Synthesis and Durability of Eco-friendly Zinc Oxide Nanoparticles for Multifunctional Compression Bandages

Synthesis and Durability of Eco-friendly Zinc Oxide Nanoparticles for Multifunctional Compression Bandages | Research Square window.SnipcartSettings = { analytics: { enabled: false } }; (function() { var accessVector = localStorage.getItem('access_vector') || ''; window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; if (accessVector) { window.dataLayer.push({ user: { profile: { profileInfo: { snid: accessVector } } } }); } })(); (function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start':new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0],j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src='https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f);})(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-K279D39R'); Browse Preprints In Review Journals COVID-19 Preprints AJE Video Bytes Research Tools Research Promotion AJE Professional Editing AJE Rubriq About Preprint Platform In Review Editorial Policies Our Team Advisory Board Help Center Sign In Submit a Preprint Cite Share Download PDF Research Article Synthesis and Durability of Eco-friendly Zinc Oxide Nanoparticles for Multifunctional Compression Bandages Abdelhamid Aboalasaad, Mounir Hassan, Brigita Kolčavová Sirková, and 4 more This is a preprint; it has not been peer reviewed by a journal. https://doi.org/ 10.21203/rs.3.rs-9107305/v1 This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License Status: Under Review Version 1 posted 7 You are reading this latest preprint version Abstract This study aims to introduce the multifunctional properties of woven bandages through compression therapy and antibacterial post-treatment using eco-friendly zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO NPs). Two types of woven compression bandages (WCB) were treated with ZnO NPs at the amount of 1, 2, and 3 weight % in the presence of 15 g/l acrylic binder. The size and distribution of ZnO NPs were examined using the Zetasizer Nano, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX). The released amounts of Zn element after the repeated washing processes in the solution were tested by inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectroscopy (ICP OES) analysis to confirm the NPs activity and its durability. The experimental treated samples were evaluated for the antibacterial activity and demonstrated approximately 95.5 to 99.2% bacterial reduction using both gram-positive and gram-negative bacterial strains according to the relevant standard test methods. The importance of this study lies in developing multifunctional woven compression bandages with eco-friendly ZnO NPs for improved wound care and compression therapy. Eco-friendly synthesized ZnO NPs woven compression bandage antibacterial activity Figures Figure 1 Figure 2 Figure 3 Figure 4 Figure 5 Figure 6 Figure 7 Figure 8 Figure 9 1. Introduction Venous leg ulcers (VLUs) need effective compression therapy to heal. Boxall compared 4-layer bandages and Velcro® compression wraps, concluding that both gave similar healing rates. Though the gold-standard treatment for VLUs, compression therapy is too often underutilized because patients find it hard to adhere [ 1 ]. Perry undertook qualitative research into patient-reported facilitators and barriers and found that non-adherence resulted from discomfort, inconsistent healthcare services, and lack of support. Compression therapy is the gold standard for treating venous leg ulcers [ 2 ]. Shi et al. conducted a systematic review of 14 randomized controlled trials (RCTs) and discovered that compression significantly improved healing rates compared to no compression. Effective compression therapy is needed to heal venous leg ulcers [ 3 ]. O’Meara used a meta-analysis of individual patient data from seven RCTs and found that four-layer bandages significantly enhanced ulcer healing compared to short-stretch bandages. Treatment of lymphoedema sometimes includes compression therapy, but adherence can still be a problem [ 4 ]. Thomas reviewed the clinical and economic advantages of compression wraps and noted how they could benefit compliance and cost-effectiveness for patients [ 5 ]. VLUs are generally treated with compression bandaging [ 6 ]. Because of their extended healing timeframes and high recurrence rates, chronic VLUs present a significant healthcare problem. Shreiki showed that ZnO NPs incorporated into a compression system significantly accelerated ulcer healing, offering a cheap and efficient therapy approach (Shreiki et al., 2025). ZnO nanoparticles have been extensively investigated for their antibacterial performance in textile uses. The strong antibacterial and antifungal characteristics of ZnO-coated cotton fabrics shown by Giedraitienė make them interesting for medicinal textiles [ 8 ]. The antibacterial and tissue-regenerative qualities of ZnO NPs wound dressings are drawing interest. Reviewing the most recent developments in ZnO biocomposites, Pino noted their effectiveness in avoiding infections and accelerating wound healing [ 9 ]. Widely investigated for their antibacterial and UV-blocking qualities are ZnO NPs. Preda reviewed electrospun ZnO functionalized textiles and showed significant bacterial suppression and enhanced textile durability. One exciting antibacterial substitute for antibiotics is ZnO NPs [ 10 ]. Reviewing ZnO's modes of bacterial inhibition; including zinc oxide ion (Zn 2⁺ ) release and physical interactions with bacterial membranes was investigated. Aboalasaad developed a ZnO NP-coated WCB with acceptable antibacterial action and efficient compression therapy [ 11 ]. Wound dressings call for pain control and antimicrobial protection. Using ZnO for UV protection and diclofenac-loaded polycaprolactone nanofibers for pain management, Parkale created nanomaterial-modified cotton bandages [ 12 ]. 1.1. Green Synthesis of Zinc Oxide Nanoparticles Green synthesis is environmentally friendly method and its suitability for biological systems are helping it to be used more and more for the manufacturing of nanoparticles. Recent research underlines its possible use in medicine. Limonium pruinosum extract effectively created ZnO NPs, highlighting their antibacterial and anticancer characteristics. Emphasizing their potential for medicinal uses [ 13 ], Malaiappan effectively produced ZnO NPs utilizing Catharanthus roseus and found their high antioxidant and anti-inflammatory capabilities [ 14 ]. Likewise, Perumal created ZnO NPs from shilajit extract, proving their great potency in attacking cervical cancer cells, therefore targeting cervical cancer cells with great efficacy [ 15 ]. By manufacturing ZnO NPs with Spirogyra hyalina extract, Hameed also helped this field by attesting to their biological possibilities [ 16 ]. Emphasizing their antibacterial and anti-diabetic properties, Bala et al.'s earlier work generated ZnO NPs using Hibiscus subdariffa [ 17 ]. This research, taken together, shows the wide spectrum of medical opportunities connected to synthesizing plant-based nanoparticles. The optimum conditions of ZnO NPs treatment were illustrated and confirmed [ 18 ] [ 19 ]. The majority of WCBs on the market are made to gradually compress the leg ulcer to heal it or improve athletic performance. The proposed study intends to provide patients or regular users with multifunctional performance through wound care, antibacterial, and compression therapy. So, the treatment of WCB layer which contacts the human body with effective and eco-friendly NPs is necessary. The most effective method is the post-treatment of fabric samples with appropriate non-toxic antibacterial agents such as green synthesized zinc oxide or titanium dioxide. What is new in using antibacterial finishing for a compression bandage? The compression bandage, as a porous elastic textile, should give the patient both the optimum applied pressure and comfort properties. The patient activity while wearing a cotton bandage is a suitable environment for the bacteria growth. The antibacterial treatment could achieve a “bactericidal effect” to the bandage and kill the bacteria in contact with the patient's skin. As the compression bandage could be applied for the patient who is suffering leg ulcer, it’s necessary at least to prevent the growth of bacteria “bacteriostatic” using a very less amount of NPs (behind the accepted toxicity levels). The enhancement of multifunctional finishing for a compression bandage: Enhanced antibacterial properties for infection prevention, Eco-friendly treatment using ZnO NPs, Potential for advanced wound management with compression therapy, Durable treatment withstands repeated washing. 