Health Risk assessment of Radionuclides Contaminated Quarry soils using Chromolaena odorata  from Ratcon Quarry Oyo State  South West Nigeria

Health Risk assessment of Radionuclides Contaminated Quarry soils using Chromolaena odorata from Ratcon Quarry Oyo State South West Nigeria | Research Square window.SnipcartSettings = { analytics: { enabled: false } }; (function() { var accessVector = localStorage.getItem('access_vector') || ''; window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; if (accessVector) { window.dataLayer.push({ user: { profile: { profileInfo: { snid: accessVector } } } }); } })(); (function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start':new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0],j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src='https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f);})(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-K279D39R'); Browse Preprints In Review Journals COVID-19 Preprints AJE Video Bytes Research Tools Research Promotion AJE Professional Editing AJE Rubriq About Preprint Platform In Review Editorial Policies Our Team Advisory Board Help Center Sign In Submit a Preprint Cite Share Download PDF Research Article Health Risk assessment of Radionuclides Contaminated Quarry soils using Chromolaena odorata from Ratcon Quarry Oyo State South West Nigeria O.O Adetola, O. O. olayinka, C.I Okeyode This is a preprint; it has not been peer reviewed by a journal. https://doi.org/ 10.21203/rs.3.rs-6041965/v1 This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License Status: Posted Version 1 posted You are reading this latest preprint version Abstract Radionuclides are quarry pollutants produced during the crushing of rocks and have been reported to cause severe health effects in the environment. This study assessed the health risk associated with Chromolaena odorata in soils polluted with radionuclides from quarry site in Ibadan, Oyo state. Soil and plant samples (10 each) were collected from different sampling points making (20 samples) in the quarry site and control. The soil and plant samples were quantified for radionuclides ( 238 U, 232 Th, and 40 K) using standard procedures, Gamma-ray Spectroscopy Coupled NaI Detector was used. Health risk assessments were estimated for radionuclides vis-a-vis external hazard index, internal hazard index, excess lifetime cancer risk (ELCR). Data obtained were subjected to descriptive (Mean ± SD) and inferential (Anova) statistics. The concentrations of radionuclides detected in soils were within the WHO allowable limits, except for 232 Th and 40 K which were slightly higher than the permissible limit. However, the health risk assessment values revealed that ELCR was higher in almost all the sampling points than the recommended value of 2.9×10 − 4 , this implies that there would be a risk of cancer due to radionuclides in the location. Radionuclides Health Risk Chromolaena odorata Quarry Soil Cancer risk Figures Figure 1 Figure 2 Figure 3 1.0 Introduction A quarry is a surface mine that generates large amounts of building materials for industrial use, such as limestone (gypsum) and gravel (Majid et al. , 2015). Quarry takes off usually alter landscape drastically, vegetation clearing disrupts the ecosystem, while surface hydrology, groundwater levels, and flow paths are mostly diminished (Oyinloye & Olofinyo, 2017). The type of rocks extracted, the surrounding environment, the topography of the location, and the size of the quarry all affect how a quarry operates in terms of the environment (Oggeri et al. , 2019). The negative effects of quarrying activities on human health and crop yield are mostly inversely proportional to rural livelihood. The blasting, crushing, and emission of harmful gases usually have severe effect on human health and well-being. Doubtlessly, the most controversial environmental impact experienced by people living near quarries is those caused by blasting. Oyo State is one of the granite rich states in Nigeria, this have attracted various investors to the state, greatly contributing to the revenue generation and growth of the state. However, the negative effects of such activities have been seen on the environment, which usually results to instant/accumulative, physical, chemical, biological, and health hazards (Ndejjo et al ., 2015). Radionuclides are an unstable chemical element that releases radiation as they break down and become more stable. Environmental exposures to radioactive elements are found in almost all sedimentary elements within the ecological environment and are widely distributed. These radioactive materials are called Naturally Occurring Radioactive Materials (NORM), including 238 U and 232 Th, and the single decay 40 K radionuclides comprising the vast bulk of NORMs. The primary consumers of radioactive emissions in the food chain during atmospheric discharge of radioactive particles are plants. The two common route of plant contamination are Roots absorption and airborne deposits of dispersed radioactive particles. To determine the risk level consequences on public health, an exact assessment of such radioactive particles in generally consumed dietary products is necessary. Also, a little amount of radioactivity in the soil is released to plants. Plants take radioactive elements from the soil and feed them to humans. Among the most crucial is the soil-to-plant transfer factor metrics in measuring the level of radioactive emission in plants and its effect in adding to internal dosage. This study aims to assess the health effect associated with radionuclide in polluted soils using Chromolaena odorata in Ibadan, Oyo State Nigeria. 2.0 Materials and Methods 2.1 Study Area Oluyole Local Government was established in 1976, and the Council occupies about 629 square kilometers. Based on the 2006 population Census, its population is 202,725. The Agricultural products in the area include cocoa, citrus, cassava, and maize. It is located approximately on Latitudes 7º 3′ 0′′ to 7º 3′ 21′′ N and Longitudes 3º 42′ 0′′ to 4º 3′ 0′′ E. Oluyole is within the forest savannah eco-climatic zone with an average annual rainfall of about 1225mm and an average annual maximum and minimum temperature of 34.80 o C and 24.30 o C. The rainy season commences around the end of March and ends around the first week of November. 2.2 Sampling Techniques Using Systematic sampling techniques, top soil samples (0-15cm) and plants were collected from 10 different points (A1-A10) and (B1-B10) at 400m intervals each making (20) samples. The control sample was collected in an undeveloped location in Oluyole LGA with no history of pollution. Samples of soil were air-dried at room temperature for several days, and stones, organic debris, and pebbles were removed before sieving. The samples were crushed, homogenized, and sieved through a 2mm mesh sieve to obtain a smaller fraction, which was then ground into a fine powder and kept in a glass jar before analysis. 