Bridging the Knowledge Gap: A Study of Non-Communicable Disease Awareness and Risk Factors Among University Students in Yemen.

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Saleh Ba-Haj, Amen Bawazir, Ahlam Bin-Briak, Abeer Ba-Haj This is a preprint; it has not been peer reviewed by a journal. https://doi.org/ 10.21203/rs.3.rs-8158099/v1 This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License Status: Posted Version 1 posted You are reading this latest preprint version Abstract Background Non-communicable diseases (NCDs) are a major global public health concern and are rapidly becoming the leading causes of morbidity and premature mortality, particularly in low- and middle-income countries. Objective This study aimed to assess the knowledge of major NCDs and their behavioral risk factors among students at Hadhramout University in Mukalla City, Yemen. Methods A descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted between November and December 2023 using a pre-tested, self-administered questionnaire. A multistage cluster sampling method selected 422 undergraduate students from various colleges of Hadhramout University. Data were analyzed using SPSS version 23, and a p-value of < 0.05 was considered statistically significant. Results More than half (56.4%) of the participants had poor general knowledge of NCDs. While most recognized smoking and alcohol as risk factors, 40% were unaware that NCDs are non-communicable. Additionally, 35.3% did not identify physical inactivity, and 42.4% did not recognize fast food consumption as risk factors. About 51.7% were unaware that premature death is a complication of NCDs. Furthermore, 68.2% either did not know or gave incorrect responses regarding the recommended duration of weekly moderate physical activity, and 38.4% were unaware that screening helps prevent NCDs. The internet was reported as the primary source of information. Conclusion The findings reveal inadequate knowledge and awareness of NCDs and their risk factors among university students. Strengthening health education and awareness programs is crucial to enhance understanding and promote preventive behaviors. Epidemiology Knowledge NCDs risk factors University students Yemen Introduction Non-communicable diseases (NCDs), including cardiovascular diseases, diabetes, cancer, and chronic respiratory diseases, are chronic conditions that develop progressively, often influenced by personal lifestyle behaviors [ 1 , 2 ]. NCDs now represent the leading public health challenge worldwide, accounting for a greater burden of morbidity and mortality than all other causes combined, with CVDs causing 17.9 million deaths annually, followed by cancer (9.3 million), respiratory diseases (4.1 million), and diabetes (1.5 million) [ 3 ]. These diseases are marked by complex causes, multiple risk factors, and a prolonged latency period [ 4 ], and they have deeply impacted the socio-economic stability of both individuals and countries, particularly low- and middle-income countries (LMICs) [ 5 ]. The World Health Organization (WHO) has classified NCDs among the top ten global health threats of 2019 [ 6 ], highlighting their growing importance on international health agendas. Globally, NCDs are responsible for approximately 41 million deaths annually, about 74% of total global mortality, with the highest burden occurring in LMICs [ 7 ]. Cardiovascular diseases alone account for 17.9 million deaths each year, followed by cancer (9.3 million), chronic respiratory diseases (4.1 million), and diabetes (1.5 million) [ 8 ]. Furthermore, in the Middle East and North Africa (MENA) region, 66.5% of deaths are attributed to NCDs [ 9 ]. The principal risk factors such as tobacco use, unhealthy diet, physical inactivity, and excessive alcohol consumption, are largely modifiable behaviors [ 10 , 11 ]. These, coupled with the economic toll from disability and the high cost of chronic disease management, exacerbate poverty and undermine sustainable development goals [ 10 , 12 ]. The rise in NCDs has profound implications not only for health systems but also for economic growth, social stability, and public policy planning, creating an urgent need for preventive action and effective management strategies [ 10 ]. International research has highlighted varying levels of public knowledge about NCDs: high awareness was reported in Malaysia (81.2%) [ 12 ], while lower levels were observed in Bangladesh (57.9%) [ 13 ], Spain (46.7%) [ 14 ], Saudi Arabia (43.8%) [ 15 ], and Sri Lanka (43%) [ 16 ]. These disparities emphasize the importance of local studies to understand context-specific gaps in knowledge and prevention practices. In Yemen, like other LMICs, NCDs represent a major health burden, accounting for an estimated 163,000 deaths annually and contributing to over 67% of premature mortality [ 2 ]. According to the WHO 2018 report, 57% of deaths in Yemen are attributable to NCDs, with cardiovascular diseases responsible for 33%, cancers for 6%, chronic respiratory diseases for 4%, and diabetes for 2% [ 2 ]. Yemen’s fragile healthcare system faces significant challenges in addressing NCDs, further worsened by ongoing political instability and limited health resources [ 17 ]. Despite the critical burden of NCDs in Yemen, limited research has explored public knowledge and awareness of NCDs and their risk factors, particularly among younger populations Despite this burden, Yemen’s healthcare system struggles with limited resources and data on NCD knowledge and risk factors, particularly among young populations [ 9 , 18 ]. Early identification and prevention of NCD risk factors through knowledge and behavioral change interventions are vital strategies in mitigating future health impacts. However, there remains a notable research gap regarding NCD awareness among university students in Yemen. To the best of our knowledge, this study is the first to examine knowledge of NCDs and their associated risk factors among students at Hadhramout University in Mukalla City, Hadhramout Governorate. It aims to assess both the level of knowledge and the preventive practices undertaken by university students. Findings from this study are expected to inform targeted health promotion strategies and support the design of effective interventions to curb the NCD burden among young adults in Yemen. Methodology Ethical Consideration This study adhered to strict ethical guidelines. Verbal informed consent was obtained from all participants, detailing the study’s purpose, procedures, risks, and benefits. Participants were assured of their voluntary participation and the right to withdraw at any point. Data privacy was protected through secure storage, limited access to authorized personnel, and anonymization via unique identifiers. The research received ethical approval from the IRB of College of Medicine at Hadhramout University (Ref. No: IRB23-040, date: 21 April 2023). Study Design and Settings A cross-sectional design was used to measure the level of awareness of level of knowledge and the preventive practices among students in Hadhramout University, Mukalla, Yemen. Al Mukalla city is the capital of Hadhramout Governorate, bordering the Gulf of Aden and the Arabian Sea [ 19 ], the biggest governorate in space in Yemen, with a currently estimated population of 1028556 inhabitants, according to the results of the 2004 population census [ 20 ]. Study population: Inclusion/Exclusion Criteria All students both male and female, were enrolled in Hadhramout University during the academic year 2023–2024 were eligible to be enrolled in this study from five randomly selected colleges. However, those who were not present in the day of study or those who refuse to participate were excluded. Hadhramout University, established in 1993 with eleven colleges. Sample Size Raosoft sample size calculator was used to determine the minimum required sample size [ 21 ]. Based on the calculation with a 5% margin of error, a 95% confidence level and a 50% prevalence rate of awareness with NCDs was estimated. The effective sample size calculated was 384, however, 10% (= 38) was added to the sample size, yielding a larger sample size of 422 students was eventually included in the study. Sample Technique A multistage sampling method was used, first stratifying randomly selected colleges from the university list obtained from the registry in the department of student affair Hadhramout university. Five colleges from a pool of 11 colleges were chosen, two from applied science and three from humanitarian science. The sample was then proportionally allocated to each college: Engineering and Petroleum (152 students), Administrative Sciences (130 students), College of Law (34 students), Computers and Information Technology (60 students), and Women's College (46 students). Second step two departments were selected randomly from each chosen college as the following: Engineering and Petroleum from Architectural Engineering, Chemical Engineering (65), Civil Engineering, Computer Engineering, Electronic Engineering, and Petroleum Engineering (87); Women's College: departments with Islamic studies, Kindergarten, Social work (24), Fine art, and English language (22); the Administrative Sciences College comprises the following departments: Business Administration (60), Accounting (70), Banking and Finance, Management Information Systems, and Marketing (34); The Computers and Information Technology College encompasses the departments of Information Technology (45), and Computer Science (15). Consequently, the sample size for each college was distributed proportionally among the selected departments. The third step selection of first and fourth levels purposely from each department with first ascertain the number of students at each level within each department was used. A convenience sampling was employed to select participants based on accessibility and willingness to participate on campus, continuing until the required sample size was met. The sample also proportionally reflected gender distribution according to official statistics, with female student ratios varying across institutions. Data Collection Instrument A structured, paper-based, self-administered questionnaire was used to collect data, across different colleges at the university campus. The WHO STEPwise approach to NCD risk factor surveillance (STEPS) questionnaire was used [ 22 ], supplemented by a review of previous studies on similar topics [ 23 , 24 ]. This in-person approach ensured direct participant engagement, comprehensive responses, and efficient data collection. Data collection was conducted from September 2023 to June 2024 by a team of five trained student’s data collectors (three male and two female) from the College of Medicine at Hadhramout University, who followed standardized protocols for accuracy and consistency. It was piloted among 5% of the sample (21 students). The questionnaire was then reviewed and assessed by 3 subject experts for its content, design, relevance, readability, and comprehension. A content validity ration (CVR) was calculated for each domain, and all domains reported 0.71 for knowledge domain, 0.79 for prevention domain, and 0.72 for practice domain for Cronbach alpha coefficient score. No domains with less than 0.07 were found, thus no need for reviewing the questions. The final version of the questionnaire comprised 44 questions, structured into five main sections: sociodemographic characteristics of 8 questions including age, gender, marital status, residency, parents' education level, college affiliation, course of study, and year of study. Knowledge about four main non-communicable diseases, include 12 questions like those related to cardiovascular disease, respiratory disease, cancer, and diabetes. Other 11 questions were generated to assess the level of participants' knowledge on the main behavioral risk factors for NCDs, including tobacco use, unhealthy diet, physical inactivity, and alcohol consumption. Other questions were focus on the perceptions of the participants on the seriousness of the NCDs (6 questions). Moreover, 7 questions were focused on the level of preventive activities for NCDs practiced by the participants. And finally, 6 questions related to the source of information used to receive information on NCDs. All questions in this survey were scored with a binary system, where incorrect or uncertain (“No, or don’t know”) responses received a score of 0, while correct answers were awarded 1 point. To account for unfavorable statements, scores for such items were inverted during analysis. Therefore, the knowledge section had a possible score range of 0–12, while knowledge on the main behavioral risk factors section ranged from 0–11, and the NCDs’ level of preventive activities section had a possible score range of 0–7. These raw scores were standardized to a 0–100 scale (0 = worst, 100 = best) to enable uniform interpretation across domains. Criteria for correct/incorrect answers were determined through prior literature and expert validation during questionnaire development. This scoring framework ensured consistency in evaluating participants’ NCDs awareness, aligning with established methodologies to enhance reliability and comparability of results. The survey assessed awareness and misconceptions about non-communicable diseases (NCDs) by asking respondents whether they had heard of NCDs and their understanding of specific conditions as primary NCD types, including diabetes, coronary heart disease, chronic obstructive disease, and cancer. They were also questioned on whether tuberculosis and HIV/AIDS are considered NCDs. Additional inquiries focused on whether NCDs can spread from person to person, if NCDs are considered a public health problem in Yemen, whether NCDs are viewed as serious health conditions, and if they primarily occur in older adults. The survey assessed the perceived behavioral risk factors for NCDs by inquiring about the role of smoking, physical inactivity, a sedentary lifestyle, alcohol consumption, and the consumption of processed food, fast food, and excess salt. Additionally, it explored the understanding of obesity and overweight as risk factors for NCDs, and the detrimental health effects of both active and passive smoking. The survey evaluated participants' knowledge of preventive aspects related to non-communicable diseases (NCDs). It included questions on whether they were aware that NCDs are chronic conditions and can be life-threatening. Additionally, the survey assessed knowledge about specific complications associated with NCDs, such as stroke, intracranial bleeding, heart disease, and premature death, to determine the extent of awareness regarding the serious consequences of these diseases. The participants' responses were aggregated, transformed into percentages, and then analyzed to determine a cut-off point for the three domains (knowledge of NCDs, risk factors, and preventive activities). Scores below the cut-off point were considered low performers and established study frameworks [ 25 ]. This benchmark aligned with measures used in some studies and mirrored methodologies in prior research [ 26 , 27 ], ensuring methodological consistency and contextual relevance. For example, the median value of 72.7% cutoff provided an objective classification of “sufficient” (scores > 72.7%) or “insufficient” (scores ≤ 72.6%) outcomes, enhancing interpretability for the overall level of knowledge of the participants regarding NCDs. The median value of 80% was used as the cut-off point to determine the good level knowledge of risk factors and preventive activities of NCDs. Moreover, the cut-off scores (median) of the perceptions on seriousness of the NCDs was 66.7%. Therefore, good scores were considered if the total score was ≥ than the median, while poor was defined if the total score was less than the median. Source of information about NCDs was defined as participants exposed to information from the internet, family members, TV and radio, newspapers, health workers, and posters. For obtaining anthropometric measurements for each participants, five trained research staff were used to collect the weight and height measurements of all participants where they prepared in a barefoot, with relaxed shoulders and arms hanging freely. A calibrated digital electronic scale (SECA type) was used and it was re-calibrated after each three measurements. Body weight was measured to the nearest 0.1 kg (100 grams), while body height was measured to the nearest 0.1 cm. The Body Mass Index (BMI) was calculated for each participant using the formula: BMI = weight (kg)/height (m squared), and then classified into four weight categories using the World Health Organization's recommended criteria as the BMI < 18.5 was considered as Underweight; BMI 18.5–24.9 as normal weight, BMI 25.0–29.9 as overweight, and BMI ≥ 30.0 was considered as Obese [ 28 ]. Regarding the cut-off value for good knowledge of diet and physical activity was taken from WHO nutrient and physical activity guidelines [ 29 ]. Definition of physical exercise activity level was assessed based on those who gave a positive response [ 22 , 30 ]. Quality Assurance The questionnaire was initially written in English; then, with the assistance of a language expert, it was translated into the regional tongue (Arabic) and then back into English to maintain consistency. Although the dataset contained minimal missing values, specifically about ten instances within the NCD prevention assessment, mean imputation was employed to address these gaps. This approach ensured the integrity and completeness of the analysis. Data Presentation and Analysis All the questionnaires were reviewed before entering the data into the analysis program. Statistical analysis was done using a statistical package for the social sciences (SPSS) v.26.0. (Armonk, NY, USA: IBM Corp) to generate tables and charts. Results were expressed as percentages, means, and standard deviations (SD) accordingly. The Shapiro–Wilk test was used to assess normality assumptions, as it is reliable for small samples and can detect normality deviations precisely. This study used Pearson’s Chi-Square test to explore the relationship between knowledge, and prevention with demographic factors, after confirming the test’s assumptions, notably that expected cell frequencies were above five. A p-value of less than 0.05 was considered statistically significant for interpreting the findings. Results Demographic Characteristics: As depicted in Table 1 , among the 422 participants involved in this study, the majority of participants were in the age group 23–26 years old (52.1%), males (64.2%), residing in urban areas (79.6%), and the vast majority were single students (93.1%). The distribution across different colleges reveals that the Engineering and Patrol college has the highest representation with 152 students (36.0%), followed by Administrative Sciences (130 students, 30.8%). In terms of the academic year, the participants are nearly evenly split between first-year students (208 individuals, 49.3%) and fourth/final-year students (214 individuals, 50.7%). When it came to the fathers' education tends to be secondary (37.4%), while mothers' education leans more toward primary (28.2%), with a notable proportion having received a university education. Table 1 Sociodemographic characteristics of the participants in Mukalla city, Yemen 2023: Variables Categories No. % Age of students < 23 Years 202 47.9 23–26 Years 220 52.1 Sex of students Male 271 64.2 Female 151 35.8 Resident of students Urban 336 79.6 Rural 86 20.4 Marital