Cross Cultural Adaptation of Nordic Musculoskeletal Questionnaire for Hospital Workers With Low Back Pain

Cross Cultural Adaptation of Nordic Musculoskeletal Questionnaire for Hospital Workers With Low Back Pain | Research Square window.SnipcartSettings = { analytics: { enabled: false } }; (function() { var accessVector = localStorage.getItem('access_vector') || ''; window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; if (accessVector) { window.dataLayer.push({ user: { profile: { profileInfo: { snid: accessVector } } } }); } })(); (function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start':new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0],j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src='https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f);})(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-K279D39R'); Browse Preprints In Review Journals COVID-19 Preprints AJE Video Bytes Research Tools Research Promotion AJE Professional Editing AJE Rubriq About Preprint Platform In Review Editorial Policies Our Team Advisory Board Help Center Sign In Submit a Preprint Cite Share Download PDF Research Article Cross Cultural Adaptation of Nordic Musculoskeletal Questionnaire for Hospital Workers With Low Back Pain Chiedozie Uchenna Eleje, Chidinma Goodness Mba This is a preprint; it has not been peer reviewed by a journal. https://doi.org/ 10.21203/rs.3.rs-4055694/v1 This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License Status: Posted Version 1 posted You are reading this latest preprint version Abstract Background Low back trouble is one of the major work related musculoskeletal disorders that result to disability among workers. Nordic Musculoskeletal Questionnaire (NMQ) can serve as an inexpensive instrument for the identification and assessment of musculoskeletal symptoms, especially low back pain in formal and informal sector workers. Therefore, the aim of this study is to cross-culturally adapt NMQ to Igbo version to eliminate this limitation and to evaluate test-retest validity, criterion related validity and construct validity. Methods 45 Hospital orderlies were interviewed with both the standard and translated Igbo version of NMQ while 45 hospital orderlies marched for age and sex were interviewed with only the translated Igbo version. One week wash out period was given before re-administering the instrument on the hospital orderlies with Low back pain. Paired sample t-test was used to analyze the result. Results Results showed no significant correlation in test-retest validity (r 2 = 0.10; p < 0.005) and criterion validity (r 2 = 0.7; p < 0.005) in of the Igbo version of NMQ. Whereas, the construct validity had no significant correlation. Conclusions The Igbo version of the NMQ has an unacceptable reliability and validity. low back pain Orderlies porters musculoskeletal Nordic Background Work-related Musculoskeletal disorders (WMSDs) are a widespread and increasing occupational health problems in the workplace worldwide (Hossain et.al, 2018 ). The causes of WMSDs are usually multi-factorial including physical, ergonomic, and psychosocial factors (Cashman, 2010 ). WMSDs usually occur in workers who are engage in excessive repetition, awkward postures, and heavy liftings (Da Costa and Vieira, 2010 ). WMSDs are a group of painful disorders of muscles, tendons and nerves following work environment and its body relationship with the ergonomics. However, common movements in the ordinary activities of daily life are not particularly harmful, but the hazardous work situations with forceful manner such as posture, movement, and vibration are found to be associated with WMSDs. Low back pains among working population are common. It limits activity and in worse cases results to impairment (Wang, et.al, 2019 ). It also accounts for work-related absenteeism and a high proportion of working days lost (Cashman, 2010 ). This affects productivity among the workers and creates a burden on the businesses economic and poses a huge economics costs to deal with the consequences (Bevan, 2015 ). In the healthcare sector, WMSDs are common; with prevalence rates reported to be 28–96% over a one-year time period (Anderson and Oakman, 2016 ). It is reported to be predominant among nurses, physiotherapists and surgeons etc (Anderson and Oakman, 2016 ). The restoration of normal function in this working environment is considered a key outcome of physical therapy for low back problems (Beattie and Maher, 1997 ). Direct observation of activity limitation is impractical and reliance on subjectivity of self report will pose a greater challenge to assessing patient need and monitor progress objectively overtime. There is need to develop or adapt valid and reliable instrument that will accurately assess low pain trouble among all cadre of person in their career who may be at risk of developing pain in the low back. Many questionnaires have been developed to measure activity limitations in people with low back pain, these includes; the modified Oswestry Disability Questionnaire (Baker et.al, 1989 ) the Quebec Back Pain Disability Scale (Kopec et.al, 1995 ) the Roland-Morris Disability Questionnaire (Roland and Morris, 1983 ) the Waddell Disability