2.3. Measurement of Activity Concentration The method (Alexander & Samuel, 2022) was adopted to assess the concentration of radionuclides. Using Gamma-Ray Spectroscopy, the activity concentrations of 238 U, 232 Th, and 40 K were determined. After drying in the sun, 1 gram from each sampling point was ground to a fine powder. An electric oven was used to dry the samples for 24–48 hours at 80 O C to evaporate off all the moisture content of the soil. The samples were brought to secular equilibrium between long-lived parent radionuclides ( 226 Ra and 228 Ra) and their short-lived ones by storing them in airtight plastic containers for one month. Radionuclides activity concentration in sample soils was determined by Gamma Spectroscopy. The measurement system was made up of a scintillation detector sealed with a photomultiplier tube coupled to a Canberra series ten plus multi-channel analyzer through a preamplifier base (MCA). NaI (Tl) detector with the model number 3M3/3 was used. At 0.662 MeV of 137 Cs, the detector has a resolution of around 8%. The Radiochemical Centre, Amersham, England, prepared a reference standard source (IAEA-444) to calibrate the system's detecting energy. The concentration of 40 K in the various samples was ascertained using the 1460.75 KeV gamma of 40 K. The 238 U concentration of in the samples was determined using the gamma transition of 214 Bi, which had an energy of 1764.5 KeV, and the concentration of 232 Th using 208 TI, which had an energy of 2614.7 KeV. Data was collected after each sample had been counted for eight hours. The MAESTRO software application automatically looked for the peak, assessed the peak position relative to energy, and identified the radionuclides using a nuclide library. The activity concentration in the chosen units was displayed once the background count and net peak areas had been calculated. For 17 hours, the background-filled empty container was counted, and then the values were subtracted. 2.4. Radium equivalent activity (Raeq). There are variations in the distribution of 226 Ra, 232 Th, and 40 K. However, Radium equivalent activity (Raeq) in Bq/kg was used to establish uniformity in radiation exposure to compare the particular activity of materials containing various concentrations of 226 Ra, 232 Th, and 40 K. The UNSCEAR, 2000 was used to compute the relation: Raeq = C Ra + 1.43C Th + 0.07C K ...................... ( 1 ) (UNSCEAR, 2000) Where C Ra , C Th , and C K are, respectively, the activities of 226 Ra, 232 Th, and 40 K expressed in Bq/kg. The same gamma dose rate was assumed for the production of 370 Bq/kg of 226 Ra, 259Bq/kg of 232 Th, and 4810Bq/kg of 40 K when defining Raeq activity according to Eq. (1) 2.5. Absorbed dose rate This was calculated using the equation below: D = 0.462C Ra + 0.604C Th + 0.042C K .....................( 2 ) Where: D is the dose rate in nGy/h, and C Ra , C Th & C K are the specific activities in (Bq/kg) for 226 Ra, 232 Th, and 40 K, respectively. 2.6. External hazard index, Hex. The external hazard index is a parameter used to evaluate the radiological risks of materials due to external exposure to gamma radiation. The recommended value of H ex must be less than one mSv/y, and its expression is given by the following relation (UNESCO,2000) This will be determined using the equation below: Hex = C Ra /370 + C Th /259 + C K /4810................................. ( 3 ) Where: C Ra , C Th , and C K are the specific activities in (Bq/kg) for 226 Ra, 232 Th, and 40 K, respectively. 2.7. Internal hazard index (Hin) The internal hazard index is a matrix that assess the risks of natural radionuclides in building materials due to internal exposure to radon ( 222 Rn) and its daughter progenies by inhaling alpha particles. The following formula gives its expression: Hin = C Ra /185 + C Th /259 + C K /4810 ………… ( 4 ) 2.8. Excess lifetime cancer risk (ELCR) The carcinogenic effects of gamma radiation due to ingestion, inhalation, and external exposure to radioactive sources are characterized by an estimation of cancer occurrence probability during a specific lifetime. This probability is determined by calculating the excess lifetime cancer risk (ELCR). Its expression is given by the following relation (IRSN, 2007): ELCR = AEDE × DL × RF…………………. ( 5 ) In this expression, DL is the duration of life (70 years), and RF is the risk factor for cancer, considering the stochastic effects. RF is equal to 0.05 Sv − 1 for the public (IRSN, 2007). 3.0 Results and Discussion 238 U, 232 Th, and 40 K activity concentrations were measured by the Gamma-ray Spectrometry method for various soil samples collected at 0-15cm depth in the quarry site. Specific activity concentrations of the natural radionuclides obtained are presented in Tables 1 and 2. The activity concentration of 238 U in the study area ranged from 15.06 ± 1.50 Bq/kg to 30.92 ± 1.10 Bq/kg. These values showed a lower world average Uranium-238 concentration of 35 Bq/kg. While the concentration of 238 U in the plant ranged from 2.95 ± 0.72 Bq/kg to 11.16 ± 1.04 Bq/kg, (Table 1 ). 232 Th activity concentration ranged from 62.34 ± 1.55 Bq/kg to 82.41 ± 0.12 Bq/kg. The 232 Th activity concentration in this study was two-fold higher than the world average concentration of 30 Bq/kg. The 232 Th concentration in the plant ranged from 8.02 ± 0.16 Bq/kg to 18.32 ± 0.32 Bq/kg (Table 2). Research evidence shows that inhaling thorium dust increases the risk of lung, liver, and pancreatic cancer. Individuals exposed to thorium also have an increased risk of bone cancer because thorium may be stored in bone (USEPA, 2015). The 40 K activity concentration ranged from 421.07 ± 2.24 Bq/kg to 640.83 ± 2.57 Bq/kg. The mean activity concentration was slightly higher than the world average of 400 Bq/kg. The plant activity concentration for 40 K ranged from 21.17 ± 1.11 Bq/kg to 142.62 ± 0.11 Bq/kg. The sample locations were high in 40 K, which could reflect this locality's soil fertility. Potassium-40 is a health hazard that results in cell damage due to ionizing radiation from radioactive decay, with the potential to induce cancer subsequently. The main natural radionuclides had been identified and quantified. The results showed 232 Th and 40 K predominance in the sampling sites. The distribution of 238 U, 232 Th, and 40 K in soil samples are expressed in Figs. 1 , 2 and 3 . Table 1 Activity Concentration of 238 U , 232 Th , 40 K in Soil Samples . Sample Locations 238 U(Bq/kg) 232 Th (Bq/kg) 40 K(Bq/kg) A1 25.54 ± 1.02 62.34 ± 1.55 530.46 ± 2.50 A2 26.67 ± 1.17 75.04 ± 0.87 424.41 ± 1.40 A3 22.87 ± 1.16 63.96 ± 0.19 434.63 ± 2.18 A4 15.06 ± 1.5 57.46 ± 1.42 425.21 ± 1.58 A5 19.12 ± 2.04 70.48 ± 0.51 526.07 ± 2.78 A6 18.36 ± 1.17 82.41 ± 0.12 640.83 ± 2.57 A7 27.78 ± 1.28 81.11 ± 0.5 526.51 ± 1.57 A8 30.92 ± 1.10 77.04 ± 0.10 552.71 ± 2.53 A9 29.74 ± 1.26 65.33 ± 0.26 436.39 ± 2.37 A10 25.46 ± 1.64 71.37 ± 0.0 421.07 ± 2.24 Mean 24.15 ± 1.33 70.65 ± 0.55 492.03 ±2.17 World Average (UNESCEAR,2000) 35 30 400 Table 2: Activity Concentrations of 238 U , 232 Th, and 40 K in Plant Samples. 