status Single 393 93.1 Divorced/Separated/Married 29 6.9 Body Mass Index Low 99 23.5 Normal 228 54.0 Overweight 68 16.1 Obese 27 6.4 College of students Engineer and Patrol 152 36.0 Women college 46 10.9 Computer Science and Information Technology 60 14.2 Administrative Sciences 130 30.8 Law 34 8.1 Academic year First-Year Student 208 49.3 Fourth/Final Year Student 214 50.7 Fathers’ education Read and Write or Less 67 15.9 Primary 51 12.1 Secondary 158 37.4 University 146 34.6 Mothers’ education Read and Write or Less 130 30.8 Primary 119 28.2 Secondary 124 29.4 University 49 11.6 Table 2 , presents data on the level of knowledge regarding Non-Communicable Diseases (NCDs) among 422 participants. The majority (85.5%) of participants reported having heard about NCDs. When asked about the main types of NCDs, a significant portion identified diabetes (81.0%), coronary heart disease (75.1%), chronic respiratory disease (71.8%), and cancer (73.2%) as primary types. However, fewer participants recognized tuberculosis (50.7%) and HIV/AIDS (28.0%) as NCDs. Notably, a considerable proportion (67.5%) acknowledged NCDs as public health problems in Yemen, and a majority (70.1%) considered them serious conditions. Despite this, a significant number (58.1%) believed NCDs only occur in old age. Table 2 Level of knowledge on NCDs among the participants in Mukalla city, Yemen 2023: Variables Categories No. % Have you Heard about NCD? No 61 14.5 Yes 361 85.5 Is Diabetes the Main Type of NCD? No 80 19.0 Yes 342 81.0 Is Coronary Heart Disease the Main Type of NCD No 105 24.9 Yes 317 75.1 Is a Chronic Respiratory Disease the Main Type of NCD? No 119 28.2 Yes 303 71.8 Is Cancer the Main Type of NCD? No 113 26.8 Yes 309 73.2 Is Tuberculosis Being NCDs? No 208 49.3 Yes 214 50.7 Is HIV/AIDS included among the NCDs? No 304 72.0 Yes 118 28.0 Do you Know NCD Can Spread From Person to person? No 252 59.7 Yes 170 40.3 Are the NCD Public Health Problems in Yemen? No 137 32.5 Yes 284 67.5 Are the Diseases a Serious Condition No 126 29.9 Yes 296 70.1 Do the NCDs Occur in Old Age No 245 58.1 Yes 177 41.9 Table 3 , outlines the participants’ knowledge of risk factors for NCDs. The majority recognized key risk factors, with 79.4% identifying smoking, 79.6% obesity/overweight, 77.7% alcohol consumption, and 91.5% active smoking’s health impact as contributors to NCDs. Additionally, 74.2% acknowledged passive smoking’s harm to non-smokers, 67.1% noted excess salt intake, 64.7% physical inactivity, 60.4% processed food consumption, 57.6% fast food consumption, and 56.9% a sedentary lifestyle as risk factors. Table 3 Level of Knowledge of Risk factors leading to NCDs among participants in Mukalla city, Yemen 2023: Variables Categories No. % Is Smoking a risk factor for the development of NCDs? No 87 20.6 Yes 335 79.4 Is physical inactivity a risk factor for NCD? No 149 35.3 Yes 273 64.7 Is a sedentary lifestyle a risk factor for NCDs? No 182 43.1 Yes 240 56.9 alcohol consumed is a behavioral risk factor of NCDs? No 94 22.3 Yes 328 77.7 Consuming processed food is a risk factor for developing NCDs. No 167 39.6 Yes 255 60.4 Consuming fast food may lead to developing NCDs. No 179 42.4 Yes 243 57.6 Is Consuming excess salt a behavioral risk factor for NCDs? No 139 32.9 Yes 283 67.1 Are obesity and overweight a risk factor for NCDs? No 86 20.4 Yes 336 79.6 Does active smoking affect a person’s health? No 36 8.5 Yes 386 91.5 Is passive smoke can harm the health of people who do not smoke? No 109 25.8 Yes 313 74.2 Table 4 highlights participants’ perceptions of the seriousness of NCDs. The majority (67.3%) were aware that NCDs are chronic diseases, and 78.2% recognized them as potentially life-threatening. When asked about complications, 64.7% identified stroke and 66.8% recognized heart disease as possible consequences of NCDs. However, fewer participants recognized intracranial bleeding (47.2%) and premature death (48.3%) as NCD-related complications. Table 4 Level of perception of the seriousness of NCDs among participants in Mukalla city, Yemen 2023. Variables Categories No. % Do you know that NCDs are chronic diseases No 138 32.7 Yes 284 67.3 Do you know that NCDs can be life-threatening No 92 21.8 Yes 330 78.2 Is stroke complication of NCDs No 149 35.3 Yes 273 64.7 Is an intracranial bleeding complication of NCDS No 223 52.8 Yes 199 47.2 Is heart disease complication of NCDs No 140 33.2 Yes 282 66.8 Is a premature death complication of NCDS No 218 51.7 Yes 204 48.3 A significant majority (79.1%) recognized that NCDs are preventable (Table 5 ). Participants showed varying levels of awareness about specific preventive measures: doing physical exercise was widely acknowledged as a prevention method (68.0%), followed by eating a healthy diet (67.1%) and avoiding excess salt (56.6%). However, misconceptions were evident in responses to other measures, with nearly half of the participants failing to recognize avoiding alcohol consumption (43.8%) and timely screening (38.4%) as effective prevention strategies. Table 5 Knowledge of identification of preventive measures to avoid NCDs among participants in Mukalla city, Yemen 2023: Variables Categories No. % Are NCDs preventable No 88 20.9 Yes 334 79.1 Is Avoid alcohol drinking is prevention method for NCDs? No 185 43.8 Yes 237 56.2 Is doing physical exercise is prevention method for NCDs? No 135 32.0 Yes 287 68.0 Is Avoid excess salt is prevention method for NCDs? No 183 43.4 Yes 239 56.6 Is Eating a healthy diet is prevention method for NCDs? No 139 32.9 Yes 283 67.1 Is timely screening being prevention method for NCDs? No 162 38.4 Yes 260 61.6 Table 6 provides an overview of participants’ understanding, risk factor awareness, perception of severity, and involvement in preventive measures for non-communicable diseases (NCDs). The data indicate that knowledge of risk factors is relatively stronger, with 53.6% of participants demonstrating good awareness. However, substantial gaps exist in overall NCD knowledge, with 56.4% showing poor understanding, and in perception of NCD seriousness, where 60.0% had a limited grasp of the diseases’ severity. Engagement in prevention activities was closely divided, with 51.2% exhibiting negative attitudes toward preventive actions, compared to 48.8% displaying positive engagement, highlighting the need for enhanced education and intervention efforts. Table 6 Overall knowledge of NCDs, Risk Factors, perception of seriousness, and prevention activities among participants in Mukalla city, Yemen 2023: Variables Categories No. % The Overall Level of NCD Knowledge Poor 238 56.4 Good 184 43.6 The Level of Knowledge of NCD Risk Factors Poor 196 46.4 Good 226 53.6 The Level of perception of NCD Seriousness Poor 253 60.0 Good 169 40.0 The Level of NCD Prevention activities. Negative 216 51.2 Positive 206 48.80 Table 7 , outlines the sources of information about non-communicable diseases (NCDs) among participants. The internet was the predominant source, cited by 62.8% of participants, followed by other unspecified sources at 14.7% and family members at 13.7%. Health workers and television were less common, contributing only 5.0% and 3.8%, respectively. Table 7 Source of information regarding NCDs among participants in Mukalla city, Yemen 2023: Categories No. % Internet 172 62.8 Family member 58 13.7 Health worker 21 5.0 TV 16 3.8 Other 62 14.7 The findings from Tables 8 highlight the associations between poor knowledge level of NCDs, less perception on seriousness, low knowledge of risk factors, and insufficient preventive practices with sociodemographic characteristics of the participants in Mukalla city, Yemen 2023. Overall, no statistically significant associations were observed between most sociodemographic factors and knowledge of NCDs, their seriousness, risk factors, or preventive measures, as indicated by p-values > 0.05 in nearly all comparisons. However, one notable exception was found, where academic year showed a significant association (p = 0.026) with knowledge of preventive measures, suggesting that senior students may have more awareness of NCD prevention than their junior counterparts. Additionally, those whose mothers had university-level education appeared to show slightly better knowledge levels of the seriousness of NCDs (p = 0.019) Table 9 from the 2023 study in Mukalla City, Yemen, presents a regression analysis examining the association between sociodemographic characteristics and participants’ adequate knowledge, perception of seriousness, risk factor identification, and preventive measures for non-communicable diseases (NCDs). The main findings indicate limited significant associations across most variables. Notably, mothers’ primary education significantly predicts better overall NCD knowledge (OR = 2.067, 95% CI: 1.182–3.614, p = 0.011) and perception of seriousness (OR = 1.819, 95% CI: 1.038–3.189, p = 0.037), while university-level maternal education is associated with improved knowledge of preventive measures (OR = 2.184, 95% CI: 1.032–4.619, p = 0.041). Female participants show a higher perception of NCD seriousness (OR = 1.742, 95% CI: 1.025–2.960, p = 0.040). Fourth/final-year students have lower knowledge of risk factors compared to first-year students (OR = 0.144, 95% CI: 0.023–0.911, p = 0.040), and normal BMI is linked to better knowledge of preventive measures (OR = 1.803, 95% CI: 1.088–2.989, p = 0.022). No significant associations were found for age, residence, marital status, fathers’ education, or most college affiliations (p > 0.05). These findings suggest that maternal education, gender, academic year, and BMI play selective roles in NCD knowledge domains, with mothers’ education being a key influencer, highlighting the need for targeted educational interventions to address widespread knowledge gaps in Mukalla City. Table 8 Association between poor knowledge level of NCDs, less perception on seriousness, low knowledge of risk factors, and insufficient preventive practices with sociodemographic characteristics of the participants in Mukalla city, Yemen 2023: Variables Categories knowledge Perception on severity Poor risk factors preventive practices No. (%) No. (%) No. (%) No. (%) Age of students < 23 Years 109 (54.0) 125(61.9) 123(60.9) 95(47.0) 23–26 Years 129 (58.6) 128(58.2) 147(66.8) 121(55.0) Sex of students Male 153(56.5) 168(62.0) 176(64.9) 143(52.8) Female 85(56.3) 85(56.3) 94(62.3) 73(48.3) Resident of students Urban 187(55.7) 200(59.5) 218(64.9) 174(51.8) Rural 51(59.3) 53(61.6) 52(60.5) 42(48.8) Marital status Single 220(56.0) 237(60.3) 250(63.6) 199(50.6) Divorced/Married 18(62.1) 16(55.2) 20(69.0) 17(58.6) Body Mass Index Low 50(50.5) 54(54.5) 67(67.7) 59(59.6) Normal 133(58.3) 138(60.5) 147(64.5) 107(46.9) Overweight 40(58.8) 43(63.2) 39(57.4) 38(55.9) Obese 15(55.6) 18(66.7) 17(63.0) 12(44.4) College of students Engineer and Patrol 74(48.7) 85(55.9) 104(68.4) 80(52.6) Women college 28(60.9) 24(52.2) 35(76.1) 25(54.3) CS&IT 39(65.0) 40(66.7) 32(53.3) 33(55.0) Administrative Sciences 76(58.5) 80(61.5) 78(60.0) 60(46.2) Law 21(61.8) 24(70.6) 21(61.8) 18(52.9) Academic year First-Year 110(52.9) 127(61.1) 125(60.1( 95(45.7) Fourth/Final Year 128(59.8) 126(58.9) 145(67.8) 121(56.5) * Fathers’ education Read and Write or Less 41(61.2) 42(62.7) 46(68.7) 37(55.2) Primary 28(54.9) 33(64.7) 34(66.7) 26(51.0) Secondary 88(55.7) 94(59.5) 99(62.7) 77(48.7) University 81(55.5) 84(57.5) 91(62.3) 76(52.1) Mothers’ education Read and Write or Less 79(60.8) 85(65.4) 86(66.2) 77(59.2) Primary 65(54.6) 58(48.7) 79(66.4) 59(49.6) Secondary 72(58.1) 82(66.1) 73(58.9) 60(48.4) University 22(44.9) 28(57.1) ** 32(65.3) 20(40.8) CS&IT = Computer Science and Information Technology, *= p-value < 0.05, **= p-value < 0.01, Table 9 Regression analysis of participants' sociodemographic characteristics in relation to their adequate knowledge, identification of risk factors, and preventive measures for NCDs Variables Categories knowledge Perception risk factors preventive OR ; (95%CI) P-value OR ; (95%CI) P-value OR ; (95%CI) P-value 95%CI P-value Age < 23 Years R - R - R - R - 23–26 Years 2.494; (0.405–15.342) 0.324 2.270; (0.244–21.091) .471 4.791; (0.754–30.449) 0.097 0.229; (0.011–1.456) 0.911 Sex Male R - R - R - R - Female 1.439; (0.852–2.430) 0.174 1.742; (1.025–2.960) .040 1.402; (0.835–2.356) 0.201 1.447; (0.867–2.417) 0.158 Resident Urban R - R - .710; (0.417–1.210) 0.208 .763; (0.454–1.282) 0.307 Rural 1.096; (0.645–1.863) 0.735 .870; (0.513–1.477) .606 R - R - Marital status Single 0.827; (0.366–1.868) 0.648 1.085; (0.474–2.482) .847 1.275; (0.535–3.040) 0.584 1.379; (0.598–3.183) 0.451 Divorced/Married R - R - R - R - Body Mass Index Low R - R - R - R - Normal .764; (0.463–1.262) 0.293 .850; (0.509–1.421) .536 1.227; (0.724–2.079) 0.447 1.803; (1.088–2.989) 0.022 Overweight .651; (0.334–1.268) 0.207 .954; (0.486–1.871) .891 1.747; (0.889–3.435) 0.106 1.281; (0.660–2.487) 0.464 Obese .554; (0.216–1.418) 0.218 .731; (0.294–1.813) .499 1.346; (0.526–3.444) 0.535 1.931; (0.776–4.805) 0.157 College Engineer 1.950; (0.833–4.569) 0.124 1.242; (0.547–2.817) .604 .884; (0.391-2.000) 0.768 1.131; (0.510–2.508) 0.763 Women college 1.506; (0.546–4.151) 0.429 .659; (0.239–1.816) .420 .397; (0.136–1.155) 0.090 .708; (0.264–1.901) 0.493 CS&IT 1.188; (0.460–3.066) 0.722 .836; (0.337–2.078) .700 1.562; (0.639–3.818) 0.328 1.021; (0.421–2.476) 0.963 Admin Sciences 1.439; (0.619–3.346) 0.398 .780; (0.346–1.755) .548 1.186; (0.534–2.638) 0.675 1.408; (0.640–3.100) 0.395 Law R - R - R - R - Academic year First-Year R - R - R - R - Fourth/Final Year .461; (0.075–2.813) 0.401 .258; (0.028–2.379) .232 .144; (0.023-.911) 0.040 .082; (0.999–2.654) 0.284 Fathers’ education Read and Write R - R - R - R - Primary .688; (0.302–1.568) 0.374 .766; (0.343–1.711) .516 1.082; (0.470–2.493) 0.853 .982; (0.445–2.169) 0.965 Secondary .968; (0.502–1.866) 0.923 .798; (0.415–1.533) .498 1.198; (0.607–2.364) 0.602 1.014; (0.532–1.932) 0.966 University .968; (0.494–1.896) 0.925 .740; (0.379–1.445) .378 1.341; (0.669–2.689) 0.408 .875; (0.451–1.698) 0.694 Mothers’ education Read and Write R - R - R - R - Primary 2.067; (1.182–3.614) 0.011 1.819; (1.038–3.189) .037 .911; (0.511–1.622) 0.751 1.478; (0.848–2.573) 0.168 Secondary 1.01; (0.568–1.798) 0.972 1.591; (0.907–2.790) .105 1.175;(0.665–2.079) 0.578 1.474; (0.843–2.576) 0.174 University 1.41; (0.673–2.973) 0.361 1.570; (0.741–3.328) .239 1.021; (0.473–2.207) 0.957 2.184; (1.032–4.619) 0.041 CS&IT = Computer Science and Information Technology. R = Reference Discussion This pioneering study, the first to comprehensively assess Non-Communicable Diseases (NCDs) knowledge and risk factors among university students in Hadhramout, Yemen, reveals significant knowledge gaps despite a general awareness of these conditions. While 85.5% of participants had heard about NCDs, 56.4% demonstrated poor overall knowledge, aligning with modest levels reported in Saudi Arabia [ 15 ], and Sri Lanka [ 16 ], yet lower than Bangladesh [ 31 ] and higher than Malaysia [ 32 ]. Awareness of specific NCDs varied, with diabetes most recognized (aligning with Kenya [ 33 ], but lower than India [ 34 ], and awareness for coronary heart disease, chronic respiratory disease, and cancer falling below Tanzanian levels [ 35 ]. Misclassification was common for tuberculosis (50.7%) and HIV/AIDS (28.0%) as NCDs. This overall deficit implies a crucial lack of foundational understanding necessary for effective NCD prevention and management within this young adult population. Misconceptions are pervasive: only just over half correctly identified NCDs as non-contagious (similar to Nigeria [ 36 ], but contrasting Malaysia [ 12 ]), and 58.1% incorrectly believed NCDs affect exclusively older populations (an outdated notion given rising global incidence among young adults [ 11 , 37 ]). Importantly, risk factor knowledge was inconsistent. For instance, moderate recognition of key factors like smoking and obesity was seen. However, only two-thirds identified physical inactivity, and half recognized processed/fast foods as risk factors, contrasting with higher literacy rates in Nigeria [ 36 ] and Malaysia [ 32 ]. Only one-third were aware of WHO’s recommended physical activity guidelines (≥ 150 minutes/week) [ 38 , 39 ], and nearly half failed to associate fast food consumption with NCD development [ 40 , 41 ]. These results mirror findings from other low- and middle-income countries (LMICs) [ 2 , 42 ], where knowledge often does not translate into preventive behavior [ 13 , 14 ]. While modifiable risk factors such as smoking, alcohol use, and unhealthy diets were recognized by many, gaps persisted in knowledge about prevention methods. For example, fewer than half of the participants identified alcohol avoidance and regular screening as effective strategies, despite WHO emphasis on such interventions as "best buys" in NCD prevention [ 43 ]. The disconnect between awareness and actionable practices, such as dietary choices and physical activity, mirrors findings from other regional and global studies [ 44 , 45 ]. Despite 79.1% recognizing preventability, knowledge of specific preventive measures like alcohol avoidance and timely screening was poor, and nearly half exhibited negative attitudes. These findings underscore the direct link between poor diet, sedentary behavior, and rising NCD prevalence [ 39 , 46 ]. The internet was cited by two-thirds as the main NCD information source, highlighting its potential for targeted health campaigns, though accuracy challenges exist [ 27 , 28 ]. Conversely, limited consultation with healthcare workers suggests missed opportunities for structured health education, despite evidence that professional guidance improves knowledge [ 29 , 47 ]. Sociodemographic factors influenced knowledge, with maternal education positively correlating with NCD knowledge and preventive practices [ 5 ]. Students whose mothers had primary or university-level education exhibiting better awareness. This emphasizes the role of family in shaping health knowledge in culturally rooted settings like Yemen. Females showed a higher perception of NCD seriousness. These patterns align with findings from Saudi Arabia [ 15 ] and Sri Lanka [ 16 ], though they differ from those in Nigeria and Malaysia, where male students showed relatively stronger awareness [ 32 , 36 ]. Surprisingly, final-year students being expected to have greater awareness, they reported lower knowledge levels than first-year students, an observation that warrants further investigation into the academic progression of health education. While the regression analysis showed no statistically significant associations for overall NCD knowledge with many demographic factors (age, sex, residence, college attended, parental education), this might be due to weak relationships or unmeasured confounders. University students are an ideal population for interventions due to habit formation at this life stage [ 37 ], offering a unique window for targeted strategies given the global burden of NCDs and modifiable risk factors [ 46 , 48 , 49 ]. The high sedentary rates (80%) and regional smoking prevalence (Saudi 16–17% [ 50 , 51 ]) further underscore this need. Combating NCDs requires addressing implementation gaps [ 52 ] through multi-sectoral action plans, mirroring successful initiatives like Pacific MANA [ 53 ] and WHO "best buys" [ 43 ]. Strength of the Study A major strength of this study is its novelty, it is the first to systematically assess NCD awareness among university students in Hadhramout. The relatively large and homogenous sample enhances internal validity