2. Materials and Testing Procedure 2.1. Experimental samples and treatment The first step of experimental work was to produce the new types of WCBs as illustrated in Fig. 1 , and the second was the post treatment with ZnO NPs. The weaving process was performed on the rapier weaving machine PICANOL with dobby shedding mechanism for leno weave. The construction parameters of WCB are: warp yarn count: 20x2 Tex, weft yarn count: 75 Tex; warp density: 16 ends/cm, weft density: 8 picks/cm; input material (warp/weft): cotton yarns; weave: leno interlacing; width of WCB 12 cm. Six fabric samples coded as [ 1 – 1 ], [ 1 – 2 ], [ 1 – 3 ] and [2 − 1], [ 2 – 2 ], [ 2 – 3 ] were treated with ZnO NPs using 1, 2, and 3% weight percent. The measured samples’ codes are listed in Table 1 . Table 1 The codes of measured samples treated with ZnO NPs State Sample code [ 1 ] Sample code [ 2 ] Untreated, standard 1- with blue colour every 1 cm 2- without colours Treated, 1% ZnO NPs [ 1 – 1 ] [2 − 1] Treated, 2% ZnO NPs [ 1 – 2 ] [ 2 – 2 ] Treated, 3% ZnO NPs [ 1 – 3 ] [ 2 – 3 ] 2.2. Testing the antibacterial activity of ZnO NPs 2.2.1. Preparation of ZnO NPs and anchoring on WCB samples Green synthesis is an environmentally friendly and sustainable alternative for textile functionalization without the application of toxic chemicals. Verbič synthesized ZnO NPs in situ on fabric samples from pomegranate peel extract, enhancing UV protection as well as antioxidant activity [ 20 ]. Sonochemical synthesis is another effective technique celebrated for its high speed and efficiency in ZnO NP synthesis. ZnO nanoparticles have also been of interest because of their high antimicrobial activity. Giedraitienė demonstrated that ZnO-coated cotton textiles, treated on both sides, exhibited high antibacterial and antifungal activity, substantiating their suitability in medical and hygiene-related applications [ 8 ]. Gram-negative Escherichia coli (CCM 3954) and Gram-positive Staphylococcus Aureus (CCM 3953) were provided from Masaryk University Brno, Czech Republic. A single colony of each bacterial strain was grown overnight at 37 o C in a soya nutrient broth (Himedia, India). The overnight culture was centrifuged at 5000 rpm for 5 min at room temperature to collect a pellet. Then, the pellets were washed twice and re-suspended with a physiological solution (NaCl 0.89%). Using a sterile cotton swab (Today, Germany), the culture was distributed equally over the surface of trypticase soy broth agar (Himedia, India) plates. Tested textile samples were cut into approximately 10 x 45 mm. The textiles were applied to the centre of the agar plates and the control sample without the textiles. All agar plates were incubated at 37 o C and photographed after 24h and 48h. The inhibition zones were measured with a ruler. 2.2.2. Chemical process of ZnO NPs immobilization on WCB samples 1st step: “hydrolysis,” using zinc precursor “zinc nitrate hexahydrate” in a basic medium “NaOH”, zinc hydroxide was produced. 2nd step: zinc hydroxide is separated into Zn 2 + and OH - , then polymerization of the hydroxyl compound to obtain Zn–O–Zn, which finally converted to ZnO. The antibacterial mechanism of ZnO is mainly due to the generation of reactive oxygen species, such as ·O 2 − and ·OH. These species are the outcome of the photocatalyst's surface producing pairs of electrons (e-) and electric holes (h+). Bacteria die as a result of oxidizing their membranes due to the extremely high oxidative nature of reactive oxygen species (Ashraf et al., 2014; Ashraf et al., 2015). The green synthesis of ZnO NPs is increasing in popularity because it is cost-effective and environmentally friendly. Jayachandran prepared ZnO NPs successfully using Cayratia pedata leaf extract, proving their promise in enzyme immobilization and bio-sensing purposes. Catechol-based molecules have also been explored as they exhibit strong binding capacity to metal oxide surfaces [ 16 ]. Klitsche developed tripodal catecholate, which enhanced the stability and functionalization of ZnO NPs in aqueous environments. ZnO NPs have been of interest for their photo-catalytic activity in wastewater treatment [ 21 ]. Asiri immobilized ZnO NPs in cellulose acetate membranes, and they proved to be efficient in the degradation of methylene blue (MB) in textile wastewater [ 22 ]. 2.2.3. Testing NPs' size, distribution, and release amount The nanoparticles' size and distribution were evaluated using the DLS (Malvern Zetasizer Nano technique), SEM, and the EDXS for the cultivated samples of WCB different types. Conventional nanoparticle characterization techniques like SEM, TEM, and DLS are time-consuming and costly. Klinaviius proposed a deep learning-based strategy for fast and precise AgNP characterization by UV-Vis spectroscopy. Nanoparticle size has a profound effect on their optical, electronic, and biomedical behaviour [ 23 ]. Zhang & Wang established a semi-automated ImageJ, and Origin-based strategy for accurate size distribution determination from TEM images, overcoming drawbacks of manual measurements. The size dispersion of nanoparticles has a remarkable effect on their X-ray scattering and diffraction [ 24 ]. Valério showed that differences between SAXS and XRD size determinations can reveal nanoparticle structure, aggregation, and crystallinity [ 25 ] [ 22 ]. As the bandage containing immobilized nanoparticles will come in direct contact with human skin, its harmlessness to health must be taken into consideration. So, it’s essential to evaluate the nanoparticles' release after repeated washing cycles. The release of ZnO NPs was estimated according to ISO 105 C06 (B1M) standard using 5 laundering cycles at (4 g/L detergent, 60°C temperature, and 45 min time). After each washing cycle, washed WCB sample was removed from the solution, and then the amount of ZnO present in the solution was measured by the ICP-OES analysis [ 26 ]. The NPs release could be reduced using the binder because the toxicity of ZnO NPs is caused by the dissolution of Zn 2+ [ 27 ]. 3. Experimental results and their discussion 3.1. Investigation of cyclic load-relaxation curves Figure 2 illustrates that the newly produced 100% cotton WCB achieved approximately 64% of its original activity after a cyclic stress-relaxation test for 7 days. This evaluation of elastic recovery allows for the proper adjustment of applied tension when using the WCB [ 28 ], [ 29 ]. The durability assessment of the WCB revealed that they maintained their structural integrity and functionality even after repeated washing (5 cycles) and exposure to various environmental conditions. This suggests that the ZnO NPs-infused WCB can withstand the rigors of daily use and provide sustained benefits to patients. 3.2. Results of ZnO NPs activity on cotton bandages All WCB fabric samples treated with ZnO NPs exhibited potent antibacterial activity, making them suitable for various applications, such as developing antibacterial materials for medical and industrial use and enhancing quality of life by reducing the spread of infectious diseases. The ZnO NPs exhibited the growth of bacteria under the fabric samples which is suitable for the application of WCB. Both of the quantitative and qualitative methods confirmed approximately 95.5–99.2% bacterial reduction using the Escherichia coli (CCM 3954) and Staphylococcus Aureus (CCM 3953) for measured samples, as illustrated in Table 2 , [ 11 ] [ 30 ]. Table 2 Bacterial inhibition zone by ZnO NPs in fabric samples after 24h. Sample code Escherichia coli (G-) Staphylococcus aureus (G+) Treated area Inhibition zone, ∅ Treated area Inhibition zone, ∅ 1 standard No inhibition 0 No inhibition 0 1–1 14 x 46 3,28 mm 11 x 46 2,28 mm 1–2 11 x 45 2,54 mm 12 x 45 2,97 mm 1–3 13 x 46 3,32 mm 14 x 47 3,86 mm 2 standard No inhibition 0 No inhibition 0 2 − 1 11 x 45 1,78 mm 11 x 45 1,66 mm 2–2 11 x 45 1,62 mm 11 x 45 1,48 mm 2–3 11 x 46 2,18 mm 11 x 47 2,72 mm 3.2.1. Morphological analysis and energy dispersive X-ray of WCBs The morphological features of the WCB samples (Untreated 2 and treated [2 − 1], [ 2 – 2 ], and [ 2 – 3 ]) were illustrated in Figs. 3 to 6 , respectively. The ZnO NPs were evaluated using the Zetasizer Nano. Meanwhile, the ZnO NPs amount and its distribution were measured for the treated WCB samples. Moreover the EDX mapping confirmed the existence of ZnO NPs in the WCB tested samples composition, as displayed in Figs. 7 to 9 . 3.3. Evaluation of the NPs release after repeated washing The released amount of Zn element in the solution after 5 repeated laundering cycles was measured and evaluated using ICP-OES, as listed in Table 3 . The samples (3A and 3B) demonstrated an existence of Zn element (approximately 7251.8 and 7993.7 respectively) in the solution after 5 repeated laundering cycles. Table 3 The Zinc element released after 5 repeated laundering cycles Sample Codes Zn (µg/L) Untreated sample (1) 1A 488.3 1B 486.2 Average 487.2 Untreated sample (2) 2A 537.7 2B 548.8 Average 543.3 Treated sample (3) 3A 7251.8 3B 7993.7 Average 7622.7 Table 4 Technical specification of ZnO NPs Specifcations Measurements Crystalline phase 100% Size of primary particles 13 ± 2nm Size of particles 21 to 23 nm Specific surface size 90 to 110 g/m 2 Particle shape Spherical 4. Conclusion This study successfully synthesized and tested the green-synthesized ZnO NPs to enhance the performance, antibacterial activity, and durability of WCBs. The green synthesized ZnO NPs were successfully applied to cotton WCBs using a dip-pad-dry-cure method with different percentages of 1–3 weight %, which ensured a firm grip and long-term performance. SEM, EDX, and DLS characterization ensured the uniform distribution and stability of ZnO NPs on the fabric surface. The results demonstrated that the ZnO NPs exhibited excellent antibacterial, antioxidant, and wound-healing properties, making them promising for wound care applications. Developing WCB infused with green synthesized ZnO NPs could promote wound healing and reduce swelling. The ZnO NPs could also enhance collagen synthesis, improve tissue regeneration, and reduce inflammation. Moreover, thorough toxicity and safety assessments should