3.1. Radiological parameters This present study has shown that the study area has a relatively high concentration of 232 Th and 40 K. Thus, radiological risks were calculated using radiological parameters and values obtained were compared to international standards. Tables 3 show the results. Radium equivalent Raeq calculated using the activity concentrations of 238 U, 232 Th, and 40 K varied between 144.76Bq/kg and 181.04 Bq/kg. The mean values of Raeq was 159.71 Bq/kg, which was below the threshold value of 370 Bq/Kg. This indicates that there was no harmful effect due to ionizing radiation in the study area. Tables 3 show that the minimum value of the absorbed gamma dose rate (D R ) obtained was equal to 67.45𝜂Gy/h. In contrast, the maximum value was equal to 85.17. The mean value of D R in this study was 74.50𝜂Gy/h, slightly lower than the recommended maximum limit value of 84𝜂Gy/h. The annual effective dose equivalent (AEDE) values ranged from 0.37mSv/y to 0.52mSv/y, with a mean value of 0.46mSv/y, which is less than the recommended value of 0.48mSv/y (Table 3). The annual gonadal dose equivalent (AGDE) ranged from 420.23 𝜇Sv/y to 650.20 𝜇Sv/y, and the mean value was 529.45𝜇Sv/y, which was far lower than the recommended value of 1000𝜇Sv/y. Internal hazard risk ranged from 0.39 to 0.57 with a mean value of 0.50. External hazard risk ranged from 0.35 to 0.50 with a mean value of 0.44. These values were below standard limits of 1. ELCR values were higher than the recommended 2.90 × 10 − 4 in most sampling points. The radiological risk assessment revealed that the values of excess lifetime cancer risk (ELCR) were significantly higher than the recommended value. Hence, there is a risk of cancer in the location. This agreed with Beogo et al. (2019), who reported the average ELCR value higher than the recommended value in the study area with more cancer cases in the locality. Table 3: Radiation Hazard Indices of Soil Samples 4.0 Conclusion The Activity concentrations of radionuclides in the soil’s samples showed that 238 U had a lower value than the world average, while 232 Th and 40 K had higher values than the world average. From the present study, ELCR was higher in almost all the sampling points than the recommended value of 2.9 X 10 − 4. This implies that there would be a cancer risk due to radionuclides in the location before phytoremediation. This study revealed that there is risk of cancer in the study area hence, there is need for proper monitoring. Declarations 5.0 Funding This research work does not receive any funding. The authors declare that Ethics, Consent to Participate, and Consent to publish this work are not applicable. 7.0 Data Availability Statement All data generated or analyzed during this study are included in this manuscript Author Contribution Adetola O.O conducted the field work including sample collections, Olayinka O.O (Professor) Prepared the methodology and also proof reading of the final manuscript, Okeyode C.I (Professor) did the physics calculations and also corrected the references. References Alexandre Z.. Evaluation of Radionuclide Stimulated Therapy response in a preclinical multiple myeloma model. Jour Nucl Med. 2022;63(2):4063–72. Samuel, A.. Beogo CE, Cisse OI, Kanazoe AR, Maiga AR, Zougmore F. Preliminary results measuring gamma dose rate distribution in North Eastern Burkina Faso where the concentration of uranium in the soil is elevated. Intl J Appl Nat Sci. 2019;8:1–8. IRSN, Recommendation 2007 de la commission international de protection radiologique, ICRP, 2009. Majid A, Gholamreza L, Alireza YB, Mohammad G. Blastability Evaluation for Rock Mass Fragmentation in Iran Central Iron Ore Mines. Inter J Min Sci Tech. 2015;25(1):59–66. Ndejjo R, Musinguzi G, Yu X, Buregyeya E, Musoke D, Wang J. et.al. 2015. Occupational Health Hazards among Healthcare Workers in Kampala, Uganda. J Environ Publ Health, 1–9. Oggeri C, Fenoglio TM, Godio A, Vanai R. Overburden Management in Open Pits: Options and Limits in Large Limestone Quarries. Inter J Min Sci Tech. 2019;29(2):217–28. Oyinloye MA, Olofinyo BO. Environmental Impact of Quarry Activities on Resident of Akure Region, Nigeria. Scirea J Environ. 2017;2(2):11–29. United Nations Scientific Committee on the Effects of Atomic Radiation (UNSCEAR). Sources and Effects of Ionizing Radiation (Report to the General Assembly). New York: United Nations; 2000. USEPA. Radiation Protection: Radionuclide Basics: Thorium. Washington, DC: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency; 2015. UNSESCO. Sources and Effects of Ionizing Radiation. Report to General Assembly, with Scientific Annexes. New York: United Nations; 2000. Additional Declarations No competing interests reported. Cite Share Download PDF Status: Posted Version 1 posted You are reading this latest preprint version Research Square lets you share your work early, gain feedback from the community, and start making changes to your manuscript prior to peer review in a journal. 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Also discoverable on Platform About Our Team In Review Editorial Policies Advisory Board Help Center Resources Author Services Accessibility API Access RSS feed Manage Cookie Preferences © Research Square 2026 | ISSN 2693-5015 (online) Privacy Policy Terms of Service Do Not Sell My Personal Information {"props":{"pageProps":{"initialData":{"identity":"rs-6041965","acceptedTermsAndConditions":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"archivedVersions":[],"articleType":"Research Article","associatedPublications":[],"authors":[{"id":438006765,"identity":"2d64c018-f655-465f-bc21-f22e54da76a6","order_by":0,"name":"O.O Adetola","email":"data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAZAAAAAyAQMAAABI0h/eAAAABlBMVEX///8AAABVwtN+AAAACXBIWXMAAA7EAAAOxAGVKw4bAAAAwUlEQVRIiWNgGAWjYHACAyC2kAOxDjwgWssBBgljsJYEUrQkNoCYRGnhZz+88fGHCon0+WGHHwJtsZPTbSCgRbInrdjgwBmJ3I230wyAWpKNzQ4QctWBHDOJg21ALbMTQFoOJG4jqOX8G/MfQC3phrPTPxCp5UaOGQNQS4K8dA6RtkjOeFYsceaMhOEG6ZyCAwkGRPiFnz9544eKCht5+dnpmz98qLCTI6gF4UKwSgNilYOAfAMpqkfBKBgFo2BEAQD/MEdXXEf3RQAAAABJRU5ErkJggg==","orcid":"","institution":"Forestry Research Institute of Nigeria","correspondingAuthor":true,"prefix":"","firstName":"O.O","middleName":"","lastName":"Adetola","suffix":""},{"id":438006770,"identity":"4f46e1a2-cbd1-4abb-b48f-7ecf3d25b73f","order_by":1,"name":"O. O. olayinka","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Federal University of Agriculture","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"O.","middleName":"O.","lastName":"olayinka","suffix":""},{"id":438006771,"identity":"245f0f48-914a-4b45-a9de-135dfeae4659","order_by":2,"name":"C.I Okeyode","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Federal University of Agriculture","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"C.I","middleName":"","lastName":"Okeyode","suffix":""}],"badges":[],"createdAt":"2025-02-16 15:23:09","currentVersionCode":1,"declarations":"","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-6041965/v1","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-6041965/v1","draftVersion":[],"editorialEvents":[],"editorialNote":"","failedWorkflow":false,"files":[{"id":80044993,"identity":"f332309c-c140-45ea-ba33-f373f0800476","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-04-07 09:41:24","extension":"jpg","order_by":1,"title":"Figure 1","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":34757,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eDistribution of \u003csup\u003e238\u003c/sup\u003eU in Soil Samples\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"1.jpg","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-6041965/v1/08b57c743affed328e7b72e0.jpg"},{"id":80044996,"identity":"8b2275c9-e060-4c78-9d6f-5b150ed51c9f","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-04-07 09:41:24","extension":"jpg","order_by":2,"title":"Figure 