and allows for meaningful analysis of knowledge levels across different academic years and faculties. The use of validated questions and comparison with regional and global literature provides a strong foundation for understanding local gaps in NCD knowledge. Limitations However, several limitations must be acknowledged. The cross-sectional design precludes causal inference and limits the ability to assess temporal changes in knowledge or behavior. The study was also limited to a single university in Mukalla, restricting the generalizability of findings to other regions in Yemen. Self-reported data may have been influenced by recall bias, particularly regarding lifestyle behaviors such as diet and physical activity. Additionally, while the regression analysis found no statistically significant associations for overall NCD knowledge with some sociodemographic factors, this could be due to the presence of weak relationships or unmeasured confounding variables. Conclusion This study underscores the urgent need to enhance NCD knowledge and promote preventive behaviors among university students in Yemen. Despite general awareness, critical misconceptions persist, particularly regarding risk factors and prevention strategies. These findings align with global trends in LMICs and highlight the importance of early, targeted education. To address these critical gaps and promote healthier lifestyles, targeted educational interventions are urgently needed. By adopting a multi-sectoral approach that includes families, universities, and health authorities, Yemen can better equip its youth to manage and prevent NCDs, contributing to long-term public health improvements. These programs should leverage accessible digital platforms, actively involve healthcare providers to enhance awareness, and integrate comprehensive NCD education into university curricula. Furthermore, establishing a robust NCD surveillance system is essential for data-driven prevention and control strategies, advocating for a multi-faceted approach involving education, policy reforms, and community engagement to foster sustainable improvements in public health outcomes. Declarations Ethical Approval : This research was approved by the Research Ethical Approval Committee (REC) at Hadhramout University Ref: (Ref: CM/REC/46/2024). An informed consent to participate was obtained from all of the participants in the study. The study also adhered to the Declaration of Helsinki. Conflict of Interest: No conflict of interest Source of funds No financial budget Informed Consent Statement : Applicable with in the questionnaire Conflicts of Interest: The authors declare no conflicts of interest. Funding: This research received no external funding. Author contributions: Conceptualization and Design: A.B, A.S, and S.B developed the overall framework and methodology for this study. Literature Review: AB, SB, and AS conducted initial research and selected relevant studies. Data Management: All authors (A.B, S.B, A.S, and A.A) contributed to gathering and organizing the data. Supervision: A.S oversaw the entire research process. Data Analysis and Interpretation: AB, and SB analyzed the data and concluded. Manuscript Development: A.B and S.B contributed to refining the manuscript's scientific content. AB, SA, AS made final revisions. Approval: All authors reviewed and approved the final manuscript and take responsibility for its content and originality. The manuscript has been read and approved by all the authors, that the requirements for authorship as stated earlier in this document have been met, and that each author believes that the manuscript represents honest work, Acknowledgments: The authors express sincere gratitude to Hadhramout University for their invaluable support, which greatly assisted in overcoming numerous logistical challenges encountered during data collection. Data availability: The datasets generated and/or analyzed during the current study are available from the corresponding author upon reasonable request. Data Availability Statement: The datasets generated and/or analyzed during the current study are available from the corresponding author upon reasonable request. References Wagner K-H, Brath H (2012) A global view on the development of non communicable diseases. Prev Med 54. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ypmed.2011.11.012 . S38-S41 WHO (2018) Noncommunicable diseases country profiles 2018. 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Natl J Community Med 9(06):443–447 Alali WQ, Longenecker JC, Alwotyan R, AlKandari H, Al-Mulla F, Al Duwairi QJES et al (2021) Prevalence of smoking in the Kuwaiti adult population in 2014: a cross-sectional study. 28:10053–10067. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-020-11464-x SPC. Pacific Legislative Framework for Non-Communicable Diseases, Suva F (2021) Pacific Community; https://www.who.int/docs/default-source/wpro---documents/dps/phmm-phoh-documents/14th-phmm/ncds-annex-2-english.pdf?sfvrsn=8a8e06ae_3 Additional Declarations The authors declare no competing interests. Cite Share Download PDF Status: Posted Version 1 posted You are reading this latest preprint version Research Square lets you share your work early, gain feedback from the community, and start making changes to your manuscript prior to peer review in a journal. As a division of Research Square Company, we’re committed to making research communication faster, fairer, and more useful. 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Mukalla, Yemen","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Saleh","middleName":"","lastName":"Ba-Haj","suffix":""},{"id":547714321,"identity":"07734521-85b9-412b-ad4b-872c4aa07091","order_by":1,"name":"Amen Bawazir","email":"data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAZAAAAAyAQMAAABI0h/eAAAABlBMVEX///8AAABVwtN+AAAACXBIWXMAAA7EAAAOxAGVKw4bAAAA0UlEQVRIiWNgGAWjYDACCSjJD6bZSNEi2UCiFgYGgwPEauGf3fxM4scfi3zjG9kJDB/KDjPItx8gYMmdY2aSPTwSlttu5G5gnHHuMIPBmQQC1txIMLvBIyFhYAbUwszbBtTCQECL/I30bzf/GEgYGM8AavkL1CLf/wC/FoMbOWa3eRIkDAwkgFoYgVqA9uLXYnjnTPlvmQMSBhJn3m442HMuncfgBgFb5G63bzZ886fOgL89d+ODH2XWcvL9BGxBAQeAmIcE9aNgFIyCUTAKcAEAC79ET14ZgzsAAAAASUVORK5CYII=","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6308-3136","institution":"Basic Medical science department. Community Medicine Unit. 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NCDs now represent the leading public health challenge worldwide, accounting for a greater burden of morbidity and mortality than all other causes combined, with CVDs causing 17.9\u0026nbsp;million deaths annually, followed by cancer (9.3\u0026nbsp;million), respiratory diseases (4.1\u0026nbsp;million), and diabetes (1.5\u0026nbsp;million) [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR3\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e]. These diseases are marked by complex causes, multiple risk factors, and a prolonged latency period [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR4\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003e], and they have deeply impacted the socio-economic stability of both individuals and countries, particularly low- and middle-income countries (LMICs) [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR5\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e5\u003c/span\u003e]. The World Health Organization (WHO) has classified NCDs among the top ten global health threats of 2019 [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR6\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e6\u003c/span\u003e], highlighting their growing importance on international health agendas.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eGlobally, NCDs are responsible for approximately 41\u0026nbsp;million deaths annually, about 74% of total global mortality, with the highest burden occurring in LMICs [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR7\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e7\u003c/span\u003e]. Cardiovascular diseases alone account for 17.9\u0026nbsp;million deaths each year, followed by cancer (9.3\u0026nbsp;million), chronic respiratory diseases (4.1\u0026nbsp;million), and diabetes (1.5\u0026nbsp;million) [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR8\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e8\u003c/span\u003e]. Furthermore, in the Middle East and North Africa (MENA) region, 66.5% of deaths are attributed to NCDs [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR9\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e9\u003c/span\u003e]. The principal risk factors such as tobacco use, unhealthy diet, physical inactivity, and excessive alcohol consumption, are largely modifiable behaviors [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR10\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e10\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR11\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e11\u003c/span\u003e]. These, coupled with the economic toll from disability and the high cost of chronic disease management, exacerbate poverty and undermine sustainable development goals [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR10\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e10\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR12\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e12\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe rise in NCDs has profound implications not only for health systems but also for economic growth, social stability, and public policy planning, creating an urgent need for preventive action and effective management strategies [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR10\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e10\u003c/span\u003e]. International research has highlighted varying levels of public knowledge about NCDs: high awareness was reported in Malaysia (81.2%) [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR12\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e12\u003c/span\u003e], while lower levels were observed in Bangladesh (57.9%) [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR13\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e13\u003c/span\u003e], Spain (46.7%) [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR14\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e14\u003c/span\u003e], Saudi Arabia (43.8%) [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR15\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e15\u003c/span\u003e], and Sri Lanka (43%) [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR16\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e16\u003c/span\u003e]. These disparities emphasize the importance of local studies to understand context-specific gaps in knowledge and prevention practices.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eIn Yemen, like other LMICs, NCDs represent a major health burden, accounting for an estimated 163,000 deaths annually and contributing to over 67% of premature mortality [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR2\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e]. According to the WHO 2018 report, 57% of deaths in Yemen are attributable to NCDs, with cardiovascular diseases responsible for 33%, cancers for 6%, chronic respiratory diseases for 4%, and diabetes for 2% [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR2\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e]. Yemen\u0026rsquo;s fragile healthcare system faces significant challenges in addressing NCDs, further worsened by ongoing political instability and limited health resources [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR17\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e17\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eDespite the critical burden of NCDs in Yemen, limited research has explored public knowledge and awareness of NCDs and their risk factors, particularly among younger populations Despite this burden, Yemen\u0026rsquo;s healthcare system struggles with limited resources and data on NCD knowledge and risk factors, particularly among young populations [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR9\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e9\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR18\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e18\u003c/span\u003e]. Early identification and prevention of NCD risk factors through knowledge and behavioral change interventions are vital strategies in mitigating future health impacts. However, there remains a notable research gap regarding NCD awareness among university students in Yemen.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eTo the best of our knowledge, this study is the first to examine knowledge of NCDs and their associated risk factors among students at Hadhramout University in Mukalla City, Hadhramout Governorate. It aims to assess both the level of knowledge and the preventive practices undertaken by university students. Findings from this study are expected to inform targeted health promotion strategies and support the design of effective interventions to curb the NCD burden among young adults in Yemen.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Methodology","content":"\u003cdiv id=\"Sec3\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e\u003ch2\u003eEthical Consideration\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"BlockQuote\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e This study adhered to strict ethical guidelines. Verbal informed consent was obtained from all participants, detailing the study\u0026rsquo;s purpose, procedures, risks, and benefits. Participants were assured of their voluntary participation and the right to withdraw at any point. Data privacy was protected through secure storage, limited access to authorized personnel, and anonymization via unique identifiers. The research received ethical approval from the IRB of College of Medicine at Hadhramout University (Ref. No: IRB23-040, date: 21 April 2023).\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003eStudy Design and Settings\u003c/h3\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eA cross-sectional design was used to measure the level of awareness of level of knowledge and the preventive practices among students in Hadhramout University, Mukalla, Yemen. Al Mukalla city is the capital of Hadhramout Governorate, bordering the Gulf of Aden and the Arabian Sea [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR19\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e19\u003c/span\u003e], the biggest governorate in space in Yemen, with a currently estimated population of 1028556 inhabitants, according to the results of the 2004 population census [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR20\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e20\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003eStudy population:\u003c/h3\u003e\n\u003cdiv id=\"Sec6\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e\u003ch2\u003eInclusion/Exclusion Criteria\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"BlockQuote\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eAll students both male and female, were enrolled in Hadhramout University during the academic year 2023\u0026ndash;2024 were eligible to be enrolled in this study from five randomly selected colleges. However, those who were not present in the day of study or those who refuse to participate were excluded. Hadhramout University, established in 1993 with eleven colleges.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003eSample Size\u003c/h3\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"BlockQuote\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eRaosoft sample size calculator was used to determine the minimum required sample size [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR21\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e21\u003c/span\u003e]. Based on the calculation with a 5% margin of error, a 95% confidence level and a 50% prevalence rate of awareness with NCDs was estimated. The effective sample size calculated was 384, however, 10% (=\u0026thinsp;38) was added to the sample size, yielding a larger sample size of 422 students was eventually included in the study.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cdiv id=\"Sec8\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e\u003ch2\u003eSample Technique\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"BlockQuote\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e A multistage sampling method was used, first stratifying randomly selected colleges from the university list obtained from the registry in the department of student affair Hadhramout university. Five colleges from a pool of 11 colleges were chosen, two from applied science and three from humanitarian science. The sample was then proportionally allocated to each college: Engineering and Petroleum (152 students), Administrative Sciences (130 students), College of Law (34 students), Computers and Information Technology (60 students), and Women's College (46 students). Second step two departments were selected randomly from each chosen college as the following: Engineering and Petroleum from Architectural Engineering, Chemical Engineering (65), Civil Engineering, Computer Engineering, Electronic Engineering, and Petroleum Engineering (87); Women's College: departments with Islamic studies, Kindergarten, Social work (24), Fine art, and English language (22); the Administrative Sciences College comprises the following departments: Business Administration (60), Accounting (70), Banking and Finance, Management Information Systems, and Marketing (34); The Computers and Information Technology College encompasses the departments of Information Technology (45), and Computer Science (15). Consequently, the sample size for each college was distributed proportionally among the selected departments. The third step selection of first and fourth levels purposely from each department with first ascertain the number of students at each level within each department was used. A convenience sampling was employed to select participants based on accessibility and willingness to participate on campus, continuing until the required sample size was met. The sample also proportionally reflected gender distribution according to official statistics, with female student ratios varying across institutions.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003eData Collection Instrument\u003c/h3\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"BlockQuote\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eA structured, paper-based, self-administered questionnaire was used to collect data, across different colleges at the university campus. The WHO STEPwise approach to NCD risk factor surveillance (STEPS) questionnaire was used [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR22\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e22\u003c/span\u003e], supplemented by a review of previous studies on similar topics [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR23\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e23\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR24\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e24\u003c/span\u003e]. This in-person approach ensured direct participant engagement, comprehensive responses, and efficient data collection. Data collection was conducted from September 2023 to June 2024 by a team of five trained student\u0026rsquo;s data collectors (three male and two female) from the College of Medicine at Hadhramout University, who followed standardized protocols for accuracy and consistency. It was piloted among 5% of the sample (21 students). The questionnaire was then reviewed and assessed by 3 subject experts for its content, design, relevance, readability, and comprehension. A content validity ration (CVR) was calculated for each domain, and all domains reported 0.71 for knowledge domain, 0.79 for prevention domain, and 0.72 for practice domain for Cronbach alpha coefficient score. No domains with less than 0.07 were found, thus no need for reviewing the questions.