Index (Waddell and Main, 1994) the physical health scales of the Medical Outcomes Study 36-Item Short-Form Health Survey (SF-36) and the Nordic musculoskeletal questionnaire (NMQ) (McHorney et.al, 1994 ). NMQ was designed to answer musculoskeletal troubles that occur in a given population, and the parts of the body they occur. NMQ was constructed with the human body (viewed from the back) divided into nine anatomical regions. These regions were selected on the basis of where symptoms tend to accumulate, and regions which are distinguishable from each other body by the respondent and a health surveyor. Hospital orderlies are group of hospital adhoc workers whose work schedule entails lifting, bending, carrying, pushing, sweeping and cleaning predisposing them low back pain. They include persons like the porters and cleaners. These categories of workers are usually below average, does not require certificate for their recruitment into the working populace and most often, and are not English proficient in communication and understanding. This necessitated the need to translate the NMQ into Igbo version to able better description of their symptom to enable proper assessment and management. Methods Study design and setting This study utilized a cross-sectional research design and the participants were recruited from Enugu state University Teaching Hospital, Park lane, Nigeria Enugu state is located in the South-Eastern Nigeria. Participants A total of 90 participants were recruited from Enugu state University Teaching Hospital, Park lane, Nigeria. Enugu State Teaching Hospital Research Committee granted approval for this study and informed consent form was gotten from the participants. Participants, who are between the ages of 28–63 year old and who can understand Igbo language and have given their consent to participant in the study were enrolled in this study. The hospital orderlies with low back pain were given Igbo and English version of NMQ, while the hospital orderlies that were marched for control were given only the Igbo version. After a week interval, another Igbo version of NMQ was administered to hospital orderlies with low back pain. Translation and adaptation We contacted the developer of NMQ (Kuorinka et al., 1987 ) via email to get permission to cross-culturally adapt NMQ to Igbo version, which was authorized. Following the Beaton et al 2000 guidelines for translation and cross-cultural adaption of instrument, the following were done. NMQ English version was translated into Igbo language by two independent translators (one naïve and one informed translator) The two translations assess if the Igbo version took cognizance of the semantics and Igbo cultural characteristics and also to elucidate areas of ambiguity. The two translators synthesized a consensus Igbo version after reconciling the discrepancies in the two translated Igbo version. This consensual Igbo version was translated back to English by another two translators who had not seen the original English version. The English versions were also examined and compared with the original English version to address areas of discrepancies with the original English version. The final consensual Igbo version was pilot tested among 90 hospital orderlies, with the aim of evaluating if the Igbo version would be clearly understood by the target population. The Nordic Musculoskeletal Questionnaire The NMQ was developed from a project funded by the Nordic Council of Ministers (Kuorinka et.al, 1987 ). The aim was to develop and test a standardized questionnaire methodology allowing comparison of low back, neck, shoulder and general complaints for use in epidemiological studies. NMQ consists of two sections; section 1 is a general questionnaire of 40 forced choice items identifying areas of the body and a specific questionnaire addressing the low back trouble.. Respondents are asked if they have had any musculoskeletal trouble in the last 12 months and last 7 days which have prevented normal activity. Twenty-five forced choice questions elicits any accidents affecting each area, functional impact at home and work (change of job or duties), duration of the problem, assessment by a health professional and musculoskeletal problems in the last 7 days. The data generated from this study was analyzed using a descriptive statistics and pair sample statistics from SSPS version 16. Results A total of 45 hospital orderlies with low back trouble and 45 hospital orderlies with sex marched for control and mean ages of 43.49 + 8.70 and 42.20 + 8.70 years respectively, participated in this study.. Majority of the participants were female (77.8%), Work experience duration were 3–10 years (49.9% and 48.9%) respectively, weekly working time was 31–50 hours(73.7% and 66.7%) respectively, Participants weight were 50-70kg (51.1% and 68.9%) and Most of the respondents were right handed (97.8% and 100%) respectively. Discussion The aim of this study was to develop Nordic Musculoskeletal Questionnaire Igbo version, adapted for the hospital orderlies such as the cleaners and porters, who may not be proficient in English language. The psychometric properties analyzed were test-retest reliability, criterion-related validity and construct