2","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":33552,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eDistribution of \u003csup\u003e232\u003c/sup\u003eTh in Soil Samples\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"2.jpg","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-6041965/v1/e6e049b2ec00fa34eeeef124.jpg"},{"id":80044994,"identity":"9f81db2d-7cda-4ab7-825b-b798ff9d91b9","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-04-07 09:41:24","extension":"jpg","order_by":3,"title":"Figure 3","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":29783,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eDistribution of \u003csup\u003e40 \u003c/sup\u003eK in Soil Samples\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"3.jpg","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-6041965/v1/6945e9b41fd3e0abc05e7b45.jpg"},{"id":80900094,"identity":"5aa59f57-158d-4ac7-8093-90885696ae5b","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-04-18 13:08:49","extension":"pdf","order_by":0,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"manuscript-pdf","size":749899,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"manuscript.pdf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-6041965/v1/97769004-ee58-497b-a86d-6248ecd0a786.pdf"}],"financialInterests":"No competing interests reported.","formattedTitle":"Health Risk assessment of Radionuclides Contaminated Quarry soils using Chromolaena odorata from Ratcon Quarry Oyo State South West Nigeria","fulltext":[{"header":"1.0 Introduction","content":"\u003cp\u003eA quarry is a surface mine that generates large amounts of building materials for industrial use, such as limestone (gypsum) and gravel (Majid \u003cem\u003eet al.\u003c/em\u003e, 2015). Quarry takes off usually alter landscape drastically, vegetation clearing disrupts the ecosystem, while surface hydrology, groundwater levels, and flow paths are mostly diminished (Oyinloye \u0026amp; Olofinyo, 2017). The type of rocks extracted, the surrounding environment, the topography of the location, and the size of the quarry all affect how a quarry operates in terms of the environment (Oggeri \u003cem\u003eet al.\u003c/em\u003e, 2019). The negative effects of quarrying activities on human health and crop yield are mostly inversely proportional to rural livelihood. The blasting, crushing, and emission of harmful gases usually have severe effect on human health and well-being. Doubtlessly, the most controversial environmental impact experienced by people living near quarries is those caused by blasting. Oyo State is one of the granite rich states in Nigeria, this have attracted various investors to the state, greatly contributing to the revenue generation and growth of the state. However, the negative effects of such activities have been seen on the environment, which usually results to instant/accumulative, physical, chemical, biological, and health hazards (Ndejjo \u003cem\u003eet al\u003c/em\u003e., 2015).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eRadionuclides are an unstable chemical element that releases radiation as they break down and become more stable. Environmental exposures to radioactive elements are found in almost all sedimentary elements within the ecological environment and are widely distributed. These radioactive materials are called Naturally Occurring Radioactive Materials (NORM), including \u003csup\u003e238\u003c/sup\u003eU and \u003csup\u003e232\u003c/sup\u003eTh, and the single decay \u003csup\u003e40\u003c/sup\u003eK radionuclides comprising the vast bulk of NORMs.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe primary consumers of radioactive emissions in the food chain during atmospheric discharge of radioactive particles are plants. The two common route of plant contamination are Roots absorption and airborne deposits of dispersed radioactive particles. To determine the risk level consequences on public health, an exact assessment of such radioactive particles in generally consumed dietary products is necessary. Also, a little amount of radioactivity in the soil is released to plants. Plants take radioactive elements from the soil and feed them to humans. Among the most crucial is the soil-to-plant transfer factor metrics in measuring the level of radioactive emission in plants and its effect in adding to internal dosage.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThis study aims to assess the health effect associated with radionuclide \u003cem\u003ein polluted soils using Chromolaena odorata\u003c/em\u003e in Ibadan, Oyo State Nigeria.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"2.0 Materials and Methods","content":"\u003cdiv id=\"Sec3\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e2.1 Study Area\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eOluyole Local Government was established in 1976, and the Council occupies about 629 square kilometers. Based on the 2006 population Census, its population is 202,725. The Agricultural products in the area include cocoa, citrus, cassava, and maize. It is located approximately on Latitudes 7\u0026ordm; 3\u0026prime; 0\u0026prime;\u0026prime; to 7\u0026ordm; 3\u0026prime; 21\u0026prime;\u0026prime; N and Longitudes 3\u0026ordm; 42\u0026prime; 0\u0026prime;\u0026prime; to 4\u0026ordm; 3\u0026prime; 0\u0026prime;\u0026prime; E. Oluyole is within the forest savannah eco-climatic zone with an average annual rainfall of about 1225mm and an average annual maximum and minimum temperature of 34.80\u003csup\u003eo\u003c/sup\u003eC and 24.30\u003csup\u003eo\u003c/sup\u003eC. The rainy season commences around the end of March and ends around the first week of November.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec4\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e2.2 Sampling Techniques\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eUsing Systematic sampling techniques, top soil samples (0-15cm) and plants were collected from 10 different points (A1-A10) and (B1-B10) at 400m intervals each making (20) samples. The control sample was collected in an undeveloped location in Oluyole LGA with no history of pollution. Samples of soil were air-dried at room temperature for several days, and stones, organic debris, and pebbles were removed before sieving. The samples were crushed, homogenized, and sieved through a 2mm mesh sieve to obtain a smaller fraction, which was then ground into a fine powder and kept in a glass jar before analysis.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec5\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e2.3. Measurement of Activity Concentration\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe method (Alexander \u0026amp; Samuel, 2022) was adopted to assess the concentration of radionuclides. Using Gamma-Ray Spectroscopy, the activity concentrations of \u003csup\u003e238\u003c/sup\u003eU,\u003csup\u003e232\u003c/sup\u003eTh, and \u003csup\u003e40\u003c/sup\u003eK were determined. After drying in the sun, 1 gram from each sampling point was ground to a fine powder. An electric oven was used to dry the samples for 24\u0026ndash;48 hours at 80\u003csup\u003eO\u003c/sup\u003eC to evaporate off all the moisture content of the soil. The samples were brought to secular equilibrium between long-lived parent radionuclides (\u003csup\u003e226\u003c/sup\u003eRa and \u003csup\u003e228\u003c/sup\u003eRa) and their short-lived ones by storing them in airtight plastic containers for one month. Radionuclides activity concentration in sample soils was determined by Gamma Spectroscopy.