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe final version of the questionnaire comprised 44 questions, structured into five main sections: sociodemographic characteristics of 8 questions including age, gender, marital status, residency, parents' education level, college affiliation, course of study, and year of study. Knowledge about four main non-communicable diseases, include 12 questions like those related to cardiovascular disease, respiratory disease, cancer, and diabetes. Other 11 questions were generated to assess the level of participants' knowledge on the main behavioral risk factors for NCDs, including tobacco use, unhealthy diet, physical inactivity, and alcohol consumption. Other questions were focus on the perceptions of the participants on the seriousness of the NCDs (6 questions). Moreover, 7 questions were focused on the level of preventive activities for NCDs practiced by the participants. And finally, 6 questions related to the source of information used to receive information on NCDs.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eAll questions in this survey were scored with a binary system, where incorrect or uncertain (\u0026ldquo;No, or don\u0026rsquo;t know\u0026rdquo;) responses received a score of 0, while correct answers were awarded 1 point. To account for unfavorable statements, scores for such items were inverted during analysis. Therefore, the knowledge section had a possible score range of 0\u0026ndash;12, while knowledge on the main behavioral risk factors section ranged from 0\u0026ndash;11, and the NCDs\u0026rsquo; level of preventive activities section had a possible score range of 0\u0026ndash;7. These raw scores were standardized to a 0\u0026ndash;100 scale (0\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;worst, 100\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;best) to enable uniform interpretation across domains. Criteria for correct/incorrect answers were determined through prior literature and expert validation during questionnaire development. This scoring framework ensured consistency in evaluating participants\u0026rsquo; NCDs awareness, aligning with established methodologies to enhance reliability and comparability of results.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe survey assessed awareness and misconceptions about non-communicable diseases (NCDs) by asking respondents whether they had heard of NCDs and their understanding of specific conditions as primary NCD types, including diabetes, coronary heart disease, chronic obstructive disease, and cancer. They were also questioned on whether tuberculosis and HIV/AIDS are considered NCDs. Additional inquiries focused on whether NCDs can spread from person to person, if NCDs are considered a public health problem in Yemen, whether NCDs are viewed as serious health conditions, and if they primarily occur in older adults. The survey assessed the perceived behavioral risk factors for NCDs by inquiring about the role of smoking, physical inactivity, a sedentary lifestyle, alcohol consumption, and the consumption of processed food, fast food, and excess salt. Additionally, it explored the understanding of obesity and overweight as risk factors for NCDs, and the detrimental health effects of both active and passive smoking. The survey evaluated participants' knowledge of preventive aspects related to non-communicable diseases (NCDs). It included questions on whether they were aware that NCDs are chronic conditions and can be life-threatening. Additionally, the survey assessed knowledge about specific complications associated with NCDs, such as stroke, intracranial bleeding, heart disease, and premature death, to determine the extent of awareness regarding the serious consequences of these diseases.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe participants' responses were aggregated, transformed into percentages, and then analyzed to determine a cut-off point for the three domains (knowledge of NCDs, risk factors, and preventive activities). Scores below the cut-off point were considered low performers and established study frameworks [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR25\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e25\u003c/span\u003e]. This benchmark aligned with measures used in some studies and mirrored methodologies in prior research [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR26\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e26\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR27\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e27\u003c/span\u003e], ensuring methodological consistency and contextual relevance. For example, the median value of 72.7% cutoff provided an objective classification of \u0026ldquo;sufficient\u0026rdquo; (scores\u0026thinsp;\u0026gt;\u0026thinsp;72.7%) or \u0026ldquo;insufficient\u0026rdquo; (scores\u0026thinsp;\u0026le;\u0026thinsp;72.6%) outcomes, enhancing interpretability for the overall level of knowledge of the participants regarding NCDs. The median value of 80% was used as the cut-off point to determine the good level knowledge of risk factors and preventive activities of NCDs. Moreover, the cut-off scores (median) of the perceptions on seriousness of the NCDs was 66.7%. Therefore, good scores were considered if the total score was \u0026ge;\u0026thinsp;than the median, while poor was defined if the total score was less than the median.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eSource of information about NCDs was defined as participants exposed to information from the internet, family members, TV and radio, newspapers, health workers, and posters.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eFor obtaining anthropometric measurements for each participants, five trained research staff were used to collect the weight and height measurements of all participants where they prepared in a barefoot, with relaxed shoulders and arms hanging freely. A calibrated digital electronic scale (SECA type) was used and it was re-calibrated after each three measurements. Body weight was measured to the nearest 0.1 kg (100 grams), while body height was measured to the nearest 0.1 cm. The Body Mass Index (BMI) was calculated for each participant using the formula: BMI\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;weight (kg)/height (m squared), and then classified into four weight categories using the World Health Organization's recommended criteria as the BMI\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;18.5 was considered as Underweight; BMI 18.5\u0026ndash;24.9 as normal weight, BMI 25.0\u0026ndash;29.9 as overweight, and BMI\u0026thinsp;\u0026ge;\u0026thinsp;30.0 was considered as Obese [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR28\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e28\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eRegarding the cut-off value for good knowledge of diet and physical activity was taken from WHO nutrient and physical activity guidelines [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR29\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e29\u003c/span\u003e]. Definition of physical exercise activity level was assessed based on those who gave a positive response [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR22\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e22\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR30\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e30\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003eQuality Assurance\u003c/h3\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"BlockQuote\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe questionnaire was initially written in English; then, with the assistance of a language expert, it was translated into the regional tongue (Arabic) and then back into English to maintain consistency. Although the dataset contained minimal missing values, specifically about ten instances within the NCD prevention assessment, mean imputation was employed to address these gaps. This approach ensured the integrity and completeness of the analysis.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cdiv id=\"Sec11\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e\u003ch2\u003eData Presentation and Analysis\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"BlockQuote\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eAll the questionnaires were reviewed before entering the data into the analysis program. Statistical analysis was done using a statistical package for the social sciences (SPSS) v.26.0. (Armonk, NY, USA: IBM Corp) to generate tables and charts. Results were expressed as percentages, means, and standard deviations (SD) accordingly. The Shapiro\u0026ndash;Wilk test was used to assess normality assumptions, as it is reliable for small samples and can detect normality deviations precisely.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThis study used Pearson\u0026rsquo;s Chi-Square test to explore the relationship between knowledge, and prevention with demographic factors, after confirming the test\u0026rsquo;s assumptions, notably that expected cell frequencies were above five. A p-value of less than 0.05 was considered statistically significant for interpreting the findings.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e"},{"header":"Results","content":"\u003cdiv id=\"Sec13\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e\u003ch2\u003eDemographic Characteristics:\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"BlockQuote\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eAs depicted in Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab1\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e, among the 422 participants involved in this study, the majority of participants were in the age group 23\u0026ndash;26 years old (52.1%), males (64.2%), residing in urban areas (79.6%), and the vast majority were single students (93.1%). The distribution across different colleges reveals that the Engineering and Patrol college has the highest representation with 152 students (36.0%), followed by Administrative Sciences (130 students, 30.8%). In terms of the academic year, the participants are nearly evenly split between first-year students (208 individuals, 49.3%) and fourth/final-year students (214 individuals, 50.7%). When it came to the fathers' education tends to be secondary (37.4%), while mothers' education leans more toward primary (28.2%), with a notable proportion having received a university education.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab1\" border=\"1\"\u003e\u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 1\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eSociodemographic characteristics of the participants in Mukalla city, Yemen 2023:\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/caption\u003e\u003ccolgroup cols=\"4\"\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cthead\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eVariables\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eCategories\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eNo.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e%\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/thead\u003e\u003ctbody\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eAge of students\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;23 Years\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e202\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e47.9\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e23\u0026ndash;26 Years\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e220\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e52.1\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eSex of students\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eMale\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e271\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e64.2\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eFemale\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e151\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e35.8\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eResident of students\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eUrban\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e336\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e79.6\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eRural\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e86\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e20.4\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eMarital status\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eSingle\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e393\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e93.1\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eDivorced/Separated/Married\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e29\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e6.9\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"3\" rowspan=\"4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eBody Mass Index\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eLow\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e99\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e23.5\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eNormal\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e228\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e54.0\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eOverweight\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e68\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e16.1\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eObese\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e27\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e6.4\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"4\" rowspan=\"5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eCollege of students\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eEngineer and Patrol\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e152\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e36.0\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eWomen college\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e46\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e10.9\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eComputer Science and Information Technology\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e60\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e14.2\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eAdministrative Sciences\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e130\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e30.8\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eLaw\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e34\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e8.1\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eAcademic year\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eFirst-Year Student\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e208\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e49.3\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eFourth/Final Year Student\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e214\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e50.7\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"3\" rowspan=\"4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eFathers\u0026rsquo; education\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eRead and Write or Less\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e67\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e15.9\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003ePrimary\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e51\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e12.1\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eSecondary\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e158\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e37.4\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eUniversity\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e146\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e34.6\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"3\" rowspan=\"4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eMothers\u0026rsquo; education\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eRead and Write or Less\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e130\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e30.8\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003ePrimary\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e119\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e28.2\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eSecondary\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e124\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e29.4\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eUniversity\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e49\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e11.6\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/tbody\u003e\u003c/colgroup\u003e\u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"BlockQuote\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eTable\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab2\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e, presents data on the level of knowledge regarding Non-Communicable Diseases (NCDs) among 422 participants. The majority (85.5%) of participants reported having heard about NCDs. When asked about the main types of NCDs, a significant portion identified diabetes (81.0%), coronary heart disease (75.1%), chronic respiratory disease (71.8%), and cancer (73.2%) as primary types. However, fewer participants recognized tuberculosis (50.7%) and HIV/AIDS (28.0%) as NCDs. Notably, a considerable proportion (67.5%) acknowledged NCDs as public health problems in Yemen, and a majority (70.1%) considered them serious conditions. Despite this, a significant number (58.1%) believed NCDs only occur in old age.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab2\" border=\"1\"\u003e\u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 2\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eLevel of knowledge on NCDs among the participants in Mukalla city, Yemen 2023:\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/caption\u003e\u003ccolgroup cols=\"4\"\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cthead\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eVariables\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eCategories\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eNo.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e%\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/thead\u003e\u003ctbody\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eHave you Heard about NCD?