validity. The study demonstrated unacceptable test –retest reliability of Igbo version of NMQ among the respondents, this differ from previous studies psychometric measurement of cultural adaptation NMQ to turkey and Portuguese. Kahranman et al 2015 reported a moderate to almost perfect reliability (turkey) and Mesquita et al 2010 , demonstrsted a good level of reliability (Portuguese). The out of proportion result arose from no knowledge of NMQ scoring method specifically that for low back trouble. Also, this study showed a significant difference in the criterion related validity of the Gold standard and the Igbo version, but demonstrated significant correlations between the two versions. This significant difference between the two versions could be as a result of no standardized scoring method which affected the outcome of this analysis. Conclusion NMQ Igbo version may be a useful assessment tool in the assessment of low back trouble in hospital adhoc worker (hospital orderlies) though this study was hampered by wrong scoring system. Abbreviations NMQ – Nordic musculoskeletal questionnaire. Declarations Ethics approval and consent to participate: Enugu state Teaching Hospital Research Ethics Committee granted approval for this study. Consent for Publication: These were obtained Availability of data and materials: All data generated or analyzed during this study are included in the supplementary information file in the system. Competing interests: Not applicable Funding: Not applicable Author’s contribution: Eleje Chiedozie Uchenna wrote the main manuscript text; Mba Goodness Chidinma wrote the abstract; all authors reviewed the manuscript. References Anderson SP, Oakman J. Allied health professionals and work-related musculoskeletal disorders: a systematic review. Saf health work. 2016;7(4):259–67. Baker DJ, Pynsent PB, Fairbank JCT. The Oswestry Disability Index revisited: its reliability, repeatability, and validity, and a comparison with the St Thomas Disability Index. In: Roland M, Jenner JR, editors. Back Pain: New Approaches to Rehabilitation and Education. Manchester, United Kingdom: Manchester University; 1989. pp. 174–86. Beaton DE, Bombardier C, Guillemin F, Ferraz MB. Guidelines for the process of cross-cultural adaptation of self-report measures. Spine. 2000;25(24):3186–91. Beattie P, Maher C. (1997). The role of functional status questionnaires for low back pain. Australian Journal of Physiotherapy . 1997;43:29–38. Bevan S. Economic impact of musculoskeletal disorders (MSDs) on work in Europe. Best Pract Res Clin Rheumatol. 2015;29(3):356–73. Cashman C. European Agency for Safety and Health at Work. Occup Med. 2010;60(2):157–8. http://europe.osha.eu.int . Da Costa BR, Vieira ER. Risk factors for work-related musculoskeletal disorders: a systematic review of recent longitudinal studies. Am J Ind Med. 2010;53(3):285–323. Hossain MD, Aftab A, Al Imam MH, Mahmud I, Chowdhury IA, Kabir RI, Sarker M. Prevalence of work related musculoskeletal disorders (WMSDs) and ergonomic risk assessment among readymade garment workers of Bangladesh: A cross sectional study. PLoS ONE. 2018;13(7):e0200122. Kopec JA, Esdaile JM, Abrahamowicz M. The Quebec Back Pain Disability Scale: measurement properties. Spine. 1995;20:341–52. Kuorinka I, Jonsson B, Kilbom. (1987) standardized Nordic questionnaires for the analysis of musculoskeltal symptoms, Appl Ergon, vol.18 (pg. 233–237). Kahraman T, Genc A, Goz E. (2016). The Nordic Musculoskeletal Questionnaire: cross-cultural adaptation into Turkish assessing its psychometric properties. Disability and Rehabilitation. Accessed from: http://www.ismni.org/jmni/-accepted/JMNI_19M-05-044.pdf . McHorney CA, Ware JE, Lu RJF, Sherbourne CD. The MOS 36-Item Short-Form Health Survey (SF-36), III: tests of data quality, scaling assumptions, and reliability across diverse patient groups. Med Care. 1994;32:40–66. Mesquita CC, Ribeiro JC, Moreira P. Portuguese version of the standardized Nordic musculoskeletal questionnaire: cross cultural and reliability. J Public Health. 2010;18(5):461–6. Roland M, Morris R. (1983). A study of the natural history of back pain: Part 1: Development of a reliable and sensitive measure of disability in low-back pain. spine . Waddell G, Main CJ. (1984). Assessment of severity in low-back disorders. Spine. 1984;9:204–208. Wang MH, Chen YL, Chiou WK. Using the OVAKO working posture analysis system in cleaning occupations. Work. 2019;64(3):613–21. Additional Declarations No competing interests reported. 