Acculturative Stress and Bullying Victimization of Multicultural Youth in South Korea: The Moderating Role of Multicultural Parents’ Integration Acculturation Strategy

Acculturative Stress and Bullying Victimization of Multicultural Youth in South Korea: The Moderating Role of Multicultural Parents’ Integration Acculturation Strategy | Research Square window.SnipcartSettings = { analytics: { enabled: false } }; (function() { var accessVector = localStorage.getItem('access_vector') || ''; window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; if (accessVector) { window.dataLayer.push({ user: { profile: { profileInfo: { snid: accessVector } } } }); } })(); (function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start':new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0],j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src='https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f);})(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-K279D39R'); Browse Preprints In Review Journals COVID-19 Preprints AJE Video Bytes Research Tools Research Promotion AJE Professional Editing AJE Rubriq About Preprint Platform In Review Editorial Policies Our Team Advisory Board Help Center Sign In Submit a Preprint Cite Share Download PDF Research Article Acculturative Stress and Bullying Victimization of Multicultural Youth in South Korea: The Moderating Role of Multicultural Parents’ Integration Acculturation Strategy Cheolwoo Park, Sondra Smith-Adcock This is a preprint; it has not been peer reviewed by a journal. https://doi.org/ 10.21203/rs.3.rs-6934146/v1 This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License Status: Posted Version 1 posted You are reading this latest preprint version Abstract The current study examined the association between acculturative stress and experiences with bullying victimization, as reported by multicultural youth (i.e., youth from international marriage families, immigrant families, and noncitizen families) in South Korea (n = 2,271) and the moderation role of the integration strategy of acculturation reported by multicultural youth’s parents (n = 2,249). As a dimension of the framework of acculturation, integration strategy is characterized by the appreciation and maintenance of both host and home cultures. Findings showed a significant relationship between youth’s acculturative stress and their experience of bullying victimization. In addition, multicultural parents’ integration strategy of acculturation buffered the association between acculturative stress and youth’s experience of bullying victimization. Acculturative stress acculturative strategies integration strategy bullying victimization Multicultural Adolescents Panel Study (MAPS) multicultural family in South Korea Figures Figure 1 Figure 2 Highlights This study used nationally reprentative data from over 2,000 multicultural families in South Korea. Acculturative stress significantly predicted bullying victimization among multicultural youth in South Korea. Multicultural parents’ integration strategy of acculturation buffered youth’s bullying victimization risk. Introduction Consistent with the growing population of multicultural families (including international marriage families, immigrant families, and noncitizen families) in South Korea (Ministry of Justice of the Republic of Korea, 2022), researchers have paid more attention to the understanding of multicultural youth and their cultural challenges (e.g., acculturative stress) (Hong & Lee, 2021 ). Acculturative stress refers to “one kind of stress, in which the stressors are identified as having their source in the process of acculturation” (Berry, 1995 , p. 479). Berry’s Model of Acculturation (1995) defines acculturative stress as a set of behaviors that occur during acculturation, such as decreased mental health status (especially, confusion, anxiety, depression), feelings of marginality and alienation, increased psychosomatic symptoms, and identity confusion. The experience of adapting to a new culture is uniquely related to acculturative stress. According to the Ministry of Education of the Republic of Korea (2018) and the Ministry of Gender Equality and Family of the Republic of Korea (2019), youth from multicultural families in South Korea report a significantly higher rate of school bullying victimization (8.2% in 2018) than the bullying victimization rate of 1.3% among the total student population in the same year. Bullying victimization is defined as the process involving repeated and intentional harmful behaviors by peers using verbal, physical, and relational aggressive methods (Olweus, 1997 ). In addition, recent research has shown that bullying victimization is significantly related to rates of delinquency (Park & Metcalfe, 2020 ), as well as depressive symptoms, anxiety, and suicidal thoughts (Yun & Kim, 2016 ). Given the prevalence and severity of bullying victimization issues experienced by multicultural youth in South Korea, researchers have focused on understanding and addressing their bullying victimization experiences (Oh & Kim, 2013 ). Specifically, Oh and Kim ( 2013 ) identified that multicultural youth’s cultural differences were significantly connected with their experience of bullying victimization. Despite the unique experience of acculturative stress and the negative effects of bullying victimization experienced by multicultural youth residing in South Korea, there has been a lack of empirical research investigating the association between multicultural youth’s acculturative stress and bullying victimization experience. In order to better understand individuals’ acculturating experiences, Berry ( 1980 ) proposed a widely acknowledged and extensively utilized bi-dimensional mode of acculturation, which captures how acculturating individuals endeavor to engage in and establish connections with both the host culture and their culture of origin. Berry’s ( 1980 , 1992 ) framework for acculturation incorporates four distinct strategies that individuals adopt, guided by their positive or negative attitudes toward their own cultural heritage and/or the cultural identities of other groups. Other theoretical frameworks (see Agnew et al., 2000 ) suggest that multicultural parents’ integration strategy of acculturation may alleviate the negative impact of multicultural youth’s acculturation stress on their bullying victimization experience. Based on these frameworks, it follows that multicultural youth’s experiences of acculturative stress and bullying victimization in South Korea could be buffered by parents’ integration strategy of acculturation, additional empirical evidence is needed. However, only a few studies have examined the relationships between acculturative stress and bullying victimization in multicultural youth in South Korea, and no studies have examined parents’ acculturation strategy as a buffer of this relationship. Literature Review Acculturative Stress of Multicultural Youth in South Korea As a group phenomenon, acculturation traditionally refers to the changes in societal frameworks and normative behaviors that occur during cross-cultural interactions at the macro level (Berry, 1992 , 1997 ). At the individual level, acculturation involves a person’s psychological changes (including daily behavioral practices, values, and identities) due to intercultural encounters (Berry, 2005 ; Graves, 1967 ). Specifically, the acculturation process involves interactions occurring when people from different cultural origins (e.g., home and host cultures) come into intercultural encounters (Siatkowski, 2007 ). Acculturation involving intercultural interaction between two or more different cultural groups at both individual and group levels can also result in acculturative stress and cultural conflicts (Berry, 2005 ). Berry ( 1995 ) also added that the difficulties inherent in acculturation result from the need for navigating adjustments to new environments and cultures, which can potentially contribute to reduced physical and mental health, as well as increased feelings of estrangement and identity confusion. Individuals undergoing acculturation are more likely to encounter acculturative stress when they experience substantial disharmony resulting from differences in cultural values, norms, and traditions between different cultural groups and lack resources to navigate the process of acculturation (Kim & Kim, 2013 ). Acculturative stress also involves both psychological and social stress coming from cultural conflicts in beliefs, customs, and values between an individual’s home culture and host culture (Cabassa, 2003 ). Changes in culture can contribute to individuals’ acculturative stress, characterized by negative and unwanted psychological, social, and physical outcomes resulting from acculturation (Berry, 1992 , 2006 ). Based on the research literature on acculturation and acculturative stress (Phinney et al., 2006 ; Ward & Geeraert, 2016 ), multicultural youth in South Korea are also likely to undergo acculturation and experience acculturative stress regardless of their positive and/or negative acculturation experiences. In recent studies, researchers have found that multicultural youth (e.g., youth from international marriage families, immigrant families, and foreign families) in South Korea have experienced acculturative stress (Hong & Lee, 2021 ; Kim, 2019 ; Park & Kim, 2023 ). Oh and Lee ( 2020 ) found that multicultural youth’s acculturative stress appeared to be associated with their language, school, and relationship adjustment issues in South Korean society. Park and Kim ( 2023 ) also found that acculturative stress experienced by multicultural youth in South Korea significantly predicted the issues of school-life adjustment. Similarly, other study findings showed that multicultural youth’s acculturative stress was directly associated with their school adjustment difficulties (Hong & Lee, 2021 ; Kim, 2019 ). Multicultural Youth’s Experience of Bullying Victimization in South Korea Despite an increase in the number of people from different cultural backgrounds (including racial and ethnic backgrounds) in South Korea, nationalism and ethnocentrism significantly prevent people in South Korean society from fully accepting and respecting diversity, equity, and inclusion (Kang, 2010 ; Lim, 2020 ). In particular, nationalism and ethnocentrism make people in South Korea regard those from different cultural backgrounds as potential threats to preserving South Korean cultures and identities, which fosters prejudiced attitudes and discriminatory practices (e.g., xenophobia) against culturally diverse people (Kim & So, 2018 ). Additionally, the effect of in-group favoritism (i.e., intergroup bias) explains multicultural youth’s high vulnerability to bullying victimization (Larochette et al., 2010 ). Specifically, the concept of in-group bias describes individuals’ tendency to establish in-groups based on shared or similar attributes (e.g., race), thereby categorizing those not included in the in-group as part of the out-group (Doyle & Aboud, 1995 ). Individuals in the in-group perceive those in the out-group as distinct from and threatening to them. Such strong group affiliations can contribute to the development of prejudice and hostility between different racial groups (Aboud, 1988 ; Stephan et al., 2015 ). In accordance with the theory of in-group bias, people belonging to the in-group (i.e., monoethnic South Koreans) are likely to consider those in the out-group (i.e., individuals from multicultural families) as different from themselves or even threats, which could increase out-group members’ risk for being targeted. Indeed, researchers found that multicultural youth’s racial and ethnic differences (including family’s racial/ethnic backgrounds, foreign status, and/or different skin colors) in South Korea appear to be significant factors associated with their experience of bullying victimization (Lee, 2015 ; Oh & Kim, 2013 ). Additionally, from the perspective of the stress-vulnerability model proposed by Zubin and Spring ( 1977 ), stressful events experienced by individuals can exceed their stress threshold and increase their level of susceptibility to significant challenges (including psychosocial issues). In addition, youth undergoing acculturative stress might develop characteristics leading to a greater risk for bullying victimization (e.g., anxiety, feelings of social isolation, and insecurity) (Aluede et al., 2008 ). Therefore, it can be theoretically proposed that multicultural youth’s unique experience of acculturative stress and the following psychological and emotional challenges can increase their psychosocial vulnerability to exposure to bullying victimization. Despite a lack of empirical research demonstrating the association between acculturative stress experienced by multicultural youth in South Korea and their bullying victimization, Park ( 2023 ) recently identified that multicultural youth’s acculturative stress was significantly associated with their bullying victimization experience. Acculturation Strategies Applying Berry’s model (1992), the four acculturation strategies are classified as follows: (a) integration , characterized by the appreciation and maintenance of both host and home cultures; (b) separation , which involves valuing and retaining solely home cultures while host cultures are disregarded; (c) assimilation , emphasizing the importance of exclusively valuing and maintaining host cultures, with home cultures being neglected; and (d) marginalization , in which neither home cultures nor host cultures are given value or retained. As people embrace different strategies for acculturation, their acculturating experiences can vary (Berry, 1980 ). Out of the four aforementioned acculturation strategies, integration stands out with its unique characteristic of selectively adopting new cultural beliefs, values, and