\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eNo\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e61\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e14.5\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e361\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e85.5\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eIs Diabetes the Main Type of NCD?\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eNo\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e80\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e19.0\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e342\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e81.0\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eIs Coronary Heart Disease the Main Type of NCD\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eNo\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e105\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e24.9\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e317\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e75.1\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eIs a Chronic Respiratory Disease the Main Type of NCD?\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eNo\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e119\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e28.2\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e303\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e71.8\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eIs Cancer the Main Type of NCD?\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eNo\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e113\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e26.8\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e309\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e73.2\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eIs Tuberculosis Being NCDs?\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eNo\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e208\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e49.3\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e214\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e50.7\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eIs HIV/AIDS included among the NCDs?\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eNo\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e304\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e72.0\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e118\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e28.0\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eDo you Know NCD Can Spread From Person to person?\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eNo\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e252\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e59.7\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e170\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e40.3\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eAre the NCD Public Health Problems in Yemen?\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eNo\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e137\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e32.5\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e284\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e67.5\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eAre the Diseases a Serious Condition\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eNo\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e126\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e29.9\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e296\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e70.1\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eDo the NCDs Occur in Old Age\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eNo\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e245\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e58.1\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e177\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e41.9\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/tbody\u003e\u003c/colgroup\u003e\u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"BlockQuote\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eTable\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab3\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e, outlines the participants\u0026rsquo; knowledge of risk factors for NCDs. The majority recognized key risk factors, with 79.4% identifying smoking, 79.6% obesity/overweight, 77.7% alcohol consumption, and 91.5% active smoking\u0026rsquo;s health impact as contributors to NCDs. Additionally, 74.2% acknowledged passive smoking\u0026rsquo;s harm to non-smokers, 67.1% noted excess salt intake, 64.7% physical inactivity, 60.4% processed food consumption, 57.6% fast food consumption, and 56.9% a sedentary lifestyle as risk factors.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab3\" border=\"1\"\u003e\u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 3\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eLevel of Knowledge of Risk factors leading to NCDs among participants in Mukalla city, Yemen 2023:\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/caption\u003e\u003ccolgroup cols=\"4\"\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cthead\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eVariables\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eCategories\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eNo.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e%\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/thead\u003e\u003ctbody\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eIs Smoking a risk factor for the development of NCDs?\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eNo\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e87\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e20.6\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e335\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e79.4\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eIs physical inactivity a risk factor for NCD?\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eNo\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e149\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e35.3\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e273\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e64.7\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eIs a sedentary lifestyle a risk factor for NCDs?\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eNo\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e182\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e43.1\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e240\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e56.9\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003ealcohol consumed is a behavioral risk factor of NCDs?\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eNo\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e94\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e22.3\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e328\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e77.7\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eConsuming processed food is a risk factor for developing NCDs.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eNo\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e167\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e39.6\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e255\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e60.4\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eConsuming fast food may lead to developing NCDs.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eNo\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e179\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e42.4\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e243\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e57.6\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eIs Consuming excess salt a behavioral risk factor for NCDs?\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eNo\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e139\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e32.9\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e283\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e67.1\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eAre obesity and overweight a risk factor for NCDs?\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eNo\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e86\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e20.4\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e336\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e79.6\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eDoes active smoking affect a person\u0026rsquo;s health?\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eNo\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e36\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e8.5\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e386\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e91.5\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eIs passive smoke can harm the health of people who do not smoke?\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eNo\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e109\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e25.8\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e313\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e74.2\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/tbody\u003e\u003c/colgroup\u003e\u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"BlockQuote\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eTable\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab4\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003e highlights participants\u0026rsquo; perceptions of the seriousness of NCDs. The majority (67.3%) were aware that NCDs are chronic diseases, and 78.2% recognized them as potentially life-threatening. When asked about complications, 64.7% identified stroke and 66.8% recognized heart disease as possible consequences of NCDs. However, fewer participants recognized intracranial bleeding (47.2%) and premature death (48.3%) as NCD-related complications.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab4\" border=\"1\"\u003e\u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 4\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eLevel of perception of the seriousness of NCDs among participants in Mukalla city, Yemen 2023.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/caption\u003e\u003ccolgroup cols=\"4\"\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cthead\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eVariables\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eCategories\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eNo.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e%\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/thead\u003e\u003ctbody\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eDo you know that NCDs are chronic diseases\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eNo\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e138\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e32.7\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e284\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e67.3\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eDo you know that NCDs can be life-threatening\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eNo\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e92\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e21.8\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e330\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e78.2\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eIs stroke complication of NCDs\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eNo\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e149\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e35.3\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e273\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e64.7\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eIs an intracranial bleeding complication of NCDS\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eNo\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e223\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e52.8\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e199\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e47.2\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eIs heart disease complication of NCDs\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eNo\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e140\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e33.2\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e282\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e66.8\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eIs a premature death complication of NCDS\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eNo\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e218\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e51.7\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e204\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e48.3\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/tbody\u003e\u003c/colgroup\u003e\u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"BlockQuote\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eA significant majority (79.1%) recognized that NCDs are preventable (Table \u003cspan refid=\"Tab5\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e5\u003c/span\u003e). Participants showed varying levels of awareness about specific preventive measures: doing physical exercise was widely acknowledged as a prevention method (68.0%), followed by eating a healthy diet (67.1%) and avoiding excess salt (56.6%). However, misconceptions were evident in responses to other measures, with nearly half of the participants failing to recognize avoiding alcohol consumption (43.8%) and timely screening (38.4%) as effective prevention strategies.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab5\" border=\"1\"\u003e\u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 5\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eKnowledge of identification of preventive measures to avoid NCDs among participants in Mukalla city, Yemen 2023:\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/caption\u003e\u003ccolgroup cols=\"4\"\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cthead\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eVariables\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eCategories\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eNo.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e%\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/thead\u003e\u003ctbody\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eAre NCDs preventable\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eNo\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e88\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e20.9\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e334\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e79.1\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eIs Avoid alcohol drinking is prevention method for NCDs?\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eNo\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e185\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e43.8\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e237\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e56.2\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eIs doing physical exercise is prevention method for NCDs?\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eNo\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e135\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e32.0\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e287\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e68.0\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eIs Avoid excess salt is prevention method for NCDs?\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eNo\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e183\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e43.4\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e239\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e56.6\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eIs Eating a healthy diet is prevention method for NCDs?\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eNo\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e139\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e32.9\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e283\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e67.1\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eIs timely screening being prevention method for NCDs?\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eNo\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e162\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e38.4\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e260\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e61.6\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/tbody\u003e\u003c/colgroup\u003e\u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"BlockQuote\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eTable\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab6\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e6\u003c/span\u003e provides an overview of participants\u0026rsquo; understanding, risk factor awareness, perception of severity, and involvement in preventive measures for non-communicable diseases (NCDs). The data indicate that knowledge of risk factors is relatively stronger, with 53.6% of participants demonstrating good awareness. However, substantial gaps exist in overall NCD knowledge, with 56.4% showing poor understanding, and in perception of NCD seriousness, where 60.0% had a limited grasp of the diseases\u0026rsquo; severity. Engagement in prevention activities was closely divided, with 51.2% exhibiting negative attitudes toward preventive actions, compared to 48.8% displaying positive engagement, highlighting the need for enhanced education and intervention efforts.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab6\" border=\"1\"\u003e\u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 6\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eOverall knowledge of NCDs, Risk Factors, perception of seriousness, and prevention activities among participants in Mukalla city, Yemen 2023:\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/caption\u003e\u003ccolgroup cols=\"4\"\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cthead\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eVariables\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eCategories\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eNo.