period have also been detected recently in East Asia (Liu et al. 2004 ; Tanabe et al. 2009 , 2020; Abdul et al. 2016 ; Miller et al. 2020 ), and is recognized to have occurred globally. MWP 1C lasted from 10 to 9 ka, showing a vertical displacement of 20 m and 25 mm/yr in the Yellow Sea (Liu et al. 2004 ). In Tokyo Bay, an increase of 20–50 mm/yr was observed during the period 9.2–9.1 ka (Tanabe et al. 2020). In the Mekong Delta, an increase of 18 m, 22.5 mm/yr was observed during the period 9.0–8.2 ka (Tjallingii et al. 2014 ). These observations show slight differences in timing and include estimates over a wide range. In the present study area, sea level rose rapidly from − 24 m to − 15m at 21 mm/yr from 9.2 to 8.8 ka. The timing is similar to the increase in the Mekong Delta but the degree of change is much larger. It is considered to have been a local event because it was not confirmed globally. Tanabe et al. (2020) did not consider the increases in sea level during MWP 1C and 1D periods as eustatic events because the dating error was wider than the interval of difference in sea level rise. Further research is needed to determine whether the sea level rise during this period corresponds to a eustatic event. Stanley and Warne ( 1994 ) proposed an event at 8.2 ka by compiling the start times of deltas worldwide, and Lambeck et al. ( 2014 ), who compiled global changes in sea level, also reported that the rate of ESL rise decreased from 14 mm/yr to 7 mm/yr at 8.2 ka. Decreases in the rate of sea level rise around 8.2 ka have also been reported in the Malay Peninsula (Bird et al. 2007 ) and the Gulf of Mexico (Anderson et al. 2016 ). This phenomenon may be related to the decrease rate in sea level rise at the end of the event prior to 8.2 ka. Kendall et al. ( 2008 ) simulated a vertical displacement of 0.3–0.4 m in East Asia before the event at 8.2 ka, based on the assumption that meltwater drainage was confined to the Laurentide Ice Sheet. Studies since then have predicted the magnitude of global sea level rise between 8.5 and 8.2 ka to be 1.5–3.0 m (Törnqvist and Hijma 2012 ; Carlson and Clark 2012 ; Hijma and Cohen 2019 ). The 8.2 ka cooling event was also recognized on the west coast of the Korean Peninsula (Park et al. 2018 , 2019 ). The impact of this cooling event on sea level was observed along the west coast of the Korean Peninsula (Song et al. 2018 ; Yang et al. 2022 ). In this study, the rate of sea level rise decreased sharply to 2.6 mm/yr after 8.2 ka. Unstable fluctuation in sea level occurred after the relatively low rate of sea level of 8.2–4.5 ka, which was estimated to have been due to changes in sediment supply. Changes in sediment supply are estimated to be due to colder and drier climate conditions caused by millennial-scale changes in the East Asian monsoon. A local-scale cold period of 4.2 ka was proposed by estimating changes in sea surface temperature based on marine cores of the Yellow Sea (Bae et al. 2020 , 2022 ). In addition, oxygen isotope records during the period 4.2 ka in coastal areas of East Asia have revealed that it was accompanied by regional-scale dry climate conditions (Park et al. 2018 ). Less is known about the event at 4.2 ka compared to the event at 8.2 ka. In particular, clear evidence for this event around the Korean Peninsula is lacking, and further research is therefore required. 6. Conclusion We reconstructed sea level records from the last interglacial period based on existing published data and sedimentary facies, radiocarbon ages, and OSL ages from five new cores obtained from the coastal plain of the NRV. The depositional ages corresponding to the Holocene range from approximately 13 ka to 1 ka. During the last interglacial period, supratidal and intertidal sediments accumulated at the study site as sea level rose. As the current tidal range in this area is low at 1.2 m, the age–depth results of supratidal and intertidal sediments were used as indicators of sea level fluctuations. We extracted 49 SLIPs from 303 age data (191 radiocarbon dates, 112 OSL dates) produced from 12 cores, including previously published cores, and corrected for tidal range. Subsidence rates were not considered. The results divided the sea level record of the last interglacial into four segments. The RSL curve showed that sea level rose at an average rate of 12 mm/yr between 12.2 ka and 8.2 ka. During this period, increased rapidly from − 55 m to − 15 m, showing several stages of stepwise increase. Between 8.2 ka and 4.5 ka, the rate of increase slowed to an average of 2.8 mm/yr, with the level reaching about − 3 m below the present level. Around 3 ka, it dropped by 1.5 m to − 4.5 m. Since 3 ka, sea level has gradually risen to its current level. The rapid increases in sea level in the early Holocene, showing at least three stepwise increases, is comparable to global increases and may be associated with MWP 1B and 1C. Despite the lack of studies of changes in RSL around the Korean Peninsula, these observations suggest that such stepwise increases in sea level can be identified in the study area. Declarations Data availability No, I do not have any research data outside the submitted manuscript file. Competing interests No, I declare that the authors have no competing interests as defined by Springer, or other interests that might be perceived to influence the results and/or discussion reported in this paper. Funding This research was supported by the Basic Research Project (25-3111-3) of the Korea Institute of Geoscience and Mineral Resources (KIGAM) funded by the Ministry of Science and ICT of Korea and a part of the projects entitled ‘Study on characterizations of submarine faults in the southwestern, Korea (RS-2023-00255130, 24-9851) of the Ministry of Ocean and Fisheries (MOF). Author Contribution Yoon HH: Conceptualization, methodology, core description, writing, revising and editingHan M: Conceptualization, core description, review and editingYang DY: Conceptualization, methodologyLee JY: core descriptionJun CP: sea level curve fittingPark S: radiocarbon age curationLim J: SupervisionYoo DG: Metholodogy, supervisionAll authors contributed to the article and approved the version submitted for publication. References Allen GP, Posamentier HW (1993) Sequence stratigraphy and facies model of an incised valley fill: the Gironde Estuary, France. J Sediment Petrol 63:378–391. https://doi.org/10.1306/D4267B09-2B26-11D7-8648000102C1865D Amorosi A, Bruno L, Caldara M, Campo B, Cau S, De Santis V, Di Martino A, Hong W, Lucci G, Pellegrini C, Rossi V, Sammartino I, Vaiani SC (2023) Late Quaternary sedimentary record of estuarine incised-valley filling and interfluve flooding: The Manfredonia paleovalley system (southern Italy). 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Nature. https://doi.org/10.1038/d41586-021-02150-0 Törnqvist TE, Hijma MP (2012) Links between early Holocene ice-sheet decay, sea-level rise and abrupt climate change. Nat Geosci 5(9):601–606. https://doi.org/10.1038/ngeo1536 Van Wagoner JC, Posamentier HW, Mitchum RM, Vail PR, Sarg JF, Loutit TS, Hardenbol J (1988) An overview of the fundamentals of sequence stratigraphy and key definitions Wang R, Colombera L, Mountney NP (2020) Quantitative analysis of the stratigraphic architecture of incised-valley fills: a global comparison of Quaternary systems. Earth Sci Rev 200:102988. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.earscirev.2019.102988 Wang Z, Zhan Q, Long H, Saito Y, Gao X, Wu X, Li L, Zhao Y (2013) Early to mid-Holocene rapid sea‐level rise and coastal response on the southern Yangtze delta plain, China. J Quat Sci 28(7):659–672. https://doi.org/10.1002/jqs.2662 Williams JR, Dellapenna TM, Lee GH (2013) Shifts in depositional environments as a natural response to anthropogenic alterations: Nakdong Estuary, South Korea. Mar Geol 343:47–61. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.margeo.2013.05.010 Yang DY, Han M, Yoon HH, Cho A, Kim JC, Choi E, Kashima K (2022) Early Holocene relative sea-level changes on the central east coast of the Yellow Sea. Palaeogeogr Palaeoclimatol Palaeoecol 603:111185. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.palaeo.2022.111185 Yang DY, Han M, Yoon HH, Kim JC, Choi E, Shin WJ, Kim J-Y, Jung A, Park C, Jun CP (2023) Holocene relative sea-level changes on the southern east coast of the Yellow Sea. Palaeogeogr Palaeoclimatol Palaeoecol 629:111779. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.palaeo.2023.111779 Yoo DG, Hong SH, Lee GS, Kim JC, Yoon HH, Cheong D (2020) Stratigraphic evolution of the Nakdong River valley in response to late Quaternary sea-level changes. Mar Geol 427:106243 Yoo DG, Kim SP, Chang TS, Kong GS, Kang NK, Kwon YK, Nam SL, Park SC (2014) Late Quaternary inner shelf deposits in response to late Pleistocene-Holocene sea level changes: Nakdong River, SE Korea. Quat Int 344:156–169. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.margeo.2020.106243 Yoo DG, Park SC (2000) High-resolution seismic study as a tool for sequence stratigraphic evidence of highfrequency sea-level changes: latest Pleistocene-Holocene example from the Korea Strait. J Sediment Res 70:296–309. https://doi.org/10.1306/2DC40912-0E47-11D7-8643000102C1865D Yoon EC, Lee JS (2008) Characteristics of seasonal variation to sedimentary environment at the estuary area of the Nakdong. JKSCOE 20(4):372–389 (in Korean with English abstract) Yoon HH, Lee JY, Kim JC, Jun CP, Choi HW (2023) Incised-valley filling sedimentation in a small river valley of a wave-dominated, embayed coast in response to Holocene sea level rise, Yeongil Bay, Southeastern Korea. Mar Geol 464:107127. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.margeo.2023.107127 Zaitlin BA, Dalrymple RW, Boyd R (1994) The stratigraphic organization of incised valley systems associated with relative sea-level change. In: Dalrymple RW, Boyd R, Zaitlin BA (eds) Incised-Valley Systems: Origin and Sedimentary Sequences 51. SEPM Spec. Publ., pp 45–60 Additional Declarations No competing interests reported. Cite Share Download PDF Status: Published Journal Publication published 01 Sep, 2025 Read the published version in Geo-Marine Letters → Version 1 posted Editorial decision: Revision requested 29 May, 2025 Reviews received at journal 04 May, 2025 Reviewers agreed at journal 21 Apr, 2025 Reviews received at journal 20 Apr, 2025 Reviews received at journal 06 Apr, 2025 Reviewers agreed at journal 25 Mar, 2025 Reviewers agreed at journal 21 Mar, 2025 Reviewers invited by journal 21 Mar, 2025 Editor assigned by journal 20 Mar, 2025 Submission checks completed at journal 20 Mar, 2025 First submitted to journal 23 Jan, 2025 You are reading this latest preprint version Research Square lets you share your work early, gain feedback from the community, and start making changes to your manuscript prior to peer review in a journal. As a division of Research Square Company, we’re committed to making research communication faster, fairer, and more useful. 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Also discoverable on Platform About Our Team In Review Editorial Policies Advisory Board Help Center Resources Author Services Accessibility API Access RSS feed Manage Cookie Preferences © Research Square 2026 | ISSN 2693-5015 (online) Privacy Policy Terms of Service Do Not Sell My Personal Information {"props":{"pageProps":{"initialData":{"identity":"rs-5887084","acceptedTermsAndConditions":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"archivedVersions":[],"articleType":"Research Article","associatedPublications":[],"authors":[{"id":432869079,"identity":"5904ab9a-bb91-4f58-8aba-637195e11e79","order_by":0,"name":"Hyun Ho Yoon","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Korea Institute of Geoscience and Mineral Resources (KIGAM)","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Hyun","middleName":"Ho","lastName":"Yoon","suffix":""},{"id":432869080,"identity":"db4432ac-f659-4e64-bba5-bc73aba71238","order_by":1,"name":"Min Han","email":"data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAZAAAAAyAQMAAABI0h/eAAAABlBMVEX///8AAABVwtN+AAAACXBIWXMAAA7EAAAOxAGVKw4bAAAAzElEQVRIiWNgGAWjYBACAxCRwGBjwAYTkSBSSxqpWhgYDhvARQhqMWc/e3TDwx3njfn4Fz/dwLjHhkFy9gH8Wix78tJuJJ65bcYm8czsBsOzNAZpvgQCDjuQY3Yjse22DZvEAaCWA4cZ5HgI+eX8G5CWc0Atx78BtfwnQssNsC0HzNj4e0C2HGCQJqwFbEuyMZsET9mNhAPJPJI9BB2WY3bzZ5ud4fz+49tufDhgJydxhoAWBJBIAMUpAyFnIQP+AyQoHgWjYBSMghEFAOr9RAKPA/O5AAAAAElFTkSuQmCC","orcid":"","institution":"Korea Institute of Geoscience and Mineral Resources (KIGAM)","correspondingAuthor":true,"prefix":"","firstName":"Min","middleName":"","lastName":"Han","suffix":""},{"id":432869081,"identity":"7d84cbc9-3292-43e5-955d-574b9be3bfcb","order_by":2,"name":"Dong-Yoon Yang","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Korea Institute of Geoscience and Mineral Resources (KIGAM)","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Dong-Yoon","middleName":"","lastName":"Yang","suffix":""},{"id":432869082,"identity":"0dc27b1c-b008-4d7b-b177-883359981581","order_by":3,"name":"Jin-Young Lee","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Korea Institute of Geoscience and Mineral Resources (KIGAM)","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Jin-Young","middleName":"","lastName":"Lee","suffix":""},{"id":432869083,"identity":"a1aa0e74-8c53-4f30-9fb3-6d43cb1a778d","order_by":4,"name":"Chang-Pyo Jun","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Chonnam National University","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Chang-Pyo","middleName":"","lastName":"Jun","suffix":""},{"id":432869084,"identity":"be5c86df-10f7-4933-92ea-9f1f0a0d0bbc","order_by":5,"name":"Sujeong Park","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Korea Institute of Geoscience and Mineral Resources (KIGAM)","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Sujeong","middleName":"","lastName":"Park","suffix":""},{"id":432869085,"identity":"c6ce40ea-32ab-4419-80f0-e637235cb36f","order_by":6,"name":"Jaesoo Lim","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Korea Institute of Geoscience and Mineral Resources (KIGAM)","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Jaesoo","middleName":"","lastName":"Lim","suffix":""},{"id":432869086,"identity":"478b73c7-8725-4866-a273-cb3c672adc38","order_by":7,"name":"Dong-Geun Yoo","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Korea Institute of Geoscience and Mineral Resources (KIGAM)","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Dong-Geun","middleName":"","lastName":"Yoo","suffix":""}],"badges":[],"createdAt":"2025-01-23 09:38:39","currentVersionCode":1,"declarations":"","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-5887084/v1","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-5887084/v1","draftVersion":[],"editorialEvents":[{"content":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s00367-025-00820-w","type":"published","date":"2025-09-01T15:57:15+00:00"}],"editorialNote":"","failedWorkflow":false,"files":[{"id":79214059,"identity":"66ec1f5e-524a-441c-9ff6-6e5162d7276d","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-03-25 18:15:58","extension":"jpg","order_by":1,"title":"Figure 1","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":94478,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eMap of the location of the study area and the topography, water depth, and ocean currents. A) Location of the Korean Peninsula, and the flow of ocean currents. B) Topography of the southern part of the Korean Peninsula, distribution of alluvial plain deposits, and the location of the modern Nakdong River. C) Distribution patterns of coastal plains and higher land in the Nakdong River Valley, map of water depth distribution in 10 m intervals, and the current river channel, intertidal, and barrier islands. The locations of core locations, cross-sections, and longitudinal sections are indicated.\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"Picture1.jpg","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-5887084/v1/d98be09c6cbdf198c4d78686.jpg"},{"id":79214061,"identity":"340f5ffe-e994-4146-b838-3209f0cbe5ab","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-03-25 18:15:59","extension":"jpg","order_by":2,"title":"Figure 2","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":77154,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eStratigraphic columns of the cores 20GH02, 20GH03, 20GH04, and 20GH05, with sedimentological characteristics, radiocarbon and OSL ages, and inferred sedimentary units.\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"Picture2.jpg","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-5887084/v1/82fa75f16c48b7a4a235a461.jpg"},{"id":79213611,"identity":"df4d8d17-33e4-46c4-b675-47a96b4d80fe","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-03-25 18:07:58","extension":"jpg","order_by":3,"title":"Figure 3","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":99722,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eStratigraphic columns of the cores 19MJ-C01, with sedimentological characteristics, grain size analysis data, radiocarbon and OSL ages, and inferred sedimentary units.\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"Picture3.jpg","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-5887084/v1/01d119cae73c377e654065a8.jpg"},{"id":79213609,"identity":"1a72c280-425f-4cb5-9523-658ab62d4e29","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-03-25 18:07:58","extension":"jpg","order_by":4,"title":"Figure 4","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":70039,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eN–S, and E-W cross-sections with inferred sedimentary units and isochrone lines.\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"Picture4.jpg","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-5887084/v1/09cb95eefe3c9230e5c958bc.jpg"},{"id":79214060,"identity":"70a4222e-59ab-4788-bd6e-1b862c704d5d","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-03-25 18:15:58","extension":"jpg","order_by":5,"title":"Figure 5","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":54708,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eSelected photographs of the sedimentary units from the studied cores. Locations of the photographs are indicated in Figs 2 and 3. A (core 20GH05: depth in core 49.0–52.0 m): alluvial plain deposit (Pleistocene deposit). B (20GH05: 45.0–46.5 m): brownish gray mottled mud (Pleistocene deposit). C (20GH04: 43.0–44.0 m): yellowish well sorted medium sand with mud bed (Pleistocene deposit). D (19MJ-C01: 4.7–5.0 m): reddish yellow medium sand with organic-rich layer (fluvial channel). E (20GH05: 30.0–31.0 m): organic-rich fine sand to grey fine sand with shell fragments (fluvial channel to tidal channel transition). F (19MJ-C01: 48.3–48.6 m) discontinuous laminated dark gray silt and very fine sand, bioturbation and peat, and vivianite (flood plain). G (19MJ-C01: 8.7–9.0 m): heterolithic sand and mud bed, laminated mud bed with high organic contents and medium sand bed containing mica with heavy minerals (tidal channel). H (20GH02: 4.0–5.0 m): dark gray slightly laminated clay with high degree of bioturbation and high levels of organic matter (salt marsh). I (19MJ-C01: 41.1–41.4 m) mottled dark gray clay, fully bioturbated including nodules (salt marsh). J (20GH03: 13.0–14.0 m): dark gray homogeneous clay with bivalve shells (intertidal mudflat). K (20GH05: 4.0–5.0 m): dark gary interlaminated silt and very fine sand, wood fragments, organic matter, and shelly bed (intertidal creek). L (19MJ-C01: 30.3–30.6 m) light gray homogeneous mud containing some shell fragments (central basin to prodelta). M (19MJ-C01: 20.4–20.7 m) lenticular bedding, wavy bedding in very fine sand and silty mud alternating bed, dark gray in color and containing many shell fragments (delta front).\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"Picture5.jpg","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-5887084/v1/1c98a737f4ca880a4d0fa68f.jpg"},{"id":79213613,"identity":"71a3ace3-0b5c-4d18-925c-db9ee7fb45d5","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-03-25 18:07:58","extension":"jpg","order_by":6,"title":"Figure 6","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":54041,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eAge–depth plots of radiocarbon and OSL dates showing depositional ages. The green line shows the eustatic sea-level curve based on Lambeck et al. (2014). Based on the sedimentary interpretation results, the Nakdong River Valley fill was divided into terrestrial, supratidal, intertidal, subtidal, and shallow marine sediments. The terrestrial sediments include fluvial channels, flood plains, natural levees. The supratidal sediments include saltmarsh. The intertidal sediments include intertidal flats and tidal creeks. The subtidal sediments includes tidal rivers, delta fronts, and shorefaces. The shallow marine sediments includes the central basin and prodelta.\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"Picture6.jpg","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-5887084/v1/465e1f82f3a60664896f5109.jpg"},{"id":79213614,"identity":"a7dab549-97aa-45a0-8c46-47aed72172d4","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-03-25 18:07:58","extension":"jpg","order_by":7,"title":"Figure 7","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":33373,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eRSL changes in the Nakdong River Valley. Red circles show sea level index points (SLIPs) of supratidal and intertidal sediments from Nakdong River Valley.\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"Picture7.jpg","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-5887084/v1/c1937ba512f21c65d843473d.jpg"},{"id":90827935,"identity":"37161d6b-f885-4475-bc53-f5b8b96430e6","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-09-08 16:03:39","extension":"pdf","order_by":0,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"manuscript-pdf","size":2634034,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"manuscript.pdf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-5887084/v1/ba5aae71-02f5-4cca-86fd-6e2eeabbd181.pdf"}],"financialInterests":"No competing interests reported.","formattedTitle":"Holocene relative sea level records of the Nakdong River incised valley fill in the south-eastern Korean Peninsula","fulltext":[{"header":"1. Introduction","content":"\u003cp\u003eThe global average sea level has risen by approximately 4 mm since 1993, and the rate of increase is continuing to escalate (Chen et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR24\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2017\u003c/span\u003e). Periodic climate phenomena, such as El Ni\u0026ntilde;o and La Ni\u0026ntilde;a, have a significant impact on changes in sea level (Timmermann et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR97\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2018\u003c/span\u003e; Cai et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR20\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2020\u003c/span\u003e; Tollefson \u003cspan citationid=\"CR99\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2021\u003c/span\u003e). Increases in sea level directly impact coastal communities, leading to coastal erosion, increased flooding, habitat loss, and subsequent economic and social hardships (Rovere et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR71\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2016\u003c/span\u003e). Despite its importance, our understanding of the regional differences in the causes and effects of such increases remains incomplete. Factors such as global climate change, regional geographical characteristics, land subsidence, and glacier retreat influence sea levels (Shennan et al. 2015; Rovere et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR71\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2016\u003c/span\u003e; Khan et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR50\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2019\u003c/span\u003e; Masson-Delmotte et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR58\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2021\u003c/span\u003e; Tay et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR96\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2022\u003c/span\u003e). Therefore, there is increasing emphasis on the importance of constructing a relative sea level (RSL) curve, which accounts for regional characteristics. Understanding changes in RSL is crucial for effective planning and policy making, providing valuable data for environmental and ecological studies, and preserving historical and cultural heritage sites (Fan et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR37\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2019\u003c/span\u003e). In addition, a comprehensive understanding of changes in RSL will also enhance scientific models related to climate change and Earth dynamics, thus providing a more precise understanding of the causes of fluctuations of global sea level (Lambeck et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR56\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2014\u003c/span\u003e; Khan et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR50\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2019\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIncised valleys, which are fluvially eroded features develop in shelf and coastal plains during periods of sea level fall, are subsequently filled by continuous sedimentary records, showing the progressive transition from fluvial to estuarine to deltaic deposits (Hori et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR46\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2002\u003c/span\u003e; Ta et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR85\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2005\u003c/span\u003e; Tanabe et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR94\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2006\u003c/span\u003e; Hanebuth et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR41\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2012\u003c/span\u003e; Song et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR81\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2013\u003c/span\u003e; Yoo et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR107\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2020\u003c/span\u003e; Yoon et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR111\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2023\u003c/span\u003e). These paleovalley systems form during phases of base level lowering, and their filling corresponds with postglacial increase in sea level, creating ideal conditions for sediment accumulation and preservation (Dalrymple and Zaitlin \u003cspan citationid=\"CR30\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1994\u003c/span\u003e; Simms et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR77\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2006\u003c/span\u003e; Blum et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR17\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2013\u003c/span\u003e; Wang et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR102\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2020\u003c/span\u003e; Amorosi et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR2\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2023\u003c/span\u003e). The stratigraphy of paleovalleys in coastal plains is primarily controlled by the rate and magnitude of changes in RSL. These paleovalleys typically contain estuarine successions formed during periods of shoreline transgression (Dalrymple et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR31\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1992\u003c/span\u003e; Zaitlin et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR112\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1994\u003c/span\u003e; Boyd et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR19\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2006\u003c/span\u003e; Dalrymple \u003cspan citationid=\"CR28\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2006\u003c/span\u003e; Blum et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR17\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2013\u003c/span\u003e). Geological records of such phenomena are crucial to understanding sea level history on local, regional, and global scales, and also help determine how large rivers and coastal systems react to changes in RSL and sediment supply. Several studies of changes in sea level conducted in incised valleys have confirmed that the rate of increase was not constant during the last glacial period. In particular, meltwater pulse (MWP) 1A (Hanebuth et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR40\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2000\u003c/span\u003e) and the pre-8.2 ka event (Tornqvist and Hijma 2012; Wang et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR103\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2013\u003c/span\u003e; Tjallingii et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR98\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2014\u003c/span\u003e; Hijma and Cohen \u003cspan citationid=\"CR43\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2019\u003c/span\u003e) are widely known and are considered to have been eustatic events (Carlson and Clark \u003cspan citationid=\"CR21\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2012\u003c/span\u003e). In addition, jumps in sea level such as MWPs 1B, 1C, and 1D have been reported (Fairbanks \u003cspan citationid=\"CR35\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1989\u003c/span\u003e; Liu et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR57\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2004\u003c/span\u003e; Smith et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR80\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2011\u003c/span\u003e), and cannot be identified in every location.