customs from host cultures while retaining a sense of essential value and appreciation for the cultural heritage and identities of the home culture (Berry, 2005 ). In addition, researchers have consistently demonstrated that the integration strategy is associated with more positive and adaptive psychological adjustment and acculturation outcomes as compared to other acculturation strategies (Jang et al., 2007; Meca et al., 2017). Sullivan and Kashubeck-West ( 2015 ) found that international students who used an integration strategy showed lower acculturative stress levels. Similarly, Choy et al. ( 2021 ) also identified that the use of the integration strategy leads to the lowest level of acculturative stress and more positive acculturation outcomes. The Moderating Role of Multicultural Parents’ Integration Strategy of Acculturation From the perspective of general strain theory (Agnew, 1992 , 2006 ), youth from multicultural families might have increased stress through direct and/or indirect exposure to parental strain (e.g., acculturative stress) and its associated negative outcomes (e.g., poor parenting practices or weak emotional bonds) (see Agnew et al., 2000 ). In support of this explanation, Park ( 2022 ) found that multicultural parents’ cultural adjustment issues (i.e., parental strains) were significantly associated with their youth’s acculturative stress, contributing to psychosocial problems (including school life, social interactions, and bullying victimization experience in school). In contrast, considering the unique features of the integration strategy, it could be theoretically expected that the adverse effects of multicultural youth’s acculturative stress on the experience of bullying victimization might be alleviated when multicultural parents adopt a more acculturative integration strategy, which may reduce the negative effect of parental strains on multicultural youth’s stress. The Current Study In the current study, the researchers aimed to (1) examine the relationship between acculturative stress and bullying victimization reported by multicultural youth in South Korea; and (2) investigate the buffering role of multicultural parents’ integration strategy of acculturation on the relationship between multicultural youth’s acculturative stress and bullying victimization experiences. Consistent with the present study’s research purposes and guiding frameworks, two primary research questions were explored as follows: 1) Is there a significant association between acculturative stress of multicultural youth residing in South Korea and their bullying victimization experience?; and 2) Does multicultural parents’ integration strategy of acculturation moderate the association between multicultural youth’s acculturative stress and their bullying victimization experience in South Korea? Though recent research has linked acculturative stress to bullying victimization (e.g., Oh and Lee, 2020 ) and parents’ strain to children’s acculturative stress (Park, 2022 ), there is no empirical research that clearly examines the association between acculturative strategies of youth and parents from multicultural families in South Korea. Therefore, under the aforementioned research questions, the authors of this study investigated two primary research hypotheses. First, guided by stress-vulnerability and acculturation models, we hypothesize that there is a significant association between multicultural youth’s acculturative stress and their experience of bullying victimization (H1). Using General Strain Theory as a framework, we also hypothesized that multicultural parents’ integration strategy of acculturation significantly buffers the link between multicultural youth’s acculturative stress and their bullying victimization experience (H2). Methods Participants and Procedure The current study utilized the IRB-approved Multicultural Adolescents Panel Study 2 nd period national dataset (MAPS-2) (National Youth Policy Institute, 2020). The authors of this study acquired authorization to use the dataset directly provided by the National Youth Policy Institute in South Korea. This dataset included multicultural youth elementary school students (4 th grade) in 2019 and their parents. The sampling procedure used both stratified random sampling and probability sampling methods from a pool of 17,134 students from 4,805 distinct elementary schools. Multicultural youth and parents in MAPS-2 included youth and their mothers from international marriage families, immigrant families, and foreign families. Participants in this study comprised 2,271 multicultural youth and 2,249 multicultural parents across South Korea. Due to the presence of 22 multicultural families with two children in one household in this dataset, the numbers of multicultural youth and parents were different. In order to investigate the buffering effect of multicultural parents’ integration strategy of acculturation, the measured variable reported by a multicultural parent in one household with two multicultural youth was duplicated. Specific demographic information is presented in Table 1. The majority of research participants were from international marriage families in South Korea. Table 1 Demographic Description of the Current Research Participants Multicultural Youth ( n = 2,271) n % Multicultural Parents ( n = 2,249) n % Age Age 9 years 23 1.0 24-30 138 6.1 10 years 2,127 93.7 31-40 1,475 65.6 11 years 104 4.6 41-50 591 26.2 12 years 13 years Gender Female Male 15 2 1,158 1,113 0.7 0.1 51.0 49.0 51-59 Marital status Married Divorced Separated Bereaved Cohabitated 45 2,016 166 17 49 1 2.1 89.6 7.4 .8 2.2 .0 Living area Living area Seoul Gyeonggi-do/Incheon Chuncheong-do/Gangwon-do Gyeongsang-do Jeolla-do/Jeju-do 275 640 397 564 395 12.1 28.2 17.5 24.8 17.4 Seoul Gyeonggi-do/Incheon Chuncheong-do/Gangwon-do Gyeongsang-do Jeolla-do/Jeju-do 273 631 393 559 393 12.1 28.1 17.5 24.9 17.5 Size of living area Metropolitan cities Small and mid-sized cities Rural areas 766 1,172 333 33.7 51.6 14.7 Size of living area Metropolitan cities Small and mid-sized cities Rural areas 757 1,163 329 33.7 51.7 14.6 Multicultural family type International marriage family Immigrant family Foreign family 1,734 176 361 76.4 7.7 15.9 Multicultural family type International marriage family Immigrant family Foreign family 1,719 175 355 76.4 7.8 15.8 Measures The variables for analysis in this study were measured using existing scales in the MAPS-2. Procedures utilized for the original item development, as well as exploratory or confirmatory psychometric properties of assessments in the dataset, are not publicly accessible. Nonetheless, the MAPS-2 includes a publicly available large dataset of multicultural youth and their parents which has been utilized in previous studies (Hong & Lee, 2021; Park & Kim, 2023) to assess environmental, personal, psychological, and multicultural factors essential in multicultural families. The authors of this study selected the following measured variables. Demographic Questionnaire. The demographic questionnaire in this study consisted of items asking participants’ age, gender, geographic locations of residence, marital status, and type of multicultural family (e.g., international marriage, immigrant, and noncitizen families). Participants’ demographic characteristics are reported in Table 1. Acculturative Stress. The Short Acculturation Scale for Hispanics (SAFE; Marin et al., 1987), translated into Korean and modified from an initial 12-item to 9-item scale by Hong (2004), was used to measure multicultural youth’s acculturative stress (e.g., “I am stressed about living in South Korea.”). Therefore, multicultural youth in this dataset answered the 9-item acculturative stress scale. Each item is scored using a 4-point Likert scale, ranging from 1 ( Very inaccurate ) to 4 ( Very accurate ). The total 9-item score is calculated by summing all individual item scores ranging from 9 to 36. Higher scores represent higher acculturative stress levels. The nine-item acculturative stress reported a good reliability coefficient in this study (α = .89). Bullying Victimization. Six items modified by the National Youth Policy Institute (2020) from the school bullying victimization scale (Lee & Kim, 2001) were used to assess multicultural youth’s bullying victimization experience level (e.g., “I was bullied by another peer.”). Therefore, multicultural youth in this dataset answered the 6-item bullying victimization scale. Each item is scored on a 4-point Likert scale, ranging from 1 ( None ) to 4 ( Almost every day ). The total score is calculated by summing all items ranging from 6 to 24. Higher scores indicate greater levels of bullying victimization experience. The six-item bullying victimization demonstrated a good internal consistency (α = .85) in this study. Integration Strategy of Acculturation. In this study, the 3-item East Asian Acculturation Measure (EAAM; Barry, 2001), translated into Korean and modified by the National Youth Policy Institute (2020), was utilized to assess the integration strategy of acculturation reported by multicultural parents (e.g., “I feel that people from both Korea and my home country value me.”). Therefore, multicultural parents in this dataset answered the 3-item integration strategy of acculturation. Each item is scored using a 5-point Likert scale, ranging from 1 ( Very inaccurate ) to 5 ( Very accurate ). The total score is calculated by summing all items ranging from 3 to 15. Higher scores indicate higher levels of integration strategy of acculturation. In this study, the three items demonstrated an acceptable reliability coefficient (α = .77). Data Analysis The Statistical Package for the Social Sciences 29 Version (SPSS 29) was used to test the research hypotheses for the moderation effect of multicultural parents’ integration strategy of acculturation. Because assessments in this study used different Likert scales, we standardized all measured variables through the SPSS 29 and then conducted analyses. More specifically, Model 1 of the SPSS PROCESS macro (Hayes & Rockwood, 2017), along with bootstrapping at 5,000 samples, was conducted to examine the buffering effect of multicultural parents’ integration strategy of acculturation in the association between multicultural youth’s acculturative stress and bullying victimization. As part of the PROCESS macro using Model 1, the regression analysis was also conducted to investigate the relationship between multicultural youth’s acculturative stress and their bullying victimization experience. To improve the validity of the research findings, gender was used as a covariate to prevent distortion of the association between multicultural youth’s acculturative stress and their bullying victimization experience. Results The two hypotheses tested in the current study were to first examine the association between acculturative stress of multicultural youth residing in South Korea and their experience of bullying victimization; and also the moderating effect of multicultural parents’ integration acculturation strategy in the association between multicultural youth’s acculturative stress and bullying victimization (see Fig. 1). The mean and standard deviation of each variable in this study were reported as follows: acculturative stress ( M = 11.53, SD = 3.70); experience of bullying victimization ( M = 6.74, SD = 2.04); and integration strategy of acculturation ( M = 8.40, SD = 2.66). The multiple regression analysis results demonstrated no multicollinearity (Acculturative Stress, Tolerance = .92, VIF = 1.08; Acculturative Stress x Integration Mode of Acculturation, Tolerance = .94, VIF = 1.06). The results of multivariate normality test demonstrated that the variables of acculturative stress and integration strategy of acculturation met the normality assumption, kurtosis values less than ± 7.00 and skewness values less than ± 2.00 (Byrne, 2010 ). The variable of experience of bullying victimization failed to meet the normality assumption in this study. Therefore, the authors conducted bootstrapping to obtain more accurate estimate of standard errors and confidence intervals (Kline, 2023 ). In order to test Hypotheses 1 and 2, the researchers conducted a moderation analysis, with multicultural youth’s acculturative stress as the predictor, multicultural youth’s experience of being bullied as the dependent, and multicultural parents’ integration of acculturation strategy as the moderator. Consistent with Hypothesis 1, the regression analysis result indicated that multicultural youth’s acculturative stress was significantly associated with their bullying victimization (B = .26, t = 11.95, p < .001). In addition, the model explained 6.9% of the variance of experience of being bullied, F (4, 2203) = 40.96, p < .001. Consistent with Hypothesis 2, the result of the moderation analysis showed a significant interaction found by multicultural parents’ level of integration acculturation mode on multicultural youth’s acculturative stress and bullying victimization (B = − .09, t = -4.21, p < .001). Specifically, the moderation analysis result revealed that multicultural youth participants who reported higher ( M + 1 SD ) than average levels of integration acculturation model reported by their multicultural parents experienced a decreased effect of acculturative stress on the experience of being bullied (B = .17, t = 6.46, p < .001), when compared to average ( M ) or lower ( M – 1 SD ) than average levels of integration acculturation strategy (B = .26, t = 11.95, p < .001, B = .35, t = 10.34, p < .001, respectively) (see Fig. 2). Discussion Consistent with prior research literature (Hong & Lee, 2021 ; Kim, 2019 ; Park & Kim, 2023 ), the current study findings showed that multicultural youth living in South Korea experienced acculturative stress. Moreover, the findings of this study addressed a gap in the empirical evidence