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Also discoverable on Platform About Our Team In Review Editorial Policies Advisory Board Help Center Resources Author Services Accessibility API Access RSS feed Manage Cookie Preferences © Research Square 2026 | ISSN 2693-5015 (online) Privacy Policy Terms of Service Do Not Sell My Personal Information {"props":{"pageProps":{"initialData":{"identity":"rs-4055694","acceptedTermsAndConditions":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"archivedVersions":[],"articleType":"Research Article","associatedPublications":[],"authors":[{"id":280575744,"identity":"6f44ecf8-e728-493a-a0fe-42bcaae0c4d3","order_by":0,"name":"Chiedozie Uchenna Eleje","email":"data:image/png;base64,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","orcid":"","institution":"BMR.PT (University of Nigeria, David Umahi Federal University of Health Sciences","correspondingAuthor":true,"prefix":"","firstName":"Chiedozie","middleName":"Uchenna","lastName":"Eleje","suffix":""},{"id":280575745,"identity":"ed33877f-d524-43b7-883c-338b1bdb116f","order_by":1,"name":"Chidinma Goodness Mba","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"BMR.PT (University of Nigeria, David Umahi Federal University of Health Sciences","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Chidinma","middleName":"Goodness","lastName":"Mba","suffix":""}],"badges":[],"createdAt":"2024-03-09 12:31:47","currentVersionCode":1,"declarations":"","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-4055694/v1","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-4055694/v1","draftVersion":[],"editorialEvents":[],"editorialNote":"","failedWorkflow":false,"files":[{"id":59599093,"identity":"16f3836b-5f13-496c-b721-eb48487257e0","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-07-03 16:30:04","extension":"pdf","order_by":0,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"manuscript-pdf","size":240640,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"manuscript.pdf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-4055694/v1/9f7e0e85-9829-48d1-883b-296ca2b7e9dc.pdf"},{"id":52920799,"identity":"72253db9-92fc-4e44-82cb-4bc6533a3b4f","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-03-18 17:18:26","extension":"docx","order_by":1,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"supplement","size":69427,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"Appendix.docx","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-4055694/v1/12d36d3996f9e94500634d23.docx"}],"financialInterests":"No competing interests reported.","formattedTitle":"\u003cp\u003eCross Cultural Adaptation of Nordic Musculoskeletal Questionnaire for Hospital Workers With Low Back Pain \u003c/p\u003e","fulltext":[{"header":"Background","content":"\u003cp\u003eWork-related Musculoskeletal disorders (WMSDs) are a widespread and increasing occupational health problems in the workplace worldwide (Hossain et.al, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR8\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2018\u003c/span\u003e). The causes of WMSDs are usually multi-factorial including physical, ergonomic, and psychosocial factors (Cashman, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR6\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2010\u003c/span\u003e). WMSDs usually occur in workers who are engage in excessive repetition, awkward postures, and heavy liftings (Da Costa and Vieira, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR7\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2010\u003c/span\u003e). WMSDs are a group of painful disorders of muscles, tendons and nerves following work environment and its body relationship with the ergonomics. However, common movements in the ordinary activities of daily life are not particularly harmful, but the hazardous work situations with forceful manner such as posture, movement, and vibration are found to be associated with WMSDs.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eLow back pains among working population are common. It limits activity and in worse cases results to impairment (Wang, et.al, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR16\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2019\u003c/span\u003e). It also accounts for work-related absenteeism and a high proportion of working days lost (Cashman, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR6\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2010\u003c/span\u003e). This affects productivity among the workers and creates a burden on the businesses economic and poses a huge economics costs to deal with the consequences (Bevan, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR5\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2015\u003c/span\u003e). In the healthcare sector, WMSDs are common; with prevalence rates reported to be 28\u0026ndash;96% over a one-year time period (Anderson and Oakman, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR1\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2016\u003c/span\u003e). It is reported to be predominant among nurses, physiotherapists and surgeons etc (Anderson and Oakman, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR1\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2016\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe restoration of normal function in this working environment is considered a key outcome of physical therapy for low back problems (Beattie and Maher, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR4\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1997\u003c/span\u003e). Direct observation of activity limitation is impractical and reliance on subjectivity of self report will pose a greater challenge to assessing patient need and monitor progress objectively overtime. There is need to develop or adapt valid and reliable instrument that will accurately assess low pain trouble among all cadre of person in their