be investigated to ensure the safe use of green synthesized ZnO NPs in WCB. Antibacterial tests indicated 95–99% inhibition of Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus on treated bandages, making them highly effective in the treatment of wounds and protection against infection. Cyclic stress-relaxation tests also indicated that the new bandages had 64% of the initial elasticity, thus ensuring effectiveness in compression therapy for VLUs and lymphatic disorders. Tests of ZnO NPs release after multiple washing cycles demonstrated that the particles were still firmly attached, removing the risk of toxicity with the maintenance of antimicrobial effectiveness. By combining compression with antibacterial action, this study offers a novel method of improving the healing process, patient comfort, and risk of infection. The results show that ZnO NP-treated WCBs have the potential to serve as an eco-friendly, cost-effective, and effective alternative for advanced wound dressing and biomedical textile applications. Long-term biocompatibility, mechanical behavior, and clinical trials in real-world conditions could be the areas of future research to enhance the application of these in healthcare. Declarations Funding This work was supported by the Ministry of Education, Youth and Sports of the Czech Republic and the European Union – European Structural and Investment Funds in the Frames of Operational Programme Research, Development, and Education – Project Hybrid Materials for Hierarchical Structures [HyHi, Reg. No. CZ.02.1.01/0.0/0.0/16_019/0000843]. Data availability • The datasets used and/or analysed during the current study available from the corresponding author on reasonable request. • All data generated or analysed during this study are included in this published article [and its supplementary information files]. Clinical trial number: not applicable. Consent to Participate declaration: not applicable Consent to Publish declaration: not applicable Ethics declaration: not applicable Author Contribution A.A. and A.S.K. wrote the main manuscript text and (A.A. prepared figures 1-2, B.K.S. and M.I. and N. H. N. prepared figures 3-9). All authors reviewed the manuscript. Acknowledgement This work was supported by the Ministry of Education, Youth and Sports of the Czech Republic and the European Union – European Structural and Investment Funds in the Frames of Operational Programme Research, Development, and Education – Project Hybrid Materials for Hierarchical Structures [HyHi, Reg. No. CZ.02.1.01/0.0/0.0/16_019/0000843]. References Boxall SL, Carville K, Smith J, Jansen S (2024) Adjustable Velcro compression devices as compared to 4-layer compression bandages for the treatment of venous leg ulcers and optimisation of patient satisfaction. 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Supplementary Files Supplementaryinformationfile.pdf Cite Share Download PDF Status: Under Review Version 1 posted Reviews received at journal 05 May, 2026 Reviewers agreed at journal 16 Apr, 2026 Reviewers invited by journal 02 Apr, 2026 Editor invited by journal 31 Mar, 2026 Editor assigned by journal 20 Mar, 2026 Submission checks completed at journal 20 Mar, 2026 First submitted to journal 12 Mar, 2026 You are reading this latest preprint version Research Square lets you share your work early, gain feedback from the community, and start making changes to your manuscript prior to peer review in a journal. As a division of Research Square Company, we’re committed to making research communication faster, fairer, and more useful. We do this by developing innovative software and high quality services for the global research community. Our growing team is made up of researchers and industry professionals working together to solve the most critical problems facing scientific publishing. Also discoverable on Platform About Our Team In Review Editorial Policies Advisory Board Help Center Resources Author Services Accessibility API Access RSS feed Manage Cookie Preferences © Research Square 2026 | ISSN 2693-5015 (online) Privacy Policy Terms of Service Do Not Sell My Personal Information {"props":{"pageProps":{"initialData":{"identity":"rs-9107305","acceptedTermsAndConditions":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"archivedVersions":[],"articleType":"Research Article","associatedPublications":[],"authors":[{"id":616680969,"identity":"d044d769-b865-422b-8440-ae54d9b85a67","order_by":0,"name":"Abdelhamid Aboalasaad","email":"data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAZAAAAAyAQMAAABI0h/eAAAABlBMVEX///8AAABVwtN+AAAACXBIWXMAAA7EAAAOxAGVKw4bAAAA80lEQVRIiWNgGAWjYDACCQYDONvgA1yQWC2GM0jWwsxDjBb+2c0bH3yosJFjkD78oNg2xy5PvoH54G0eBhu7BlyW3DlWbDjjTJoxA1+agXHutuRigwNsydY8DGnJuLQw3Mgxk+ZtO5zYwMMA0sKcuIGBx0yah+FwMi4d8ggt7B+MLbfVJ85v4P8G1PIfpxYDhBYeA2PGbUDGAR42oJYDdri0GML9wsNTYNi77XjihsNsxpZzDJITcGmRuw0LMR72bQY/t1Unzm9vfnjjTYWdPS4tcGB/gIENEkPMYAczJDYQ1ANU+wDFDCJ0jIJRMApGwcgAAIIGT+tLsqjZAAAAAElFTkSuQmCC","orcid":"","institution":"Mansoura University","correspondingAuthor":true,"prefix":"","firstName":"Abdelhamid","middleName":"","lastName":"Aboalasaad","suffix":""},{"id":616680974,"identity":"0b8cc633-0f45-4324-b46c-5b950951ee90","order_by":1,"name":"Mounir Hassan","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Mansoura University","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Mounir","middleName":"","lastName":"Hassan","suffix":""},{"id":616680977,"identity":"dce0dcee-ebf5-4c4f-b3a5-04158eec9b3c","order_by":2,"name":"Brigita Kolčavová Sirková","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Technical University of Liberec","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Brigita","middleName":"Kolčavová","lastName":"Sirková","suffix":""},{"id":616680980,"identity":"c50d2a5e-83aa-4174-b624-45e454b21088","order_by":3,"name":"Mayza Ibrahim","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Technical University of Liberec","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Mayza","middleName":"","lastName":"Ibrahim","suffix":""},{"id":616680983,"identity":"f7c32284-531f-44da-a22a-48cf82ef242f","order_by":4,"name":"Nhung H. A. Nguyen","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Technical University of Liberec","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Nhung","middleName":"H. A.","lastName":"Nguyen","suffix":""},{"id":616680985,"identity":"b211f404-f20f-4343-8243-bed86c92be14","order_by":5,"name":"Alena Ševců","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Technical University of Liberec","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Alena","middleName":"","lastName":"Ševců","suffix":""},{"id":616680986,"identity":"6b66ef18-42e9-43d9-a3c5-79a1ec0e1e15","order_by":6,"name":"Amany Salama Khalil","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Mansoura University","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Amany","middleName":"Salama","lastName":"Khalil","suffix":""}],"badges":[],"createdAt":"2026-03-12 17:23:18","currentVersionCode":1,"declarations":"","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-9107305/v1","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-9107305/v1","draftVersion":[],"editorialEvents":[],"editorialNote":"","failedWorkflow":false,"files":[{"id":106439100,"identity":"73082e48-0fc2-49b9-8736-e00115e12293","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2026-04-08 14:27:09","extension":"jpeg","order_by":1,"title":"Figure 1","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":503332,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eThe innovated coloured weft cotton woven bandage\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"floatimage1.jpeg","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-9107305/v1/720589b0e29fbcffe394c326.jpeg"},{"id":106439055,"identity":"a14c4062-aba7-442f-be35-7cb77f1e3069","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2026-04-08 14:26:57","extension":"jpg","order_by":2,"title":"Figure 2","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":108096,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eThe relationship between cyclic-loading and required load for 100% cotton WCB\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"2.jpg","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-9107305/v1/88d698e9cfdd3a88b5efd6a1.jpg"},{"id":106439048,"identity":"e352d60a-43c8-4585-936a-82acd94a7052","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2026-04-08 14:26:56","extension":"jpeg","order_by":3,"title":"Figure 3","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":729756,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eSEM of the untreated sample, coded 2\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"floatimage4.jpeg","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-9107305/v1/6129fa4e1a7a2899e27f1835.jpeg"},{"id":106439105,"identity":"4ab3a0da-3630-4c54-a1ec-ec2d60410194","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2026-04-08 14:27:09","extension":"jpeg","order_by":4,"title":"Figure 4","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":737404,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eSEM of the treated bandage sample [2-1] with 1% zinc oxide NPs\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"floatimage5.jpeg","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-9107305/v1/1a82466031e5dddb8f33d89e.jpeg"},{"id":106725670,"identity":"6d2ce9dd-7304-442e-b9c1-e157be6a937f","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2026-04-12 