demonstrating that multicultural youth’s level of acculturative stress is significantly associated with their bullying victimization experiences in South Korea. In other words, multicultural youth who report a greater level of acculturative stress would be more likely to experience bullying victimization. Using the lens of the stress-vulnerability model (Zubin & Spring, 1977 ), multicultural youth undergoing acculturative stress and/or psychological changes with intercultural contact may increase their susceptibility to bullying victimization. As a result, the stress of acculturation, feelings of isolation and alienation, and insecurity in intercultural encounters between their home and host cultures might contribute to multicultural youths’ interactions and relationships with peers. This stress could, in turn, increase the likelihood of bullying victimization and less access to support systems to seek out help when needed. A deep-rooted nationalism and ethnocentrism in South Korean society (Kang, 2010 ; Lim, 2020 ) may play a role in multicultural families’ (including multicultural youth) level of acculturation stress. Facing discrimination and oppression in South Korea, marginalized groups (Kim & So, 2018 ) may find it challenging to feel a sense of safety in developing new cultural identities while retaining the values of their home culture and contribute to acculturative stress. Based on in-group bias theory (Doyle & Aboud, 1995 ; Stephan et al., 2015 ), it may be that multicultural youth who are identified as out-groups (e.g., non-monoethnic South Koreans) experience acculturative stress, feel more alienated, and have a higher risk of bullying victimization experiences. The researchers also examined the moderating effect of multicultural parents’ integration strategy of acculturation on the association between multicultural youth’s acculturative stress and their bullying victimization experience, which adds to the literature. Specifically, the moderation analysis revealed that multicultural parents’ integration strategy of acculturation significantly buffered the relationship between multicultural youth’s acculturative stress and their level of bullying victimization experience. Current findings provide support for prior studies that multicultural families who develop new cultural norms, customs, and identities confirming host culture (e.g., South Korea’s cultures), while also maintaining cultural heritages and identities of the culture of origin (i.e., integration strategy), may have adaptive acculturation outcomes (Jang et al., 2007; Meca et al., 2017). Likewise, multicultural parents who use the integration strategy for acculturation would be more likely to effectively manage acculturative stress. Using general strain theory (Agnew, 1992 , 2006 ; Li et al., 2022 ), multicultural parents with adaptive acculturation outcomes could be less likely to experience strain and provide support to help their children adjust to the negative impacts of life events such as bullying victimization. In this interpretation, it may be that parents’ adjustment to a new culture does not add to multicultural youth’s own acculturative stress, lessening their vulnerability to the potential risks of bullying victimization experience. For example, multicultural parents who use the integration strategy may help their children develop new cultural identities, norms, and values while maintaining their own cultural heritage. To the extent that multicultural youths adopt an integration strategy may mitigate potential risk factors, such as social isolation, confusion, and insecurity, that may place multicultural youth at a higher risk for bullying victimization. Implications, Limitations and Future Research Practice implications for addressing multicultural youth’s bullying victimization experience may be considered in relationship to their experiences of acculturative stress in South Korea. Through this lens, teachers, families, professionals in the mental health field (e.g., school counselors) may conceptualize multicultural youths’ cultural concerns and experiences of being targeted for bullying to help multicultural youth manage acculturative stress and bullying victimization. Additionally, a growing population of youth from diverse racial/ethnic backgrounds in South Korea points to a need to reexamine how deeply rooted nationalism and ethnocentrism inhibit appreciation of and respect for cultural diversity in South Korea, and avoid othering non-monoethnic South Koreans or culturally marginalized individuals as outsiders from established cultural norms, identities, or values (Chang, 2015 ; Kang, 2010 ; Lim, 2020 ). Though the current study findings do not address differences in cultural norms specifically, the findings do inform multicultural youth’s experience of acculturative stress and bullying victimization experience. Finally the current finding related to a buffering effect of multicultural parents’ integration acculturation strategy suggests the benefit of multicultural parents in South Korea integration strategies to acculturation. It may also be helpful to facilitatie discussions, both in theory and practice, about the challenges experienced by multicultural youth and their families in different settings (including school) within the context of South Korea. It is also important to note the limitations inherent to the study design, as they can offer opportunities to further conceptualize and extend the findings to future research. First, though rigorous sampling methods (i.e., stratified random sampling and probability proportional sampling methods) yielded a large sample size, participants in the dataset consisted of multicultural youth in only one school grade and their mother (i.e., multicultural parents), which makes it difficult for the research findings to be generalized to other multicultural youth in other school grades or other caregivers including fathers. Additionally, the majority of participants were from international marriage families. Therefore, future researchers are encouraged to include a more diverse sample of multicultural youth to be able to generalize findings related to acculturative stress and bullying victimization, as well as the buffering effect of multicultural parents’ integration acculturation strategy. Furthermore, the authors controlled for multicultural youth’s gender, as a potential confounding variable in the current study. However, given the potential role of gender in influencing bullying victimization experienced by multicultural youth (e.g., Popp et al., 2014 ), future researchers are encouraged to examine gender differences in bullying victimization experiences to further validate and expand the research findings of this study. Second, the current study utilized secondary data (MAPS-2) directly acquired from the National Youth Policy Institute ( 2020 ). The inherent nature of secondary data, or analyzing the data are usually different from those engaged in data collection, presents challenges in selecting study-specific measures that may be needed in interpreting specific variables (Cheng & Phillips, 2014 ). For example, the MAPS-2 did not include measures of multicultural youth's strategies of acculturation, which would allow for further explication of the buffering effect of multicultural parents’ integration strategy of acculturation. Although any level of acculturative stress and bullying victimization experiences can be a significant concern for multicultural youth, the mean scores of acculturative stress and bullying victimization experiences were low despite the statistical significance in the association between the two constructs in this study. Therefore, future researchers are encouraged to validate the current research findings with participants who are at higher in acculturative stress and bullying victimization experiences. Lastly, Berry’s model (1992, 1997) presumes acculturating people can decide on acculturation strategies. However, various demographic or contextual factors (e.g., ethnicity, causes of immigration, and/or cultural similarities and differences) may result in limited acculturation options (Ward & Geeraert, 2016 ). In addition, while an integration acculturation strategy has been associated with positive psychological outcomes (Choy et al., 2021 ; Jang et al., 2007; Meca et al., 2017; Sullivan & Kashubeck-West, 2015 ), any buffering effect of multicultural parents’ integration acculturation strategy may also differ depending on cultural backgrounds and other environmental factors. Even though more systemic components (i.e., the relationship between multicultural youth’s acculturative stress and multicultural parents’ acculturative strategy) were considered in this study, a traditional categorizing approach to measuring acculturation was used. Because prior studies indicate that the categorization and distribution of individuals across dimensions of acculturation can vary considerably and not be directly comparable across studies (Chirkov, 2009 ; Demes & Geeraert, 2014 ; Schwartz et al., 2010 ; Ward & Kus, 2012 ), recent authors have suggested the need to redefine the traditional conceptualization of acculturation (Oudenhoven & Ward, 2013 ; Ward, 2013 ; Ward & Geeraert, 2016 ). However, a majority of acculturation research still adheres to the empirical use of Berry’s traditional acculturation model (Berry, 1992 , 1997 ) (e.g., Choy et al., 2021 ; Sullivan & Kashubeck-West, 2015 ). Therefore, future researchers are encouraged to measure acculturation beyond a traditional bi-dimensional acculturation strategy to examine acculturative stress and bullying victimization along with the acculturative integration strategy of their parents and/or themselves. Conclusion Based on a large sample of multicultural families across South Korea, the current findings add to the body of knowledge on multicultural youth’s acculturative stress and family protective factors for bullying victimization. The findings add to knowledge about the association between multicultural youth’s acculturative stress and bullying victimization experience in South Korea. In addition, the link between multicultural youth’s acculturative stress and their bullying victimization experience, as well as the buffering role of multicultural parents’ integration mode of acculturation, suggests the potential need to consider multicultural parents’ integration mode to and work to achieve adaptive and positive outcomes in acculturation may help with the acculturative stress and bullying victimization experienced by multicultural youth. Future research is needed to explore expanded models of acculturative stress (e.g., using dimensional measures of acculturation) among diverse sub-groups of multicultural youth and their families and its relationship to bullying victimization of multicultural youth in South Korea. Declarations Author Contribution Dr. Cheolwoo Park developed a research idea, searched for and analyzed data, and wrote the main manuscript text. Dr. Sondra Smith-Adcock supervised the current study and provided feedback and suggestions. 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Vulnerability: A new view of schizophrenia. Journal of Abnormal Psychology , 86 (2), 103–126. https://doi.org/10.1037/0021-843X.86.2.103 Additional Declarations No competing interests reported. Cite Share Download PDF Status: Posted Version 1 posted You are reading this latest preprint version Research Square lets you share your work early, gain feedback from the community, and start making changes to your manuscript prior to peer review in a journal. As a division of Research Square Company, we’re committed to making research communication faster, fairer, and more useful. We do this by developing innovative software and high quality services for the global research community. Our growing team is made up of researchers and industry professionals working together to solve the most critical problems facing scientific publishing. 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1","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":10108,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eThe Moderation Effect Model of the Association Between Multicultural Youth’s Acculturative Stress and Bullying Victimization\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"floatimage1.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-6934146/v1/c506b637d620fb5ebc1c583d.png"},{"id":95831546,"identity":"b7c8f884-3a61-446b-805e-000cf812359b","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-11-13 12:33:21","extension":"png","order_by":2,"title":"Figure 2","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":39270,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eThe Buffering Effect of Multicultural Parents’ Integration Strategy of Acculturation\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eNote\u003c/em\u003e. The buffering effect of multicultural parents’ integration strategy of acculturation in the link between multicultural youth’s acculturative stress and bullying victimization experience\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"floatimage2.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-6934146/v1/99652622037cf8d62a09b4dd.png"},{"id":96255049,"identity":"673de603-51de-4461-a3e7-3cd1d31c1900","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-11-19 07:47:31","extension":"pdf","order_by":0,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"manuscript-pdf","size":778805,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"manuscript.pdf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-6934146/v1/12a5deb8-fe4e-4de7-b400-32249d8225bc.pdf"}],"financialInterests":"No competing interests reported.","formattedTitle":"Acculturative Stress and Bullying Victimization of Multicultural Youth in South Korea: The Moderating Role of Multicultural Parents’ Integration Acculturation Strategy","fulltext":[{"header":"Highlights","content":"\u003cul\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eThis study used nationally reprentative data from over 2,000 multicultural families in South Korea.