Human T-bet governs innate and innate-like adaptive IFN-γ immunity against mycobacteria

Summary Inborn errors of human IFN-γ immunity underlie mycobacterial disease. We report a patient with mycobacterial disease due to an inherited deficiency of the transcription factor T-bet. This deficiency abolishes the expression of T-bet target genes, including IFNG , by altering chromatin accessibility and DNA methylation in CD4 + T cells. The patient has profoundly diminished counts of mycobacterial-reactive circulating NK, invariant NKT (iNKT), mucosal-associated invariant T (MAIT), and Vδ2 + γδ T lymphocytes, and of non-mycobacterial-reactive classic T H 1 lymphocytes, the remainders of which also produce abnormally low amounts of IFN-γ. Other IFN-γ-producing lymphocyte subsets however develop normally, but with low levels of IFN-γ production, with exception of Vδ2 − γδ T lymphocytes, which produce normal amounts of IFN-γ in response to non-mycobacterial stimulation, and non-classic T H 1 (T H 1*) lymphocytes, which produce IFN-γ normally in response to mycobacterial antigens. Human T-bet deficiency thus underlies mycobacterial disease by preventing the development of, and IFN-γ production by, innate (NK) and innate-like adaptive lymphocytes (iNKT, MAIT, and Vδ2 + γδ T cells), with mycobacterial-specific, IFN-γ-producing, purely adaptive αβ T H 1* cells unable to compensate for this deficit.