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe measurement system was made up of a scintillation detector sealed with a photomultiplier tube coupled to a Canberra series ten plus multi-channel analyzer through a preamplifier base (MCA).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eNaI (Tl) detector with the model number 3M3/3 was used. At 0.662 MeV of \u003csup\u003e137\u003c/sup\u003eCs, the detector has a resolution of around 8%.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe Radiochemical Centre, Amersham, England, prepared a reference standard source (IAEA-444) to calibrate the system's detecting energy. The concentration of \u003csup\u003e40\u003c/sup\u003eK in the various samples was ascertained using the 1460.75 KeV gamma of \u003csup\u003e40\u003c/sup\u003eK.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe \u003csup\u003e238\u003c/sup\u003eU concentration of in the samples was determined using the gamma transition of \u003csup\u003e214\u003c/sup\u003eBi, which had an energy of 1764.5 KeV, and the concentration of \u003csup\u003e232\u003c/sup\u003eTh using \u003csup\u003e208\u003c/sup\u003eTI, which had an energy of 2614.7 KeV. Data was collected after each sample had been counted for eight hours. The MAESTRO software application automatically looked for the peak, assessed the peak position relative to energy, and identified the radionuclides using a nuclide library. The activity concentration in the chosen units was displayed once the background count and net peak areas had been calculated. For 17 hours, the background-filled empty container was counted, and then the values were subtracted.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec6\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e2.4. Radium equivalent activity (Raeq).\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThere are variations in the distribution of \u003csup\u003e226\u003c/sup\u003eRa, \u003csup\u003e232\u003c/sup\u003eTh, and \u003csup\u003e40\u003c/sup\u003eK. However, Radium equivalent activity (Raeq) in Bq/kg was used to establish uniformity in radiation exposure to compare the particular activity of materials containing various concentrations of \u003csup\u003e226\u003c/sup\u003eRa, \u003csup\u003e232\u003c/sup\u003eTh, and \u003csup\u003e40\u003c/sup\u003eK. The UNSCEAR, 2000 was used to compute the relation:\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eRaeq\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;C\u003csub\u003eRa\u003c/sub\u003e + 1.43C\u003csub\u003eTh\u003c/sub\u003e\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;0.07C\u003csub\u003eK\u003c/sub\u003e...................... (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR1\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e) (UNSCEAR, 2000)\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eWhere C\u003csub\u003eRa\u003c/sub\u003e, C\u003csub\u003eTh\u003c/sub\u003e, and C\u003csub\u003eK\u003c/sub\u003e are, respectively, the activities of \u003csup\u003e226\u003c/sup\u003eRa, \u003csup\u003e232\u003c/sup\u003eTh, and \u003csup\u003e40\u003c/sup\u003eK expressed in Bq/kg. The same gamma dose rate was assumed for the production of 370 Bq/kg of \u003csup\u003e226\u003c/sup\u003eRa, 259Bq/kg of \u003csup\u003e232\u003c/sup\u003eTh, and 4810Bq/kg of \u003csup\u003e40\u003c/sup\u003eK when defining Raeq activity according to Eq.\u0026nbsp;(1)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec7\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e2.5. Absorbed dose rate\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThis was calculated using the equation below:\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eD\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.462C\u003csub\u003eRa\u003c/sub\u003e\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;0.604C\u003csub\u003eTh\u003c/sub\u003e\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;0.042C\u003csub\u003eK\u003c/sub\u003e .....................(\u003cspan citationid=\"CR2\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eWhere:\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eD is the dose rate in nGy/h, and C\u003csub\u003eRa\u003c/sub\u003e, C\u003csub\u003eTh\u003c/sub\u003e \u0026amp; C\u003csub\u003eK\u003c/sub\u003e are the specific activities in (Bq/kg) for \u003csup\u003e226\u003c/sup\u003eRa, \u003csup\u003e232\u003c/sup\u003eTh, and \u003csup\u003e40\u003c/sup\u003eK, respectively.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec8\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e2.6. External hazard index, Hex.\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe external hazard index is a parameter used to evaluate the radiological risks of materials due to external exposure to gamma radiation. The recommended value of H ex must be less than one mSv/y, and its expression is given by the following relation (UNESCO,2000)\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThis will be determined using the equation below:\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eHex\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;C\u003csub\u003eRa\u003c/sub\u003e/370\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;C\u003csub\u003eTh\u003c/sub\u003e/259\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;C\u003csub\u003eK\u003c/sub\u003e/4810................................. (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR3\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eWhere:\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eC\u003csub\u003eRa\u003c/sub\u003e, C\u003csub\u003eTh\u003c/sub\u003e, and C\u003csub\u003eK\u003c/sub\u003e are the specific activities in (Bq/kg) for \u003csup\u003e226\u003c/sup\u003eRa, \u003csup\u003e232\u003c/sup\u003eTh, and \u003csup\u003e40\u003c/sup\u003eK, respectively.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec9\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e2.7. Internal hazard index (Hin)\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe internal hazard index is a matrix that assess the risks of natural radionuclides in building materials due to internal exposure to radon (\u003csup\u003e222\u003c/sup\u003eRn) and its daughter progenies by inhaling alpha particles. The following formula gives its expression:\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eHin\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;C\u003csub\u003eRa\u003c/sub\u003e/185\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;C\u003csub\u003eTh\u003c/sub\u003e/259\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;C\u003csub\u003eK\u003c/sub\u003e/4810 \u0026hellip;\u0026hellip;\u0026hellip;\u0026hellip; (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR4\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec10\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e2.8. Excess lifetime cancer risk (ELCR)\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe carcinogenic effects of gamma radiation due to ingestion, inhalation, and external exposure to radioactive sources are characterized by an estimation of cancer occurrence probability during a specific lifetime. This probability is determined by calculating the excess lifetime cancer risk (ELCR). Its expression is given by the following relation (IRSN, 2007):\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eELCR\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;AEDE \u0026times; DL \u0026times; RF\u0026hellip;\u0026hellip;\u0026hellip;\u0026hellip;\u0026hellip;\u0026hellip;\u0026hellip;. (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR5\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e5\u003c/span\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIn this expression, DL is the duration of life (70 years), and RF is the risk factor for cancer, considering the stochastic effects. RF is equal to 0.05 Sv\u0026thinsp;\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1 for the public (IRSN, 2007).