18:33:26","extension":"jpeg","order_by":5,"title":"Figure 5","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":730993,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eSEM of the treated bandage sample [2-2] with 2% zinc oxide NPs\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"floatimage6.jpeg","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-9107305/v1/cd16b523012be50fb243bf10.jpeg"},{"id":106439053,"identity":"11b91a7e-ff4f-493f-9581-81f83a7c1410","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2026-04-08 14:26:57","extension":"jpeg","order_by":6,"title":"Figure 6","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":744456,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eSEM of the treated bandage sample [2-3] with 3% zinc oxide NPs\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"floatimage7.jpeg","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-9107305/v1/0a18178464f96e68b68f3f03.jpeg"},{"id":106439378,"identity":"4ae647db-861e-4391-b652-de301094a3b6","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2026-04-08 14:28:09","extension":"jpeg","order_by":7,"title":"Figure 7","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":568588,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eEDX mapping of the un-treated bandage sample 2\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"floatimage8.jpeg","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-9107305/v1/ce662a41864aa24b2f2ce727.jpeg"},{"id":106439115,"identity":"876dcf12-784d-42a4-9e3d-26833ae7638f","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2026-04-08 14:27:13","extension":"jpeg","order_by":8,"title":"Figure 8","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":563967,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eEDX mapping of the treated bandage sample [2-1] with 1% zinc oxide NPs\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"floatimage9.jpeg","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-9107305/v1/5b688d778c07b0ea771161d6.jpeg"},{"id":106439056,"identity":"84c2feba-cce9-4103-bb74-5e1f3a093711","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2026-04-08 14:26:57","extension":"jpeg","order_by":9,"title":"Figure 9","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":657954,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eEDX mapping of the treated bandage sample [2-3] with 3% zinc oxide NPs\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"floatimage10.jpeg","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-9107305/v1/ca4cdb5fe4ee059fb286831f.jpeg"},{"id":106727312,"identity":"fdec3f67-0ee5-4a14-86a0-1a4aad86e993","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2026-04-12 18:38:39","extension":"pdf","order_by":0,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"manuscript-pdf","size":6290817,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"manuscript.pdf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-9107305/v1/dc452be5-36ca-4b78-b323-1ca80020d0d9.pdf"},{"id":106439096,"identity":"cbb12178-1377-4a22-879d-7ef631a5f09f","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2026-04-08 14:27:08","extension":"pdf","order_by":0,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"supplement","size":3085005,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"Supplementaryinformationfile.pdf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-9107305/v1/4d7b8c06fec29ef64ea54dea.pdf"}],"financialInterests":"No competing interests reported.","formattedTitle":"Synthesis and Durability of Eco-friendly Zinc Oxide Nanoparticles for Multifunctional Compression Bandages","fulltext":[{"header":"1. Introduction","content":"\u003cp\u003eVenous leg ulcers (VLUs) need effective compression therapy to heal. Boxall compared 4-layer bandages and Velcro\u0026reg; compression wraps, concluding that both gave similar healing rates. Though the gold-standard treatment for VLUs, compression therapy is too often underutilized because patients find it hard to adhere [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR1\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e]. Perry undertook qualitative research into patient-reported facilitators and barriers and found that non-adherence resulted from discomfort, inconsistent healthcare services, and lack of support. Compression therapy is the gold standard for treating venous leg ulcers [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR2\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e]. Shi et al. conducted a systematic review of 14 randomized controlled trials (RCTs) and discovered that compression significantly improved healing rates compared to no compression. Effective compression therapy is needed to heal venous leg ulcers [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR3\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e]. O\u0026rsquo;Meara used a meta-analysis of individual patient data from seven RCTs and found that four-layer bandages significantly enhanced ulcer healing compared to short-stretch bandages. Treatment of lymphoedema sometimes includes compression therapy, but adherence can still be a problem [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR4\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003e]. Thomas reviewed the clinical and economic advantages of compression wraps and noted how they could benefit compliance and cost-effectiveness for patients [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR5\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e5\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eVLUs are generally treated with compression bandaging [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR6\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e6\u003c/span\u003e]. Because of their extended healing timeframes and high recurrence rates, chronic VLUs present a significant healthcare problem. Shreiki showed that ZnO NPs incorporated into a compression system significantly accelerated ulcer healing, offering a cheap and efficient therapy approach (Shreiki et al., 2025). ZnO nanoparticles have been extensively investigated for their antibacterial performance in textile uses. The strong antibacterial and antifungal characteristics of ZnO-coated cotton fabrics shown by Giedraitienė make them interesting for medicinal textiles [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR8\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e8\u003c/span\u003e]. The antibacterial and tissue-regenerative qualities of ZnO NPs wound dressings are drawing interest. Reviewing the most recent developments in ZnO biocomposites, Pino noted their effectiveness in avoiding infections and accelerating wound healing [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR9\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e9\u003c/span\u003e]. Widely investigated for their antibacterial and UV-blocking qualities are ZnO NPs. Preda reviewed electrospun ZnO functionalized textiles and showed significant bacterial suppression and enhanced textile durability. One exciting antibacterial substitute for antibiotics is ZnO NPs [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR10\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e10\u003c/span\u003e]. Reviewing ZnO's modes of bacterial inhibition; including zinc oxide ion (Zn\u003csup\u003e2⁺\u003c/sup\u003e) release and physical interactions with bacterial membranes was investigated. Aboalasaad developed a ZnO NP-coated WCB with acceptable antibacterial action and efficient compression therapy [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR11\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e11\u003c/span\u003e]. Wound dressings call for pain control and antimicrobial protection. Using ZnO for UV protection and diclofenac-loaded polycaprolactone nanofibers for pain management, Parkale created nanomaterial-modified cotton bandages [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR12\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e12\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec2\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e1.1. Green Synthesis of Zinc Oxide Nanoparticles\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eGreen synthesis is environmentally friendly method and its suitability for biological systems are helping it to be used more and more for the manufacturing of nanoparticles. Recent research underlines its possible use in medicine. Limonium pruinosum extract effectively created ZnO NPs, highlighting their antibacterial and anticancer characteristics. Emphasizing their potential for medicinal uses [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR13\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e13\u003c/span\u003e], Malaiappan effectively produced ZnO NPs utilizing Catharanthus roseus and found their high antioxidant and anti-inflammatory capabilities [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR14\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e14\u003c/span\u003e]. Likewise, Perumal created ZnO NPs from shilajit extract, proving their great potency in attacking cervical cancer cells, therefore targeting cervical cancer cells with great efficacy [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR15\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e15\u003c/span\u003e]. By manufacturing ZnO NPs with Spirogyra hyalina extract, Hameed also helped