Analysis of Grapefruit Producers' Prices and the Export Competitiveness

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The data were obtained from TURKSTAT, FAOSTAT, and ITC-TRADEMAP. A substantial portion of grapefruit production is subject to international trade. In Türkiye, grapefruit prices exhibit volatility over the long run. Price volatility creates uncertainty and risk in producers' incomes. According to the Balassa (RCA), Vollrath (RXA), and Laursen (RSCA) indices, Türkiye’s export competitiveness fluctuates periodically. Diversification of production and export regions, orientation toward new target countries, and strengthening of logistics infrastructure have been identified as strategic priorities for Türkiye. Grapefruit Price analysis Competitiveness analysis Türkiye Introduction FAOSTAT ( 2026 ) data shows, global grapefruit production quadrupled from 2.39 million tons in 1961–1969 to nearly 9.76 million tons in 2020–2024. Simultaneously, Türkiye’s production surged 58-fold, from 3,861 tons to 223,915 tons. China, the top producer, saw a 648-fold increase and now accounts for 52.77% of global output (5.15 million tons). Vietnam (11.35%; 1.1 million tons) and Mexico (4.92%; 480,423 tons) follow, with Mexico’s output rising 37.5-fold, reaching 480,423 tons. South Africa ranks fourth (4.01%; 391,718 tons) after a sixfold increase, followed by the U.S. at 3.85%.. While U.S. grapefruit production amounted to 1,630,976 tons in 1961–1969, it declined by 77% over the study period, falling to 376,120 tons. Sudan ranks sixth in global grapefruit production with a share of 2.95. Its production increased sevenfold to 288,239 tons during the period. Thailand ranks seventh, accounting for 2.72% of global production; its grapefruit output increased approximately 29-fold to 265,863 tons. Türkiye ranks eighth globally (2.29%) with 223,915 tons; its production rose 48% from 151,135 tons in 2000–2009 to 223,915 tons recently. Israel ranks ninth (1.55%), with production declining 8% to 151,041 tons over the study period. Global grapefruit export volume grew 3.4-fold, from 305,404 tons (1961–1969) to 1,036,867 tons (2020–2024). Simultaneously, Türkiye’s exports surged 101-fold, from 1,360 to 138,301 tons. South Africa, the leading exporter, saw an 88-fold increase overall, including a 78% rise from 133,570 tons (2000) to 237,690 tons (2022). As of 2022, South Africa ranked first in global grapefruit exports, accounting for 24.83% of global grapefruit production. China followed with a 14.42% share and exports totalling 133,128 tons, while Türkiye ranked third with a 13.91% share. Global grapefruit export value grew 23-fold, from $ 37.7 million (1961–1969) to $ 880 million (2020–2024). Simultaneously, Türkiye’s export value surged 524-fold, rising from $ 146,000 to $ 76.6 million. China leads global export value, following a 168-fold increase over the period. The Netherlands' export value rose 297%, from $ 36 million (2000) to $ 143 million (2022). As of 2022, the Netherlands ranked second ( $ 127 million), followed by China ( $ 123 million). Türkiye ranked third in 2022, with its export value increasing 206% from $ 22 million in 2000. The global grapefruit export volume index shows a gradual upward trend with modest fluctuations. Post-mid-1990s, the index ranged between 120–150, peaked during 2007–2008, and later turned volatile without a clear trend. In contrast, the export value index is more volatile, showing a stronger long-term rise; it surpassed 300 after the mid-2000s, reaching record highs and indicating that growth was largely driven by price effects. Overall, export value growth significantly outpaced volume growth, suggesting unit prices and market conditions played a decisive role. Global grapefruit export value share in total production rose from approximately 18% (early 1980s) to 24%–25% (late 1980s–early 1990s), the export share fluctuated, rising in the early 2000s before declining sharply after 2007; by 2010, it fell below 15%, reaching around 10% recently. This trend indicates that the proportion of global grapefruit production directed toward exports has