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eRecent advances in RSL studies have been driven by multi-proxy approaches, incorporating GIA (Glacial Isostatic Adjustment) modeling, biological indicators, and high-resolution seismic data. These standardized methodologies have laid the groundwork for understanding the complex interactions between global sea-level trends and regional variations, facilitating the integration of localized data into a broader global framework (Khan et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR50\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2019\u003c/span\u003e). In Korean peninsula, RSL studies has predominantly focused on the west coast, consistently documenting rapid sea-level rise followed by stabilization during the early to middle Holocene (Bloom and Park \u003cspan citationid=\"CR15\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1985\u003c/span\u003e; Song et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR82\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2018\u003c/span\u003e; Yang et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR105\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2022\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR106\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2023\u003c/span\u003e). In comparison, the south and east coasts, which are shaped by unique oceanographic conditions such as tidal ranges, stronger wave energy, and more dynamic currents, as well as greater tectonic instability, remain underexplored. Addressing these regional characteristics is crucial for building a comprehensive understanding of sea-level variations across the Korean Peninsula. In the south coast, Yoo and Park (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR109\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2000\u003c/span\u003e) examined Holocene RSL changes using high-resolution seismic profiles and sedimentary data, revealing interactions between shoreline migration, sediment supply, and sea-level rise. More recently, Choi et al. (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR26\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2024\u003c/span\u003e) and Hong et al. (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR44\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2024\u003c/span\u003e) proposed RSL curves for the Nakdong River Valley (NRV). Choi et al. (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR26\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2024\u003c/span\u003e) utilized data extending to the continental shelf but did not fully account for regional factors such as tides, sediment dynamics, and bedrock topography. Hong et al. (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR44\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2024\u003c/span\u003e), while focusing on the delta, failed to adequately capture spatial variability. To advance RSL research in the Nakdong River Valley, a standardized approach that quantitatively integrates regional factors and spatial heterogeneity is urgently needed.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003ePrevious studies on the NRV have mainly been conducted from a paleoenvironmental viewpoint using physical, chemical, and biological approaches (Shin et al. 2015; Takata et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR86\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2016\u003c/span\u003e; Cho et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR25\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2017\u003c/span\u003e; Khim et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR51\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2019\u003c/span\u003e). Studies that have clarified depositional age through high-resolution age dating have provided important data on changes in sea level (Kim et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR53\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2015\u003c/span\u003e; Kim et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR54\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2021b\u003c/span\u003e). However, they were based on a limited number of sediment cores, thereby limiting understanding of the overall evolution of the NRV and any correlations with changes in sea level. Recent studies have used multi-drilling data in the N\u0026ndash;S direction and have applied sequence stratigraphic interpretation, thus enabling a more accurate reconstruction of the sedimentary environment (Yoo et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR107\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2020\u003c/span\u003e; Jeong et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR47\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2021\u003c/span\u003e; Choi et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR26\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2024\u003c/span\u003e; Hong et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR44\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2024\u003c/span\u003e). Nevertheless, due to limited core data, an overall understanding of the entire valley is still lacking. To construct the RSL curve of the NRV, it is essential to secure sedimentary environments that can indicate sea level and their dating data. The post-Last Glacial Maximum (LGM) sedimentary succession consists of continuous geological records from cores arranged in the N\u0026ndash;S direction. The incised valley shows an asymmetric shape with a steep slope in the eastern part (Yoo et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR107\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2020\u003c/span\u003e). In this study, we compiled all sedimentary facies and age dates identified and obtained from published cores and new cores from the post-LGM incised valley fills on the coastal plain in NRV. The newly acquired cores were obtained from key locations connecting the east-west direction of the incised valley, and they include intertidal flat that developed during the highstand. We present further details of this composition and also construct the sedimentary succession in an E\u0026ndash;W direction. In addition, we include results of the interpretation of the intertidal and salt marsh sedimentary facies and also extracted 49 sea level index points (SLIPs) from them to reconstruct the Holocene RSL curve. The RSL curve derived in this study shows more precise changes in RSL compared to the previously proposed curves for the Korean Peninsula. We also provide basic data to examine the influence of changes in eustatic sea level (ESL) or local tectonic movements within the Korean Peninsula through comparison with the RSL curves of other regions in East Asia.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"2. Regional setting","content":"\u003cp\u003eThe Nakdong River is the longest in South Korea, with a mainstream length of approximately 510.36 km and drainage basin is approximately 23,384 km\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e. Its annual discharge is approximately 2000 m\u0026sup3;/s of freshwater with about 10 Mt/yr of sediment (Williams et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR104\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2013\u003c/span\u003e). The Nakdong River has the second highest sediment discharge after the Han River. The Nakdong River Lowland is located in the range of 35\u0026deg;05\u0026prime;\u0026ndash;35\u0026deg;13\u0026prime;N, 128\u0026deg;54\u0026prime;\u0026ndash;129\u0026deg;00\u0026prime;E, and is a plain area about 17 km from north to south and 9 km from east to west. The area is even larger if the surrounding plains are included. In the study area, the Yangsan Fault developed in the NNE\u0026ndash;SSW direction, so the incised valley, where the valley center is tilted to the east, is filled with sediments, and a delta plain is currently developing on the surface (Ryu et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR73\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2005\u003c/span\u003e). The Yangsan Fault is characterized by the development of rivers in the NNE\u0026ndash;SSW direction with relatively weak development in other directions (Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig1\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e). The upland area is well developed around the study area, and after passing through the narrow incised valley in the north, the upland area around the NRV has the shape of a gourd. Several barrier islands are developed to the south of the NRV (Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig1\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e). The area was a valley tilled to the east, during the sea level lowstand, but it filled with marine sediments as the sea level rised during post-LGM, forming a valley fill. The bedrock making up the surrounding mountains is composed of andesite and granite. However, in the upper reaches of the river, there is a wide distribution of Cretaceous sedimentary rocks that have been significantly weathered, so the amount of sediment discharge relative to the water discharge is large compared to other rivers on the Korean Peninsula (Chough and Sohn \u003cspan citationid=\"CR27\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2010\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eA wide continental shelf has developed in the NW\u0026ndash;SE direction past the NRV and barrier islands (Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig1\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e). The water depth of the shelf is less than 100 m, so this area was exposed as land the sea level lowstand. The Kuroshio Current, which flows from the Pacific Ocean between South Korea and Japan, influences the study area (Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig1\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e). Tidal ranges observed at the Gadeok gauge station within the study area were recorded by the National Geographic Institute in 1999 (Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab1\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e). The area has a recorded highest high water level (HHW), indicating the maximum observed tidal height, of 59.2 cm; mean spring high water level (MSHW), representing the average high tide during spring tides, of 49.7 cm; The mean high water level (MHW), representing the average of all high tides of 30.9 cm; mean sea level (MSL), a key reference point for tidal measurements, of \u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;12.1 cm; mean low water level (MLW), representing the average low tide, of -55.1 cm; mean spring low water level (MSLW), representing the average low tide during spring tides, of -73.9 cm; lowest low water level (LLW), i.e., the minimum observed tidal height, of -83.4 cm; maximum tidal range is 123.6 cm, the mean and minimal tidal ranges are 86.0 cm and 48.4 cm, respectively. In this area, wave energy has a strong influence during storms in the summer and winter, and the average significant wave height is 1.07 m (Yoon and Lee \u003cspan citationid=\"CR110\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2008\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab1\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 1\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e Tidal Ranges According to Data from Gauge Stations of the Study Area (National Geographic Institute, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR61\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1999\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"8\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c6\" colnum=\"6\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c7\" colnum=\"7\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c8\" colnum=\"8\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eGauge station\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eHighest High Water level (HHW) (cm)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMean Spring High Water level (MSHW) (cm)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMean High Water level (MHW) (cm)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMean Sea Level (MSL) (cm)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMean Low Water level (MLW) (cm)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMean Spring Low Water level (MSLW) (cm)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eLowest Low Water level (LLW) (cm)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eGadeok\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e59.2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e49.7\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e30.9\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-12.1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-55.1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-73.9\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-83.4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"3. Materials and Methods","content":"\u003cdiv id=\"Sec4\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e3.1 Datum and elevation measurements\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThis study follows the geodetic framework established by the National Geographic Information Institute (NGII) of Korea. The horizontal reference system uses the World Geodetic Reference System (ITRF2000 and GRS80), and the vertical datum is based on mean sea level (MSL) measured in Incheon Bay. The NGII has installed control points and benchmarks throughout the Korean Peninsula, creating a unified system for spatial and elevation measurements. The coordinates were converted to decimal degrees (WGS-84) and rounded to four decimals, which means that a point can be located within approximately 10m. All elevation data in this study reference this national geodetic framework to maintain consistency with existing datasets. We surveyed sediment core locations using differential GPS (DGPS) and virtual reference station GPS (VRS-GPS) for sub-meter precision. When GPS was unavailable, we determined elevations using electro-optical total stations referenced to local benchmarks. We validated some sampling points by comparing GPS coordinates with 1:5000 topographic maps. This standardized geodetic system provides reliable spatial and elevation data, enabling accurate reconstruction of the relative sea-level curve for the Nakdong River lowland. This methodology ensures compatibility with previous studies and minimizes uncertainties in sedimentary and stratigraphic analyses.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec5\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e3.2. Core data\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThis study is based on five new sediment cores (20GH02, 20GH03, 20GH04, 20GH05, 19MJ-C01) collected from an area corresponding to the coastal plain in the present Nakdong River and 233 radiocarbon and OSL age data collected from previously published studies (Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab2\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e). The newly acquired cores 20GH02, 20GH03, 20GH04, and 20GH05 were obtained in the E\u0026ndash;W direction of the NRV while the core 19MJ-C01 was recovered near the western Nakdong River channel to the south of the 20GH series. The altitude of each drilling core was defined by conducting a leveling survey with an altitude accuracy of \u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.1 m. The location of each drill core is shown in Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig1\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003eC, and detailed information is provided in Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab2\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e. In the laboratory, the cores were split, photographed, and described in terms of sedimentary characteristics. Their lithofacies (grain size, color, texture, clast- or matrix-supported, sedimentary structure, and character of contacts) and biofacies (shells, burrows, and rootlets) were described from the split cores. The 19MJ-C01 sediment samples were collected at 20 cm intervals for grain size analysis, from locations representative of the surrounding sediment. For the analysis, pretreatment of the samples included the removal of organic matter and carbonates. To remove organic matter, 10% hydrogen peroxide was added, followed by heating for 1\u0026ndash;2 h in a water bath at about 60\u0026deg;C to remove the remaining hydrogen peroxide. Carbonates were reacted with 1 N hydrochloric acid for 24 h, after which the remaining hydrochloric acid was removed by washing at least five times. The pretreated sediment samples using a Microtrac S3500 laser diffraction particle size analyzer. Data were statistically processed using GRADISTAT (Blott et al. 2001). Grain size is reported using the classification scheme of Folk and Ward (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR38\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1957\u003c/span\u003e), and sediment texture follows the same scheme.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab2\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 2\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSite Coordinates and Detailed Information of Drill Cores Taken in the Nakdong River Valley.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"6\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c6\" colnum=\"6\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCore name\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c3\" namest=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eLocation (WGS84)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCore length (m)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eElevation (m)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eReference\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eLatitude\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eLongitude\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e16ND-C01\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e35\u0026deg;08\u0026prime;54\u0026rdquo;\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e128\u0026deg;55\u0026prime;02\u0026rdquo;\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e61\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eYoo et al. (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR107\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2020\u003c/span\u003e), Kim et al. (2021), Hong et al. (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR44\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2024\u003c/span\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e16ND-C02\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e35\u0026deg;11\u0026prime;20\u0026rdquo;\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e128\u0026deg;55\u0026prime;24\u0026rdquo;\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e70\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eYoo et al. (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR107\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2020\u003c/span\u003e), Kim et al. (2021), Hong et al. (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR44\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2024\u003c/span\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e16ND-C03\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e35\u0026deg;12\u0026prime;18\u0026rdquo;\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e128\u0026deg;52\u0026prime;33\u0026rdquo;\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e33.5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.6\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eHong et al. (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR44\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2024\u003c/span\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e16ND-C04\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e35\u0026deg;12\u0026prime;51\u0026rdquo;\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e128\u0026deg;57\u0026prime;59\u0026rdquo;\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e50.5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.8\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eYoo et al. (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR107\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2020\u003c/span\u003e), Kim et al. (2021), Hong et al. (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR44\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2024\u003c/span\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e16ND-C05\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e35\u0026deg;16\u0026prime;21\u0026rdquo;\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e129\u0026deg;00\u0026prime;14\u0026rdquo;\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e33\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eYoo et al. (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR107\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2020\u003c/span\u003e), Kim et al. (2021), Hong et al. 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(\u003cspan citationid=\"CR107\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2020\u003c/span\u003e), (Kim et al. 2021)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eND-2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e35\u0026deg;03\u0026rsquo;22\u0026rdquo;\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e128\u0026deg;55\u0026rsquo;49\u0026rdquo;\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e61\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eShin (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR76\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2016\u003c/span\u003e), Yoo et al. (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR107\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2020\u003c/span\u003e),\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eKim et al. (2021), Jeong et al.(2022)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eND-3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e35\u0026deg;04\u0026rsquo;06\u0026rdquo;\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e128\u0026deg;53\u0026rsquo;05\u0026rdquo;\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e46.6\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eShin (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR76\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2016\u003c/span\u003e), Jeong et al. (2022)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eKND-3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e35\u0026deg;04\u0026rsquo;04\u0026rdquo;\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e128\u0026deg;53\u0026rsquo;50\u0026rdquo;\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e50.6\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eJeong et al. (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR48\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2018\u003c/span\u003e), Jeong et al. (2022)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eOW-01\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e35\u0026deg;10'32'\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e128\u0026deg;58'15''\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e70\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eHam et al. (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR39\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2018\u003c/span\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSB-14\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e36\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.05\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eRyu et al. (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR73\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2005\u003c/span\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eBH-1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e42.5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.13\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eRyu et al. (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR72\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2011\u003c/span\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e19MJ-C01\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e35\u0026deg;06'18\"\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e128\u0026deg;55'40\"\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e51\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eThis study\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e20GH02\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e35\u0026deg;11'19\"\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e128\u0026deg;49'46\"\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e17\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.03\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eThis study\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e20GH03\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e35\u0026deg;11'43\"\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e128\u0026deg;52'42\"\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e39\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.14\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eThis study\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e20GH04\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e35\u0026deg;11'58\"\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e128\u0026deg;55'23\"\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e64\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.01\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eThis study\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e20GH05\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e35\u0026deg;12'06'\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e128\u0026deg;57'33''\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e65\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.8\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eThis study\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec6\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e3.3. Age data\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003ePlant fragments and shells were treated with acid (0.5 M HCl)-alkali (0.5 M NaOH)-acid (0.5 M HCl) to remove potential contaminants. The pretreated samples were graphitized and radiocarbon-dated at the Accelerator Mass Spectrometry Facility of the Korea Institute of Geoscience and Mineral Resources (KIGAM). For consistency and accuracy, radiocarbon data from previous studies were recalibrated using the latest calibration curves. Conventional radiocarbon dates (\u003csup\u003e14\u003c/sup\u003eC ages) were converted to calibrated ages (cal yr BP) using OxCal 4.3.2 (Ramsey \u003cspan citationid=\"CR67\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2017\u003c/span\u003e) and the IntCal20 calibration curve (Reimer et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR68\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2020\u003c/span\u003e). Ages of marine materials, including mollusks, were recalibrated considering the regional marine reservoir effect (ΔR) using the Marine20 dataset (\u003cspan class=\"ExternalRef\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"RefSource\"\u003ehttp://radiocarbon.pa.qub.ac.uk/marine\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan address=\"http://radiocarbon.pa.qub.ac.uk/marine\" targettype=\"URL\" class=\"RefTarget\"\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e) and based on studies by Kong and Lee (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR55\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2005\u003c/span\u003e) and Kim et al. (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR52\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2021a\u003c/span\u003e), applying a weighted average ΔR value of \u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;134\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;100\u0026nbsp;year. All ages are reported in cal BP (calibrated \u003csup\u003e14\u003c/sup\u003eC age) unless otherwise specified as yr BP (conventional \u003csup\u003e14\u003c/sup\u003eC age). This comprehensive recalibration provides a reliable chronological framework for interpreting Holocene relative sea-level variations and depositional environments in the study area. The integration of recalibrated ages resolves inconsistencies in previous datasets and ensures compatibility with regional and global studies.