this field by attesting to their biological possibilities [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR16\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e16\u003c/span\u003e]. Emphasizing their antibacterial and anti-diabetic properties, Bala et al.'s earlier work generated ZnO NPs using Hibiscus subdariffa [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR17\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e17\u003c/span\u003e]. This research, taken together, shows the wide spectrum of medical opportunities connected to synthesizing plant-based nanoparticles. The optimum conditions of ZnO NPs treatment were illustrated and confirmed [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR18\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e18\u003c/span\u003e] [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR19\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e19\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe majority of WCBs on the market are made to gradually compress the leg ulcer to heal it or improve athletic performance. The proposed study intends to provide patients or regular users with multifunctional performance through wound care, antibacterial, and compression therapy. So, the treatment of WCB layer which contacts the human body with effective and eco-friendly NPs is necessary. The most effective method is the post-treatment of fabric samples with appropriate non-toxic antibacterial agents such as green synthesized zinc oxide or titanium dioxide.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cul\u003e \u003cli\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cb\u003eWhat is new in using antibacterial finishing for a compression bandage?\u003c/b\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003c/li\u003e \u003c/ul\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe compression bandage, as a porous elastic textile, should give the patient both the optimum applied pressure and comfort properties. The patient activity while wearing a cotton bandage is a suitable environment for the bacteria growth. The antibacterial treatment could achieve a \u0026ldquo;bactericidal effect\u0026rdquo; to the bandage and kill the bacteria in contact with the patient's skin. As the compression bandage could be applied for the patient who is suffering leg ulcer, it\u0026rsquo;s necessary at least to prevent the growth of bacteria \u0026ldquo;bacteriostatic\u0026rdquo; using a very less amount of NPs (behind the accepted toxicity levels). The enhancement of multifunctional finishing for a compression bandage:\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cul\u003e \u003cli\u003e \u003cp\u003eEnhanced antibacterial properties for infection prevention,\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e \u003cp\u003eEco-friendly treatment using ZnO NPs,\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e \u003cp\u003ePotential for advanced wound management with compression therapy,\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e \u003cp\u003eDurable treatment withstands repeated washing.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/li\u003e \u003c/ul\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e"},{"header":"2. Materials and Testing Procedure","content":"\u003cdiv id=\"Sec4\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e2.1. Experimental samples and treatment\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe first step of experimental work was to produce the new types of WCBs as illustrated in Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig1\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e, and the second was the post treatment with ZnO NPs. The weaving process was performed on the rapier weaving machine PICANOL with dobby shedding mechanism for leno weave. The construction parameters of WCB are: warp yarn count: 20x2 Tex, weft yarn count: 75 Tex; warp density: 16 ends/cm, weft density: 8 picks/cm; input material (warp/weft): cotton yarns; weave: leno interlacing; width of WCB 12 cm.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSix fabric samples coded as [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR1\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e\u0026ndash;\u003cspan citationid=\"CR1\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e], [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR1\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e\u0026ndash;\u003cspan citationid=\"CR2\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e], [\u003cspan additionalcitationids=\"CR2\" citationid=\"CR1\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e\u0026ndash;\u003cspan citationid=\"CR3\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e] and [2\u0026thinsp;\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1], [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR2\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e\u0026ndash;\u003cspan citationid=\"CR2\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e], [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR2\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e\u0026ndash;\u003cspan citationid=\"CR3\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e] were treated with ZnO NPs using 1, 2, and 3% weight percent. The measured samples\u0026rsquo; codes are listed in Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab1\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab1\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 1\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe codes of measured samples treated with ZnO NPs\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"3\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eState\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSample code [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR1\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e]\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSample code [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR2\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e]\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eUntreated, standard\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1- with blue colour every 1 cm\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2- without colours\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTreated, 1% ZnO NPs\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e[\u003cspan citationid=\"CR1\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e\u0026ndash;\u003cspan citationid=\"CR1\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e]\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e[2\u0026thinsp;\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1]\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTreated, 2% ZnO NPs\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e[\u003cspan citationid=\"CR1\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e\u0026ndash;\u003cspan citationid=\"CR2\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e]\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e[\u003cspan citationid=\"CR2\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e\u0026ndash;\u003cspan citationid=\"CR2\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e]\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTreated, 3% ZnO NPs\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e[\u003cspan additionalcitationids=\"CR2\" citationid=\"CR1\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e\u0026ndash;\u003cspan citationid=\"CR3\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e]\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e[\u003cspan citationid=\"CR2\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e\u0026ndash;\u003cspan citationid=\"CR3\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e]\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec5\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e2.2. Testing the antibacterial activity of ZnO NPs\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec6\" class=\"Section3\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e2.2.1. Preparation of ZnO NPs and anchoring on WCB samples\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eGreen synthesis is an environmentally friendly and sustainable alternative for textile functionalization without the application of toxic chemicals. Verbič synthesized ZnO NPs in situ on fabric samples from pomegranate peel extract, enhancing UV protection as well as antioxidant activity [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR20\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e20\u003c/span\u003e]. Sonochemical synthesis is another effective technique celebrated for its high speed and efficiency in ZnO NP synthesis. ZnO nanoparticles have also been of interest because of their high antimicrobial activity. Giedraitienė demonstrated that ZnO-coated cotton textiles, treated on both sides, exhibited high antibacterial and antifungal activity, substantiating their suitability in medical and hygiene-related applications [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR8\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e8\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eGram-negative \u003cem\u003eEscherichia coli\u003c/em\u003e (CCM 3954) and Gram-positive \u003cem\u003eStaphylococcus Aureus\u003c/em\u003e (CCM 3953) were provided from Masaryk University Brno, Czech Republic. A single colony of each bacterial strain was grown overnight at 37 \u003csup\u003eo\u003c/sup\u003eC in a soya nutrient broth (Himedia, India). The overnight culture was centrifuged at 5000 rpm for 5 min at room temperature to collect a pellet. Then, the pellets were washed twice and re-suspended with a physiological solution (NaCl 0.89%). Using a sterile cotton swab (Today, Germany), the culture was distributed equally over the surface of trypticase soy broth agar (Himedia, India) plates. Tested textile samples were cut into approximately 10 x 45 mm. The textiles were applied to the centre of the agar plates and the control sample without the textiles. All agar plates were incubated at 37 \u003csup\u003eo\u003c/sup\u003eC and photographed after 24h and 48h. The inhibition zones were measured with a ruler.