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e%\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/thead\u003e\u003ctbody\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe Overall Level of NCD Knowledge\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003ePoor\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e238\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e56.4\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eGood\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e184\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e43.6\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe Level of Knowledge of NCD Risk Factors\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003ePoor\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e196\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e46.4\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eGood\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e226\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e53.6\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe Level of perception of NCD Seriousness\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003ePoor\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e253\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e60.0\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eGood\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e169\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e40.0\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe Level of NCD Prevention activities.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eNegative\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e216\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e51.2\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003ePositive\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e206\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e48.80\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/tbody\u003e\u003c/colgroup\u003e\u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"BlockQuote\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eTable\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab7\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e7\u003c/span\u003e, outlines the sources of information about non-communicable diseases (NCDs) among participants. The internet was the predominant source, cited by 62.8% of participants, followed by other unspecified sources at 14.7% and family members at 13.7%. Health workers and television were less common, contributing only 5.0% and 3.8%, respectively.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab7\" border=\"1\"\u003e\u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 7\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eSource of information regarding NCDs among participants in Mukalla city, Yemen 2023:\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/caption\u003e\u003ccolgroup cols=\"3\"\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cthead\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eCategories\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eNo.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e%\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/thead\u003e\u003ctbody\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eInternet\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e172\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e62.8\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eFamily member\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e58\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e13.7\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eHealth worker\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e21\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e5.0\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eTV\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e16\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e3.8\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eOther\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e62\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e14.7\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/tbody\u003e\u003c/colgroup\u003e\u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"BlockQuote\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe findings from Tables\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab8\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e8\u003c/span\u003e highlight the associations between \u003cb\u003epoor\u003c/b\u003e knowledge level of NCDs, \u003cb\u003eless\u003c/b\u003e perception on seriousness, \u003cb\u003elow\u003c/b\u003e knowledge of risk factors, and \u003cb\u003einsufficient\u003c/b\u003e preventive practices with sociodemographic characteristics of the participants in Mukalla city, Yemen 2023. Overall, no statistically significant associations were observed between most sociodemographic factors and knowledge of NCDs, their seriousness, risk factors, or preventive measures, as indicated by p-values\u0026thinsp;\u0026gt;\u0026thinsp;0.05 in nearly all comparisons. However, one notable exception was found, where academic year showed a significant association (p\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.026) with knowledge of preventive measures, suggesting that senior students may have more awareness of NCD prevention than their junior counterparts. Additionally, those whose mothers had university-level education appeared to show slightly better knowledge levels of the seriousness of NCDs (p\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.019)\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eTable\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab9\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e9\u003c/span\u003e from the 2023 study in Mukalla City, Yemen, presents a regression analysis examining the association between sociodemographic characteristics and participants\u0026rsquo; adequate knowledge, perception of seriousness, risk factor identification, and preventive measures for non-communicable diseases (NCDs). The main findings indicate limited significant associations across most variables. Notably, mothers\u0026rsquo; primary education significantly predicts better overall NCD knowledge (OR\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;2.067, 95% CI: 1.182\u0026ndash;3.614, p\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.011) and perception of seriousness (OR\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;1.819, 95% CI: 1.038\u0026ndash;3.189, p\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.037), while university-level maternal education is associated with improved knowledge of preventive measures (OR\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;2.184, 95% CI: 1.032\u0026ndash;4.619, p\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.041). Female participants show a higher perception of NCD seriousness (OR\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;1.742, 95% CI: 1.025\u0026ndash;2.960, p\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.040). Fourth/final-year students have lower knowledge of risk factors compared to first-year students (OR\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.144, 95% CI: 0.023\u0026ndash;0.911, p\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.040), and normal BMI is linked to better knowledge of preventive measures (OR\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;1.803, 95% CI: 1.088\u0026ndash;2.989, p\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.022). No significant associations were found for age, residence, marital status, fathers\u0026rsquo; education, or most college affiliations (p\u0026thinsp;\u0026gt;\u0026thinsp;0.05). These findings suggest that maternal education, gender, academic year, and BMI play selective roles in NCD knowledge domains, with mothers\u0026rsquo; education being a key influencer, highlighting the need for targeted educational interventions to address widespread knowledge gaps in Mukalla City.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab8\" border=\"1\"\u003e\u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 8\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eAssociation between \u003cb\u003epoor\u003c/b\u003e knowledge level of NCDs, \u003cb\u003eless\u003c/b\u003e perception on seriousness, \u003cb\u003elow\u003c/b\u003e knowledge of risk factors, and \u003cb\u003einsufficient\u003c/b\u003e preventive practices with sociodemographic characteristics of the participants in Mukalla city, Yemen 2023:\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/caption\u003e\u003ccolgroup cols=\"6\"\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c6\" colnum=\"6\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003ctbody\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eVariables\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eCategories\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eknowledge\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003ePerception\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eon severity\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003ePoor risk factors\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003epreventive practices\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eNo. (%)\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eNo. (%)\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eNo. (%)\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eNo. (%)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eAge of students\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;23 Years\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e109 (54.0)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e125(61.9)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e123(60.9)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e95(47.0)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e23\u0026ndash;26 Years\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e129 (58.6)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e128(58.2)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e147(66.8)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e121(55.0)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eSex of students\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eMale\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e153(56.5)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e168(62.0)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e176(64.9)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e143(52.8)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eFemale\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e85(56.3)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e85(56.3)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e94(62.3)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e73(48.3)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eResident of students\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eUrban\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e187(55.7)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e200(59.5)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e218(64.9)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e174(51.8)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eRural\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e51(59.3)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e53(61.6)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e52(60.5)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e42(48.8)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eMarital status\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eSingle\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e220(56.0)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e237(60.3)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e250(63.6)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e199(50.6)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eDivorced/Married\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e18(62.1)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e16(55.2)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e20(69.0)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e17(58.6)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"3\" rowspan=\"4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eBody Mass Index\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eLow\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e50(50.5)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e54(54.5)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e67(67.7)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e59(59.6)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eNormal\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e133(58.3)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e138(60.5)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e147(64.5)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e107(46.9)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eOverweight\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e40(58.8)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e43(63.2)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e39(57.4)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e38(55.9)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eObese\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e15(55.6)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e18(66.7)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e17(63.0)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e12(44.4)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"4\" rowspan=\"5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eCollege of students\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eEngineer and Patrol\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e74(48.7)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e85(55.9)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e104(68.4)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e80(52.6)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eWomen college\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e28(60.9)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e24(52.2)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e35(76.1)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e25(54.3)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eCS\u0026amp;IT\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e39(65.0)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e40(66.7)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e32(53.3)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e33(55.0)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eAdministrative Sciences\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e76(58.5)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e80(61.5)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e78(60.0)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e60(46.2)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eLaw\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e21(61.8)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e24(70.6)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e21(61.8)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e18(52.9)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eAcademic year\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eFirst-Year\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e110(52.9)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e127(61.1)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e125(60.1(\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e95(45.7)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eFourth/Final Year\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e128(59.8)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e126(58.9)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e145(67.8)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e121(56.5) \u003cb\u003e*\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"3\" rowspan=\"4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eFathers\u0026rsquo; education\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eRead and Write or Less\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e41(61.2)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e42(62.7)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e46(68.7)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e37(55.2)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003ePrimary\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e28(54.9)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e33(64.7)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e34(66.7)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e26(51.0)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eSecondary\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e88(55.7)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e94(59.5)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e99(62.7)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e77(48.7)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eUniversity\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e81(55.5)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e84(57.5)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e91(62.3)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e76(52.1)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"3\" rowspan=\"4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eMothers\u0026rsquo; education\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eRead and Write or Less\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e79(60.8)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e85(65.4)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e86(66.2)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e77(59.2)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003ePrimary\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e65(54.6)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e58(48.7)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e79(66.4)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e59(49.6)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eSecondary\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e72(58.1)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e82(66.1)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e73(58.9)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e60(48.4)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eUniversity\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e22(44.9)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e28(57.1) \u003cb\u003e**\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e32(65.3)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e20(40.8)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/tbody\u003e\u003c/colgroup\u003e\u003ctfoot\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd colspan=\"6\"\u003eCS\u0026amp;IT\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;Computer Science and Information Technology, *= p-value\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.05, **= p-value\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.01,\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/tfoot\u003e\u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab9\" border=\"1\"\u003e\u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 9\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eRegression analysis of participants' sociodemographic characteristics in relation to their adequate knowledge, identification of risk factors, and preventive measures for NCDs\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/caption\u003e\u003ccolgroup