career who may be at risk of developing pain in the low back. Many questionnaires have been developed to measure activity limitations in people with low back pain, these includes; the modified Oswestry Disability Questionnaire (Baker et.al, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR2\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1989\u003c/span\u003e) the Quebec Back Pain Disability Scale (Kopec et.al, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR9\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1995\u003c/span\u003e) the Roland-Morris Disability Questionnaire (Roland and Morris, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR14\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1983\u003c/span\u003e) the Waddell Disability Index (Waddell and Main, 1994) the physical health scales of the Medical Outcomes Study 36-Item Short-Form Health Survey (SF-36) and the Nordic musculoskeletal questionnaire (NMQ) (McHorney et.al, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR12\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1994\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eNMQ was designed to answer musculoskeletal troubles that occur in a given population, and the parts of the body they occur. NMQ was constructed with the human body (viewed from the back) divided into nine anatomical regions. These regions were selected on the basis of where symptoms tend to accumulate, and regions which are distinguishable from each other body by the respondent and a health surveyor. Hospital orderlies are group of hospital adhoc workers whose work schedule entails lifting, bending, carrying, pushing, sweeping and cleaning predisposing them low back pain. They include persons like the porters and cleaners. These categories of workers are usually below average, does not require certificate for their recruitment into the working populace and most often, and are not English proficient in communication and understanding. This necessitated the need to translate the NMQ into Igbo version to able better description of their symptom to enable proper assessment and management.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Methods","content":"\u003cdiv id=\"Sec3\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eStudy design and setting\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003e This study utilized a cross-sectional research design and the participants were recruited from Enugu state University Teaching Hospital, Park lane, Nigeria Enugu state is located in the South-Eastern Nigeria.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec4\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eParticipants\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eA total of 90 participants were recruited from Enugu state University Teaching Hospital, Park lane, Nigeria. Enugu State Teaching Hospital Research Committee granted approval for this study and informed consent form was gotten from the participants. Participants, who are between the ages of 28\u0026ndash;63 year old and who can understand Igbo language and have given their consent to participant in the study were enrolled in this study. The hospital orderlies with low back pain were given Igbo and English version of NMQ, while the hospital orderlies that were marched for control were given only the Igbo version. After a week interval, another Igbo version of NMQ was administered to hospital orderlies with low back pain.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec5\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eTranslation and adaptation\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eWe contacted the developer of NMQ (Kuorinka et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR10\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1987\u003c/span\u003e) via email to get permission to cross-culturally adapt NMQ to Igbo version, which was authorized. Following the Beaton et al \u003cspan citationid=\"CR3\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2000\u003c/span\u003e guidelines for translation and cross-cultural adaption of instrument, the following were done.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cul\u003e \u003cli\u003e \u003cp\u003eNMQ English version was translated into Igbo language by two independent translators (one na\u0026iuml;ve and one informed translator)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe two translations assess if the Igbo version took cognizance of the semantics and Igbo cultural characteristics and also to elucidate areas of ambiguity.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe two translators synthesized a consensus Igbo version after reconciling the discrepancies in the two translated Igbo version.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e \u003cp\u003eThis consensual Igbo version was translated back to English by another two translators who had not seen the original English version.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe English versions were also examined and compared with the original English version to address areas of discrepancies with the original English version.