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eFifteen OSL dates were derived from core 19MJ-C01. The age results were obtained from fine grain quartz (4\u0026ndash;11 \u0026micro;m) using the SAR protocol (Kim et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR53\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2015\u003c/span\u003e). A TL/OSL DA-20 reader was used, and the equivalent dose was measured using the single aliquot regeneration (SAR) method with a heat pretreatment temperature of 220\u0026deg;C and a cut heat of 160\u0026deg;C. A standardized growth curve (SGC) was created to determine D\u003csub\u003ee\u003c/sub\u003e values. Four samples were selected, and three replicates were used in each analysis with a test dose of 20 Gy and regeneration doses of 20, 100, 200, and 350 Gy. For the four samples below core depth of 41.5 m, equivalent doses were determined using conventional SAR. The OSL infrared (IR) depletion ratio was measured to detect any feldspar contamination (Duller \u003cspan citationid=\"CR33\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2003\u003c/span\u003e). In addition, the recycling ratio and recuperation were measured for effective sensitivity calibration.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe data gathered from new sediment cores were combined with those obtained from previous studies. To define two cross-sections through the NRV, the ages of the new cores, along with those of the existing cores, were utilized to construct isochrones. Then this information was used to calculate accumulation rates. Sediment compaction was not taken into account when calculating accumulation rates. To clarify the coastal depositional system and sequence stratigraphy, we identified the initial marine flooding due to the last deglacial transgression and the shoreline progradation during the Holocene highstand. The sedimentary facies of intertidal and salt marsh sediments deposited near the marine flooding and plaeoshoreline are described in detail in this study. In total, 303 age dates (191 radiocarbon and 112 OSL) were reviewed, including 70 new dates (55 radiocarbon and 15 OSL) obtained from the new core. We selected 220 depositional ages (147 radiocarbon and 73 OSL), excluding those derived from reworked materials and pre-Holocene. For convenience, both the calibrated radiocarbon and OSL dates in the chronological data are uniformly indicated in kiloannums (ka) in this manuscript. However, calibrated radiocarbon dates are indicated in calibrated years before present (cal BP) in the tables.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec7\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e3.4. Sea-level indicators\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eSea-level index points (SLIPs) are typically defined relative to tidal datums such as mean sea level (MSL) or mean high water (MHW) (Khan et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR50\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2019\u003c/span\u003e). These are established based on detailed analyses of sedimentary facies from these cores. Beach deposits, beach rocks, and environments such as tidal flats and salt marshes serve as reliable RSL indicators because their formation locations are very close to sea level (Mauz et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR59\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2015\u003c/span\u003e; Rovere et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR71\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2016\u003c/span\u003e; Khan et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR50\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2019\u003c/span\u003e). In total, 49 SLIPs from the tidalflat and saltmarsh sediments were identified in 17 sediment cores. When illustrating the sea-level curve, we corrected SLIPs using present tidal range data. The relations between tidal flat and saltmarsh, used as SLIPs with sea level, were as applied by Song et al. (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR82\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2018\u003c/span\u003e). The RSL calculation method was computed using the following equation:\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eE\u003csub\u003eP\u0026minus;msl\u003c/sub\u003e = E\u003csub\u003eM\u0026minus;msl\u003c/sub\u003e\u0026ndash;D\u003csub\u003eSLIP\u003c/sub\u003e\u0026ndash;R\u003csub\u003eSLIP\u003c/sub\u003e (1)\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eWhereE\u003csub\u003eP\u0026minus;msl\u003c/sub\u003e = elevation of palaeo-MSL; E\u003csub\u003eM\u0026minus;msl\u003c/sub\u003e = modern elevation of the location of the SLIP; D\u003csub\u003eSLIP\u003c/sub\u003e = depth of the SLIP point; R\u003csub\u003eSLIP\u003c/sub\u003e = indicative range of the proxy of SLIP.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThere are some errors for each SLIP point arising from multiple sources (Shennan et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR75\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2016\u003c/span\u003e), including the tidal range interpretation of the indicative meaning and testing error. The following equation was used to determine the error bars for each SLIP:\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eEr\u003csub\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;total\u003c/sub\u003e = [(Er\u003csub\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;measured\u003c/sub\u003e)\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e + (Er\u003csub\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;indicative range\u003c/sub\u003e )\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e ]\u003csup\u003e1/2\u003c/sup\u003e (2)\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eWhereEr\u003csub\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;total\u003c/sub\u003e = total error in elevation measurement for the SLIP; Er\u003csub\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;measured\u003c/sub\u003e = uncertainty in the measured depth of the sample; Er\u003csub\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;indicative range\u003c/sub\u003e = indicative range error of the SLIP.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAge dates with sea level corrections were used to create RSL curve for the NRV during the Holocene using Clam (Blaauw \u003cspan citationid=\"CR14\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2010\u003c/span\u003e). Weighted mean were calculated to combine multiple SLIPs into single values, giving greater weight to values with smaller error ranges since OSL and radiocarbon dates have significantly different of error range.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e"},{"header":"4. Results","content":"\u003cdiv id=\"Sec9\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e4.1. Sedimentary unit\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe interpretation of cores is mainly described for new cores (Figs.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig2\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e and \u003cspan refid=\"Fig3\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e) based on those published previously. Sedimentary units were primarily classified into two groups based on the description of sedimentary structures and the traces contained therein for environmental interpretation, Pleistocene weathered sediments and incised valley fill sediments after the LGM (Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig4\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003e). The mainly describe sediments after the LGM as our goal was to find indicators of changes in sea level during the Holocene. The results were interpreted based on Hong et al. (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR44\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2024\u003c/span\u003e) and the facies model framework of Boyd et al. (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR19\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2006\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec10\" class=\"Section3\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e4.1.1. Pleistocene weathered deposits\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cem\u003ePleistocene weathered deposits (depth in cores: 20GH03 core, 19.0\u0026ndash;38.9 m; 20GH04 core, 32.9\u0026ndash;62.0 m; 20GH05 core, 44.3\u0026ndash;64.0 m)\u003c/em\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThis unit is found in the lower part of the 20GH03, 20GH04, and 20GH05 cores, is placed on the Cretaceous bedrock at the bottom, and is unconformably covered by the post-LGM sediments (Figs.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig2\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e and \u003cspan refid=\"Fig4\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003e). The top of this unit is composed of consolidated sediments ranging in color from reddish to yellow, dark green-gray mud and sand, with oxidization and laterite weathering. The sandy bed is fine- to medium-grained and shows parallel lamination, and low-angle cross-lamination (Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig5\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e5\u003c/span\u003eA). In the 20GH04 and 20GH05 cores, a thick gravel bed is seen under the muddy bed. This bed does not contain any sand or mud, and gravel\u0026thinsp;\u0026gt;\u0026thinsp;5 cm in diameter is frequently observed. The gravel is well rounded and sphericity is cylindrical. Due to the stratigraphic position below the major unconformity, the lower unit is interpreted as consisting of late Pleistocene sediments. The high degree of consolidation, oxidation, and laterite weathering indicate subaerial exposure during the LGM, which makes them easily distinguishable from the post-LGM units. Hong et al. (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR44\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2024\u003c/span\u003e) confirmed through OSL dating in the lower unit of the 16ND-C03 core that the oxidized sediment bed is made up of fluvial and intertidal sediments dating from about 60\u0026ndash;122 ka. The stratigraphic position and similarity with other sediments in the research area suggest that this sediment unit is late Pleistocene in origin.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec11\" class=\"Section3\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e4.1.2. Post-LGM deposits\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cem\u003eFluvial channel\u003c/em\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThis unit appears at 15.0\u0026ndash;16.5 m, 16.5\u0026ndash;19.0 m, and 30.0\u0026ndash;44.5 m in 20GH02, 20GH03, and 20GH05, respectively, and at 4.0\u0026ndash;5.5 m and 4.5\u0026ndash;6.0 m in 20GH04 and 19MJ-C01, respectively (Figs.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig2\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e\u0026ndash;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig4\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003e). In 20GH02, 20GH03, and 20GH05, a sharp boundary can be seen at the top of the weathered sediment of the Pleistocene, which gradually changes to a tidal channel. In contrast, in 20GH04 and 19MJ-C01, there is a gradual change from a tidal channel to a fluvial channel. This unit is composed of \u0026gt;\u0026thinsp;70% sand, ranging in color from greenish gray to brownish orange. The sand has a fine to medium grain size, and low-angle cross-bedding and parallel lamination are observed (Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig5\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e5\u003c/span\u003eD). In some places, an upward fining trend can be seen, and sediment with larger than medium grain size is very rough and contains small amounts of gravel (Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig5\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e5\u003c/span\u003eE). Plant fragments, mud drapes, and organic-rich layers are commonly observed, while there are no shells or shell fragments. On the other hand, bioturbation and burrows appear rarely. The dominance of fine-to-medium grained sand, upward fining trends, development of cross-bedding, and absence of shell fragments indicate a fluvial channel environment (Davies 1992). The alternation of sand and mud beds is strong evidence for a channel influenced by tidal currents. The 20GH05 and 16ND-C04 cores showed changes in sediment color, increases in shell contents, mud drapes, reticular bedding, and upward fining trends indicating a gradual increase in tidal influence over time (Dalrymple and Choi \u003cspan citationid=\"CR29\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2007\u003c/span\u003e). Conversely, changes due to increased river influx or decreased tidal influence are observed in the upper part.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cem\u003eFlood plain/natural levee\u003c/em\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThis unit is related to the fluvial channel and is represented by an upward fining trend (Figs.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig2\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e\u0026ndash;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig4\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003e). It is mainly composed of homogeneous mud and sandy mud with thin parallel lamination (Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig5\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e5\u003c/span\u003eF), and it ranges in color from greenish gray to reddish brown and dark brown. Plant roots or peat are commonly observed. Pebbles approximately 0.5 cm in diameter are also scattered throughout the core. In core 19MJ-C01, vivianite is common (Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig5\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e5\u003c/span\u003eF). The gradual fining upward trend from the fluvial channel, abundant plant roots and peat, absence of shell fragments, and oxidized soil color indicate that this core represents an environment that underwent a gradual transition to a natural levee and floodplain close to active channels.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cem\u003eTidal channel\u003c/em\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThis unit appears in 20GH04, 20GH05, and 19MJ-C01, and is found up to a thickness of 12 m in the 20GH05 core (Figs.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig2\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e\u0026ndash;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig4\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003e). Including 20GH04 and 20GH05, cores currently located around the river channel such as 16ND-C04 show a gradual transition from a fluvial channel to a tidal channel environment, while in other locations it is placed above the intertidal flat (Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig4\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003e). The upper part of this unit is placed in the central basin or delta front. In cores such as previously published core 16ND-C05, BH-1 corresponding to the up-estuary of the valley. It shows a rapid transition to a delta front environment (Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig4\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003e). This unit is composed of sand and sandy silt laminations with an upward-fining trend (Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig5\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e5\u003c/span\u003eG). The sand is medium to fine grained, and bidirectional cross-bedding is observed. The laminations with alternating fine and silty sand include mud drapes and show a clear upward fining trend. In some sections, lamination with a high organic matter content alternates with fine sand. Overall, this unit is characterized by abundant shell fragments. Bidirectional cross-lamination and herringbone stratifications indicate a tidal influence (Dalrymple and Choi \u003cspan citationid=\"CR29\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2007\u003c/span\u003e). Rhythmically alternating sand and mud, as seen in core 19MJ-C01 is typical in tidal environments (Reineck and Singh \u003cspan citationid=\"CR69\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1980\u003c/span\u003e). The sediment shows gradually fining upward, which is associated with an upward increase in tidal influence in the river channel indicated by sedimentary structures. The upward fining succession in this unit may indicate a decrease in bed load velocity due to infill from a tidal channel (Hori et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR46\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2002\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cem\u003eSalt marsh\u003c/em\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThis unit is 5 m thick in core 20GH02 (Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig2\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e). Below this unit, late Pleistocene deposits or fluvial channels, floodplains, showing a sharp boundary with the lower unit (Figs.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig2\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e\u0026ndash;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig4\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003e). This unit consists of a dark gray clay layer mixed with burrows and plant roots (Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig5\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e5\u003c/span\u003eH). Very fine sand to silt laminations are observed in some sections. This coarser lamination is interpreted as being formed by flooding events (Tanabe et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR89\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2010\u003c/span\u003e). In this unit, abundant organic layers, plant roots, and shell fragments are observed. In the lower part of 19MJ-C01 (core depth 41.5 m), nodules showing bioturbation are observed (Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig5\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e5\u003c/span\u003eI). The internal structure is completely bioturbated, making it difficult to observe the primary sedimentary structure. The plant roots and abundant bioturbation traces indicate that the sediment was deposited in an environment with both freshwater and marine influences, such as a salt marsh. In addition, fine shell fragments suggest a marine influence. Generally, salt marsh sediments are deposited on higher plains than intertidal zones (Eisma et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR34\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1998\u003c/span\u003e). Therefore, we consider salt marsh sediments as sea level indicators in this study.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cem\u003eTidal flat (mudflat and tidal creek)\u003c/em\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThis unit is 8 m thick in 20GH02 and 13.5 m thick in 20GH03. In 20GH02, there is a fining upward trend, whereas the trend shifts from upward coarsening to upward fining at a depth 13 m in core 20GH03 (Figs.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig2\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e\u0026ndash;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig4\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003e). This unit consists of gray clay and may include intact bivalve shells (Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig5\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e5\u003c/span\u003eJ). The unit has a very fine sand and mud lamination and is highly bioturbated. The dark gray clay and very fine sand lamination have thin, distinct contact surfaces and exhibit a fining upward trend with a maximum thickness of 0.5 cm. The sandy lamination is composed of organic clay and silt, showing parallel and lenticular bedding. In some sections, unidentified burrow traces 0.2\u0026ndash;0.3 cm in length are found in the clay bed (and are filled with sand). These sand beds sometimes show alternating sand and mud layers, which occur in environments influenced by tides (Reineck and Singh \u003cspan citationid=\"CR69\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1980\u003c/span\u003e). Some sections include a large number of small shell fragments, and alternating laminations of medium-fine sand and mud appear (Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig5\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e5\u003c/span\u003eK). These laminations do not show any evidence of burrows or bioturbation but include wood fragments, peat, and abundant shells, exhibiting a coarsening upward trend. This bed is interpreted as an tidal creek serving as a waterway within the intertidal zone. Generally, continuous laminations that show coarsening upward from mud-dominated deposits to silt and fine sand indicate deposition by overbank flows (Pizzuto et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR65\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2008\u003c/span\u003e). Parallel bedding, lenticular bedding, upward fining trends in sand and mud, root traces, plant roots, bioturbation, and small amounts of shells indicate an tidalflat (Archer et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR6\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1995\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cem\u003eCentral basin to prodelta\u003c/em\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThis unit is represented by 20GH05 (2.5 m thick) and 19MJ-C01 (10 m thick) (Figs.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig2\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e and \u003cspan refid=\"Fig3\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e). Compared to the published cores, the thickness gradually increases from the head to the mouth of the valley (Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig4\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003e). This unit is distributed between approximately \u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;15 to \u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;35 m from the current sea level in the study area. It is associated with a lower tidal channel, and the delta front appears in the upper part. It is composed of the finest sediments among all of the sedimentary units, and the variation in grain size in 19MJ-C01 is 5\u0026ndash;7 phi (Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig3\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e). This sedimentary unit is typically represented by dark gray homogeneous mud to crudely laminated mud. Laminations are rarely observed and are mostly bioturbated. This unit transitions from an upward fining trend to an upward coarsening trend, with the former indicating deepening water depth and the latter interpreted as the advancement of the deltaic body (Bhattacharya and Walker \u003cspan citationid=\"CR12\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1992\u003c/span\u003e). This sedimentary layer contains almost no sand and partially includes very small shell fragments (Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig5\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e5\u003c/span\u003eL). The homogeneous mud and absence of shell fragments suggest that organic activity may have been limited due to a high suspended sediment supply (Aschoff et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR7\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2018\u003c/span\u003e). The discontinuous laminations are interpreted as deposition due to low-energy conditions, and some laminations and small shell fragments are interpreted as having been reworked by tidal currents (Reineck and Singh \u003cspan citationid=\"CR69\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1980\u003c/span\u003e). This environment is interpreted as a central basin in an estuarine environment and a prodelta environment due to delta prograding (Dalrymple et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR31\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1992\u003c/span\u003e). The depth observed in the cores and the characteristics of the cores where this unit appears indicate the depositional center of this environment.