\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eAcculturative stress significantly predicted bullying victimization among multicultural youth in South Korea.\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eMulticultural parents\u0026rsquo; integration strategy of acculturation buffered youth\u0026rsquo;s bullying victimization risk.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003c/ul\u003e"},{"header":"Introduction","content":"\u003cp\u003eConsistent with the growing population of multicultural families (including international marriage families, immigrant families, and noncitizen families) in South Korea (Ministry of Justice of the Republic of Korea, 2022), researchers have paid more attention to the understanding of multicultural youth and their cultural challenges (e.g., acculturative stress) (Hong \u0026amp; Lee, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR25\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2021\u003c/span\u003e). Acculturative stress refers to \u0026ldquo;one kind of stress, in which the stressors are identified as having their source in the process of acculturation\u0026rdquo; (Berry, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR9\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1995\u003c/span\u003e, p. 479). Berry\u0026rsquo;s Model of Acculturation (1995) defines acculturative stress as a set of behaviors that occur during acculturation, such as decreased mental health status (especially, confusion, anxiety, depression), feelings of marginality and alienation, increased psychosomatic symptoms, and identity confusion. The experience of adapting to a new culture is uniquely related to acculturative stress.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eAccording to the Ministry of Education of the Republic of Korea (2018) and the Ministry of Gender Equality and Family of the Republic of Korea (2019), youth from multicultural families in South Korea report a significantly higher rate of school bullying victimization (8.2% in 2018) than the bullying victimization rate of 1.3% among the total student population in the same year. Bullying victimization is defined as the process involving repeated and intentional harmful behaviors by peers using verbal, physical, and relational aggressive methods (Olweus, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR45\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1997\u003c/span\u003e). In addition, recent research has shown that bullying victimization is significantly related to rates of delinquency (Park \u0026amp; Metcalfe, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR49\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2020\u003c/span\u003e), as well as depressive symptoms, anxiety, and suicidal thoughts (Yun \u0026amp; Kim, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR61\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2016\u003c/span\u003e). Given the prevalence and severity of bullying victimization issues experienced by multicultural youth in South Korea, researchers have focused on understanding and addressing their bullying victimization experiences (Oh \u0026amp; Kim, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR29\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2013\u003c/span\u003e). Specifically, Oh and Kim (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR29\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2013\u003c/span\u003e) identified that multicultural youth\u0026rsquo;s cultural differences were significantly connected with their experience of bullying victimization. Despite the unique experience of acculturative stress and the negative effects of bullying victimization experienced by multicultural youth residing in South Korea, there has been a lack of empirical research investigating the association between multicultural youth\u0026rsquo;s acculturative stress and bullying victimization experience.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eIn order to better understand individuals\u0026rsquo; acculturating experiences, Berry (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR7\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1980\u003c/span\u003e) proposed a widely acknowledged and extensively utilized bi-dimensional mode of acculturation, which captures how acculturating individuals endeavor to engage in and establish connections with both the host culture and their culture of origin. Berry\u0026rsquo;s (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR7\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1980\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR8\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1992\u003c/span\u003e) framework for acculturation incorporates four distinct strategies that individuals adopt, guided by their positive or negative attitudes toward their own cultural heritage and/or the cultural identities of other groups. Other theoretical frameworks (see Agnew et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR4\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2000\u003c/span\u003e) suggest that multicultural parents\u0026rsquo; integration strategy of acculturation may alleviate the negative impact of multicultural youth\u0026rsquo;s acculturation stress on their bullying victimization experience. Based on these frameworks, it follows that multicultural youth\u0026rsquo;s experiences of acculturative stress and bullying victimization in South Korea could be buffered by parents\u0026rsquo; integration strategy of acculturation, additional empirical evidence is needed. However, only a few studies have examined the relationships between acculturative stress and bullying victimization in multicultural youth in South Korea, and no studies have examined parents\u0026rsquo; acculturation strategy as a buffer of this relationship.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv id=\"Sec3\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e\u003ch2\u003eLiterature Review\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cdiv id=\"Sec4\" class=\"Section3\"\u003e\u003ch2\u003eAcculturative Stress of Multicultural Youth in South Korea\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eAs a group phenomenon, acculturation traditionally refers to the changes in societal frameworks and normative behaviors that occur during cross-cultural interactions at the macro level (Berry, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR8\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1992\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR10\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1997\u003c/span\u003e). At the individual level, acculturation involves a person\u0026rsquo;s psychological changes (including daily behavioral practices, values, and identities) due to intercultural encounters (Berry, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR12\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2005\u003c/span\u003e; Graves, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR23\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1967\u003c/span\u003e). Specifically, the acculturation process involves interactions occurring when people from different cultural origins (e.g., home and host cultures) come into intercultural encounters (Siatkowski, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR54\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2007\u003c/span\u003e). Acculturation involving intercultural interaction between two or more different cultural groups at both individual and group levels can also result in acculturative stress and cultural conflicts (Berry, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR12\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2005\u003c/span\u003e). Berry (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR9\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1995\u003c/span\u003e) also added that the difficulties inherent in acculturation result from the need for navigating adjustments to new environments and cultures, which can potentially contribute to reduced physical and mental health, as well as increased feelings of estrangement and identity confusion.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eIndividuals undergoing acculturation are more likely to encounter acculturative stress when they experience substantial disharmony resulting from differences in cultural values, norms, and traditions between different cultural groups and lack resources to navigate the process of acculturation (Kim \u0026amp; Kim, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR29\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2013\u003c/span\u003e). Acculturative stress also involves both psychological and social stress coming from cultural conflicts in beliefs, customs, and values between an individual\u0026rsquo;s home culture and host culture (Cabassa, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR16\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2003\u003c/span\u003e). Changes in culture can contribute to individuals\u0026rsquo; acculturative stress, characterized by negative and unwanted psychological, social, and physical outcomes resulting from acculturation (Berry, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR8\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1992\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR13\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2006\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eBased on the research literature on acculturation and acculturative stress (Phinney et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR50\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2006\u003c/span\u003e; Ward \u0026amp; Geeraert, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR60\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2016\u003c/span\u003e), multicultural youth in South Korea are also likely to undergo acculturation and experience acculturative stress regardless of their positive and/or negative acculturation experiences. In recent studies, researchers have found that multicultural youth (e.g., youth from international marriage families, immigrant families, and foreign families) in South Korea have experienced acculturative stress (Hong \u0026amp; Lee, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR25\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2021\u003c/span\u003e; Kim, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR30\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2019\u003c/span\u003e; Park \u0026amp; Kim, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR46\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2023\u003c/span\u003e). Oh and Lee (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR43\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2020\u003c/span\u003e) found that multicultural youth\u0026rsquo;s acculturative stress appeared to be associated with their language, school, and relationship adjustment issues in South Korean society. Park and Kim (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR46\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2023\u003c/span\u003e) also found that acculturative stress experienced by multicultural youth in South Korea significantly predicted the issues of school-life adjustment. Similarly, other study findings showed that multicultural youth\u0026rsquo;s acculturative stress was directly associated with their school adjustment difficulties (Hong \u0026amp; Lee, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR25\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2021\u003c/span\u003e; Kim, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR30\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2019\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003eMulticultural Youth’s Experience of Bullying Victimization in South Korea\u003c/h3\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eDespite an increase in the number of people from different cultural backgrounds (including racial and ethnic backgrounds) in South Korea, nationalism and ethnocentrism significantly prevent people in South Korean society from fully accepting and respecting diversity, equity, and inclusion (Kang, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR27\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2010\u003c/span\u003e; Lim, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR37\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2020\u003c/span\u003e). In particular, nationalism and ethnocentrism make people in South Korea regard those from different cultural backgrounds as potential threats to preserving South Korean cultures and identities, which fosters prejudiced attitudes and discriminatory practices (e.g., xenophobia) against culturally diverse people (Kim \u0026amp; So, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR31\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2018\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eAdditionally, the effect of in-group favoritism (i.e., intergroup bias) explains multicultural youth\u0026rsquo;s high vulnerability to bullying victimization (Larochette et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR33\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2010\u003c/span\u003e). Specifically, the concept of in-group bias describes individuals\u0026rsquo; tendency to establish in-groups based on shared or similar attributes (e.g., race), thereby categorizing those not included in the in-group as part of the out-group (Doyle \u0026amp; Aboud, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR22\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1995\u003c/span\u003e). Individuals