Investigation into microdefects and corrosion resistance of nickel-titanium shape memory alloy using electrical discharge coating process

Investigation into microdefects and corrosion resistance of nickel-titanium shape memory alloy using electrical discharge coating process | Research Square window.SnipcartSettings = { analytics: { enabled: false } }; (function() { var accessVector = localStorage.getItem('access_vector') || ''; window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; if (accessVector) { window.dataLayer.push({ user: { profile: { profileInfo: { snid: accessVector } } } }); } })(); (function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start':new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0],j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src='https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f);})(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-K279D39R'); Browse Preprints In Review Journals COVID-19 Preprints AJE Video Bytes Research Tools Research Promotion AJE Professional Editing AJE Rubriq About Preprint Platform In Review Editorial Policies Our Team Advisory Board Help Center Sign In Submit a Preprint Cite Share Download PDF Research Article Investigation into microdefects and corrosion resistance of nickel-titanium shape memory alloy using electrical discharge coating process Ahmad Fairuz Mansor, Azwan Iskandar Azmi, Sikiru Oluwarotimi Ismail This is a preprint; it has not been peer reviewed by a journal. https://doi.org/ 10.21203/rs.3.rs-3838568/v1 This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License Status: Published Journal Publication published 02 Apr, 2024 Read the published version in The International Journal of Advanced Manufacturing Technology → Version 1 posted 5 You are reading this latest preprint version Abstract Nickel-titanium shape memory alloy is a novel material with outstanding properties suitable for biomedical applications such as implantation devices. Unfortunately, the high composition of nickel in this alloy can be harmful to human body, if its exposure exceeds a threshold value. Therefore, an innovative electrical discharge coating technique was investigated and proposed in this study to develop minimal microdefects formation with high corrosion resistance through fractional factorial design of experiment. The results showed that discharge duration mostly dominated the material deposition, microcracks, and porosity fraction up to 72%, due to the impact of the intensity of discharge energy. There was also a pronounced effect of titanium powder concentration in the deionized water on the percentage of titanium and nickel elements, and microcracks formation. The powder suspension enhanced the recast layer formation through the increment of layer density, which covered up the Ni-rich region and diminished the microcrack formation. An optimized substrate recorded the lowest corrosion current, \({\text{I}}_{\text{corr}}\) and highest corrosion voltage, \({\text{E}}_{\text{corr}}\) at 3.43 x \({\text{10}}^{\text{-6}}\) µA/cm² and − 0.07 V respectively, thus exhibited an outstanding corrosion resistance rate at only 8.57 µm/year in phosphate-buffered saline solution, due to the low nickel, microcracks and porosity fraction in the recast layer. NiTi SMA Electrical discharge coating Microcrack Porosity Corrosion resistance Full Text Cite Share Download PDF Status: Published Journal Publication published 02 Apr, 2024 Read the published version in The International Journal of Advanced Manufacturing Technology → Version 1 posted Editorial decision: Major Revisions Needed 07 Feb, 2024 Reviewers agreed at journal 12 Jan, 2024 Reviewers invited by journal 12 Jan, 2024 Editor assigned by journal 10 Jan, 2024 First submitted to journal 09 Jan, 2024 You are reading this latest preprint version Research Square lets you share your work early, gain feedback from the community, and start making changes to your manuscript prior to peer review in a journal. As a division of Research Square Company, we’re committed to making research communication faster, fairer, and more useful. We do this by developing innovative software and high quality services for the global research community. 