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cem\u003eDelta front\u003c/em\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThis unit is thick in cores 20GH04 (7 m thick), 20GH05 (8.5 m thick), and 19MJ-C01 (9 m thick) (Figs.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig2\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e and \u003cspan refid=\"Fig3\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e), and is distributed between approximately \u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;5 to \u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;15 m from the current sea level in the study area (Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig4\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003e). Below this unit, it is associated with prodelta and shows gradual changes. In some locations (16ND-C05), it also shows changes with the tidal channel (Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig4\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003e). It mainly consists of dark gray sand and sandy silt rhythmic alternations with low-angle cross-bedding, mud clasts, mud drapes, plant fragments, and bioturbation. There is a clear coarsening upward trend from the bottom, with a tendency for the content of coarse-grained sediments to increase, including sand. This unit contains numerous scattered shell fragments, and shows wavy and lenticular bedding disrupted by bioturbation (Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig5\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e5\u003c/span\u003eM). The mottled and burrow structures are interpreted as features deformed by bioturbation. The wavy and lenticular bedding is interpreted as indicating tidal influences (Reineck and Singh \u003cspan citationid=\"CR69\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1980\u003c/span\u003e). The gradual upward coarsening trend is a characteristic of decreasing water depth due to progradation of the deltaic body (Bhattacharya and Walker \u003cspan citationid=\"CR12\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1992\u003c/span\u003e). This unit differs from a tidal channel in that it contains a much higher content of clayey sediments and, unlike the tidal channel, shows an upward coarsening trend.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec12\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e4.2. Age determination\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eWhen considering error ranges, most OSL ages show stratigraphic order, though some cores exhibit age reversals or differ significantly from nearby radiocarbon dating results. These discrepancies between OSL and radiocarbon dates may stem from their different methodologies. The fine quartz grains dated using OSL might not have been reset after being reworked and transported before burial. Similarly, shells and organic materials used for radiocarbon dating could have been transported from their original locations. The inverted radiocarbon ages particularly suggest that shells were reworked from older deposits. To maintain consistency in depositional ages, we identified \"stratigraphic inconsistencies\" where dating results either showed differences beyond the error range between the two methods or displayed stratigraphic inversions. These inconsistencies were either underlined in Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig4\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003e or excluded from the depositional ages in Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig6\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e6\u003c/span\u003e\u0026mdash;a crucial step for generating precise SLIPs.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAge dates were determined by radiocarbon and OSL dating. In the newly obtained drilling cores, we obtained 15 OSL dates and 53 radiocarbon dates (Tables\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab3\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e and \u003cspan refid=\"Tab5\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003e). We excluded stratigraphic inconsistent data based on the new dating results and previously published dates. The ratio of reworked samples is described for each drilling core and each environment. Based on the results of sedimentary interpretation, the sedimentary environments were divided into terrestrial, supratidal, intertidal, subtidal, and shallow marine environments. The terrestrial (fluvial channels, flood plains, natural levees), supratidal (saltmarsh), intertidal (tidal flats and tidal creeks), subtidal (tidal channels and delta fronts), shallow marine (central basin and prodelta) environments (Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig6\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e6\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab3\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 3\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eOSL Dates in Core 19MJ-C01 of Nakdong River Valley. See Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig1\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e for the core location and Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig3\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e for the sampling depth.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"10\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c6\" colnum=\"6\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c7\" colnum=\"7\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c8\" colnum=\"8\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c9\" colnum=\"9\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c10\" colnum=\"10\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNo.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eDepth in core (m)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eWater content (%) \u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"5\" nameend=\"c8\" namest=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eDose rate (Gy/ka)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eDe (Gy)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eOSL age\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAlpha\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eBeta\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eGamma\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCosmic\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTotal\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.7\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e28\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.2\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.9\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.8\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.1\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.0\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.9\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.6\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e32\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.2\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.0\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.9\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.1\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.2\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.2\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.0\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e36\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.3\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.0\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.1\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.0\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.5\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.0\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.7\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e35\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.3\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.9\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.1\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.0\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.4\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.4\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.4\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e18.5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e37\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.3\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.9\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.1\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.0\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.4\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e17.3\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.1\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e20.8\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e40\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.3\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.9\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.1\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.0\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.4\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e18.9\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.6\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e23.2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e46\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.3\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.8\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.0\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.0\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.2\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e18.3\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.8\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e8\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e25.6\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e50\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.3\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.8\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.0\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.0\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.2\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e18.9\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.0\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e9\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e28.0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e50\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.3\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.6\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.9\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.0\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.8\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e19.2\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.8\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e10\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e30.4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e50\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.3\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.5\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.8\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.0\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.6\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e19.8\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.6\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e11\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e38.5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e39\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.3\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.9\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.1\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.0\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.3\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e35.8\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.0\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.8\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e12\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e41.5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e43\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.4\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.9\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.1\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.0\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.4\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e36.1\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.6\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.5\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.7\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e13\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e44.5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e35\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.4\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.0\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.1\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.0\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.6\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e38.2\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.7\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.7\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e14\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e47.5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e37\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.4\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.9\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.1\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.0\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.5\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e38.6\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.6\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.1\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.8\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e15\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e50.5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e26\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.3\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.9\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.1\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.0\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.3\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e45.1\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.8\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.9\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003ctfoot\u003e \u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd colspan=\"10\"\u003e\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e Water content is expressed as the weight of water divided by the weight of dry sediments.\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tfoot\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab4\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 4\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eRadiocarbon Dates in 19MJ-C01, 20GH02, 20GH03, 20GH04, and 20GH05 cores. See Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig1\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e for the core locations. Figures\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig2\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e and \u003cspan refid=\"Fig3\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e for the sampling depth.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"8\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c6\" colnum=\"6\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c7\" colnum=\"7\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c8\" colnum=\"8\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNo.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCore\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eName\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eDepth in core (m)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMaterials\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eδ\u0026sup1;\u0026sup3;C (\u0026permil;)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eConventional \u0026sup1;⁴C age (yr BP)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCalibrated age (cal yr BP)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eLab. code\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e19MJ-01\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eShell\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.4\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e755\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;32\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e695\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;35\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eKGM-ICa200046\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.9\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePlant\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-29.2\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1,904\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;32\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1,811\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;81\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eKGM-IWd200207\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eShell\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-1.4\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3,480\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;36\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3,763\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;83\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eKGM-ICa200047\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.7\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eShell\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.3\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3,773\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;35\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4,160\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;86\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eKGM-ICa200048\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e18.4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eShell\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-1.6\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4,644\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;38\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5,310\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;157\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eKGM-ICa200049\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e19.1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eShell\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-1.9\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.9\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4,949\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;39\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5,592\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;154\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eKGM-ICa200050\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e19.5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eShell\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-4.2\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.9\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4,919\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;39\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5,588\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;139\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eKGM-ICa200051\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e8\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e28.1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eShell\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-4.6\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6,217\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;42\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6,994\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;183\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eKGM-ICa200052\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e9\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e31.4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eShell\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.6\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7,551\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;43\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e8,305\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;117\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eKGM-ICa200053\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e10\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e50.7\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePlant\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-28.5\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.9\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e10,000\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;50\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e11,269\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;384\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eKGM-Iwd200208\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e11\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e20GH02\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eWood\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-28.7\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.6\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4,947\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;32\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5,666\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;70\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eKGM-IWd200594\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e12\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eWood\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-28.2\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.7\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5,258\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;32\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5,982\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;51\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eKGM-IWd200595\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e13\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eWood\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-28.8\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.8\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5,443\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;33\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6,248\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;53\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eKGM-IWd200596\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e14\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.6\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eWood\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-27.0\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.7\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5,961\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;33\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6,806\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;85\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eKGM-IWd200597\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e15\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.9\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eWood\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-22.8\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6,510\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;34\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7,363\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;38\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eKGM-IWd200598\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e16\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eWood\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-25.9\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6,905\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;36\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7,733\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;65\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eKGM-IWd200599\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e17\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e20GH03\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.9\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eWood\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-28.5\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.6\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1,588\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;32\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1,465\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;67\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eKGM-IWd200541\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e18\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.6\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eWood\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-27.3\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2,720\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;34\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2,816\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;60\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eKGM-IWd200542\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e19\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eWood\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-24.5\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.9\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4,348\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;36\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4,911\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;68\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eKGM-IWd200543\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e20\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e17.2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eWood\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-27.0\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.9\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e49,198\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;704\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e50,554\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eKGM-IWd200544\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e21\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e18.6\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eWood\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-28.4\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;2.2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026gt;\u0026thinsp;50,000\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eKGM-IWd200545\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e22\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e19.2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eWood\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-30.6\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;2.0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026gt;\u0026thinsp;50,000\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eKGM-IWd200546\