decreased over time, while domestic consumption and other uses have gained relative importance. Competitiveness analysis, widely used in academic literature, allows countries to evaluate their global market performance for specific products (Bashimov, 2020 ). International competitiveness in fresh produce is influenced by costs, supply–demand dynamics, export regulations, competitor pricing/quality, pesticide residues, and economic conditions (Kadakoğlu et al., 2025 ). Gül and Akpınar ( 2006 ) found that Türkiye’s fruit production growth exceeded the global average; despite declining orchard areas between 1961–2004, production rose due to higher yields. They reported that Türkiye's highest annual growth rates were in grapefruit (9.32%), strawberry (7.35%), and banana (7.18%), emphasising the need to monitor global trade trends.. Akpınar et al. ( 2006 ) reported that fruit production constitutes one of the most economically significant categories in agricultural foreign trade. They determined that more than half of grapefruit production in Türkiye and more than one quarter of global grapefruit production were exported from 1961 to 2003. Studies analysing grapefruit prices and competitiveness are limited. Therefore, this study addresses an important gap in the literature on international competitiveness. A review of recent studies analysing fruit prices in Türkiye indicates that Özkan et al. ( 2003 ) and Polat et al. ( 2011 ) examined citrus prices, Kadanalı et al. ( 2010 ) analysed lemon prices, Ertek et al. ( 2020a ) studied mandarin prices, and Ertek et al. ( 2020b ) focused on orange prices. Regarding studies analysing the competitiveness of the fruit sector in Türkiye, Kadakoğlu and Gül ( 2025 ) and Demirtaş ( 2005 ) examined lemons, while Kadanalı ( 2019 ), Aşık and Ellibeş ( 2020 ), Duru et al. ( 2022 ), Gültekin et al. ( 2022 ), and Özözen ( 2023 ) analysed citrus fruits in general. In addition, studies have investigated the competitiveness of peaches and nectarines (Bayav and Çetinbaş, 2021 ; Şirikçi, 2025 ), figs (Kadakoğlu et al., 2022a ; Terin, 2025 ), walnuts (Kadakoğlu et al., 2022b ), quinces (Bayav and Şahin, 2023 ), olive oil (Kadakoğlu and Karlı, 2023 ), cherries (Gül et al., 2016 ; Ceylan et al., 2018 ; Yılmaz, 2025 ), and sour cherries (Kadakoğlu et al., 2024 ). This study examines developments in grapefruit prices in Adana Province, where grapefruit production is most concentrated in Türkiye. In addition, farmers' prices and export prices in major grapefruit-producing countries worldwide, as well as export competitiveness in leading grapefruit-exporting countries, were analysed. Thus, the study aims to guide producers, relevant institutions and organisations in the grapefruit sector. Materials and Methods The primary data used in this study consist of farm-gate and export prices of grapefruit, obtained from TURKSTAT, FAOSTAT, and ITC-TRADEMAP. Farm-gate grapefruit prices for Adana Province and Türkiye (1980–2024) were converted to real prices using TURKSTAT’s ( 2026 ) Producer Price Index (PPI). Real prices were calculated and analysed for both regions to adjust for general price level changes. In this context, nominal prices (1980–2024) were deflated using the PPI (2003 = 100), and trends were examined through change coefficients computed via the simple-average method .In addition, farm-gate prices in major grapefruit-producing countries (1991–2024, current $ per ton) and export prices in leading grapefruit-exporting countries (1980–2024, current $ per ton) were analysed. Thus, annual price changes were identified and their underlying causes examined. Price changes were measured using the coefficient of variation and volatility, with the latter determined via standard deviation to capture periodic fluctuations. To analyse the competitiveness of grapefruit production, calculations were performed using the Revealed Comparative Advantage (RCA) index developed by Balassa ( 1965 ), the Relative Export Advantage (RXA) index developed by Vollrath ( 1991 ), and the Revealed Symmetric Comparative Advantage (RSCA) index developed by Laursen ( 2015 ). The following formula was used to calculate the RCA index: $${RCA}_{j}^{i}=\frac{\raisebox{1ex}{${x}_{j}^{i}$}\!