\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e"},{"header":"3.0 Results and Discussion","content":"\u003cp\u003e \u003csup\u003e238\u003c/sup\u003eU, \u003csup\u003e232\u003c/sup\u003eTh, and \u003csup\u003e40\u003c/sup\u003eK activity concentrations were measured by the Gamma-ray Spectrometry method for various soil samples collected at 0-15cm depth in the quarry site. Specific activity concentrations of the natural radionuclides obtained are presented in Tables\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab1\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e and 2. The activity concentration of \u003csup\u003e238\u003c/sup\u003eU in the study area ranged from 15.06\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.50 Bq/kg to 30.92\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.10 Bq/kg. These values showed a lower world average Uranium-238 concentration of 35 Bq/kg. While the concentration of \u003csup\u003e238\u003c/sup\u003eU in the plant ranged from 2.95\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.72 Bq/kg to 11.16\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.04 Bq/kg, (Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab1\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003csup\u003e232\u003c/sup\u003eTh activity concentration ranged from 62.34\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.55 Bq/kg to 82.41\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.12 Bq/kg. The \u003csup\u003e232\u003c/sup\u003eTh activity concentration in this study was two-fold higher than the world average concentration of 30 Bq/kg. The \u003csup\u003e232\u003c/sup\u003eTh concentration in the plant ranged from 8.02\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.16 Bq/kg to 18.32\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.32 Bq/kg (Table\u0026nbsp;2). Research evidence shows that inhaling thorium dust increases the risk of lung, liver, and pancreatic cancer. Individuals exposed to thorium also have an increased risk of bone cancer because thorium may be stored in bone (USEPA, 2015).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe \u003csup\u003e40\u003c/sup\u003eK activity concentration ranged from 421.07\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;2.24 Bq/kg to 640.83\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;2.57 Bq/kg. The mean activity concentration was slightly higher than the world average of 400 Bq/kg. The plant activity concentration for \u003csup\u003e40\u003c/sup\u003eK ranged from 21.17\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.11 Bq/kg to 142.62\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.11 Bq/kg. The sample locations were high in \u003csup\u003e40\u003c/sup\u003eK, which could reflect this locality's soil fertility. Potassium-40 is a health hazard that results in cell damage due to ionizing radiation from radioactive decay, with the potential to induce cancer subsequently.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe main natural radionuclides had been identified and quantified. The results showed \u003csup\u003e232\u003c/sup\u003eTh and \u003csup\u003e40\u003c/sup\u003eK predominance in the sampling sites. The distribution of \u003csup\u003e238\u003c/sup\u003eU, \u003csup\u003e232\u003c/sup\u003eTh, and \u003csup\u003e40\u003c/sup\u003eK in soil samples are expressed in Figs.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig1\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e,\u003cspan refid=\"Fig2\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e and \u003cspan refid=\"Fig3\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab1\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 1\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eActivity Concentration of\u003c/b\u003e \u003csup\u003e\u003cb\u003e238\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e\u003cb\u003eU\u003c/b\u003e, \u003csup\u003e\u003cb\u003e232\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e\u003cb\u003eTh\u003c/b\u003e, \u003csup\u003e\u003cb\u003e40\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e\u003cb\u003eK in Soil Samples\u003c/b\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"4\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSample\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eLocations\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003csup\u003e238\u003c/sup\u003eU(Bq/kg)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003csup\u003e232\u003c/sup\u003eTh (Bq/kg)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003csup\u003e40\u003c/sup\u003eK(Bq/kg)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eA1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e25.54\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.02\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e62.34\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.55\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e530.46\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;2.50\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eA2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e26.67\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.17\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e75.04\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.87\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e424.41\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.40\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eA3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e22.87\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.16\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e63.96\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.19\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e434.63\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;2.18\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eA4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.06\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e57.46\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.42\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e425.21\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.58\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eA5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e19.12\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;2.04\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e70.48\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