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e23\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e33.2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eWood\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-27.9\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.8\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026gt;\u0026thinsp;50,000\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eKGM-IWd200547\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e24\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e34.9\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eWood\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-30.1\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.8\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026gt;\u0026thinsp;50,000\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eKGM-IWd200548\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e25\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e20GH04\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.7\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eWood\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-27.3\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.7\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1,311\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;31\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1,236\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;60\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eKGM-IWd200549\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e26\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.8\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eWood\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-23.9\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.7\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3,502\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;35\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3,783\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;93\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eKGM-IWd200550\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e27\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.7.2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eWood\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-34.8\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4,959\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;51\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5,674\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;84\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eKGM-IWd200551\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e28\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eWood\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-25.9\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5,349\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;39\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6,158\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;57\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eKGM-IWd200552\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e29\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.8\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eWood\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-18.1\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.6\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5,872\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;44\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6,677\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;117\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eKGM-IWd200553\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e30\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e20.5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eWood\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-27.7\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e8,389\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;45\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e9,392\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;102\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eKGM-IWd200554\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e31\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e22.4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eWood\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-31.3\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.7\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7,988\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;47\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e8,848\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;153\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eKGM-IWd200555\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e32\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e25.5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eWood\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-25.8\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e8,402\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;44\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e9,463\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;66\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eKGM-IWd200556\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e33\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e31.5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eWood\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-28.3\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026gt;\u0026thinsp;50,000\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eKGM-IWd200557\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e34\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e32.1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eWood\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-29.0\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026gt;\u0026thinsp;50,000\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eKGM-IWd200558\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e35\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e34.2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eWood\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-28.1\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026gt;\u0026thinsp;50,000\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eKGM-IWd200559\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e36\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e20GH-05\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.6\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eWood\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-29.4\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.9\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1,334\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;34\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1,241\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;64\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eKGM-IWd200560\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e37\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eWood\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-34.7\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.9\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e618\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;44\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e543\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;119\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eKGM-IWd200562\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e38\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.9\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eWood\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-31.2\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3,938\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;38\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4,246\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;201\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eKGM-IWd200563\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e39\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.6\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eWood\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;27.2\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4,354\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;38\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4,845\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;139\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eKGM-IWd200564\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e40\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.9\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eWood\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-28.6\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5,287\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;41\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5,985\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;206\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eKGM-IWd200565\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e41\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eWood\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-31.7\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.35\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5,848\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;50\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6,531\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;223\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eKGM-IWd200566\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab5\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 4\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e(Continued)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"8\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c6\" colnum=\"6\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c7\" colnum=\"7\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c8\" colnum=\"8\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNo.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCore\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eName\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eDepth in core (m)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMaterials\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eδ\u0026sup1;\u0026sup3;C (\u0026permil;)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eConventional \u0026sup1;⁴C age (yr BP)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCalibrated age (cal yr BP)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eLab. code\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e42\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e20GH05\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eWood\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-24.8\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.8\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7,016\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;42\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7,734\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;206\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eKGM-IWd200567\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e43\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e19.5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eWood\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-29.2\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.7\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e8,133\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;47\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e8,991\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;157\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eKGM-IWd200568\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e44\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e20.8\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eWood\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-29.2\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e8,063\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;46\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e8,769\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;269\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eKGM-IWd200569\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e45\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e22.6\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eWood\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-26.8\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e8,165\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;51\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e9,004\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;272\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eKGM-IWd200570\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e46\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e24.2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eWood\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-29.7\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e8,175\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;46\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e9,010\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;266\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eKGM-IWd200571\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e47\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e28.5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eWood\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-29.0\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.7\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e8,699\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;51\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e9,541\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;252\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eKGM-IWd200572\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e48\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e30.4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eWood\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-31.2\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.9\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e8,240\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;47\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e9,078\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;247\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eKGM-IWd200573\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e49\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e32.9\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eWood\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-30.6\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.9\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e8,593\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;48\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e9,487\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;194\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eKGM-IWd200574\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e50\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e33.9\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eWood\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-27.6\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.9\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e8,613\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;46\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e9,526\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;164\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eKGM-IWd200575\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e51\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e34.5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eWood\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-28.3\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.6\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e8,692\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;47\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e9,540\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;242\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eKGM-IWd200576\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e52\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e38.9\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eWood\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-21.5\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.9\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e8,819\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;38\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e9,690\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;274\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eKGM-IWd200577\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e53\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e39.7\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eWood\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-22.6\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e8,901\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;57\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e9,773\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;95\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eKGM-IWd200578\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec13\" class=\"Section3\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e4.2.1. Radiocarbon age dating\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eOf 191 radiocarbon dates obtained from the coastal plain of the NRV, 179 correspond to the post-LGM, and 12 are from the pre-Holocene. Of the radiocarbon dates corresponding to the post-LGM period, 6 samples have been confirmed to be modern. Of the 173 post-LGM samples, 27 (15%) indicate stratigraphic inconsistent data. For each core, there were no stratigraphic inconsistent data for 20GH02, 20GH03, and 19MJ-C01, while 1 of 7 samples (13%) was stratigraphic inconsistent for 20GH04. For 20GH05, 3 out of 15 samples (17%) were stratigraphic inconsistent. Among previously published cores, 7 of 15 samples (32%) were stratigraphic inconsistent for 16ND-C01, 2 of 15 (12%) for 16ND-C02, 3 of 13 (19%) for 16ND-C04, 4 of 14 (22%) for 16ND-C05, and 6 of 17 (26%) for ND-02. Of 18 samples from terrestrial environments, 2 (11%), 1 of 16 (6%) were from supratidal, 1 of 28 (4%) were from intertidal, 17 of 94 (18%) were from subtidal, and 5 of 17 (29%) were from shallow marine. In summary, a high proportion of samples were reworked in the drilling sites currently located around the river, and by environment, the supratidal and intertidal samples had relatively low proportions of stratigraphic inconsistent data, while there were high proportions of subtidal and shallow marine samples. Generally, stratigraphic inconsistent samples from terristrial, supratidal, and intertidal are relatively young, whereas reworked samples from subtidal and shallow marine often show older age measurements than their surroundings.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec14\" class=\"Section3\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e4.2.2. OSL age dating\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eOf the 112 OSL dates obtained from the coastal plain of the NRV, 103 correspond to the period after the LGM, and 9 correspond to the pre-Holocene. Of the 103 post-LGM samples, 30 (29%) show younger or older dates than the surrounding radiocarbon dates. OSL dating was performed from drilling cores (19MJ-C01, 16ND-C02, 16ND-C03, 16ND-C05, ND-01, ND-02, ND-03, OW-01). For each core, All four OSL ages for 16ND-C03 and three for OW-01 were accepted. 16ND-C02 showed inconsistent results for 14 of 16 (88%), 16ND-C05 showed inconsistent results for 4 of 12 samples (33%). ND-01 had 4 of 24 (17%), ND-02 had 5 of 23 (22%), ND-03 had 1 of 6 (17%) stratigraphic inconsistent. For the newly acquired core 19MJ-C01, 2 of 15 (13%) samples were excluded. The numbers of stratigraphica inconsistent samples for each environment were 1 of 9 (11%) for terrestrial, 3 of 8 (37%) for supratidal, 5 of 8 (62%) for intertidal, 14 of 51 (27%) for subtidal, 7 of 27 (26%) for sallow marine environments. Generally, samples from subtidal and shallow marine environments often appear younger than surrounding radiocarbon dates, while terrestrial shows relatively older ages. Although the number was small, 5 of 8 intertidal samples were excluded. In this environment, OSL ages are older than the surrounding radiocarbon dates. These results suggest that the sediments did not receive sufficient bleaching during the movement process in the intertidal environment. The results of OSL dates should take into account the larger error compared to radiocarbon dates.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec15\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e\u003cb\u003e4.3. Age\u003c/b\u003e\u0026ndash;\u003cb\u003edepth plots\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eFigure \u003cspan refid=\"Fig6\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e6\u003c/span\u003e shows a plot of all radiocarbon OSL ages corresponding to the post-LGM period obtained from the coastal plain of the NRV (276 in total, excluding 6 modern samples: 173 radiocarbon dates, 103 OSL dates). The age\u0026ndash;depth plots are divided into five categories excluding reworked sediments: 24 terrestrial (16 radiocarbon dates, 8 OSL dates), 20 supratidal (15 radiocarbon dates, 5 OSL dates), 30 intertidal (27 radiocarbon dates, 3 OSL dates), 114 subtidal (77 radiocarbon dates, 37 OSL dates), and 32 shallow marine (16 radiocarbon dates, 8 OSL dates). The 24 terrestrial sediments in the age\u0026ndash;depth plots do not indicate sea level positions, but they do represent the boundary of the terrestrial environment. These sediments include fluvial environments, such as fluvial channels, flood plains, natural levees, and other environments. Most are between \u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;32 and \u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;49.5 m, with ages of 9.5\u0026ndash;9.8 ka fluvial channel. In 19MJ-C01, the age is 10.7\u0026ndash;11.3 ka flood plain environments at depths between \u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;40.0 and \u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;47.1m. In cores located at the edge of the branches such as BH-01, 16ND-C03, 16ND-C05, the ages are 0.3\u0026ndash;3.6 ka flood plain environments at depths between +\u0026thinsp;1.6 and \u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;3 m.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAll 20 positions of supratidal sediments are considered SLIPs. The supratidal environment is located between the MSL and the HHW, indicating the maximum sea level. These sediments contain abundant bioturbation traces, very small shell fragments, and traces of various types of organic material, including wood fragments. In cores from 16ND-C02, 19MJ-C01, ND-01, and ND-02, the ages range from 10.1 ka to 12.3 ka at depths of \u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;36.3 to \u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;54.8 m. In the core 16ND-C05 located at the northernmost of the valley, the ages range from 9.7\u0026ndash;10.1 ka at depths of \u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;21.9 to \u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;23.7m. In the cores 16ND-C03 and 20GH03 located on the west side of the valley, the ages range from 1.5 ka to 7.5 ka at depths between \u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;2.7 and \u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;11.0 m.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eLike the supratidal sediments, all 29 positions of intertidal sediments are considered markers of SLIPs. The intertidal sediments represent an environment located between the MHW and the MLW, indicating the lowest sea level. These sediments show alternating sand and mud, including lenticular bedding, and fine shell fragments are observed. Some bioturbation can also be seen. In the cores from the west side of the NRV, shell-rich beds appear between the interlaminated sand and mud, and some include peat and wood fragments. These sedimentary features are interpreted as indicating sedimentation by relatively fast flows in the intertidal environment, i.g., small tidal creeks. These sediments appear at depths of \u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;34 to \u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;45 m with ages of 10.1\u0026ndash;10.9 ka in the southward cores ND-01, ND-02, KND-03, 16ND-C01, 16ND-C02. In cores 16ND-C05, and 20GH04 near the current channel to the north, the ages are 9.3\u0026ndash;9.5 ka at depths of \u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;24.3 to \u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;25.5 m. In the westward direction, they show ages of 1.2\u0026ndash;8.9 ka at depths of \u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1.7 to \u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;15.3 m. These observations were very similar to supratidal sediments.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAll 114 positions of subtidal sediments include tidal channels and delta fronts, and represent environments located between the MSL and the LLW. The sediments are mainly composed of sand in the highest energy environment among all environments, with significantly fewer traces of organic matter and bioturbation, and various degrees of shells, mud balls, parallel lamination, and cross lamination. These sediments appear continuously according to the cores from \u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;40 to \u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;3.3 m, with ages varying from 0.5\u0026ndash;10.1 ka.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAll 32 positions of shallow marine sediments indicate the deepest water environment, and the depth from the sea surface cannot be determined. Therefore, it is interpreted as a shallow marine environment. These sediments are characterized by homogeneous mud with almost imperceptible changes in grain size and no stratification. They have been severely bioturbated, and the presence of some shells indicates a marine environment. These sediments appear only at restricted depths of \u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;18.2 to \u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;32.5 m with ages of 4.8\u0026ndash;8.8 ka. These sediments mainly appear in cores from the center of the NRV toward the south.