Gait-Phase Specific FEM Analysis of Knee Loading in Flat and Normal Foot Conditions

Gait-Phase Specific FEM Analysis of Knee Loading in Flat and Normal Foot Conditions | Research Square window.SnipcartSettings = { analytics: { enabled: false } }; (function() { var accessVector = localStorage.getItem('access_vector') || ''; window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; if (accessVector) { window.dataLayer.push({ user: { profile: { profileInfo: { snid: accessVector } } } }); } })(); (function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start':new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0],j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src='https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f);})(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-K279D39R'); Browse Preprints In Review Journals COVID-19 Preprints AJE Video Bytes Research Tools Research Promotion AJE Professional Editing AJE Rubriq About Preprint Platform In Review Editorial Policies Our Team Advisory Board Help Center Sign In Submit a Preprint Cite Share Download PDF Article Gait-Phase Specific FEM Analysis of Knee Loading in Flat and Normal Foot Conditions Deepak Kumar, Rina Maiti This is a preprint; it has not been peer reviewed by a journal. https://doi.org/ 10.21203/rs.3.rs-7311985/v1 This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License Status: Posted Version 1 posted You are reading this latest preprint version Abstract Foot posture significantly influences gait mechanics and proximal joint loading, with flat foot deformities altering ground reaction force (GRF) trajectories that may impact total knee replacement (TKR) performance. This study investigates the biomechanical effects of normal foot (NF) and flat foot (FF) gait patterns on knee implant behaviour using finite element analysis (FEA). A validated 3D TKR model was subjected to GRFs representing NF and FF gaits across five key gait phases: heel strike, loading response, mid-stance, terminal stance, and pre-swing. Biomechanical metrics such as contact pressure, contact area, displacement, Von Mises stress, strain, and energy consumption were evaluated. Results indicate that flat foot gait leads to increased mechanical loading on implants, potentially accelerating wear, micromotion, and early failure. These findings highlight the importance of accounting for foot posture in surgical planning and implant selection. Future work will involve experimental validation and incorporation of subject-specific anatomy and dynamic muscle forces for improved clinical relevance. Health sciences/Anatomy Physical sciences/Engineering Health sciences/Health care Health sciences/Medical research Finite Element Analysis (FEA) Total knee Arthroplasty (TKA) Gait cycle Flat Foot (FF) Normal Foot (NF) Ground Reaction Force (GRF) Femoral and tibial component Full Text Additional Declarations No competing interests reported. Cite Share Download PDF Status: Posted Version 1 posted You are reading this latest preprint version Research Square lets you share your work early, gain feedback from the community, and start making changes to your manuscript prior to peer review in a journal. As a division of Research Square Company, we’re committed to making research communication faster, fairer, and more useful. We do this by developing innovative software and high quality services for the global research community. Our growing team is made up of researchers and industry professionals working together to solve the most critical problems facing scientific publishing. Also discoverable on Platform About Our Team In Review Editorial Policies Advisory Board Help Center Resources Author Services Accessibility API Access RSS feed Manage Cookie Preferences © Research Square 2026 | ISSN 2693-5015 (online) Privacy Policy Terms of Service Do Not Sell My Personal Information {"props":{"pageProps":{"initialData":{"identity":"rs-7311985","acceptedTermsAndConditions":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"archivedVersions":[],"articleType":"Article","associatedPublications":[],"authors":[{"id":556789133,"identity":"623955d4-0d04-4e0f-bb8a-89848f220bdd","order_by":0,"name":"Deepak 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Conditions","fulltext":[],"fulltextSource":"","fullText":"","funders":[],"hasAdminPriorityOnWorkflow":false,"hasManuscriptDocX":false,"hasOptedInToPreprint":true,"hasPassedJournalQc":"","hasAnyPriority":false,"hideJournal":true,"highlight":"","institution":"","isAcceptedByJournal":false,"isAuthorSuppliedPdf":true,"isDeskRejected":"","isHiddenFromSearch":false,"isInQc":false,"isInWorkflow":false,"isPdf":true,"isPdfUpToDate":true,"isWithdrawnOrRetracted":false,"journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"researchsquare","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"/submission","title":"Research Square","twitterHandle":"researchsquare","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"","reportingPortfolio":"","inReviewEnabled":false,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true},"keywords":"Finite Element Analysis (FEA), Total knee Arthroplasty (TKA), Gait cycle, Flat Foot (FF), Normal Foot (NF), Ground Reaction Force (GRF), Femoral and tibial component","lastPublishedDoi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-7311985/v1","lastPublishedDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-7311985/v1","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"},"manuscriptAbstract":"\u003cp\u003eFoot posture significantly influences gait mechanics and proximal joint loading, with flat foot deformities altering ground reaction force (GRF) trajectories that may impact total knee replacement (TKR) performance. This study investigates the biomechanical effects of normal foot (NF) and flat foot (FF) gait patterns on knee implant behaviour using finite element analysis (FEA). A validated 3D TKR model was subjected to GRFs representing NF and FF gaits across five key gait phases: heel strike, loading response, mid-stance, terminal stance, and pre-swing. Biomechanical metrics such as contact pressure, contact area, displacement, Von Mises stress, strain, and energy consumption were evaluated. Results indicate that flat foot gait leads to increased mechanical loading on implants, potentially accelerating wear, micromotion, and early failure. These findings highlight the importance of accounting for foot posture in surgical planning and implant selection.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eFuture work will involve experimental validation and incorporation of subject-specific anatomy and dynamic muscle forces for improved clinical relevance.\u003c/p\u003e","manuscriptTitle":"Gait-Phase Specific FEM Analysis of Knee Loading in Flat and Normal Foot Conditions","msid":"","msnumber":"","nonDraftVersions":[{"code":1,"date":"2025-12-08 12:25:50","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-7311985/v1","editorialEvents":[{"type":"communityComments","content":0}],"status":"published","journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"researchsquare","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"/submission","title":"Research Square","twitterHandle":"researchsquare","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"","reportingPortfolio":"","inReviewEnabled":false,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true}}],"origin":"","ownerIdentity":"9926d5cb-7042-4419-a621-fcfa1bae6951","owner":[],"postedDate":"December 8th, 2025","published":true,"recentEditorialEvents":[],"rejectedJournal":[],"revision":"","amendment":"","status":"posted","subjectAreas":[{"id":59255717,"name":"Health sciences/Anatomy"},{"id":59255718,"name":"Physical sciences/Engineering"},{"id":59255719,"name":"Health sciences/Health care"},{"id":59255720,"name":"Health sciences/Medical research"}],"tags":[],"updatedAt":"2025-12-24T07:09:24+00:00","versionOfRecord":[],"versionCreatedAt":"2025-12-08 12:25:50","video":"","vorDoi":"","vorDoiUrl":"","workflowStages":[]},"version":"v1","identity":"rs-7311985","journalConfig":"researchsquare"},"__N_SSP":true},"page":"/article/[identity]/[[...version]]","query":{"redirect":"/article/rs-7311985","identity":"rs-7311985","version":["v1"]},"buildId":"8U1c8b4HqxoKbykW_rLl7","isFallback":false,"isExperimentalCompile":false,"dynamicIds":[84888],"gssp":true,"scriptLoader":[]}