in the in-group perceive those in the out-group as distinct from and threatening to them. Such strong group affiliations can contribute to the development of prejudice and hostility between different racial groups (Aboud, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR1\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1988\u003c/span\u003e; Stephan et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR55\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2015\u003c/span\u003e). In accordance with the theory of in-group bias, people belonging to the in-group (i.e., monoethnic South Koreans) are likely to consider those in the out-group (i.e., individuals from multicultural families) as different from themselves or even threats, which could increase out-group members\u0026rsquo; risk for being targeted. Indeed, researchers found that multicultural youth\u0026rsquo;s racial and ethnic differences (including family\u0026rsquo;s racial/ethnic backgrounds, foreign status, and/or different skin colors) in South Korea appear to be significant factors associated with their experience of bullying victimization (Lee, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR34\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2015\u003c/span\u003e; Oh \u0026amp; Kim, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR29\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2013\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eAdditionally, from the perspective of the stress-vulnerability model proposed by Zubin and Spring (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR62\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1977\u003c/span\u003e), stressful events experienced by individuals can exceed their stress threshold and increase their level of susceptibility to significant challenges (including psychosocial issues). In addition, youth undergoing acculturative stress might develop characteristics leading to a greater risk for bullying victimization (e.g., anxiety, feelings of social isolation, and insecurity) (Aluede et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR5\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2008\u003c/span\u003e). Therefore, it can be theoretically proposed that multicultural youth\u0026rsquo;s unique experience of acculturative stress and the following psychological and emotional challenges can increase their psychosocial vulnerability to exposure to bullying victimization. Despite a lack of empirical research demonstrating the association between acculturative stress experienced by multicultural youth in South Korea and their bullying victimization, Park (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR46\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2023\u003c/span\u003e) recently identified that multicultural youth\u0026rsquo;s acculturative stress was significantly associated with their bullying victimization experience.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003eAcculturation Strategies\u003c/h3\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eApplying Berry\u0026rsquo;s model (1992), the four acculturation strategies are classified as follows: (a) \u003cem\u003eintegration\u003c/em\u003e, characterized by the appreciation and maintenance of both host and home cultures; (b) \u003cem\u003eseparation\u003c/em\u003e, which involves valuing and retaining solely home cultures while host cultures are disregarded; (c) \u003cem\u003eassimilation\u003c/em\u003e, emphasizing the importance of exclusively valuing and maintaining host cultures, with home cultures being neglected; and (d) \u003cem\u003emarginalization\u003c/em\u003e, in which neither home cultures nor host cultures are given value or retained. As people embrace different strategies for acculturation, their acculturating experiences can vary (Berry, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR7\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1980\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eOut of the four aforementioned acculturation strategies, integration stands out with its unique characteristic of selectively adopting new cultural beliefs, values, and customs from host cultures while retaining a sense of essential value and appreciation for the cultural heritage and identities of the home culture (Berry, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR12\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2005\u003c/span\u003e). In addition, researchers have consistently demonstrated that the integration strategy is associated with more positive and adaptive psychological adjustment and acculturation outcomes as compared to other acculturation strategies (Jang et al., 2007; Meca et al., 2017). Sullivan and Kashubeck-West (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR56\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2015\u003c/span\u003e) found that international students who used an integration strategy showed lower acculturative stress levels. Similarly, Choy et al. (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR20\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2021\u003c/span\u003e) also identified that the use of the integration strategy leads to the lowest level of acculturative stress and more positive acculturation outcomes.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003eThe Moderating Role of Multicultural Parents’ Integration Strategy of Acculturation\u003c/h3\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eFrom the perspective of general strain theory (Agnew, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR2\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1992\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR3\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2006\u003c/span\u003e), youth from multicultural families might have increased stress through direct and/or indirect exposure to parental strain (e.g., acculturative stress) and its associated negative outcomes (e.g., poor parenting practices or weak emotional bonds) (see Agnew et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR4\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2000\u003c/span\u003e). In support of this explanation, Park (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR47\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2022\u003c/span\u003e) found that multicultural parents\u0026rsquo; cultural adjustment issues (i.e., parental strains) were significantly associated with their youth\u0026rsquo;s acculturative stress, contributing to psychosocial problems (including school life, social interactions, and bullying victimization experience in school). In contrast, considering the unique features of the integration strategy, it could be theoretically expected that the adverse effects of multicultural youth\u0026rsquo;s acculturative stress on the experience of bullying victimization might be alleviated when multicultural parents adopt a more acculturative integration strategy, which may reduce the negative effect of parental strains on multicultural youth\u0026rsquo;s stress.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cdiv id=\"Sec8\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e\u003ch2\u003eThe Current Study\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eIn the current study, the researchers aimed to (1) examine the relationship between acculturative stress and bullying victimization reported by multicultural youth in South Korea; and (2) investigate the buffering role of multicultural parents\u0026rsquo; integration strategy of acculturation on the relationship between multicultural youth\u0026rsquo;s acculturative stress and bullying victimization experiences. Consistent with the present study\u0026rsquo;s research purposes and guiding frameworks, two primary research questions were explored as follows: 1) Is there a significant association between acculturative stress of multicultural youth residing in South Korea and their bullying victimization experience?; and 2) Does multicultural parents\u0026rsquo; integration strategy of acculturation moderate the association between multicultural youth\u0026rsquo;s acculturative stress and their bullying victimization experience in South Korea?\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThough recent research has linked acculturative stress to bullying victimization (e.g., Oh and Lee, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR43\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2020\u003c/span\u003e) and parents\u0026rsquo; strain to children\u0026rsquo;s acculturative stress (Park, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR47\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2022\u003c/span\u003e), there is no empirical research that clearly examines the association between acculturative strategies of youth and parents from multicultural families in South Korea. Therefore, under the aforementioned research questions, the authors of this study investigated two primary research hypotheses. First, guided by stress-vulnerability and acculturation models, we hypothesize that there is a significant association between multicultural youth\u0026rsquo;s acculturative stress and their experience of bullying victimization (H1). Using General Strain Theory as a framework, we also hypothesized that multicultural parents\u0026rsquo; integration strategy of acculturation significantly buffers the link between multicultural youth\u0026rsquo;s acculturative stress and their bullying victimization experience (H2).\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e"},{"header":"Methods","content":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eParticipants and Procedure\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe current study utilized the IRB-approved Multicultural Adolescents Panel Study 2\u003csup\u003end\u003c/sup\u003e period national dataset (MAPS-2) (National Youth Policy Institute, 2020). The authors of this study acquired authorization to use the dataset directly provided by the National Youth Policy Institute in South Korea. This dataset included multicultural youth elementary school students (4\u003csup\u003eth\u003c/sup\u003e grade) in 2019 and their parents. The sampling procedure used both stratified random sampling and probability sampling methods from a pool of 17,134 students from 4,805 distinct elementary schools. Multicultural youth and parents in MAPS-2 included youth and their mothers from international marriage families, immigrant families, and foreign families.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eParticipants in this study comprised 2,271 multicultural youth and 2,249 multicultural parents across South Korea. Due to the presence of 22 multicultural families with two children in one household in this dataset, the numbers of multicultural youth and parents were different. In order to investigate the buffering effect of multicultural parents\u0026rsquo; integration strategy of acculturation, the measured variable reported by a multicultural parent in one household with two multicultural youth was duplicated. Specific demographic information is presented in Table 1. The majority of research participants were from international marriage families in South Korea.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTable 1\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cem\u003eDemographic Description of the Current Research Participants\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ctable border=\"0\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\" width=\"100%\"\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 35px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMulticultural Youth (\u003cem\u003en\u003c/em\u003e = 2,271)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 7px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003en\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 6px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 36px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMulticultural Parents (\u003cem\u003en\u003c/em\u003e = 2,249)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 7px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003en\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 6px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 2px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 35px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAge\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 7px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 6px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 36px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAge\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 7px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 6px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 2px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 35px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e9 years\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 7px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e23\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 6px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 36px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e24-30\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 7px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e138\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 6px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6.1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 2px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 35px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e10 years\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 7px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2,127\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 