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec7\" class=\"Section3\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e2.2.2. Chemical process of ZnO NPs immobilization on WCB samples\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003e1st step: \u0026ldquo;hydrolysis,\u0026rdquo; using zinc precursor \u0026ldquo;zinc nitrate hexahydrate\u0026rdquo; in a basic medium \u0026ldquo;NaOH\u0026rdquo;, zinc hydroxide was produced. 2nd step: zinc hydroxide is separated into Zn\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e\u003csup\u003e+\u003c/sup\u003e and OH\u003csup\u003e-\u003c/sup\u003e, then polymerization of the hydroxyl compound to obtain Zn\u0026ndash;O\u0026ndash;Zn, which finally converted to ZnO.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cimg 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\" width=\"687\" height=\"171\"\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe antibacterial mechanism of ZnO is mainly due to the generation of reactive oxygen species, such as \u0026middot;O\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u003c/sup\u003e and \u0026middot;OH. These species are the outcome of the photocatalyst's surface producing pairs of electrons (e-) and electric holes (h+). Bacteria die as a result of oxidizing their membranes due to the extremely high oxidative nature of reactive oxygen species (Ashraf et al., 2014; Ashraf et al., 2015).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe green synthesis of ZnO NPs is increasing in popularity because it is cost-effective and environmentally friendly. Jayachandran prepared ZnO NPs successfully using Cayratia pedata leaf extract, proving their promise in enzyme immobilization and bio-sensing purposes. Catechol-based molecules have also been explored as they exhibit strong binding capacity to metal oxide surfaces [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR16\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e16\u003c/span\u003e]. Klitsche developed tripodal catecholate, which enhanced the stability and functionalization of ZnO NPs in aqueous environments. ZnO NPs have been of interest for their photo-catalytic activity in wastewater treatment [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR21\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e21\u003c/span\u003e]. Asiri immobilized ZnO NPs in cellulose acetate membranes, and they proved to be efficient in the degradation of methylene blue (MB) in textile wastewater [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR22\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e22\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec8\" class=\"Section3\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e2.2.3. Testing NPs' size, distribution, and release amount\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe nanoparticles' size and distribution were evaluated using the DLS (Malvern Zetasizer Nano technique), SEM, and the EDXS for the cultivated samples of WCB different types.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eConventional nanoparticle characterization techniques like SEM, TEM, and DLS are time-consuming and costly. Klinaviius proposed a deep learning-based strategy for fast and precise AgNP characterization by UV-Vis spectroscopy. Nanoparticle size has a profound effect on their optical, electronic, and biomedical behaviour [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR23\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e23\u003c/span\u003e]. Zhang \u0026amp; Wang established a semi-automated ImageJ, and Origin-based strategy for accurate size distribution determination from TEM images, overcoming drawbacks of manual measurements. The size dispersion of nanoparticles has a remarkable effect on their X-ray scattering and diffraction [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR24\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e24\u003c/span\u003e]. Val\u0026eacute;rio showed that differences between SAXS and XRD size determinations can reveal nanoparticle structure, aggregation, and crystallinity [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR25\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e25\u003c/span\u003e] [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR22\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e22\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAs the bandage containing immobilized nanoparticles will come in direct contact with human skin, its harmlessness to health must be taken into consideration. So, it\u0026rsquo;s essential to evaluate the nanoparticles' release after repeated washing cycles. The release of ZnO NPs was estimated according to ISO 105 C06 (B1M) standard using 5 laundering cycles at (4 g/L detergent, 60\u0026deg;C temperature, and 45 min time). After each washing cycle, washed WCB sample was removed from the solution, and then the amount of ZnO present in the solution was measured by the ICP-OES analysis [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR26\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e26\u003c/span\u003e]. The NPs release could be reduced using the binder because the toxicity of ZnO NPs is caused by the dissolution of Zn\u003csup\u003e2+\u003c/sup\u003e [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR27\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e27\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/div\u003e"},{"header":"3. Experimental results and their discussion","content":"\u003cdiv id=\"Sec10\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e3.1. Investigation of cyclic load-relaxation curves\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eFigure \u003cspan refid=\"Fig2\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e illustrates that the newly produced 100% cotton WCB achieved approximately 64% of its original activity after a cyclic stress-relaxation test for 7 days. This evaluation of elastic recovery allows for the proper adjustment of applied tension when using the WCB [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR28\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e28\u003c/span\u003e], [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR29\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e29\u003c/span\u003e]. The durability assessment of the WCB revealed that they maintained their structural integrity and functionality even after repeated washing (5 cycles) and exposure to various environmental conditions. This suggests that the ZnO NPs-infused WCB can withstand the rigors of daily use and provide sustained benefits to patients.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec11\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e3.2. Results of ZnO NPs activity on cotton bandages\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eAll WCB fabric samples treated with ZnO NPs exhibited potent antibacterial activity, making them suitable for various applications, such as developing antibacterial materials for medical and industrial use and enhancing quality of life by reducing the spread of infectious diseases. The ZnO NPs exhibited the growth of bacteria under the fabric samples which is suitable for the application of WCB. Both of the quantitative and qualitative methods confirmed approximately 95.5\u0026ndash;99.2% bacterial reduction using the \u003cem\u003eEscherichia coli\u003c/em\u003e (CCM 3954) and \u003cem\u003eStaphylococcus Aureus\u003c/em\u003e (CCM 3953) for measured samples, as illustrated in Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab2\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e, [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR11\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e11\u003c/span\u003e] [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR30\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e30\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab2\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 2\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eBacterial inhibition zone by ZnO NPs in fabric samples after 24h.