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec16\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e4.4. Indicative meaning of paleo-RSL\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe SLIPs of this study are presented in Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab7\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e5\u003c/span\u003e. Only those with clear sea-level indicative meanings, such as salt marshes and tidal flats, were selected as SLIP points. Salt marshes and tidal flats form within the range between mean spring high water (MSHW) and mean high water (MHW) (Wang et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR103\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2013\u003c/span\u003e). Based on changes in Holocene depositional environments, salt marsh and tidal flat facies can be used as proxies for paleosea level (Chang et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR23\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1996\u003c/span\u003e; Wang et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR103\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2013\u003c/span\u003e; Song et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR81\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2013\u003c/span\u003e; Yang et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR105\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2022\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR106\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2023\u003c/span\u003e), and tide gauge parameters located in the study area can be used for data calibration (Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab1\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e). Through these dynamics, paleosea level can be estimated using the method described in section \u003cspan refid=\"Sec7\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e3.4\u003c/span\u003e. Although biological evidence indicating depositional environments is lacking, tidal flats and salt marshes identified by the relative position of facies based on the facies model and lithological features were used to identify sea-level proxies.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab6\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 5\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eDetails of the 49 SLIPs of Supratidal and Intertidal Sediments in Nakdong River Velley.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"11\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c6\" colnum=\"6\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c7\" colnum=\"7\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c8\" colnum=\"8\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c9\" colnum=\"9\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c10\" colnum=\"10\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c11\" colnum=\"11\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCore\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eName\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eDepth in core (m)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eElevation (m)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMaterial\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e(Species)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eConventional \u0026sup1;⁴C age (yr BP)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCalibrated age (cal yr BP)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eOSL age (Ka)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eLab. code\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eReference\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eEnvironment\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePaleo-MSL (m)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e16ND-C01\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e35.6\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-34.3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eWood\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e8780\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;40\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e10,095\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;25\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eKGMIWd180668\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eKim et al. 2021\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTidalflat\u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-34.3\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e38.6\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-37.3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eShell\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e9520\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;50\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e10,870\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;220\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eKGMICa180098\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTidalflat\u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-37.3\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e16ND-C02\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e37.3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-36.3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eWood\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e9,008\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;58\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e10,090\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;180\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eESCh170432\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSalt marsh\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-36.7\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e39.7\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-38.7\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eShell\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e9,741\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;43\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e11,080\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;170\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eESCh170444\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSalt marsh\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-39.1\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e42.4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-41.4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eWood\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e9,603\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;41\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e10,960\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;200\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eESCh170427\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSalt marsh\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-41.8\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e40.0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-39.0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.9\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.7\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003etidalflat\u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-39.0\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e16ND-C03\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.7\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-9.1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eShell\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.9\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eHong et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR44\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2024\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSalt marsh\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-9.5\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-10.3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eShell\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.5\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSalt marsh\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-10.7\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.9\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-13.3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eShell\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.2\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003etidalflat\u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-13.3\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.6\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-5.0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.2\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSalt marsh\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-5.4\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.8\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-8.2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.8\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSalt marsh\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-8.6\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.6\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-11.0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.0\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSalt marsh\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-11.4\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e16ND-C05\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e28.4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-24.3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eWood\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e8,290\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;40\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e9,280\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;150\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eKGMIWd180367\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eKim et al. 2021\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTidalflat\u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-24.3\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e29.4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-25.3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eWood\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e8,450\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;40\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e9,470\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;50\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eKGMIWd180368\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTidalflat\u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-25.3\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e30.4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-26.3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eWood\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e8,760\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;40\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e9,750\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;160\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eKGMIWd180369\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSalt marsh\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-26.7\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e30.5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-26.4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eWood\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e8,790\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;40\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e9,785\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;165\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eKGMIWd180370\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSalt marsh\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-26.8\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e31.3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-27.2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eWood\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e8,870\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;40\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e9,980\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;200\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eKGMIWd180372\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSalt marsh\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-27.6\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e31.4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-27.3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eWood\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e8,750\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;40\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e9,735\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;175\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eKGMIWd180373\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSalt marsh\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-27.7\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e31.7\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-27.6\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eWood\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e8,780\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;40\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e9,765\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;165\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eKGMIWd180374\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSalt marsh\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-28.0\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e31.9\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-27.8\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eWood\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e9,020\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;40\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e10,205\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;55\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eKGMIWd180375\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSalt marsh\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-28.2\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eND-01\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e44.0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-39.4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eWood\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e9,250\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;50\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e10,381\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;133\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eKGM-ICa120153\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTidalflat\u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-39.4\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e49.6\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-45.0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eWood\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e9,640\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;40\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e10,992\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;203\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eKGM-ICa120154\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSalt marsh\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-45.4\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e45.4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-40.8\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.2\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.6\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTidalflat\u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-40.8\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e49.5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-44.9\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.4\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.7\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSalt marsh\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-45.3\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eND-02\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e45.5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-45.5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eWood\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e9,500\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;50\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e11,010\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;80\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eKGM-ITg140025\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTidalflat\u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-45.5\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e54.1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-54.1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eWood\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e10,400\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;60\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e12,240\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;200\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eKGM-ITg140026\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSalt marsh\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-54.5\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e54.8\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-54.8\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eWood\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e10,330\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;60\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e12,185\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;235\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eKGM-ITg140027\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSalt marsh\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-55.2\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e45.7\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-45.7\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.7\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.7\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTidalflat\u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-45.7\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eKND-03\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e34.4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-34.4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eBenthic foraminifera\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e9,180\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;30\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e10,153\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;121\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eBeta-468297\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eJeong et al. 2022\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTidalflat\u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-34.5\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSB-14\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-2.9\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCrassostrea gigas\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4,054\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;35\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4,522\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;102\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNZA 21669\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eRyu et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR73\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2005\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTidalflat\u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-2.9\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.8\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-7.7\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSaxidomus purpuratus\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6,163\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;40\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7,055\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;111\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNZA 21670\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTidalflat\u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-7.7\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-11.0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSaxidomus purpuratus\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6,475\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;35\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7,371\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;60\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNZA 21671\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTidalflat\u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-11.0\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-15.1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMacoma incongrua\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7,991\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;35\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e8,859\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;142\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNZA 20416\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTidalflat\u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-15.1\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e19MJ-C01\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e41.5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-40.3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.5\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.7\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eThis study\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSalt marsh\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-40.7\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e20GH02\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-6.1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eWood\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4,947\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;32\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5,666\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;70\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eKGM-IWd200594\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTidalflat\u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-6.1\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-7.5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eWood\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5,258\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;32\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5,982\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;51\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eKGM-IWd200595\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTidalflat\u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-7.5\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-8.2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eWood\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5,443\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;33\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6,248\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;53\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eKGM-IWd200596\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTidalflat\u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-8.2\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.6\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-9.6\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eWood\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5,961\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;33\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6,806\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;85\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eKGM-IWd200597\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTidalflat\u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-9.6\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.9\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-11.9\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eWood\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6,510\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;34\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7,363\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;38\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eKGM-IWd200598\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTidalflat\u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-11.9\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab7\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 5\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e(Continued)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"11\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c6\" colnum=\"6\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c7\" colnum=\"7\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c8\" colnum=\"8\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c9\" colnum=\"9\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c10\" colnum=\"10\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c11\" colnum=\"11\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCore\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eName\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eDepth in core (m)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eElevation (m)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMaterial\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e(Species)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eConventional \u0026sup1;⁴C age (yr BP)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCalibrated age (cal yr BP)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eOSL age (Ka)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eLab. code\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eReference\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eEnvironment\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePaleo-MSL (m)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e20GH02\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-12.5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eWood\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6,905\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;36\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7,733\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;65\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eKGM-IWd200599\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eThis study\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTidalflat\u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-12.5\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e20GH03\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.6\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-3.4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eWood\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1,588\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;32\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1,466\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;68\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eKGM-IWd200541\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTidalflat\u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-3.4\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-4.2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eWood\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2,720\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;34\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2,817\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;61\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eKGM-IWd200542\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTidalflat\u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-4.2\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.9\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-2.7\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eWood\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4,348\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;36\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4,912\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;69\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eKGM-IWd200543\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSalt marsh\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-3.1\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e20GH04\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.7\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-1.7\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eWood\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1,311\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;31\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1,236\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;60\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eKGM-IWd200549\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTidalflat\u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-1.7\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.8\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-5.8\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eWood\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3,502\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;35\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3,783\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;93\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eKGM-IWd200550\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTidalflat\u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-5.8\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e25.5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-25.5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eWood\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e8,402\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;44\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e9,463\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;66\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eKGM-IWd200556\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTidalflat\u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-25.5\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e20GH05\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.9\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-4.1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eWood\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3,938\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;38\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4,246\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;201\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eKGM-IWd200563\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTidalflat\u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-4.1\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.6\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-4.8\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eWood\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4,354\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;38\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4,845\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;139\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eKGM-IWd200564\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTidalflat\u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-4.8\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.9\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-7.1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eWood\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5,287\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;41\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5,985\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;206\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eKGM-IWd200565\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTidalflat\u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-7.1\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003ctfoot\u003e \u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd colspan=\"11\"\u003e\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003eSalt marsh, elevation-(MHW+(MSHW-MHW)/2) \u0026plusmn; (MSHW-MHW)/2; \u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003eTidalflat, elevation \u0026plusmn; (MHW-MLW)/2\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd colspan=\"11\"\u003eData availability\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd colspan=\"11\"\u003eNo, I do not have any research data outside the submitted manuscript file.\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tfoot\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe tidal flat consists mainly of mud layers with very low sand content, and tidal creek facies containing shell fragments, peat, and sand appear in 20GH02\u0026thinsp;~\u0026thinsp;20GH05 (Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig5\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e5\u003c/span\u003e). The tidal flat is 8m thick in 20GH02 and 13.5m thick in 20GH03, with both cores showing fining-upward trends. It consists of gray clay characterized by bivalve shells, very fine sand-mud laminae, and bioturbation. The laminae are less than 0.5cm thick showing parallel and lenticular bedding, and the clay layers exhibit 0.2-0.3cm long burrows and tidally influenced sand-mud alternating lamination (Reineck and Singh \u003cspan citationid=\"CR69\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1980\u003c/span\u003e). Some intervals show shell fragments and sand-mud alternating laminae (Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig5\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e5\u003c/span\u003eK), and the coarsening-upward trend containing wood fragments, peat, and shells indicates a tidal channel environment. The coarsening-upward sequence from mud to sand indicates flood deposits (Pizzuto et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR65\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2008\u003c/span\u003e), while the overall sedimentary structures and trace fossils indicate a tidal flat environment (Archer et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR6\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1995\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSalt marsh is 5m thick in core 20GH02 and shows a distinct boundary with late Pleistocene deposits, river channels, and floodplains. This deposit consists of dark gray clay layers mixed with burrows and plant roots, and in some sections, very fine sand-silt laminations formed by flooding can be observed. Organic layers, plant roots, and shell fragments are abundant, and bioturbated nodules are observed in the lower part of 19MJ-C01 (41.5m). The presence of plant roots, bioturbation traces, and shell fragments indicates that this sediment was deposited in a salt marsh environment influenced by both freshwater and marine conditions. Since salt marsh sediments are deposited on plains higher than the intertidal (Eisma et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR34\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1998\u003c/span\u003e), they were used as sea level indicators.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec17\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e4.4. RSL curve of the Nakdong River Valley\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe RSL curve was reconstructed by integrating previously published core data and new core data from 5 cores based on supratidal and intertidal deposits (Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig7\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e7\u003c/span\u003e). In total, 49 SLIPs were extracted for the RSL curve consisting of 41 radiocarbon dates and 8 OSL dates. The median ages of radiocarbon and OSL dates from the same depth in the core show a difference of about 0.2\u0026ndash;0.6 ka. OSL dates have a larger error range than radiocarbon dates, and in this study, OSL dates with a median value of about 10 ka show an error of 0.7 ka. OSL dating can be effective to allow reconstruction of depositional age for reconstructing sedimentary environments. However, in tasks requiring high-resolution dating such as sea level curve reconstruction, errors may occur due to the large error range. Therefore, in the composition of the RSL curve for this study, OSL dates were used only for reference, and the curve was primarily based on radiocarbon dates. The mean spring tidal range in the study area is 1.2 m. SLIPs obtained from supratidal and intertidal deposits were adjusted for elevation and error based on their relationship to sea level (Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab7\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e5\u003c/span\u003e). The sea level is estimated to have been slightly lower than the supratidal marshes. This RSL curve indicates that the sea level rose at an average rate of 10.4 mm/yr during the 13.0\u0026ndash;8.2 ka. During this period, increased rapidly from \u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;55 m to \u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;13.3 m, including several stepwise stages. During the period 8.2\u0026ndash;4.5 ka, the rate slowed to an average of 2.8 mm/yr, positioning the sea level about \u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;3 m below the current level. Subsequently, around 3.0 ka, the sea level dropped by 1.5 m to \u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;4.5 m. Since 3 ka, the sea level has gradually risen to the present level.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e"},{"header":"5. Discussion","content":"\u003cdiv id=\"Sec19\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e5.1. Depositional systems in the Nakdong River Valley\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe sedimentary units and age dates of cores across the N\u0026ndash;S and W\u0026ndash;E sections of the NRV are closely correlated, indicating the Holocene evolution of the paleo-NRV (Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig4\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003e). Age dates between 20 and 13.8 ka from cores retrieved from the NRV are limited. Therefore, the data discussed here were confined to the last 13 ka. The 20GH series and the 19MJ-C01 core contain seven sedimentary units. These units can be classified into three depositional systems based on their associations: fluvial, estuary, and delta systems, in ascending order. These systems show the accumulation of incised-valley fill deposits unconformably overlying the upper Pleistocene deposits (cf. Yoo et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR107\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2020\u003c/span\u003e; Choi et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR26\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2024\u003c/span\u003e; Hong et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR44\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2024\u003c/span\u003e) (Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig4\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003e). This fill consists of (in ascending order) fluvial channel, floodplain and natural levee, tidal channel, salt marsh, tidal flat, central basin/prodelta, delta front, and delta plain. The central basin is a term indicating a subenvironment in the wave-dominated estuary facies model, and it may also be expressed as a transgressive bay when it appears in tide-dominated or mixed-energy environments (e.g., Anthony et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR5\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2002\u003c/span\u003e; Tanabe et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR90\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2015\u003c/span\u003e). The fluvial channel, floodplain and natural levee, tidal channel, salt marsh, tidal flat, and central basin are transgressive deposits from 13.0\u0026ndash;7.0 ka, with isochrons showing an onlapping stacking pattern. The prodelta, delta front, and delta plain are regressive deposits from 7.0\u0026ndash;0 ka, with isochrons showing an offlapping stacking pattern (Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig4\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003e). The uppermost depositional unit has been interpreted as a delta plain in previous studies (Shin \u003cspan citationid=\"CR76\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2016\u003c/span\u003e; Yoo et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR107\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2020\u003c/span\u003e; Kim et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR54\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2021b\u003c/span\u003e; Jeong et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR47\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2021\u003c/span\u003e), but Hong et al. (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR44\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2024\u003c/span\u003e) proposed that it was composed of tidal channels, tidal bars, subtidal and tidal flats. We have subdivided it into tidal channels, salt marshes, tidal flat, fluvial channels, floodplains, and natural levees for extraction of sea-level indicators. The base of the fluvial channel is a sequence boundary (SB), that between the oxidized gravelly fluvial deposits and the overlying sandy fluvial channel is a transgressive surface (TS), the boundary between fluvial channels or floodplains and salt marshes or tidal flat is an initial flooding surface (IFS), and that between the central basin and prodelta is a maximum flooding surface (MFS; 8 ka) (Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig4\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003e). After about 3 ka, a fluvial erosion surface (FES; 3 ka) was widely formed across the study area (Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig4\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003e). The accumulation pattern shows a transgressive stratigraphic trend indicating upward fining, upward deepening environmental changes from fluvial channels to central basin, transitioning to a regressive stratigraphic trend showing upward coarsening, upward shallowing changes from prodelta to delta plain subenvironments. In the study area, the central basin and prodelta units below and above the MFS are distinguished by mud content. Below the MFS, a upward fining sequence is observed, while above the MFS, a upward coarsening is seen. Generally, the finest-grained horizon is used as a criterion for identifying the MFS (Posamentier et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR66\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1988\u003c/span\u003e; van Wagoner et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR101\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1988\u003c/span\u003e; Catuneanu \u003cspan citationid=\"CR22\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2006\u003c/span\u003e). After about 8\u0026ndash;7 ka, the sediment accumulation rate slowed, and in relation to progradation of the delta front, a massive silty mud layer was formed above the MFS with active bioturbation and sometimes including discontinuous laminations of a few millimeters.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIn the W\u0026ndash;E section, especially in the western basin of the NRV, interpretation is very limited due to the lack of drill cores. This study provides an interpretation of four drill cores in the W-E section (Figs.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig2\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e and \u003cspan refid=\"Fig5\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e5\u003c/span\u003e). The shape of the pre-LGM topography in the W-E section suggests that deep river erosion occurred in the N\u0026ndash;S section, while the western basin was left with a relatively high topography. In addition, the incised valley shows an asymmetric shape with a steep slope in the eastern part (Yoo et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR107\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2020\u003c/span\u003e). The modern Nakdong River is almost straight, and river inflow from the west is very limited (Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig1\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e). The incised valley was flooded in response to an increase in sea level after the LGM, and the environment transitioned from fluvial to estuarine. The 20GH05 core near the present Nakdong River shows a transition from fluvial channel to tidal channel deposits. The 20GH01, 20GH03, and 20GH04 cores, less associated with the fluvial environment, show continuous changes from salt marsh to intertidal, reflecting the initial flooding of the estuary. This system is interpreted as a retrogradationally deposited estuarine system (Boyd et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR18\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1992\u003c/span\u003e). Sedimentation rates accumulated very rapidly until about 10\u0026ndash;8 ka. From about 8 ka, with the decrease in the rate of sea level rise, delta progradation began from the bay head in the north. During this period, tidal flats developed in the western plain, but the delta began progradational deposition from the bay head to the bay mouth. The delta front unit that started from the north prograded from about 8 ka to 3 ka. The sedimentary facies of this unit are characterized by heterogenic facies of sand and mud, low levels of bioturbation, and abundant shells. In contrast, the western basin during the same period includes mud-dominated facies with discontinuous laminations, highly bioturbation, and low shell fragment contents. These observations indicate sedimentation processes related to suspended and settling sedimentation in a relatively low-energy environment rather than deltaic growth due to abundant sediment supply from rivers (Dalrymple and Choi \u003cspan citationid=\"CR29\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2007\u003c/span\u003e; Tanabe et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR90\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2015\u003c/span\u003e; Hong et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR44\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2024\u003c/span\u003e). In addition, the differences in depositional environments at the same time depending on location are interpreted as a result of insufficient sediment supply compared to accommodation space (Boyd et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR18\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1992\u003c/span\u003e). The western basin, corresponding to the edge of the NRV, shows parallel isochrons after 8 ka. Tidal flat and salt marsh deposits in this area produced abundant SLIPs after 8 ka. The overall depositional environment shallows from the system boundary to the surface. The continuity of upward deepening and upward shallowing stratigraphic evolution is interpreted as the maximum flooding surface.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSeveral previous studies on stratigraphic evolution during the later Quaternary within the NRV yielded similar results. The infilling of the NRV was shown to consist of fluvial deposits during the lowstand, estuarine deposits during transgression, and delta and bay mouth shoreface deposits during the highstand (Ryu et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR73\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2005\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR72\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2011\u003c/span\u003e; Yoo et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR108\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2014\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR107\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2020\u003c/span\u003e; Shin \u003cspan citationid=\"CR76\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2016\u003c/span\u003e; Cho et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR25\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2017\u003c/span\u003e; Jeong et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR48\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2018\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR47\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2021\u003c/span\u003e; Khim et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR51\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2019\u003c/span\u003e; Kim et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR54\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2021b\u003c/span\u003e; Choi et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR26\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2024\u003c/span\u003e; Hong et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR44\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2024\u003c/span\u003e). Many previous studies define the modern environment as a typical open ocean delta. Hong et al. (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR44\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2024\u003c/span\u003e) interpreted it as a bay head delta based on the spatial distribution of subenvironments, characteristics of sedimentary facies and sequences, and relatively thin delta front. Many other previous studies interpreted it as an open ocean delta because they are composed of subenvironments classified as prodelta, delta front, and delta plain, and their sequences show an upward coarsening trend. Bayhead deltas are observed in various modern settings but are generally subenvironments of wave-dominated estuaries and fill the accommodation space by prograding toward the bay mouth from their upper part (Allen and Posamentier \u003cspan citationid=\"CR1\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1993\u003c/span\u003e; Dalrymple and Zaitlin \u003cspan citationid=\"CR30\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1994\u003c/span\u003e). As bay head deltas include prodelta, tidal flats, delta front, tidal bar, distributary channel and delta plain, showing a composition similar to the subenvironments of open ocean deltas, they are very difficult to distinguish them in successions (Reineck and Singh \u003cspan citationid=\"CR69\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1980\u003c/span\u003e; Dalrymple and Zaitlin \u003cspan citationid=\"CR30\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1994\u003c/span\u003e; Simms et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR78\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2018\u003c/span\u003e). In most bayhead deltas, a biased balance toward large accommodation space results in partial filling of the bay head delta within the upper estuary (Sloss et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR79\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2006\u003c/span\u003e). On the other hand, when accommodation space is almost equivalent to sediment input, estuaries can be completely filled within limited systems. In Holocene and modern systems, if sediment flux is high compared to the accommodation capacity of the estuary, it can completely fill the open ocean or open bay part of the estuary, transforming wave-dominated estuaries into tide-dominated estuaries or open ocean deltas (Roy et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR70\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1980\u003c/span\u003e; Anthony et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR5\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2002\u003c/span\u003e; Harris and Heap \u003cspan citationid=\"CR42\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2003\u003c/span\u003e). Compared to open ocean deltas, bay head deltas have low-gradient and thin clinoforms (less than 10 m) because fluvial sediment input is limited and sometimes strong tidal processes disperse fluvial sediments into the central basin (Aschoff et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR7\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2018\u003c/span\u003e; Simms et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR78\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2018\u003c/span\u003e). In contrast, open ocean deltas have delta fronts of more than 20 m (e.g., Hori et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR46\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2002\u003c/span\u003e; Tanabe et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR93\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2003\u003c/span\u003e). Wang et al. (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR102\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2020\u003c/span\u003e) distinguished non-bay deltas as a comparable concept to bay head deltas filling incised valleys. According to this study, sediment supply and the scale of accommodation space greatly influence their thickness. When sediment supply is insufficient compared to the scale of accommodation space, the underfilling of the incised valley results in the formation of a bay head delta and a thin HST unit. Conversely, when sediment supply is dominant, overfilling of the incised valley results in a non-bay delta and a thick HST unit. Therefore, the modern Nakdong River Valley is a full-filled bay head delta that grew from the bay head to the bay mouth during the HST, filling the incised valley completely, but with limited growth into the marine due to the balance between sediment supply and accommodation space.