6px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e93.7\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 36px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e31-40\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 7px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1,475\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 6px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e65.6\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 2px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 35px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e11 years\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 7px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e104\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 6px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.6\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 36px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e41-50\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 7px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e591\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 6px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e26.2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 2px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 35px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e12 years\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e13 years\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eGender\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eFemale\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMale\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 7px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e15\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1,158\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1,113\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 6px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.7\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e51.0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e49.0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 36px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e51-59\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMarital status\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMarried\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eDivorced\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSeparated\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eBereaved\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eCohabitated\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 7px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e45\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2,016\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e166\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e17\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e49\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 6px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e89.6\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7.4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.8\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 2px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 35px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 7px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 6px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 36px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 7px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 6px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 2px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 35px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eLiving area\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 7px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 6px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 36px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eLiving area\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 7px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 6px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 2px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 35px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSeoul\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eGyeonggi-do/Incheon\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eChuncheong-do/Gangwon-do\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eGyeongsang-do\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eJeolla-do/Jeju-do\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 7px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e275\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e640\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e397\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e564\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e395\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 6px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e12.1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e28.2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e17.5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e24.8\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e17.4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 36px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSeoul\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eGyeonggi-do/Incheon\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eChuncheong-do/Gangwon-do\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eGyeongsang-do\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eJeolla-do/Jeju-do\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 7px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e273\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e631\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e393\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e559\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e393\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 6px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e12.1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e28.1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e17.5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e24.9\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e17.5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 2px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 35px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSize of living area\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMetropolitan cities\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSmall and mid-sized cities\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eRural areas\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 7px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e766\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1,172\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e333\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 6px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e33.7\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e51.6\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e14.7\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 36px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSize of living area\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMetropolitan cities\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSmall and mid-sized cities\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eRural areas\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 7px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e757\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1,163\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e329\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 6px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e33.7\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e51.7\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e14.6\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 2px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 35px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMulticultural family type\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eInternational marriage family\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eImmigrant family\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eForeign family\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 7px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1,734\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e176\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e361\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 6px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e76.4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7.7\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e15.9\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 36px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMulticultural family type\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eInternational marriage family\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eImmigrant family\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eForeign family\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 7px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1,719\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e175\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e355\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 6px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e76.4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7.8\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e15.8\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 2px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n\u003c/table\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003cstrong\u003eMeasures\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe variables for analysis in this study were measured using existing scales in the MAPS-2. Procedures utilized for the original item development, as well as exploratory or confirmatory psychometric properties of assessments in the dataset, are not publicly accessible. Nonetheless, the MAPS-2 includes a publicly available large dataset of multicultural youth and their parents which has been utilized in previous studies (Hong \u0026amp; Lee, 2021; Park \u0026amp; Kim, 2023) to assess environmental, personal, psychological, and multicultural factors essential in multicultural families. The authors of this study selected the following measured variables.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eDemographic Questionnaire.\u003c/strong\u003e The demographic questionnaire in this study consisted of items asking participants\u0026rsquo; age, gender, geographic locations of residence, marital status, and type of multicultural family (e.g., international marriage, immigrant, and noncitizen families). Participants\u0026rsquo; demographic characteristics are reported in Table 1.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAcculturative Stress.\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cem\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003eThe Short Acculturation Scale for Hispanics (SAFE; Marin et al., 1987), translated into Korean and modified from an initial 12-item to 9-item scale by Hong (2004), was used to measure multicultural youth\u0026rsquo;s acculturative stress (e.g., \u0026ldquo;I am stressed about living in South Korea.\u0026rdquo;). Therefore, multicultural youth in this dataset answered the 9-item acculturative stress scale.\u0026nbsp;Each item is scored using a 4-point Likert scale, ranging from 1 (\u003cem\u003eVery inaccurate\u003c/em\u003e) to 4 (\u003cem\u003eVery accurate\u003c/em\u003e). The total 9-item score is calculated by summing all individual item scores ranging from 9 to 36. Higher scores represent higher acculturative stress levels. The nine-item acculturative stress reported a good reliability coefficient in this study (\u0026alpha; = .89).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eBullying Victimization.\u003c/strong\u003e Six items modified by the National Youth Policy Institute (2020) from the school bullying victimization scale (Lee \u0026amp; Kim, 2001) were used to assess multicultural youth\u0026rsquo;s bullying victimization experience level (e.g., \u0026ldquo;I was bullied by another peer.\u0026rdquo;). Therefore, multicultural youth in this dataset answered the 6-item bullying victimization scale. Each item is scored on a 4-point Likert scale, ranging from 1 (\u003cem\u003eNone\u003c/em\u003e) to 4 (\u003cem\u003eAlmost every day\u003c/em\u003e). The total score is calculated by summing all items ranging from 6 to 24. Higher scores indicate greater levels of bullying victimization experience. The six-item bullying victimization demonstrated a good internal consistency (\u0026alpha; = .85) in this study.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eIntegration Strategy of Acculturation.\u003c/strong\u003e In this study, the 3-item East Asian Acculturation Measure (EAAM; Barry, 2001), translated into Korean and modified by the National Youth Policy Institute (2020), was utilized to assess the integration strategy of acculturation reported by multicultural parents (e.g., \u0026ldquo;I feel that people from both Korea and my home country value me.\u0026rdquo;). Therefore, multicultural parents in this dataset answered the 3-item integration strategy of acculturation. Each item is scored using a 5-point Likert scale, ranging from 1 (\u003cem\u003eVery inaccurate\u003c/em\u003e) to 5 (\u003cem\u003eVery accurate\u003c/em\u003e). The total score is calculated by summing all items ranging from 3 to 15. Higher scores indicate higher levels of integration strategy of acculturation. In this study, the three items demonstrated an acceptable reliability coefficient (\u0026alpha; = .77).