.51\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e526.07\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;2.78\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eA6\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e18.36\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.17\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e82.41\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.12\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e640.83\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;2.57\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eA7\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e27.78\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.28\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e81.11\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e526.51\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.57\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eA8\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e30.92\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.10\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e77.04\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.10\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e552.71\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;2.53\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eA9\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e29.74\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.26\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e65.33\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.26\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e436.39\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;2.37\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eA10\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e25.46\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.64\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e71.37\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e421.07\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;2.24\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eMean\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e24.15\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.33\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e70.65\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.55\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e492.03\u0026nbsp;\u0026plusmn;2.17\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eWorld Average (UNESCEAR,2000)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e35\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e30\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e400\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cb\u003eTable\u0026nbsp;2: Activity Concentrations of\u003c/b\u003e \u003csup\u003e\u003cb\u003e238\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e\u003cb\u003eU\u003c/b\u003e, \u003csup\u003e\u003cb\u003e232\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e\u003cb\u003eTh, and\u003c/b\u003e \u003csup\u003e\u003cb\u003e40\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e\u003cb\u003eK in Plant Samples.\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cimg 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\" width=\"561\" height=\"443\"\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec12\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e3.1. Radiological parameters\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThis present study has shown that the study area has a relatively high concentration of \u003csup\u003e232\u003c/sup\u003eTh and \u003csup\u003e40\u003c/sup\u003eK. Thus, radiological risks were calculated using radiological parameters and values obtained were compared to international standards. Tables\u0026nbsp;3 show the results.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eRadium equivalent Raeq calculated using the activity concentrations of \u003csup\u003e238\u003c/sup\u003e U, \u003csup\u003e232\u003c/sup\u003eTh, and \u003csup\u003e40\u003c/sup\u003e K varied between 144.76Bq/kg and 181.04 Bq/kg. The mean values of Raeq was 159.71 Bq/kg, which was below the threshold value of 370 Bq/Kg. This indicates that there was no harmful effect due to ionizing radiation in the study area.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eTables\u0026nbsp;3 show that the minimum value of the absorbed gamma dose rate (D\u003csub\u003eR\u003c/sub\u003e) obtained was equal to 67.45\u0026#120578;Gy/h. In contrast, the maximum value was equal to 85.17. The mean value of D\u003csub\u003eR\u003c/sub\u003e in this study was 74.50\u0026#120578;Gy/h, slightly lower than the recommended maximum limit value of 84\u0026#120578;Gy/h. The annual effective dose equivalent (AEDE) values ranged from 0.37mSv/y to 0.52mSv/y, with a mean value of 0.46mSv/y, which is less than the recommended value of 0.48mSv/y (Table\u0026nbsp;3).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe annual gonadal dose equivalent (AGDE) ranged from 420.23 \u0026#120583;Sv/y to 650.20 \u0026#120583;Sv/y, and the mean value was 529.45\u0026#120583;Sv/y, which was far lower than the recommended value of 1000\u0026#120583;Sv/y. Internal hazard risk ranged from 0.39 to 0.57 with a mean value of 0.50. External hazard risk ranged from 0.35 to 0.50 with a mean value of 0.44. These values were below standard limits of 1.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eELCR values were higher than the recommended 2.90 \u0026times; 10\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;4\u003c/sup\u003e in most sampling points. The radiological risk assessment revealed that the values of excess lifetime cancer risk (ELCR) were significantly higher than the recommended value. Hence, there is a risk of cancer in the location. This agreed with Beogo \u003cem\u003eet al.\u003c/em\u003e (2019), who reported the average ELCR value higher than the recommended value in the study area with more cancer cases in the locality.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cb\u003eTable\u0026nbsp;3: Radiation Hazard Indices of Soil Samples\u003c/b\u003e \u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cimg 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\" width=\"656\" height=\"470\"\u003e\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"4.0 Conclusion","content":"\u003cp\u003eThe Activity concentrations of radionuclides in the soil\u0026rsquo;s samples showed that \u003csup\u003e238\u003c/sup\u003eU had a lower value than the world average, while \u003csup\u003e232\u003c/sup\u003eTh and \u003csup\u003e40\u003c/sup\u003eK had higher values than the world average.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eFrom the present study, ELCR was higher in almost all the sampling points than the recommended value of 2.9 X 10\u0026thinsp;\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;4. This implies that there would be a cancer risk due to radionuclides in the location before phytoremediation. This study revealed that there is risk of cancer in the study area hence, there is need for proper monitoring.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Declarations","content":"\u003ch2\u003e5.0 Funding\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThis research work does not receive any funding.