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Also discoverable on Platform About Our Team In Review Editorial Policies Advisory Board Help Center Resources Author Services Accessibility API Access RSS feed Manage Cookie Preferences © Research Square 2026 | ISSN 2693-5015 (online) Privacy Policy Terms of Service Do Not Sell My Personal Information {"props":{"pageProps":{"initialData":{"identity":"rs-3838568","acceptedTermsAndConditions":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"archivedVersions":[],"articleType":"Research Article","associatedPublications":[],"authors":[{"id":266910797,"identity":"077e0fce-2608-45ef-baa2-32aa582f5e52","order_by":0,"name":"Ahmad Fairuz Mansor","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Ahmad","middleName":"Fairuz","lastName":"Mansor","suffix":""},{"id":266910798,"identity":"47ce2ea0-1289-40f9-8e70-0f1591f6aed9","order_by":1,"name":"Azwan Iskandar Azmi","email":"data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAZAAAAAyAQMAAABI0h/eAAAABlBMVEX///8AAABVwtN+AAAACXBIWXMAAA7EAAAOxAGVKw4bAAABCklEQVRIie3QPWrDMBTA8WcEnmq6emjsKyho7WGeMMRL06VLBg+CgLqEZFWnXsGlF3AwOIshq0oy1IR66uCpdOmHkgyBUJF266A/Ai368SQBuFz/NaRfkdkIPAN4YrtO1o0I2xH8LfFUTbg4kBOd3y5eHgPppzOVbChm616+Ggt4z+A6tuCwxsEqkGdDpQcMsWpZvp4Lb1LBjXVegZUh4VDoK1KgX/Jcm0sGAvjYIuJlIw2habwjn3vifRgiLYTqxH9SNSI1BLncE7KdMrGQvm593Y2K/kPdMsqnJbszpLyoQq4sJFqmrUZaxNEi2YTdW9mb6rRpXrNLfm97/s9/Yr7yL+ddLpfLddQ3vIpqPskCyoEAAAAASUVORK5CYII=","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9397-4458","institution":"Universiti Malaysia Perlis","correspondingAuthor":true,"prefix":"","firstName":"Azwan","middleName":"Iskandar","lastName":"Azmi","suffix":""},{"id":266910799,"identity":"5bbbbb89-d5c2-44fd-b38e-78026a99a5b9","order_by":2,"name":"Sikiru Oluwarotimi Ismail","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Sikiru","middleName":"Oluwarotimi","lastName":"Ismail","suffix":""}],"badges":[],"createdAt":"2024-01-06 02:31:12","currentVersionCode":1,"declarations":"","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-3838568/v1","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-3838568/v1","draftVersion":[],"editorialEvents":[{"content":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s00170-024-13507-w","type":"published","date":"2024-04-02T15:01:48+00:00"}],"editorialNote":"","failedWorkflow":false,"files":[{"id":54303939,"identity":"e450a68d-30fb-415e-9b31-94e233c84ec0","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-04-08 15:12:54","extension":"pdf","order_by":1,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"manuscript-pdf","size":856832,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"ManuscriptIJAMT.pdf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-3838568/v1_covered_5ae2c491-948a-4021-9542-82f75ae359cd.pdf"}],"financialInterests":"","formattedTitle":"Investigation into microdefects and corrosion resistance of nickel-titanium shape memory alloy using electrical discharge coating process","fulltext":[],"fulltextSource":"","fullText":"","funders":[],"hasAdminPriorityOnWorkflow":false,"hasManuscriptDocX":false,"hasOptedInToPreprint":true,"hasPassedJournalQc":"","hasAnyPriority":false,"hideJournal":false,"highlight":"","institution":"","isAcceptedByJournal":true,"isAuthorSuppliedPdf":true,"isDeskRejected":"","isHiddenFromSearch":false,"isInQc":false,"isInWorkflow":false,"isPdf":true,"isPdfUpToDate":true,"isWithdrawnOrRetracted":false,"journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"the-international-journal-of-advanced-manufacturing-technology","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"externalIdentity":"jamt","sideBox":"Learn more about [The International Journal of Advanced Manufacturing Technology](https://www.springer.com/journal/170)","snPcode":"170","submissionUrl":"https://submission.nature.com/new-submission/170/3","title":"The International Journal of Advanced Manufacturing Technology","twitterHandle":"","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":true,"editorialSystem":"em","reportingPortfolio":"Springer Hybrid","inReviewEnabled":true,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":false},"keywords":"NiTi SMA, Electrical discharge coating, Microcrack, Porosity, Corrosion resistance","lastPublishedDoi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-3838568/v1","lastPublishedDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-3838568/v1","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"},"manuscriptAbstract":"\u003cp\u003eNickel-titanium shape memory alloy is a novel material with outstanding properties suitable for biomedical applications such as implantation devices. Unfortunately, the high composition of nickel in this alloy can be harmful to human body, if its exposure exceeds a threshold value. Therefore, an innovative electrical discharge coating technique was investigated and proposed in this study to develop minimal microdefects formation with