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eData Analysis\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe Statistical Package for the Social Sciences 29 Version (SPSS 29) was used to test the research hypotheses for the moderation effect of multicultural parents\u0026rsquo; integration strategy of acculturation. Because assessments in this study used different Likert scales, we standardized all measured variables through the SPSS 29 and then conducted analyses. More specifically, Model 1 of the SPSS PROCESS macro (Hayes \u0026amp; Rockwood, 2017), along with bootstrapping at 5,000 samples, was conducted to examine the buffering effect of multicultural parents\u0026rsquo; integration strategy of acculturation in the association between multicultural youth\u0026rsquo;s acculturative stress and bullying victimization. As part of the PROCESS macro using Model 1, the regression analysis was also conducted to investigate the relationship between multicultural youth\u0026rsquo;s acculturative stress and their bullying victimization experience. To improve the validity of the research findings, gender was used as a covariate to prevent distortion of the association between multicultural youth\u0026rsquo;s acculturative stress and their bullying victimization experience.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Results","content":"\u003cp\u003eThe two hypotheses tested in the current study were to first examine the association between acculturative stress of multicultural youth residing in South Korea and their experience of bullying victimization; and also the moderating effect of multicultural parents\u0026rsquo; integration acculturation strategy in the association between multicultural youth\u0026rsquo;s acculturative stress and bullying victimization (see Fig.\u0026nbsp;1). The mean and standard deviation of each variable in this study were reported as follows: acculturative stress (\u003cem\u003eM\u003c/em\u003e\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;11.53, \u003cem\u003eSD\u003c/em\u003e\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;3.70); experience of bullying victimization (\u003cem\u003eM\u003c/em\u003e\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;6.74, \u003cem\u003eSD\u003c/em\u003e\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;2.04); and integration strategy of acculturation (\u003cem\u003eM\u003c/em\u003e\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;8.40, \u003cem\u003eSD\u003c/em\u003e\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;2.66). The multiple regression analysis results demonstrated no multicollinearity (Acculturative Stress, Tolerance\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;.92, VIF\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;1.08; Acculturative Stress x Integration Mode of Acculturation, Tolerance\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;.94, VIF\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;1.06). The results of multivariate normality test demonstrated that the variables of acculturative stress and integration strategy of acculturation met the normality assumption, kurtosis values less than \u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;7.00 and skewness values less than \u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;2.00 (Byrne, \u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2010\u003c/span\u003e). The variable of experience of bullying victimization failed to meet the normality assumption in this study. Therefore, the authors conducted bootstrapping to obtain more accurate estimate of standard errors and confidence intervals (Kline,\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2023\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cdiv id=\"Sec14\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eIn order to test Hypotheses 1 and 2, the researchers conducted a moderation analysis, with multicultural youth\u0026rsquo;s acculturative stress as the predictor, multicultural youth\u0026rsquo;s experience of being bullied as the dependent, and multicultural parents\u0026rsquo; integration of acculturation strategy as the moderator. Consistent with Hypothesis 1, the regression analysis result indicated that multicultural youth\u0026rsquo;s acculturative stress was significantly associated with their bullying victimization (B\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;.26, \u003cem\u003et\u003c/em\u003e\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;11.95, \u003cem\u003ep\u003c/em\u003e\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;.001). In addition, the model explained 6.9% of the variance of experience of being bullied, \u003cem\u003eF\u003c/em\u003e (4, 2203)\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;40.96, \u003cem\u003ep\u003c/em\u003e\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;.001. Consistent with Hypothesis 2, the result of the moderation analysis showed a significant interaction found by multicultural parents\u0026rsquo; level of integration acculturation mode on multicultural youth\u0026rsquo;s acculturative stress and bullying victimization (B\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;.09, \u003cem\u003et\u003c/em\u003e = -4.21, \u003cem\u003ep\u003c/em\u003e\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;.001). Specifically, the moderation analysis result revealed that multicultural youth participants who reported higher (\u003cem\u003eM\u003c/em\u003e\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;1\u003cem\u003eSD\u003c/em\u003e) than average levels of integration acculturation model reported by their multicultural parents experienced a decreased effect of acculturative stress on the experience of being bullied (B\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;.17, \u003cem\u003et\u003c/em\u003e\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;6.46, \u003cem\u003ep\u003c/em\u003e\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;.001), when compared to average (\u003cem\u003eM\u003c/em\u003e) or lower (\u003cem\u003eM\u003c/em\u003e \u0026ndash; 1\u003cem\u003eSD\u003c/em\u003e) than average levels of integration acculturation strategy (B\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;.26, \u003cem\u003et\u003c/em\u003e\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;11.95, \u003cem\u003ep\u003c/em\u003e\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;.001, B\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;.35, \u003cem\u003et\u003c/em\u003e\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;10.34, \u003cem\u003ep\u003c/em\u003e\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;.001, respectively) (see Fig. 2).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e"},{"header":"Discussion","content":"\u003cp\u003eConsistent with prior research literature (Hong \u0026amp; Lee, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR25\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2021\u003c/span\u003e; Kim, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR30\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2019\u003c/span\u003e; Park \u0026amp; Kim, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR46\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2023\u003c/span\u003e), the current study findings showed that multicultural youth living in South Korea experienced acculturative stress. Moreover, the findings of this study addressed a gap in the empirical evidence demonstrating that multicultural youth\u0026rsquo;s level of acculturative stress is significantly associated with their bullying victimization experiences in South Korea. In other words, multicultural youth who report a greater level of acculturative stress would be more likely to experience bullying victimization. Using the lens of the stress-vulnerability model (Zubin \u0026amp; Spring, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR62\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1977\u003c/span\u003e), multicultural youth undergoing acculturative stress and/or psychological changes with intercultural contact may increase their susceptibility to bullying victimization. As a result, the stress of acculturation, feelings of isolation and alienation, and insecurity in intercultural encounters between their home and host cultures might contribute to multicultural youths\u0026rsquo; interactions and relationships with peers. This stress could, in turn, increase the likelihood of bullying victimization and less access to support systems to seek out help when needed.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eA deep-rooted nationalism and ethnocentrism in South Korean society (Kang, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR27\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2010\u003c/span\u003e; Lim, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR37\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2020\u003c/span\u003e) may play a role in multicultural families\u0026rsquo; (including multicultural youth) level of acculturation stress. Facing discrimination and oppression in South Korea, marginalized groups (Kim \u0026amp; So, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR31\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2018\u003c/span\u003e) may find it challenging to feel a sense of safety in developing new cultural identities while retaining the values of their home culture and contribute to acculturative stress. Based on in-group bias theory (Doyle \u0026amp; Aboud, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR22\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1995\u003c/span\u003e; Stephan et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR55\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2015\u003c/span\u003e), it may be that multicultural youth who are identified as out-groups (e.g., non-monoethnic South Koreans) experience acculturative stress, feel more alienated, and have a higher risk of bullying victimization experiences.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe researchers also examined the moderating effect of multicultural parents\u0026rsquo; integration strategy of acculturation on the association between multicultural youth\u0026rsquo;s acculturative stress and their bullying victimization experience, which adds to the literature. Specifically, the moderation analysis revealed that multicultural parents\u0026rsquo; integration strategy of acculturation significantly buffered the relationship between multicultural youth\u0026rsquo;s acculturative stress and their level of bullying victimization experience. Current findings provide support for prior studies that multicultural families who develop new cultural norms, customs, and identities confirming host culture (e.g., South Korea\u0026rsquo;s cultures), while also maintaining cultural heritages and identities of the culture of origin (i.e., integration strategy), may have adaptive acculturation outcomes (Jang et al., 2007; Meca et al., 2017). Likewise, multicultural parents who use the integration strategy for acculturation would be more likely to effectively manage acculturative stress.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eUsing general strain theory (Agnew, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR2\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1992\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR3\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2006\u003c/span\u003e; Li et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR36\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2022\u003c/span\u003e), multicultural parents with adaptive acculturation outcomes could be less likely to experience strain and provide support to help their children adjust to the negative impacts of life events such as bullying victimization. In this interpretation, it may be that parents\u0026rsquo; adjustment to a new culture does not add to multicultural youth\u0026rsquo;s own acculturative stress, lessening their vulnerability to the potential risks of bullying victimization experience. For example, multicultural parents who use the integration strategy may help their children develop new cultural identities, norms, and values while maintaining their own cultural heritage. To the extent that multicultural youths adopt an integration strategy may mitigate potential risk factors, such as social isolation, confusion, and insecurity, that may place multicultural youth at a higher risk for bullying victimization.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cdiv id=\"Sec17\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e\u003ch2\u003eImplications, Limitations and Future Research\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003ePractice implications for addressing multicultural youth\u0026rsquo;s bullying victimization experience may be considered in relationship to their experiences of acculturative stress in South Korea. Through this lens, teachers, families, professionals in the mental health field (e.g., school counselors) may conceptualize multicultural youths\u0026rsquo; cultural concerns and experiences of being targeted for bullying to help multicultural youth manage acculturative stress and bullying victimization. Additionally, a growing population of youth from diverse racial/ethnic backgrounds in South Korea points to a need to reexamine how deeply rooted nationalism and ethnocentrism inhibit appreciation of and respect for cultural diversity in South Korea, and avoid othering non-monoethnic South Koreans or culturally marginalized individuals as outsiders from established cultural norms, identities, or values (Chang, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR17\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2015\u003c/span\u003e; Kang, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR27\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2010\u003c/span\u003e; Lim, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR37\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2020\u003c/span\u003e). Though the current study findings do not address differences in cultural norms specifically, the findings do inform multicultural youth\u0026rsquo;s experience of acculturative stress and bullying victimization experience. Finally the current finding related to a buffering effect of multicultural parents\u0026rsquo; integration acculturation strategy suggests the benefit of multicultural parents in South Korea integration strategies to acculturation. It may also be helpful to facilitatie discussions, both in theory and practice, about the challenges experienced by multicultural youth and their families in different settings (including school) within the context of South Korea.