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"5\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSample code\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c3\" namest=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eEscherichia coli\u003c/em\u003e (G-)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c5\" namest=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eStaphylococcus aureus\u003c/em\u003e (G+)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTreated area\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eInhibition zone, \u0026empty;\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTreated area\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eInhibition zone, \u0026empty;\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1 standard\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNo inhibition\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNo inhibition\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u0026ndash;1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e14 x 46\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3,28 mm\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e11 x 46\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2,28 mm\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u0026ndash;2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e11 x 45\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2,54 mm\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e12 x 45\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2,97 mm\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u0026ndash;3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e13 x 46\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3,32 mm\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e14 x 47\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3,86 mm\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2 standard\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNo inhibition\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNo inhibition\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2\u0026thinsp;\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e11 x 45\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1,78 mm\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e11 x 45\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1,66 mm\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2\u0026ndash;2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e11 x 45\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1,62 mm\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e11 x 45\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1,48 mm\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2\u0026ndash;3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e11 x 46\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2,18 mm\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e11 x 47\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2,72 mm\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec12\" class=\"Section3\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e3.2.1. Morphological analysis and energy dispersive X-ray of WCBs\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe morphological features of the WCB samples (Untreated 2 and treated [2\u0026thinsp;\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1], [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR2\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e\u0026ndash;\u003cspan citationid=\"CR2\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e], and [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR2\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e\u0026ndash;\u003cspan citationid=\"CR3\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e]) were illustrated in Figs.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig3\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e to \u003cspan refid=\"Fig6\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e6\u003c/span\u003e, respectively. The ZnO NPs were evaluated using the Zetasizer Nano. Meanwhile, the ZnO NPs amount and its distribution were measured for the treated WCB samples. Moreover the EDX mapping confirmed the existence of ZnO NPs in the WCB tested samples composition, as displayed in Figs.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig7\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e7\u003c/span\u003e to \u003cspan refid=\"Fig9\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e9\u003c/span\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec13\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e3.3. Evaluation of the NPs release after repeated washing\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe released amount of Zn element in the solution after 5 repeated laundering cycles was measured and evaluated using ICP-OES, as listed in Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab3\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e. The samples (3A and 3B) demonstrated an existence of Zn element (approximately 7251.8 and 7993.7 respectively) in the solution after 5 repeated laundering cycles.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab3\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 3\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe Zinc element released after 5 repeated laundering cycles\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"3\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSample\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCodes\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eZn (\u0026micro;g/L)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"2\" rowspan=\"3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eUntreated sample (1)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1A\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e488.3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1B\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e486.2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAverage\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e487.2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"2\" rowspan=\"3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eUntreated sample (2)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2A\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e537.7\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2B\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e548.8\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAverage\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e543.3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"2\" rowspan=\"3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTreated sample (3)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3A\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7251.8\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3B\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7993.7\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAverage\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7622.7\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab4\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 4\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTechnical specification of ZnO NPs\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"2\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSpecifcations\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMeasurements\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCrystalline phase\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e100%\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSize of primary particles\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e13\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;2nm\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSize of particles\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e21 to 23 nm\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSpecific surface size\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e90 to 110 g/m\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eParticle shape\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSpherical\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e"},{"header":"4. Conclusion","content":"\u003cp\u003eThis study successfully synthesized and tested the green-synthesized ZnO NPs to enhance the performance, antibacterial activity, and durability of WCBs. The green synthesized ZnO NPs were successfully applied to cotton WCBs using a dip-pad-dry-cure method with different percentages of 1\u0026ndash;3 weight %, which ensured a firm grip and long-term performance. SEM, EDX, and DLS characterization ensured the uniform distribution and stability of ZnO NPs on the fabric surface.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe results demonstrated that the ZnO NPs exhibited excellent antibacterial, antioxidant, and wound-healing properties, making them promising for wound care applications. Developing WCB infused with green synthesized ZnO NPs could promote wound healing and reduce swelling. The ZnO NPs could also enhance collagen synthesis, improve tissue regeneration, and reduce inflammation. Moreover, thorough toxicity and safety assessments should be investigated to ensure the safe use of green synthesized ZnO NPs in WCB.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAntibacterial tests indicated 95\u0026ndash;99% inhibition of \u003cem\u003eEscherichia coli\u003c/em\u003e and \u003cem\u003eStaphylococcus aureus\u003c/em\u003e on treated bandages, making them highly effective in the treatment of wounds and protection against infection. Cyclic stress-relaxation tests also indicated that the new bandages had 64% of the initial elasticity, thus ensuring effectiveness in compression therapy for VLUs and lymphatic disorders. Tests of ZnO NPs release after multiple washing cycles demonstrated that the particles were still firmly attached, removing the risk of toxicity with the maintenance of antimicrobial effectiveness.