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe final consensual Igbo version was pilot tested among 90 hospital orderlies, with the aim of evaluating if the Igbo version would be clearly understood by the target population.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/li\u003e \u003c/ul\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec6\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eThe Nordic Musculoskeletal Questionnaire\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe NMQ was developed from a project funded by the Nordic Council of Ministers (Kuorinka et.al, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR10\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1987\u003c/span\u003e). The aim was to develop and test a standardized questionnaire methodology allowing comparison of low back, neck, shoulder and general complaints for use in epidemiological studies. NMQ consists of two sections; section 1 is a general questionnaire of 40 forced choice items identifying areas of the body and a specific questionnaire addressing the low back trouble.. Respondents are asked if they have had any musculoskeletal trouble in the last 12 months and last 7 days which have prevented normal activity. Twenty-five forced choice questions elicits any accidents affecting each area, functional impact at home and work (change of job or duties), duration of the problem, assessment by a health professional and musculoskeletal problems in the last 7 days.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe data generated from this study was analyzed using a descriptive statistics and pair sample statistics from SSPS version 16.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e"},{"header":"Results","content":"\u003cp\u003eA total of 45 hospital orderlies with low back trouble and 45 hospital orderlies with sex marched for control and mean ages of 43.49\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;8.70 and 42.20\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;8.70 years respectively, participated in this study.. Majority of the participants were female (77.8%), Work experience duration were 3\u0026ndash;10 years (49.9% and 48.9%) respectively, weekly working time was 31\u0026ndash;50 hours(73.7% and 66.7%) respectively, Participants weight were 50-70kg (51.1% and 68.9%) and Most of the respondents were right handed (97.8% and 100%) respectively.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Discussion","content":"\u003cp\u003eThe aim of this study was to develop Nordic Musculoskeletal Questionnaire Igbo version, adapted for the hospital orderlies such as the cleaners and porters, who may not be proficient in English language. The psychometric properties analyzed were test-retest reliability, criterion-related validity and construct validity.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe study demonstrated unacceptable test \u0026ndash;retest reliability of Igbo version of NMQ among the respondents, this differ from previous studies psychometric measurement of cultural adaptation NMQ to turkey and Portuguese. Kahranman et al 2015 reported a moderate to almost perfect reliability (turkey) and Mesquita et al \u003cspan citationid=\"CR13\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2010\u003c/span\u003e, demonstrsted a good level of reliability (Portuguese). The out of proportion result arose from no knowledge of NMQ scoring method specifically that for low back trouble. Also, this study showed a significant difference in the criterion related validity of the Gold standard and the Igbo version, but demonstrated significant correlations between the two versions. This significant difference between the two versions could be as a result of no standardized scoring method which affected the outcome of this analysis.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Conclusion","content":"\u003cp\u003eNMQ Igbo version may be a useful assessment tool in the assessment of low back trouble in hospital adhoc worker (hospital orderlies) though this study was hampered by wrong scoring system.\u003c/p\u003e "},{"header":"Abbreviations","content":"\u003cp\u003eNMQ \u0026ndash; Nordic musculoskeletal questionnaire.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Declarations","content":"\u003cp\u003eEthics approval and consent to participate: Enugu state Teaching Hospital Research Ethics Committee granted approval for this study.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eConsent for Publication: These were obtained\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAvailability of data and materials: All data generated or analyzed during this study are included in the supplementary information file in the system.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eCompeting interests: Not applicable\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eFunding: Not applicable\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAuthor\u0026rsquo;s contribution: Eleje Chiedozie Uchenna wrote the main manuscript text; Mba Goodness Chidinma wrote the abstract; all authors reviewed the manuscript.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"References","content":"\u003col\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eAnderson SP, Oakman J. 