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec20\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e5.2. Age of delta initiation\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe age of delta initiation in the study area has been discussed in previous studies. The timing of delta progradation was proposed to be between 5\u0026ndash;7 ka according to different groups. Ryu et al. (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR73\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2005\u003c/span\u003e) suggested that the sea level rose rapidly until about 8 ka, forming an inner continental shelf environment, and proposed that delta progradation began around 5 ka as the rate of sea level rise decreased. Many reports have proposed that it occurred after 6ka (e.g., Shin \u003cspan citationid=\"CR76\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2016\u003c/span\u003e; Cho et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR25\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2017\u003c/span\u003e; Ham et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR39\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2018\u003c/span\u003e; Jeong et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR47\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2021\u003c/span\u003e; Kim et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR54\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2021b\u003c/span\u003e), while many others have proposed 7ka (e.g., Ryu et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR72\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2011\u003c/span\u003e; Khim et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR51\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2019\u003c/span\u003e; Yoo et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR107\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2020\u003c/span\u003e; Hong et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR44\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2024\u003c/span\u003e). Estuaries and deltas represent progradational and retrogradational depositional systems, respectively, and the change from progradation to retrogradation is determined by the balance between changes in RSL and sediment discharge. The global decrease in the rate of rise in sea level during the mid-Holocene transformed the estuaries of rivers with large sediment influx into deltas (Stanley and Warne \u003cspan citationid=\"CR83\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1994\u003c/span\u003e; Hori and Saito \u003cspan citationid=\"CR45\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2007\u003c/span\u003e). The MFS is the stratigraphic boundary that separates progradational and retrogradational depositional systems, and its age coincides with the beginning of delta formation. In the present study, the timing of the MFS in the NRV appears to be 8 ka (Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig4\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003e). It appears to be 8 ka in the northern bay head and western basin, and gradually approaches 7 ka toward the bay mouth. Studies in large river basins in Asia that discharge large amounts of sediment, such as the Yangtze River (Hori et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR46\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2002\u003c/span\u003e; Song et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR81\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2013\u003c/span\u003e), Red River (Tanabe et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR94\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2006\u003c/span\u003e), and Mekong River (Tamura et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR87\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2009\u003c/span\u003e; Ta et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR84\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2021\u003c/span\u003e), have shown that the age of the MFS, which is considered the beginning of delta formation, was about 8 ka, and bay head deltas in Japan also show similar timing (e.g., Tanabe et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR91\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2022\u003c/span\u003e). This suggests that the timing of delta initiation was critically influenced by the global decrease in rate of rise in sea level. Research in Tokyo Bay (Tanabe et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR92\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2023\u003c/span\u003e) has explained the relationship between sediment discharge and delta initiation. In that bay, the Tone River flowing from the northern region joins the bay through the Arakawa Lowland in the west and the Nakagawa Lowland in the east. The influx of the Tone River moved from the Arakawa Lowland to the Nakagawa Lowland around 5 ka, and while the Arakawa Lowland, which had abundant sediment supply, showed an MFS age of 8 ka, that in the Nakagawa Lowland was 7 ka. Yeongil Bay is located approximately 50\u0026ndash;60 km northeast of the Nakdong River lowland, and according to recent research, the sedimentary system evolved in a wave-dominated setting the Holocene sea-level rise (Yoon et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR111\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2023\u003c/span\u003e). According to this study, although the Hyeongsan River flowing into Yeongil Bay has much less sediment supply compared to the Nakdong River, the timing of delta progradation was found to be 7.8 ka. This suggests that not only the absolute amount of sediment supply but also the relative supply amount compared to accommodation space size may be an important factor.. The differences in timing of delta initiation in previous studies may have been due to methodological differences in physical, chemical, and biological proxies used or to limited dating results. A small sediment supply relative to the size of the accommodation space can hinder delta initiation, causing the timing of the MFS to vary depending on location. The difference in MFS between the bay head and bay mouth in this study may have been due to insufficient sediment supply. Recent advances in dating techniques have allowed discussion of Holocene evolution on a millennial scale. More precise intervals and smaller error ranges in dating results for deposits will help resolve this issue (Kim et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR54\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2021b\u003c/span\u003e). In addition, it is necessary to address this issue by cross-checking the various proxies used in the analyses.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec21\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e5.3. Changes in RSL in the Nakdong River Valley during the Holocene\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eChoi et al. (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR26\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2024\u003c/span\u003e) and Hong et al. (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR44\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2024\u003c/span\u003e) have presented RSL curves for the study area. The former used the Korea Strait deposits corresponding to the continental shelf and coastal plain of the published cores, whereas the latter focused on interpretation of the coastal plain and explained sedimentary succession along with a conceptual sea level curve. In our study, we present a more precise RSL curve based on extracted sea level indicators. Previous studies have indicated that rapid rise in sea level occurred during the early Holocene, reaching about 10 mm/yr during this period (Kim et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR54\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2021b\u003c/span\u003e; Hong et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR44\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2024\u003c/span\u003e; Choi et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR26\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2024\u003c/span\u003e). The rise in ESL from YD to 8.2 ka was reported to be about 14 mm/yr (Lambeck et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR56\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2014\u003c/span\u003e). Our results showed that the RSL rise from 12.2 ka to 8.2 ka was about 12 mm/yr. During this period, there were about three instances of rapid rise of RSL exceeding the average rise of RSL rate (Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig7\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e7\u003c/span\u003e). A stepwise rise of RSL during the early Holocene was observed in various regions of world (e.g., Liu et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR57\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2004\u003c/span\u003e; Bird et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR13\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2007\u003c/span\u003e; T\u0026ouml;rnqvist and Hijma \u003cspan citationid=\"CR100\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2012\u003c/span\u003e; Wang et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR103\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2013\u003c/span\u003e; Tjallingii et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR98\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2014\u003c/span\u003e; Song et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR82\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2018\u003c/span\u003e; Hijma and Cohen \u003cspan citationid=\"CR43\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2019\u003c/span\u003e; Tanabe et al. 2020). Whether this is related to global sea level rise is an important point to consider, and rapid rise in sea level in sections that are not related to global increases can be recognized as changes due to special local conditions.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAs mentioned above, three instances of rapid rise in RSL are recognized as having occurred during the early Holocene in the study area: 11.5\u0026ndash;11.0 ka, 18 mm/yr; 9.9\u0026ndash;10.2 ka, 24 mm/yr; 8.8\u0026ndash;9.2 ka, 21 mm/yr. The increased known as MWP 1B from 12\u0026ndash;11 ka occurred rapidly from \u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;58 m to \u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;44 m in Barbados and from \u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;65 m to \u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;56 m in Tahiti (Fairbanks \u003cspan citationid=\"CR35\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1989\u003c/span\u003e; Bard et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR8\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1996\u003c/span\u003e). This phenomenon was also recognized in the Echigo Plain in western Japan, rising from \u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;65 m to \u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;53 m during the same period (Tanabe et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR95\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2009\u003c/span\u003e). In the present study area, the sea level rose rapidly from \u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;48 m to \u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;39 m of 17 mm/yr for about 500 years from 11.5 to 11.0 ka. MWP 1B is known to have been somewhat smaller than the rate of increase in sea level during MWP 1A (Fairbanks \u003cspan citationid=\"CR35\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1989\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR36\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1990\u003c/span\u003e; Bard et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR9\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1990\u003c/span\u003e; Hanebuth et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR40\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2000\u003c/span\u003e). Increases during this period have also been detected recently in East Asia (Liu et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR57\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2004\u003c/span\u003e; Tanabe et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR95\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2009\u003c/span\u003e, 2020; Abdul et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR3\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2016\u003c/span\u003e; Miller et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR60\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2020\u003c/span\u003e), and is recognized to have occurred globally. MWP 1C lasted from 10 to 9 ka, showing a vertical displacement of 20 m and 25 mm/yr in the Yellow Sea (Liu et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR57\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2004\u003c/span\u003e). In Tokyo Bay, an increase of 20\u0026ndash;50 mm/yr was observed during the period 9.2\u0026ndash;9.1 ka (Tanabe et al. 2020). In the Mekong Delta, an increase of 18 m, 22.5 mm/yr was observed during the period 9.0\u0026ndash;8.2 ka (Tjallingii et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR98\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2014\u003c/span\u003e). These observations show slight differences in timing and include estimates over a wide range. In the present study area, sea level rose rapidly from \u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;24 m to \u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;15m at 21 mm/yr from 9.2 to 8.8 ka. The timing is similar to the increase in the Mekong Delta but the degree of change is much larger. It is considered to have been a local event because it was not confirmed globally. Tanabe et al. (2020) did not consider the increases in sea level during MWP 1C and 1D periods as eustatic events because the dating error was wider than the interval of difference in sea level rise. Further research is needed to determine whether the sea level rise during this period corresponds to a eustatic event.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eStanley and Warne (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR83\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1994\u003c/span\u003e) proposed an event at 8.2 ka by compiling the start times of deltas worldwide, and Lambeck et al. (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR56\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2014\u003c/span\u003e), who compiled global changes in sea level, also reported that the rate of ESL rise decreased from 14 mm/yr to 7 mm/yr at 8.2 ka. Decreases in the rate of sea level rise around 8.2 ka have also been reported in the Malay Peninsula (Bird et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR13\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2007\u003c/span\u003e) and the Gulf of Mexico (Anderson et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR4\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2016\u003c/span\u003e). This phenomenon may be related to the decrease rate in sea level rise at the end of the event prior to 8.2 ka. Kendall et al. (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR49\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2008\u003c/span\u003e) simulated a vertical displacement of 0.3\u0026ndash;0.4 m in East Asia before the event at 8.2 ka, based on the assumption that meltwater drainage was confined to the Laurentide Ice Sheet. Studies since then have predicted the magnitude of global sea level rise between 8.5 and 8.2 ka to be 1.5\u0026ndash;3.0 m (T\u0026ouml;rnqvist and Hijma \u003cspan citationid=\"CR100\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2012\u003c/span\u003e; Carlson and Clark \u003cspan citationid=\"CR21\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2012\u003c/span\u003e; Hijma and Cohen \u003cspan citationid=\"CR43\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2019\u003c/span\u003e). The 8.2 ka cooling event was also recognized on the west coast of the Korean Peninsula (Park et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR63\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2018\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR64\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2019\u003c/span\u003e). The impact of this cooling event on sea level was observed along the west coast of the Korean Peninsula (Song et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR82\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2018\u003c/span\u003e; Yang et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR105\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2022\u003c/span\u003e). In this study, the rate of sea level rise decreased sharply to 2.6 mm/yr after 8.2 ka. Unstable fluctuation in sea level occurred after the relatively low rate of sea level of 8.2\u0026ndash;4.5 ka, which was estimated to have been due to changes in sediment supply. Changes in sediment supply are estimated to be due to colder and drier climate conditions caused by millennial-scale changes in the East Asian monsoon. A local-scale cold period of 4.2 ka was proposed by estimating changes in sea surface temperature based on marine cores of the Yellow Sea (Bae et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR10\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2020\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR11\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2022\u003c/span\u003e). In addition, oxygen isotope records during the period 4.2 ka in coastal areas of East Asia have revealed that it was accompanied by regional-scale dry climate conditions (Park et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR63\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2018\u003c/span\u003e). Less is known about the event at 4.2 ka compared to the event at 8.2 ka. In particular, clear evidence for this event around the Korean Peninsula is lacking, and further research is therefore required.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e"},{"header":"6. Conclusion","content":"\u003cp\u003eWe reconstructed sea level records from the last interglacial period based on existing published data and sedimentary facies, radiocarbon ages, and OSL ages from five new cores obtained from the coastal plain of the NRV. The depositional ages corresponding to the Holocene range from approximately 13 ka to 1 ka. During the last interglacial period, supratidal and intertidal sediments accumulated at the study site as sea level rose. As the current tidal range in this area is low at 1.2 m, the age\u0026ndash;depth results of supratidal and intertidal sediments were used as indicators of sea level fluctuations. We extracted 49 SLIPs from 303 age data (191 radiocarbon dates, 112 OSL dates) produced from 12 cores, including previously published cores, and corrected for tidal range. Subsidence rates were not considered. The results divided the sea level record of the last interglacial into four segments. The RSL curve showed that sea level rose at an average rate of 12 mm/yr between 12.2 ka and 8.2 ka. During this period, increased rapidly from \u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;55 m to \u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;15 m, showing several stages of stepwise increase. Between 8.2 ka and 4.5 ka, the rate of increase slowed to an average of 2.8 mm/yr, with the level reaching about \u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;3 m below the present level. Around 3 ka, it dropped by 1.5 m to \u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;4.5 m. Since 3 ka, sea level has gradually risen to its current level. The rapid increases in sea level in the early Holocene, showing at least three stepwise increases, is comparable to global increases and may be associated with MWP 1B and 1C. Despite the lack of studies of changes in RSL around the Korean Peninsula, these observations suggest that such stepwise increases in sea level can be identified in the study area.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Declarations","content":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eData availability\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eNo, I do not have any research data outside the submitted manuscript file.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e \u003ch2\u003eCompeting interests\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eNo, I declare that the authors have no competing interests as defined by Springer, or other interests that might be perceived to influence the results and/or discussion reported in this paper.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eFunding\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThis research was supported by the Basic Research Project (25-3111-3) of the Korea Institute of Geoscience and Mineral Resources (KIGAM) funded by the Ministry of Science and ICT of Korea and a part of the projects entitled \u0026lsquo;Study on characterizations of submarine faults in the southwestern, Korea (RS-2023-00255130, 24-9851) of the Ministry of Ocean and Fisheries (MOF).\u003c/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eAuthor Contribution\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eYoon HH: Conceptualization, methodology, core description, writing, revising and editingHan M: Conceptualization, core description, review and editingYang DY: Conceptualization, methodologyLee JY: core descriptionJun CP: sea level curve fittingPark S: radiocarbon age curationLim J: SupervisionYoo DG: Metholodogy, supervisionAll authors contributed to the article and approved the version submitted for publication.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"References","content":"\u003col\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eAllen GP, Posamentier HW (1993) Sequence stratigraphy and facies model of an incised valley fill: the Gironde Estuary, France. 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Mar Geol 464:107127. \u003cspan class=\"ExternalRef\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"RefSource\"\u003ehttps://doi.org/10.1016/j.margeo.2023.107127\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan address=\"10.1016/j.margeo.2023.107127\" targettype=\"DOI\" class=\"RefTarget\"\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eZaitlin BA, Dalrymple RW, Boyd R (1994) The stratigraphic organization of incised valley systems associated with relative sea-level change. In: Dalrymple RW, Boyd R, Zaitlin BA (eds) Incised-Valley Systems: Origin and Sedimentary Sequences 51. SEPM Spec. Publ., pp 45\u0026ndash;60\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003c/ol\u003e"}],"fulltextSource":"","fullText":"","funders":[],"hasAdminPriorityOnWorkflow":false,"hasManuscriptDocX":true,"hasOptedInToPreprint":true,"hasPassedJournalQc":"","hasAnyPriority":false,"hideJournal":false,"highlight":"","institution":"","isAcceptedByJournal":true,"isAuthorSuppliedPdf":false,"isDeskRejected":"","isHiddenFromSearch":false,"isInQc":false,"isInWorkflow":false,"isPdf":false,"isPdfUpToDate":true,"isWithdrawnOrRetracted":false,"journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"geo-marine-letters","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"externalIdentity":"gmle","sideBox":"Learn more about [Geo-Marine Letters](http://link.springer.com/journal/367)","snPcode":"367","submissionUrl":"https://submission.nature.com/new-submission/367/3","title":"Geo-Marine Letters","twitterHandle":"","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":true,"editorialSystem":"em","reportingPortfolio":"Springer Hybrid","inReviewEnabled":true,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":false},"keywords":"RSL curve, sea level index point (SLIP), incised valley fill, Nakdong River, sedimentary facies","lastPublishedDoi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-5887084/v1","lastPublishedDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-5887084/v1","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"},"manuscriptAbstract":"\u003cp\u003eThe Nakdong River, a major river on the Korean Peninsula, has been the focus of numerous studies over the last several decades. This study compiled sedimentary facies and age data from both published and new cores from the post-Last Glacial Maximum (LGM) incised valley fill deposits beneath the coastal plain in the Nakdong River Valley (NRV). The presence of a fluvial system led to a deep incision during the LGM, and the post-LGM sediment succession provides a well-preserved geological record. Five new sediment cores were collected from the NRV coastal plain, along with data from 12 published cores. The new data from five cores were combined with published data from 12 cores to define cross-sections through the NRV and construct isochrones. We also constructed the Holocene relative sea level (RSL) change in the NRV by analyzing intertidal and supratidal sediments. In total, 303 age dates, including 70 new dates, were reviewed, and 220 depositional ages were selected to create a RSL curve. We identified initial marine flooding due to the last deglacial transgression and shoreline progradation during the Holocene highstand. Using age-depth plots of 49 selected sea level index points (SLIPs), a sea level curve was plotted and corrected using modern tidal range data. The age of the Holocene in the NRV spans approximately 13\u0026ndash;1 ka. At the study site, which has a mean spring tidal range of 1.2 m, supratidal and intertidal sediments accumulated according to the fluctuation of RSL. This RSL curve showed that the sea level rose at an average rate of 12 mm/yr from 12.2 to 8.2 ka. During this period, it rose rapidly from \u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;55 m to \u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;15 m, in several stages of stepwise stages. From 8.2 to 4.5 ka, the rate of increase slowed to an average of 2.8 mm/yr, placing it at about \u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;3 m below the current level. Around 3 ka, it dropped by 1.5 m to \u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;4.5 m. The sea level has risen gradually to the present level since 3 ka. This paper presents the most accurate SLIPs for the Nakdong River lowlands, drawing from data accumulated through decades of research in the Nakdong River estuary.\u003c/p\u003e","manuscriptTitle":"Holocene relative sea level records of the Nakdong River incised valley fill in the south-eastern Korean Peninsula","msid":"","msnumber":"","nonDraftVersions":[{"code":1,"date":"2025-03-25 18:07:54","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-5887084/v1","editorialEvents":[{"type":"communityComments","content":0},{"type":"decision","content":"Revision requested","date":"2025-05-29T12:26:12+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorInvitedReview","content":"","date":"2025-05-04T09:15:13+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"181559401149214444044382101492167443387","date":"2025-04-21T09:54:56+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorInvitedReview","content":"","date":"2025-04-21T02:45:23+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorInvitedReview","content":"","date":"2025-04-06T09:52:12+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"184555783791067975295024521369725873810","date":"2025-03-25T09:36:46+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"251204209125817801824640724232390846932","date":"2025-03-21T09:14:24+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewersInvited","content":"","date":"2025-03-21T04:26:16+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorAssigned","content":"","date":"2025-03-21T02:17:01+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"checksComplete","content":"","date":"2025-03-20T11:30:23+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"submitted","content":"Geo-Marine Letters","date":"2025-01-23T09:28:15+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""}],"status":"published","journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"geo-marine-letters","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"externalIdentity":"gmle","sideBox":"Learn more about [Geo-Marine Letters](http://link.springer.com/journal/367)","snPcode":"367","submissionUrl":"https://submission.nature.com/new-submission/367/3","title":"Geo-Marine Letters","twitterHandle":"","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":true,"editorialSystem":"em","reportingPortfolio":"Springer Hybrid","inReviewEnabled":true,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":false}}],"origin":"","ownerIdentity":"0cf40d82-aa4b-4645-97bf-201e92533b29","owner":[],"postedDate":"March 25th, 2025","published":true,"recentEditorialEvents":[],"rejectedJournal":[],"revision":"","amendment":"","status":"published-in-journal","subjectAreas":[],"tags":[],"updatedAt":"2025-09-08T15:59:19+00:00","versionOfRecord":{"articleIdentity":"rs-5887084","link":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s00367-025-00820-w","journal":{"identity":"geo-marine-letters","isVorOnly":false,"title":"Geo-Marine Letters"},"publishedOn":"2025-09-01 15:57:15","publishedOnDateReadable":"September 1st, 2025"},"versionCreatedAt":"2025-03-25 18:07:54","video":"","vorDoi":"10.1007/s00367-025-00820-w","vorDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s00367-025-00820-w","workflowStages":[]},"version":"v1","identity":"rs-5887084","journalConfig":"researchsquare"},"__N_SSP":true},"page":"/article/[identity]/[[...version]]","query":{"redirect":"/article/rs-5887084","identity":"rs-5887084","version":["v1"]},"buildId":"8U1c8b4HqxoKbykW_rLl7","isFallback":false,"isExperimentalCompile":false,"dynamicIds":[84888],"gssp":true,"scriptLoader":[]}