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe authors declare that Ethics, Consent to Participate, and Consent to publish this work are not applicable.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.0 Data Availability Statement\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAll data generated or analyzed during this study are included in this manuscript\u003c/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eAuthor Contribution\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eAdetola O.O conducted the field work including sample collections, Olayinka O.O (Professor) Prepared the methodology and also proof reading of the final manuscript, Okeyode C.I (Professor) did the physics calculations and also corrected the references.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"References","content":"\u003col\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eAlexandre Z.. Evaluation of Radionuclide Stimulated Therapy response in a preclinical multiple myeloma model. Jour Nucl Med. 2022;63(2):4063\u0026ndash;72. Samuel, A..\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eBeogo CE, Cisse OI, Kanazoe AR, Maiga AR, Zougmore F. Preliminary results measuring gamma dose rate distribution in North Eastern Burkina Faso where the concentration of uranium in the soil is elevated. Intl J Appl Nat Sci. 2019;8:1\u0026ndash;8.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eIRSN, Recommendation 2007 de la commission international de protection radiologique, ICRP, 2009.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eMajid A, Gholamreza L, Alireza YB, Mohammad G. Blastability Evaluation for Rock Mass Fragmentation in Iran Central Iron Ore Mines. Inter J Min Sci Tech. 2015;25(1):59\u0026ndash;66.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eNdejjo R, Musinguzi G, Yu X, Buregyeya E, Musoke D, Wang J. et.al. 2015. Occupational Health Hazards among Healthcare Workers in Kampala, Uganda. J Environ Publ Health, 1\u0026ndash;9.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eOggeri C, Fenoglio TM, Godio A, Vanai R. Overburden Management in Open Pits: Options and Limits in Large Limestone Quarries. Inter J Min Sci Tech. 2019;29(2):217\u0026ndash;28.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eOyinloye MA, Olofinyo BO. Environmental Impact of Quarry Activities on Resident of Akure Region, Nigeria. Scirea J Environ. 2017;2(2):11\u0026ndash;29.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eUnited Nations Scientific Committee on the Effects of Atomic Radiation (UNSCEAR). Sources and Effects of Ionizing Radiation (Report to the General Assembly). New York: United Nations; 2000.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eUSEPA. Radiation Protection: Radionuclide Basics: Thorium. Washington, DC: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency; 2015.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eUNSESCO. Sources and Effects of Ionizing Radiation. Report to General Assembly, with Scientific Annexes. New York: United Nations; 2000.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003c/ol\u003e"}],"fulltextSource":"","fullText":"","funders":[],"hasAdminPriorityOnWorkflow":false,"hasManuscriptDocX":true,"hasOptedInToPreprint":true,"hasPassedJournalQc":"","hasAnyPriority":false,"hideJournal":true,"highlight":"","institution":"","isAcceptedByJournal":false,"isAuthorSuppliedPdf":false,"isDeskRejected":"","isHiddenFromSearch":false,"isInQc":false,"isInWorkflow":false,"isPdf":false,"isPdfUpToDate":true,"isWithdrawnOrRetracted":false,"journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"researchsquare","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"/submission","title":"Research Square","twitterHandle":"researchsquare","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"","reportingPortfolio":"","inReviewEnabled":false,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true},"keywords":"Radionuclides, Health Risk, Chromolaena odorata, Quarry Soil, Cancer risk","lastPublishedDoi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-6041965/v1","lastPublishedDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-6041965/v1","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"},"manuscriptAbstract":"\u003cp\u003eRadionuclides are quarry pollutants produced during the crushing of rocks and have been reported to cause severe health effects in the environment. This study assessed the health risk associated with \u003cem\u003eChromolaena odorata\u003c/em\u003e in soils polluted with radionuclides from quarry site in Ibadan, Oyo state. Soil and plant samples (10 each) were collected from different sampling points making (20 samples) in the quarry site and control. The soil and plant samples were quantified for radionuclides (\u003csup\u003e238\u003c/sup\u003eU, \u003csup\u003e232\u003c/sup\u003eTh, and \u003csup\u003e40\u003c/sup\u003eK) using standard procedures, Gamma-ray Spectroscopy Coupled NaI Detector was used. Health risk assessments were estimated for radionuclides vis-a-vis external hazard index, internal hazard index, excess lifetime cancer risk (ELCR). Data obtained were subjected to descriptive (Mean\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;SD) and inferential (Anova) statistics. The concentrations of radionuclides detected in soils were within the WHO allowable limits, except for \u003csup\u003e232\u003c/sup\u003eTh and \u003csup\u003e40\u003c/sup\u003eK which were slightly higher than the permissible limit. However, the health risk assessment values revealed that ELCR was higher in almost all the sampling points than the recommended value of 2.9\u0026times;10\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;4\u003c/sup\u003e, this implies that there would be a risk of cancer due to radionuclides in the location.\u003c/p\u003e","manuscriptTitle":"Health Risk assessment of Radionuclides Contaminated Quarry soils using Chromolaena odorata from Ratcon Quarry Oyo State South West Nigeria","msid":"","msnumber":"","nonDraftVersions":[{"code":1,"date":"2025-04-07 09:41:20","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-6041965/v1","editorialEvents":[{"type":"communityComments","content":0}],"status":"published","journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"researchsquare","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"/submission","title":"Research Square","twitterHandle":"researchsquare","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"","reportingPortfolio":"","inReviewEnabled":false,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true}}],"origin":"","ownerIdentity":"30894463-ca40-41c0-a98d-3e17cec487df","owner":[],"postedDate":"April 7th, 2025","published":true,"recentEditorialEvents":[],"rejectedJournal":[],"revision":"","amendment":"","status":"posted","subjectAreas":[],"tags":[],"updatedAt":"2025-04-18T13:08:33+00:00","versionOfRecord":[],"versionCreatedAt":"2025-04-07 09:41:20","video":"","vorDoi":"","vorDoiUrl":"","workflowStages":[]},"version":"v1","identity":"rs-6041965","journalConfig":"researchsquare"},"__N_SSP":true},"page":"/article/[identity]/[[...version]]","query":{"redirect":"/article/rs-6041965","identity":"rs-6041965","version":["v1"]},"buildId":"8U1c8b4HqxoKbykW_rLl7","isFallback":false,"isExperimentalCompile":false,"dynamicIds":[84888],"gssp":true,"scriptLoader":[]}