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J Public Health. 2010;18(5):461\u0026ndash;6.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eRoland M, Morris R. (1983). A study of the natural history of back pain: Part 1: Development of a reliable and sensitive measure of disability in low-back pain. \u003cem\u003espine\u003c/em\u003e.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eWaddell G, Main CJ. (1984). Assessment of severity in low-back disorders. \u003cem\u003eSpine.\u003c/em\u003e 1984;9:204\u0026ndash;208.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eWang MH, Chen YL, Chiou WK. Using the OVAKO working posture analysis system in cleaning occupations. Work. 2019;64(3):613\u0026ndash;21.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003c/ol\u003e"}],"fulltextSource":"","fullText":"","funders":[],"hasAdminPriorityOnWorkflow":false,"hasManuscriptDocX":true,"hasOptedInToPreprint":true,"hasPassedJournalQc":"","hasAnyPriority":false,"hideJournal":true,"highlight":"","institution":"","isAcceptedByJournal":false,"isAuthorSuppliedPdf":false,"isDeskRejected":"","isHiddenFromSearch":false,"isInQc":false,"isInWorkflow":false,"isPdf":false,"isPdfUpToDate":true,"isWithdrawnOrRetracted":false,"journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"researchsquare","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"/submission","title":"Research Square","twitterHandle":"researchsquare","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"","reportingPortfolio":"","inReviewEnabled":false,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true},"keywords":"low back pain, Orderlies, porters, musculoskeletal, Nordic","lastPublishedDoi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-4055694/v1","lastPublishedDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-4055694/v1","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"},"manuscriptAbstract":"\u003ch2\u003eBackground\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eLow back trouble is one of the major work related musculoskeletal disorders that result to disability among workers. Nordic Musculoskeletal Questionnaire (NMQ) can serve as an inexpensive instrument for the identification and assessment of musculoskeletal symptoms, especially low back pain in formal and informal sector workers. Therefore, the aim of this study is to cross-culturally adapt NMQ to Igbo version to eliminate this limitation and to evaluate test-retest validity, criterion related validity and construct validity.\u003c/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eMethods\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003e45 Hospital orderlies were interviewed with both the standard and translated Igbo version of NMQ while 45 hospital orderlies marched for age and sex were interviewed with only the translated Igbo version. One week wash out period was given before re-administering the instrument on the hospital orderlies with Low back pain. Paired sample t-test was used to analyze the result.\u003c/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eResults\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eResults showed no significant correlation in test-retest validity (r\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.10; p\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.005) and criterion validity (r\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.7; p\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.005) in of the Igbo version of NMQ. Whereas, the construct validity had no significant correlation.\u003c/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eConclusions\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe Igbo version of the NMQ has an unacceptable reliability and validity.\u003c/p\u003e","manuscriptTitle":"Cross Cultural Adaptation of Nordic Musculoskeletal Questionnaire for Hospital Workers With Low Back Pain","msid":"","msnumber":"","nonDraftVersions":[{"code":1,"date":"2024-03-18 17:18:21","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-4055694/v1","editorialEvents":[{"type":"communityComments","content":0}],"status":"published","journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"researchsquare","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"/submission","title":"Research Square","twitterHandle":"researchsquare","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"","reportingPortfolio":"","inReviewEnabled":false,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true}}],"origin":"","ownerIdentity":"52a04ab3-dc38-46e2-899d-46ce5669042e","owner":[],"postedDate":"March 18th, 2024","published":true,"recentEditorialEvents":[],"rejectedJournal":[],"revision":"","amendment":"","status":"posted","subjectAreas":[],"tags":[],"updatedAt":"2024-07-03T16:21:58+00:00","versionOfRecord":[],"versionCreatedAt":"2024-03-18 17:18:21","video":"","vorDoi":"","vorDoiUrl":"","workflowStages":[]},"version":"v1","identity":"rs-4055694","journalConfig":"researchsquare"},"__N_SSP":true},"page":"/article/[identity]/[[...version]]","query":{"redirect":"/article/rs-4055694","identity":"rs-4055694","version":["v1"]},"buildId":"qtupq5eGEP_6zYnWcrvyt","isFallback":false,"isExperimentalCompile":false,"dynamicIds":[84888],"gssp":true,"scriptLoader":[]}