high corrosion resistance through fractional factorial design of experiment. The results showed that discharge duration mostly dominated the material deposition, microcracks, and porosity fraction up to 72%, due to the impact of the intensity of discharge energy. There was also a pronounced effect of titanium powder concentration in the deionized water on the percentage of titanium and nickel elements, and microcracks formation. The powder suspension enhanced the recast layer formation through the increment of layer density, which covered up the Ni-rich region and diminished the microcrack formation. An optimized substrate recorded the lowest corrosion current, \u003cspan class=\"InlineEquation\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"mathinline\"\u003e\\({\\text{I}}_{\\text{corr}}\\)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e and highest corrosion voltage, \u003cspan class=\"InlineEquation\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"mathinline\"\u003e\\({\\text{E}}_{\\text{corr}}\\)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e at 3.43 x \u003cspan class=\"InlineEquation\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"mathinline\"\u003e\\({\\text{10}}^{\\text{-6}}\\)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e \u0026micro;A/cm\u0026sup2; and \u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;0.07 V respectively, thus exhibited an outstanding corrosion resistance rate at only 8.57 \u0026micro;m/year in phosphate-buffered saline solution, due to the low nickel, microcracks and porosity fraction in the recast layer.\u003c/p\u003e","manuscriptTitle":"Investigation into microdefects and corrosion resistance of nickel-titanium shape memory alloy using electrical discharge coating process","msid":"","msnumber":"","nonDraftVersions":[{"code":1,"date":"2024-01-16 19:12:16","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-3838568/v1","editorialEvents":[{"type":"communityComments","content":0},{"type":"decision","content":"Major Revisions Needed","date":"2024-02-07T12:14:55+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"","date":"2024-01-13T02:00:10+00:00","index":0,"fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewersInvited","content":"","date":"2024-01-12T19:19:26+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorAssigned","content":"","date":"2024-01-10T08:21:10+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"submitted","content":"The International Journal of Advanced Manufacturing Technology","date":"2024-01-09T23:08:46+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""}],"status":"published","journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"the-international-journal-of-advanced-manufacturing-technology","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"externalIdentity":"jamt","sideBox":"Learn more about [The International Journal of Advanced Manufacturing Technology](https://www.springer.com/journal/170)","snPcode":"170","submissionUrl":"https://submission.nature.com/new-submission/170/3","title":"The International Journal of Advanced Manufacturing Technology","twitterHandle":"","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":true,"editorialSystem":"em","reportingPortfolio":"Springer Hybrid","inReviewEnabled":true,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":false}}],"origin":"","ownerIdentity":"e827d346-b3c8-4edc-9115-3e2d44bd314f","owner":[],"postedDate":"January 16th, 2024","published":true,"recentEditorialEvents":[],"rejectedJournal":[],"revision":"","amendment":"","status":"published-in-journal","subjectAreas":[],"tags":[],"updatedAt":"2024-04-08T15:07:03+00:00","versionOfRecord":{"articleIdentity":"rs-3838568","link":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s00170-024-13507-w","journal":{"identity":"the-international-journal-of-advanced-manufacturing-technology","isVorOnly":false,"title":"The International Journal of Advanced Manufacturing Technology"},"publishedOn":"2024-04-02 15:01:48","publishedOnDateReadable":"April 2nd, 2024"},"versionCreatedAt":"2024-01-16 19:12:16","video":"","vorDoi":"10.1007/s00170-024-13507-w","vorDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s00170-024-13507-w","workflowStages":[]},"version":"v1","identity":"rs-3838568","journalConfig":"researchsquare"},"__N_SSP":true},"page":"/article/[identity]/[[...version]]","query":{"redirect":"/article/rs-3838568","identity":"rs-3838568","version":["v1"]},"buildId":"qtupq5eGEP_6zYnWcrvyt","isFallback":false,"isExperimentalCompile":false,"dynamicIds":[84888],"gssp":true,"scriptLoader":[]}