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eIt is also important to note the limitations inherent to the study design, as they can offer opportunities to further conceptualize and extend the findings to future research. First, though rigorous sampling methods (i.e., stratified random sampling and probability proportional sampling methods) yielded a large sample size, participants in the dataset consisted of multicultural youth in only one school grade and their mother (i.e., multicultural parents), which makes it difficult for the research findings to be generalized to other multicultural youth in other school grades or other caregivers including fathers. Additionally, the majority of participants were from international marriage families. Therefore, future researchers are encouraged to include a more diverse sample of multicultural youth to be able to generalize findings related to acculturative stress and bullying victimization, as well as the buffering effect of multicultural parents\u0026rsquo; integration acculturation strategy. Furthermore, the authors controlled for multicultural youth\u0026rsquo;s gender, as a potential confounding variable in the current study. However, given the potential role of gender in influencing bullying victimization experienced by multicultural youth (e.g., Popp et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR51\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2014\u003c/span\u003e), future researchers are encouraged to examine gender differences in bullying victimization experiences to further validate and expand the research findings of this study.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eSecond, the current study utilized secondary data (MAPS-2) directly acquired from the National Youth Policy Institute (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR42\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2020\u003c/span\u003e). The inherent nature of secondary data, or analyzing the data are usually different from those engaged in data collection, presents challenges in selecting study-specific measures that may be needed in interpreting specific variables (Cheng \u0026amp; Phillips, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR18\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2014\u003c/span\u003e). For example, the MAPS-2 did not include measures of multicultural youth's strategies of acculturation, which would allow for further explication of the buffering effect of multicultural parents\u0026rsquo; integration strategy of acculturation. Although any level of acculturative stress and bullying victimization experiences can be a significant concern for multicultural youth, the mean scores of acculturative stress and bullying victimization experiences were low despite the statistical significance in the association between the two constructs in this study. Therefore, future researchers are encouraged to validate the current research findings with participants who are at higher in acculturative stress and bullying victimization experiences.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eLastly, Berry\u0026rsquo;s model (1992, 1997) presumes acculturating people can decide on acculturation strategies. However, various demographic or contextual factors (e.g., ethnicity, causes of immigration, and/or cultural similarities and differences) may result in limited acculturation options (Ward \u0026amp; Geeraert, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR60\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2016\u003c/span\u003e). In addition, while an integration acculturation strategy has been associated with positive psychological outcomes (Choy et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR20\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2021\u003c/span\u003e; Jang et al., 2007; Meca et al., 2017; Sullivan \u0026amp; Kashubeck-West, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR56\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2015\u003c/span\u003e), any buffering effect of multicultural parents\u0026rsquo; integration acculturation strategy may also differ depending on cultural backgrounds and other environmental factors. Even though more systemic components (i.e., the relationship between multicultural youth\u0026rsquo;s acculturative stress and multicultural parents\u0026rsquo; acculturative strategy) were considered in this study, a traditional categorizing approach to measuring acculturation was used.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eBecause prior studies indicate that the categorization and distribution of individuals across dimensions of acculturation can vary considerably and not be directly comparable across studies (Chirkov, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR19\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2009\u003c/span\u003e; Demes \u0026amp; Geeraert, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR21\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2014\u003c/span\u003e; Schwartz et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR52\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2010\u003c/span\u003e; Ward \u0026amp; Kus, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR59\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2012\u003c/span\u003e), recent authors have suggested the need to redefine the traditional conceptualization of acculturation (Oudenhoven \u0026amp; Ward, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR57\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2013\u003c/span\u003e; Ward, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR58\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2013\u003c/span\u003e; Ward \u0026amp; Geeraert, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR60\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2016\u003c/span\u003e). However, a majority of acculturation research still adheres to the empirical use of Berry\u0026rsquo;s traditional acculturation model (Berry, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR8\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1992\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR10\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1997\u003c/span\u003e) (e.g., Choy et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR20\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2021\u003c/span\u003e; Sullivan \u0026amp; Kashubeck-West, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR56\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2015\u003c/span\u003e). Therefore, future researchers are encouraged to measure acculturation beyond a traditional bi-dimensional acculturation strategy to examine acculturative stress and bullying victimization along with the acculturative integration strategy of their parents and/or themselves.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e"},{"header":"Conclusion","content":"\u003cp\u003eBased on a large sample of multicultural families across South Korea, the current findings add to the body of knowledge on multicultural youth\u0026rsquo;s acculturative stress and family protective factors for bullying victimization. The findings add to knowledge about the association between multicultural youth\u0026rsquo;s acculturative stress and bullying victimization experience in South Korea. In addition, the link between multicultural youth\u0026rsquo;s acculturative stress and their bullying victimization experience, as well as the buffering role of multicultural parents\u0026rsquo; integration mode of acculturation, suggests the potential need to consider multicultural parents\u0026rsquo; integration mode to and work to achieve adaptive and positive outcomes in acculturation may help with the acculturative stress and bullying victimization experienced by multicultural youth. Future research is needed to explore expanded models of acculturative stress (e.g., using dimensional measures of acculturation) among diverse sub-groups of multicultural youth and their families and its relationship to bullying victimization of multicultural youth in South Korea.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Declarations","content":"\u003ch2\u003eAuthor Contribution\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eDr. Cheolwoo Park developed a research idea, searched for and analyzed data, and wrote the main manuscript text. Dr. Sondra Smith-Adcock supervised the current study and provided feedback and suggestions. All authors reviewed the manuscript.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"References","content":"\u003col\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eAboud, F. E. (1988). \u003cem\u003eChildren and Prejudice\u003c/em\u003e. Blackwell.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eAgnew, R. (1992). 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Vulnerability: A new view of schizophrenia. \u003cem\u003eJournal of Abnormal Psychology\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003e86\u003c/em\u003e(2), 103\u0026ndash;126. \u003cspan class=\"ExternalRef\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"RefSource\"\u003ehttps://doi.org/10.1037/0021-843X.86.2.103\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan address=\"10.1037/0021-843X.86.2.103\" targettype=\"DOI\" class=\"RefTarget\"\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003c/ol\u003e"}],"fulltextSource":"","fullText":"","funders":[],"hasAdminPriorityOnWorkflow":false,"hasManuscriptDocX":true,"hasOptedInToPreprint":true,"hasPassedJournalQc":"","hasAnyPriority":false,"hideJournal":true,"highlight":"","institution":"","isAcceptedByJournal":false,"isAuthorSuppliedPdf":false,"isDeskRejected":"","isHiddenFromSearch":false,"isInQc":false,"isInWorkflow":false,"isPdf":false,"isPdfUpToDate":true,"isWithdrawnOrRetracted":false,"journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"researchsquare","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"/submission","title":"Research Square","twitterHandle":"researchsquare","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"","reportingPortfolio":"","inReviewEnabled":false,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true},"keywords":"Acculturative stress, acculturative strategies, integration strategy, bullying victimization, Multicultural Adolescents Panel Study (MAPS), multicultural family in South Korea","lastPublishedDoi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-6934146/v1","lastPublishedDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-6934146/v1","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"},"manuscriptAbstract":"The current study examined the association between acculturative stress and experiences with bullying victimization, as reported by multicultural youth (i.e., youth from international marriage families, immigrant families, and noncitizen families) in South Korea (n = 2,271) and the moderation role of the integration strategy of acculturation reported by multicultural youth’s parents (n = 2,249). As a dimension of the framework of acculturation, integration strategy is characterized by the appreciation and maintenance of both host and home cultures. Findings showed a significant relationship between youth’s acculturative stress and their experience of bullying victimization. In addition, multicultural parents’ integration strategy of acculturation buffered the association between acculturative stress and youth’s experience of bullying victimization.","manuscriptTitle":"Acculturative Stress and Bullying Victimization of Multicultural Youth in South Korea: The Moderating Role of Multicultural Parents’ Integration Acculturation Strategy","msid":"","msnumber":"","nonDraftVersions":[{"code":1,"date":"2025-11-13 12:33:16","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-6934146/v1","editorialEvents":[{"type":"communityComments","content":0}],"status":"published","journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"researchsquare","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"/submission","title":"Research Square","twitterHandle":"researchsquare","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"","reportingPortfolio":"","inReviewEnabled":false,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true}}],"origin":"","ownerIdentity":"16ae50c6-3a01-4ac1-a169-2371dcc29421","owner":[],"postedDate":"November 13th, 2025","published":true,"recentEditorialEvents":[],"rejectedJournal":[],"revision":"","amendment":"","status":"posted","subjectAreas":[],"tags":[],"updatedAt":"2025-11-13T12:33:16+00:00","versionOfRecord":[],"versionCreatedAt":"2025-11-13 12:33:16","video":"","vorDoi":"","vorDoiUrl":"","workflowStages":[]},"version":"v1","identity":"rs-6934146","journalConfig":"researchsquare"},"__N_SSP":true},"page":"/article/[identity]/[[...version]]","query":{"redirect":"/article/rs-6934146","identity":"rs-6934146","version":["v1"]},"buildId":"8U1c8b4HqxoKbykW_rLl7","isFallback":false,"isExperimentalCompile":false,"dynamicIds":[84888],"gssp":true,"scriptLoader":[]}