cols=\"10\"\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c6\" colnum=\"6\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c7\" colnum=\"7\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c8\" colnum=\"8\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c9\" colnum=\"9\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c10\" colnum=\"10\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cthead\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eVariables\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eCategories\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eknowledge\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003ePerception\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003erisk factors\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003epreventive\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/th\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eOR ; (95%CI)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eP-value\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eOR ; (95%CI)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eP-value\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eOR ; (95%CI)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eP-value\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e95%CI\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eP-value\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/thead\u003e\u003ctbody\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eAge\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;23 Years\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eR\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eR\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eR\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eR\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e23\u0026ndash;26 Years\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2.494; (0.405\u0026ndash;15.342)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.324\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2.270; (0.244\u0026ndash;21.091)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e.471\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e4.791; (0.754\u0026ndash;30.449)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.097\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.229; (0.011\u0026ndash;1.456)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.911\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eSex\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eMale\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eR\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eR\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eR\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eR\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eFemale\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.439; (0.852\u0026ndash;2.430)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.174\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.742; (1.025\u0026ndash;2.960)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e.040\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.402; (0.835\u0026ndash;2.356)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.201\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.447; (0.867\u0026ndash;2.417)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.158\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eResident\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eUrban\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eR\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eR\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e.710; (0.417\u0026ndash;1.210)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.208\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e.763; (0.454\u0026ndash;1.282)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.307\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eRural\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.096; (0.645\u0026ndash;1.863)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.735\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e.870; (0.513\u0026ndash;1.477)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e.606\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eR\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eR\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eMarital status\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eSingle\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.827; (0.366\u0026ndash;1.868)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.648\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.085; (0.474\u0026ndash;2.482)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e.847\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.275; (0.535\u0026ndash;3.040)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.584\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.379; (0.598\u0026ndash;3.183)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.451\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eDivorced/Married\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eR\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eR\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eR\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eR\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"3\" rowspan=\"4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eBody Mass Index\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eLow\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eR\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eR\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eR\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eR\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eNormal\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e.764; (0.463\u0026ndash;1.262)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.293\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e.850; (0.509\u0026ndash;1.421)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e.536\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.227; (0.724\u0026ndash;2.079)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.447\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.803; (1.088\u0026ndash;2.989)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.022\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eOverweight\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e.651; (0.334\u0026ndash;1.268)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.207\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e.954; (0.486\u0026ndash;1.871)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e.891\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.747; (0.889\u0026ndash;3.435)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.106\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.281; (0.660\u0026ndash;2.487)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.464\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eObese\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e.554; (0.216\u0026ndash;1.418)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.218\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e.731; (0.294\u0026ndash;1.813)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e.499\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.346; (0.526\u0026ndash;3.444)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.535\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.931; (0.776\u0026ndash;4.805)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.157\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"4\" rowspan=\"5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eCollege\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eEngineer\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.950; (0.833\u0026ndash;4.569)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.124\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.242; (0.547\u0026ndash;2.817)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e.604\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e.884; (0.391-2.000)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.768\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.131; (0.510\u0026ndash;2.508)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.763\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eWomen college\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.506; (0.546\u0026ndash;4.151)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.429\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e.659; (0.239\u0026ndash;1.816)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e.420\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e.397; (0.136\u0026ndash;1.155)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.090\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e.708; (0.264\u0026ndash;1.901)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.493\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eCS\u0026amp;IT\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.188; (0.460\u0026ndash;3.066)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.722\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e.836; (0.337\u0026ndash;2.078)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e.700\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.562; (0.639\u0026ndash;3.818)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.328\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.021; (0.421\u0026ndash;2.476)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.963\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eAdmin Sciences\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.439; (0.619\u0026ndash;3.346)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.398\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e.780; (0.346\u0026ndash;1.755)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e.548\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.186; (0.534\u0026ndash;2.638)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.675\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.408; (0.640\u0026ndash;3.100)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.395\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eLaw\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eR\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eR\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eR\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eR\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eAcademic year\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eFirst-Year\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eR\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eR\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eR\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eR\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eFourth/Final Year\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e.461; (0.075\u0026ndash;2.813)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.401\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e.258; (0.028\u0026ndash;2.379)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e.232\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e.144; (0.023-.911)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.040\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e.082; (0.999\u0026ndash;2.654)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.284\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"3\" rowspan=\"4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eFathers\u0026rsquo; education\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eRead and Write\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eR\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eR\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eR\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eR\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003ePrimary\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e.688; (0.302\u0026ndash;1.568)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.374\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e.766; (0.343\u0026ndash;1.711)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e.516\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.082; (0.470\u0026ndash;2.493)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.853\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e.982; (0.445\u0026ndash;2.169)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.965\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eSecondary\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e.968; (0.502\u0026ndash;1.866)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.923\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e.798; (0.415\u0026ndash;1.533)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e.498\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.198; (0.607\u0026ndash;2.364)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.602\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.014; (0.532\u0026ndash;1.932)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.966\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eUniversity\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e.968; (0.494\u0026ndash;1.896)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.925\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e.740; (0.379\u0026ndash;1.445)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e.378\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.341; (0.669\u0026ndash;2.689)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.408\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e.875; (0.451\u0026ndash;1.698)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.694\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"3\" rowspan=\"4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eMothers\u0026rsquo; education\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eRead and Write\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eR\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eR\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eR\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eR\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003ePrimary\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2.067; (1.182\u0026ndash;3.614)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.011\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.819; (1.038\u0026ndash;3.189)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e.037\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e.911; (0.511\u0026ndash;1.622)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.751\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.478; (0.848\u0026ndash;2.573)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.168\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eSecondary\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.01; (0.568\u0026ndash;1.798)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.972\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.591; (0.907\u0026ndash;2.790)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e.105\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.175;(0.665\u0026ndash;2.079)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.578\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.474; (0.843\u0026ndash;2.576)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.174\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eUniversity\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.41; (0.673\u0026ndash;2.973)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.361\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.570; (0.741\u0026ndash;3.328)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e.239\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.021; (0.473\u0026ndash;2.207)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.957\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2.184; (1.032\u0026ndash;4.619)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.041\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/tbody\u003e\u003c/colgroup\u003e\u003ctfoot\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd colspan=\"10\"\u003eCS\u0026amp;IT\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;Computer Science and Information Technology. R\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;Reference\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/tfoot\u003e\u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e"},{"header":"Discussion","content":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"BlockQuote\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eThis pioneering study, the first to comprehensively assess Non-Communicable Diseases (NCDs) knowledge and risk factors among university students in Hadhramout, Yemen, reveals significant knowledge gaps despite a general awareness of these conditions. While 85.5% of participants had heard about NCDs, 56.4% demonstrated poor overall knowledge, aligning with modest levels reported in Saudi Arabia [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR15\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e15\u003c/span\u003e], and Sri Lanka [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR16\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e16\u003c/span\u003e], yet lower than Bangladesh [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR31\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e31\u003c/span\u003e] and higher than Malaysia [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR32\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e32\u003c/span\u003e]. Awareness of specific NCDs varied, with diabetes most recognized (aligning with Kenya [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR33\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e33\u003c/span\u003e], but lower than India [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR34\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e34\u003c/span\u003e], and awareness for coronary heart disease, chronic respiratory disease, and cancer falling below Tanzanian levels [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR35\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e35\u003c/span\u003e]. Misclassification was common for tuberculosis (50.7%) and HIV/AIDS (28.0%) as NCDs. This overall deficit implies a crucial lack of foundational understanding necessary for effective NCD prevention and management within this young adult population.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eMisconceptions are pervasive: only just over half correctly identified NCDs as non-contagious (similar to Nigeria [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR36\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e36\u003c/span\u003e], but contrasting Malaysia [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR12\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e12\u003c/span\u003e]), and 58.1% incorrectly believed NCDs affect exclusively older populations (an outdated notion given rising global incidence among young adults [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR11\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e11\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR37\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e37\u003c/span\u003e]).