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eBy combining compression with antibacterial action, this study offers a novel method of improving the healing process, patient comfort, and risk of infection. The results show that ZnO NP-treated WCBs have the potential to serve as an eco-friendly, cost-effective, and effective alternative for advanced wound dressing and biomedical textile applications. Long-term biocompatibility, mechanical behavior, and clinical trials in real-world conditions could be the areas of future research to enhance the application of these in healthcare.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Declarations","content":"\u003cp\u003eFunding\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eThis work was supported by the Ministry of Education, Youth and Sports of the Czech Republic and the European Union \u0026ndash; European Structural and Investment Funds in the Frames of Operational Programme Research, Development, and Education \u0026ndash; Project Hybrid Materials for Hierarchical Structures [HyHi, Reg. No. CZ.02.1.01/0.0/0.0/16_019/0000843].\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eData availability\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026bull; \u003cem\u003eThe datasets used and/or analysed during the current study available from the corresponding author on reasonable request.\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026bull; All data generated or analysed during this study are included in this published article [and its supplementary information files].\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eClinical trial number: not applicable.\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eConsent to Participate declaration: not applicable\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eConsent to Publish declaration: not applicable\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eEthics declaration: not applicable\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eAuthor Contribution\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eA.A. and A.S.K. wrote the main manuscript text and (A.A. prepared figures 1-2, B.K.S. and M.I. and N. H. N. prepared figures 3-9). All authors reviewed the manuscript.\u003c/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eAcknowledgement\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eThis work was supported by the Ministry of Education, Youth and Sports of the Czech Republic and the European Union \u0026ndash; European Structural and Investment Funds in the Frames of Operational Programme Research, Development, and Education \u0026ndash; Project Hybrid Materials for Hierarchical Structures [HyHi, Reg. No. CZ.02.1.01/0.0/0.0/16_019/0000843].\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"References","content":"\u003col\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eBoxall SL, Carville K, Smith J, Jansen S (2024) Adjustable Velcro compression devices as compared to 4-layer compression bandages for the treatment of venous leg ulcers and optimisation of patient satisfaction. Wound Pract Res J Aust Wound Manag Assoc 32(3):120\u0026ndash;128\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003ePerry C et al (2023) Barriers and facilitators to use of compression therapy by people with venous leg ulcers: A qualitative exploration. J Adv Nurs 79(7):2568\u0026ndash;2584. \u003cspan class=\"ExternalRef\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"RefSource\"\u003e10.1111/jan.15608\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan address=\"10.1111/jan.15608\" targettype=\"DOI\" class=\"RefTarget\"\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eShi C et al (2021) treating venous leg ulcers (Review), no. 7, p. Art. 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Appl Biochem Biotechnol 194(2):783\u0026ndash;800. \u003cspan class=\"ExternalRef\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"RefSource\"\u003e10.1007/s12010-021-03649-y\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan address=\"10.1007/s12010-021-03649-y\" targettype=\"DOI\" class=\"RefTarget\"\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003c/ol\u003e"}],"fulltextSource":"","fullText":"","funders":[],"hasAdminPriorityOnWorkflow":false,"hasManuscriptDocX":true,"hasOptedInToPreprint":true,"hasPassedJournalQc":"","hasAnyPriority":false,"hideJournal":false,"highlight":"","institution":"","isAcceptedByJournal":false,"isAuthorSuppliedPdf":false,"isDeskRejected":"","isHiddenFromSearch":false,"isInQc":false,"isInWorkflow":false,"isPdf":false,"isPdfUpToDate":true,"isWithdrawnOrRetracted":false,"journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"discover-nano","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"externalIdentity":"narl","sideBox":"Learn more about [Discover Nano](https://www.springer.com/journal/11671)","snPcode":"11671","submissionUrl":"https://submission.nature.com/new-submission/11671/3","title":"Discover Nano","twitterHandle":"@SpringerOpen","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":true,"editorialSystem":"stoa","reportingPortfolio":"Discover Series","inReviewEnabled":true,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true},"keywords":"Eco-friendly synthesized ZnO NPs, woven compression bandage, antibacterial activity","lastPublishedDoi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-9107305/v1","lastPublishedDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-9107305/v1","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"},"manuscriptAbstract":"\u003cp\u003eThis study aims to introduce the multifunctional properties of woven bandages through compression therapy and antibacterial post-treatment using eco-friendly zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO NPs). Two types of woven compression bandages (WCB) were treated with ZnO NPs at the amount of 1, 2, and 3 weight % in the presence of 15 g/l acrylic binder. The size and distribution of ZnO NPs were examined using the Zetasizer Nano, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX). The released amounts of Zn element after the repeated washing processes in the solution were tested by inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectroscopy (ICP OES) analysis to confirm the NPs activity and its durability. The experimental treated samples were evaluated for the antibacterial activity and demonstrated approximately 95.5 to 99.2% bacterial reduction using both gram-positive and gram-negative bacterial strains according to the relevant standard test methods. The importance of this study lies in developing multifunctional woven compression bandages with eco-friendly ZnO NPs for improved wound care and compression therapy.\u003c/p\u003e","manuscriptTitle":"Synthesis and Durability of Eco-friendly Zinc Oxide Nanoparticles for Multifunctional Compression Bandages","msid":"","msnumber":"","nonDraftVersions":[{"code":1,"date":"2026-04-08 14:24:28","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-9107305/v1","editorialEvents":[{"type":"communityComments","content":0},{"type":"editorInvitedReview","content":"","date":"2026-05-05T07:30:14+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"90596549597658185134891678337674192754","date":"2026-04-16T06:41:30+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewersInvited","content":"","date":"2026-04-02T14:17:44+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorInvited","content":"","date":"2026-04-01T02:23:23+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorAssigned","content":"","date":"2026-03-20T13:50:44+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"checksComplete","content":"","date":"2026-03-20T13:50:22+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"submitted","content":"Discover Nano","date":"2026-03-12T17:18:15+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""}],"status":"published","journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"discover-nano","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"externalIdentity":"narl","sideBox":"Learn more about [Discover Nano](https://www.springer.com/journal/11671)","snPcode":"11671","submissionUrl":"https://submission.nature.com/new-submission/11671/3","title":"Discover Nano","twitterHandle":"@SpringerOpen","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":true,"editorialSystem":"stoa","reportingPortfolio":"Discover Series","inReviewEnabled":true,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true}}],"origin":"","ownerIdentity":"3621c47d-9b54-416c-a6ab-62d702ebf29b","owner":[],"postedDate":"April 8th, 2026","published":true,"recentEditorialEvents":[{"type":"editorInvitedReview","content":"","date":"2026-05-05T07:30:14+00:00","index":26,"fulltext":""}],"rejectedJournal":[],"revision":"","amendment":"","status":"under-review","subjectAreas":[],"tags":[],"updatedAt":"2026-04-08T14:24:29+00:00","versionOfRecord":[],"versionCreatedAt":"2026-04-08 14:24:28","video":"","vorDoi":"","vorDoiUrl":"","workflowStages":[]},"version":"v1","identity":"rs-9107305","journalConfig":"researchsquare"},"__N_SSP":true},"page":"/article/[identity]/[[...version]]","query":{"redirect":"/article/rs-9107305","identity":"rs-9107305","version":["v1"]},"buildId":"XKTyCvWXoU3ODBz1xrDgd","isFallback":false,"isExperimentalCompile":false,"dynamicIds":[84888],"gssp":true,"scriptLoader":[]}