\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eImportantly, risk factor knowledge was inconsistent. For instance, moderate recognition of key factors like smoking and obesity was seen. However, only two-thirds identified physical inactivity, and half recognized processed/fast foods as risk factors, contrasting with higher literacy rates in Nigeria [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR36\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e36\u003c/span\u003e] and Malaysia [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR32\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e32\u003c/span\u003e]. Only one-third were aware of WHO\u0026rsquo;s recommended physical activity guidelines (\u0026ge;\u0026thinsp;150 minutes/week) [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR38\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e38\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR39\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e39\u003c/span\u003e], and nearly half failed to associate fast food consumption with NCD development [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR40\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e40\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR41\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e41\u003c/span\u003e]. These results mirror findings from other low- and middle-income countries (LMICs) [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR2\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR42\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e42\u003c/span\u003e], where knowledge often does not translate into preventive behavior [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR13\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e13\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR14\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e14\u003c/span\u003e]. While modifiable risk factors such as smoking, alcohol use, and unhealthy diets were recognized by many, gaps persisted in knowledge about prevention methods. For example, fewer than half of the participants identified alcohol avoidance and regular screening as effective strategies, despite WHO emphasis on such interventions as \"best buys\" in NCD prevention [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR43\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e43\u003c/span\u003e]. The disconnect between awareness and actionable practices, such as dietary choices and physical activity, mirrors findings from other regional and global studies [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR44\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e44\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR45\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e45\u003c/span\u003e]. Despite 79.1% recognizing preventability, knowledge of specific preventive measures like alcohol avoidance and timely screening was poor, and nearly half exhibited negative attitudes. These findings underscore the direct link between poor diet, sedentary behavior, and rising NCD prevalence [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR39\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e39\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR46\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e46\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe internet was cited by two-thirds as the main NCD information source, highlighting its potential for targeted health campaigns, though accuracy challenges exist [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR27\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e27\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR28\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e28\u003c/span\u003e]. Conversely, limited consultation with healthcare workers suggests missed opportunities for structured health education, despite evidence that professional guidance improves knowledge [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR29\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e29\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR47\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e47\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eSociodemographic factors influenced knowledge, with maternal education positively correlating with NCD knowledge and preventive practices [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR5\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e5\u003c/span\u003e]. Students whose mothers had primary or university-level education exhibiting better awareness. This emphasizes the role of family in shaping health knowledge in culturally rooted settings like Yemen. Females showed a higher perception of NCD seriousness. These patterns align with findings from Saudi Arabia [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR15\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e15\u003c/span\u003e] and Sri Lanka [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR16\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e16\u003c/span\u003e], though they differ from those in Nigeria and Malaysia, where male students showed relatively stronger awareness [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR32\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e32\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR36\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e36\u003c/span\u003e]. Surprisingly, final-year students being expected to have greater awareness, they reported lower knowledge levels than first-year students, an observation that warrants further investigation into the academic progression of health education. While the regression analysis showed no statistically significant associations for overall NCD knowledge with many demographic factors (age, sex, residence, college attended, parental education), this might be due to weak relationships or unmeasured confounders. University students are an ideal population for interventions due to habit formation at this life stage [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR37\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e37\u003c/span\u003e], offering a unique window for targeted strategies given the global burden of NCDs and modifiable risk factors [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR46\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e46\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR48\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e48\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR49\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e49\u003c/span\u003e]. The high sedentary rates (80%) and regional smoking prevalence (Saudi 16\u0026ndash;17% [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR50\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e50\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR51\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e51\u003c/span\u003e]) further underscore this need. Combating NCDs requires addressing implementation gaps [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR52\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e52\u003c/span\u003e] through multi-sectoral action plans, mirroring successful initiatives like Pacific MANA [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR53\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e53\u003c/span\u003e] and WHO \"best buys\" [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR43\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e43\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cdiv id=\"Sec15\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e\u003ch2\u003eStrength of the Study\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"BlockQuote\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eA major strength of this study is its novelty, it is the first to systematically assess NCD awareness among university students in Hadhramout. The relatively large and homogenous sample enhances internal validity and allows for meaningful analysis of knowledge levels across different academic years and faculties. The use of validated questions and comparison with regional and global literature provides a strong foundation for understanding local gaps in NCD knowledge.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv id=\"Sec16\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e\u003ch2\u003eLimitations\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"BlockQuote\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eHowever, several limitations must be acknowledged. The cross-sectional design precludes causal inference and limits the ability to assess temporal changes in knowledge or behavior. The study was also limited to a single university in Mukalla, restricting the generalizability of findings to other regions in Yemen. Self-reported data may have been influenced by recall bias, particularly regarding lifestyle behaviors such as diet and physical activity. Additionally, while the regression analysis found no statistically significant associations for overall NCD knowledge with some sociodemographic factors, this could be due to the presence of weak relationships or unmeasured confounding variables.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e"},{"header":"Conclusion","content":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"BlockQuote\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eThis study underscores the urgent need to enhance NCD knowledge and promote preventive behaviors among university students in Yemen. Despite general awareness, critical misconceptions persist, particularly regarding risk factors and prevention strategies. These findings align with global trends in LMICs and highlight the importance of early, targeted education. To address these critical gaps and promote healthier lifestyles, targeted educational interventions are urgently needed. By adopting a multi-sectoral approach that includes families, universities, and health authorities, Yemen can better equip its youth to manage and prevent NCDs, contributing to long-term public health improvements. These programs should leverage accessible digital platforms, actively involve healthcare providers to enhance awareness, and integrate comprehensive NCD education into university curricula. Furthermore, establishing a robust NCD surveillance system is essential for data-driven prevention and control strategies, advocating for a multi-faceted approach involving education, policy reforms, and community engagement to foster sustainable improvements in public health outcomes.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Declarations","content":"\u003cp\u003e\u003ch2\u003e\u003cb\u003eEthical Approval\u003c/b\u003e:\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003e This research was approved by the Research Ethical Approval Committee (REC) at Hadhramout University Ref: (Ref: CM/REC/46/2024). An informed consent to participate was obtained from all of the participants in the study. The study also adhered to the Declaration of Helsinki.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eConflict of Interest:\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cp\u003eNo conflict of interest\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eSource of funds\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cp\u003eNo financial budget\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003ch2\u003eInformed Consent\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eStatement\u003c/b\u003e: Applicable with in the questionnaire\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003ch2\u003eConflicts of Interest:\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe authors declare no conflicts of interest.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eFunding:\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eThis research received no external funding.\u003c/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eAuthor contributions:\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eConceptualization and Design: A.B, A.S, and S.B developed the overall framework and methodology for this study. Literature Review: AB, SB, and AS conducted initial research and selected relevant studies. Data Management: All authors (A.B, S.B, A.S, and A.A) contributed to gathering and organizing the data. Supervision: A.S oversaw the entire research process. Data Analysis and Interpretation: AB, and SB analyzed the data and concluded. Manuscript Development: A.B and S.B contributed to refining the manuscript's scientific content. AB, SA, AS made final revisions. Approval: All authors reviewed and approved the final manuscript and take responsibility for its content and originality. The manuscript has been read and approved by all the authors, that the requirements for authorship as stated earlier in this document have been met, and that each author believes that the manuscript represents honest work,\u003c/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eAcknowledgments:\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe authors express sincere gratitude to Hadhramout University for their invaluable support, which greatly assisted in overcoming numerous logistical challenges encountered during data collection.\u003c/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eData availability:\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe datasets generated and/or analyzed during the current study are available from the corresponding author upon reasonable request.\u003c/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eData Availability Statement:\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe datasets generated and/or analyzed during the current study are available from the corresponding author upon reasonable request.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"References","content":"\u003col\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eWagner K-H, Brath H (2012) A global view on the development of non communicable diseases. 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Pacific Legislative Framework for Non-Communicable Diseases, Suva F (2021) Pacific Community; \u003cspan class=\"ExternalRef\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"RefSource\"\u003ehttps://www.who.int/docs/default-source/wpro---documents/dps/phmm-phoh-documents/14th-phmm/ncds-annex-2-english.pdf?sfvrsn=8a8e06ae_3\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan address=\"https://www.who.int/docs/default-source/wpro---documents/dps/phmm-phoh-documents/14th-phmm/ncds-annex-2-english.pdf?sfvrsn=8a8e06ae_3\" targettype=\"URL\" class=\"RefTarget\"\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003c/ol\u003e"}],"fulltextSource":"","fullText":"","funders":[],"hasAdminPriorityOnWorkflow":false,"hasManuscriptDocX":true,"hasOptedInToPreprint":true,"hasPassedJournalQc":"","hasAnyPriority":true,"hideJournal":true,"highlight":"","institution":"","isAcceptedByJournal":false,"isAuthorSuppliedPdf":false,"isDeskRejected":"","isHiddenFromSearch":false,"isInQc":false,"isInWorkflow":false,"isPdf":false,"isPdfUpToDate":true,"isWithdrawnOrRetracted":false,"journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"researchsquare","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"/submission","title":"Research Square","twitterHandle":"researchsquare","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"","reportingPortfolio":"","inReviewEnabled":false,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true},"keywords":"Knowledge, NCDs, risk factors, University students, Yemen","lastPublishedDoi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-8158099/v1","lastPublishedDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-8158099/v1","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"},"manuscriptAbstract":"\u003ch2\u003eBackground\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eNon-communicable diseases (NCDs) are a major global public health concern and are rapidly becoming the leading causes of morbidity and premature mortality, particularly in low- and middle-income countries.\u003c/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eObjective\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eThis study aimed to assess the knowledge of major NCDs and their behavioral risk factors among students at Hadhramout University in Mukalla City, Yemen.\u003c/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eMethods\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eA descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted between November and December 2023 using a pre-tested, self-administered questionnaire. A multistage cluster sampling method selected 422 undergraduate students from various colleges of Hadhramout University. Data were analyzed using SPSS version 23, and a p-value of \u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.05 was considered statistically significant.\u003c/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eResults\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eMore than half (56.4%) of the participants had poor general knowledge of NCDs. While most recognized smoking and alcohol as risk factors, 40% were unaware that NCDs are non-communicable. Additionally, 35.3% did not identify physical inactivity, and 42.4% did not recognize fast food consumption as risk factors. About 51.7% were unaware that premature death is a complication of NCDs. Furthermore, 68.2% either did not know or gave incorrect responses regarding the recommended duration of weekly moderate physical activity, and 38.4% were unaware that screening helps prevent NCDs. The internet was reported as the primary source of information.\u003c/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eConclusion\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe findings reveal inadequate knowledge and awareness of NCDs and their risk factors among university students. Strengthening health education and awareness programs is crucial to enhance understanding and promote preventive behaviors.\u003c/p\u003e","manuscriptTitle":"Bridging the Knowledge Gap: A Study of Non-Communicable Disease Awareness and Risk Factors Among University Students in Yemen.","msid":"","msnumber":"","nonDraftVersions":[{"code":1,"date":"2025-11-21 08:42:16","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-8158099/v1","editorialEvents":[{"type":"communityComments","content":0}],"status":"published","journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"researchsquare","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"/submission","title":"Research Square","twitterHandle":"researchsquare","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"","reportingPortfolio":"","inReviewEnabled":false,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true}}],"origin":"","ownerIdentity":"aea40660-9a43-491e-9834-2cacef394e3c","owner":[],"postedDate":"November 21st, 2025","published":true,"recentEditorialEvents":[],"rejectedJournal":[],"revision":"","amendment":"","status":"posted","subjectAreas":[{"id":58277576,"name":"Epidemiology"}],"tags":[],"updatedAt":"2025-11-21T08:42:16+00:00","versionOfRecord":[],"versionCreatedAt":"2025-11-21 08:42:16","video":"","vorDoi":"","vorDoiUrl":"","workflowStages":[]},"version":"v1","identity":"rs-8158099","journalConfig":"researchsquare"},"__N_SSP":true},"page":"/article/[identity]/[[...version]]","query":{"redirect":"/article/rs-8158099","identity":"rs-8158099","version":["v1"]},"buildId":"8U1c8b4HqxoKbykW_rLl7","isFallback":false,"isExperimentalCompile":false,"dynamicIds":[84888],"gssp":true,"scriptLoader":[]}