\left/\!\raisebox{-1ex}{$\sum{x}^{i}$}\right.}{\raisebox{1ex}{$\sum{x}_{j}^{w}$}\!\left/\!\raisebox{-1ex}{$\sum{x}^{w}$}\right.}$$ 1 In this formula, RCAij represents the Revealed Comparative Advantage Index of country i for product j. xij denotes the export value of product j from country i. ∑ xi indicates the total export value of country i. xwj denotes the total world export value of product j. ∑xw represents the total world export value. The following formula was used to calculate the RXA index: $${RXA}_{j}^{i}=\frac{\raisebox{1ex}{${x}_{j}^{i}$}\!\left/\!\raisebox{-1ex}{$\sum{x}^{i}$}\right.}{\raisebox{1ex}{$\sum{x}_{j}^{w}$}\!\left/\!\raisebox{-1ex}{$\sum{x}^{w}$}\right.}$$ 2 In this formula; RXAij denotes the Relative Export Advantage Index of country i for product j; xij represents the export value of product j by country i; ∑xi indicates the total export value of country i; ∑xwj refers to the total world export value of product j excluding the export value of product j by country i; and ∑xw represents the total world export value excluding the total export value of country i. The calculation of the RSCA index is expressed by the following formula: $${RSCA}_{j}^{i}=\frac{(RCA-1)}{(RCA+1)}$$ 3 In this formula, RSCAij denotes the Revealed Symmetric Comparative Advantage Index of country i for product j, while RCAij represents the Revealed Comparative Advantage Index of country i for the relevant product. In this study, RCA values were interpreted based on the approach developed by Hinloopen and van Marrewijk ( 2001 ), RXA values were interpreted according to the classification proposed by Frohberg and Hartmann ( 1997 ), and RSCA values were interpreted following the approach developed by Laursen ( 2015 ). An RCA value between 0 and 1 indicates that a country has no comparative advantage; values between 1 and 2 indicate a weak comparative advantage; values between 2 and 4 indicate a moderate comparative advantage; and values greater than 4 indicate a strong comparative advantage. RXA values greater than 1 indicate that a country has a competitive advantage, whereas values less than 1 indicate that a country has a competitive disadvantage. Similarly, RSCA values greater than 0 indicate a competitive advantage, while values less than 0 indicate a competitive disadvantage. Results and Discussion Price analysis The findings regarding real farm-gate grapefruit prices indicate volatile price dynamics in the long term for both Adana Province and Türkiye as a whole. Although average real prices reached relatively high levels in 1980–1999, they exhibited a pronounced downward trend starting in the 2000s, declined to their lowest levels in 2010–2019, and showed only a limited recovery in 2020–2024. However, this recovery does not indicate a favourable outlook for price stability (Table 1). Indeed, indicators such as standard deviation, coefficient of variation, and price volatility increased sharply, particularly during 2020–2024. This finding reveals a significant increase in uncertainty and risk to farm incomes. When long-term averages are examined, the close similarity between the values for Adana and Türkiye suggests that price formation is largely determined by national market dynamics. Nevertheless, the high volatility ratios—especially in recent years—indicate a weakening of income stability for producers, an increase in price risk, and a growing need for policy instruments aimed at enhancing market stability to ensure the economic sustainability of grapefruit production (Table 1). The linear trend equation for the long-term development of real farm-gate prices of grapefruit in Türkiye, shown in the figure (Y TÜRK = −1.3351x + 2956.9), together with the low R 2 value (0.0502), indicates a weak but negative long-term trend in real prices, suggesting that price movements are largely driven by short-term fluctuations. Real prices reached peak levels in the second half of the 1990s, followed by a pronounced downward trend beginning in the 2000s. In the post-2010 period, prices remained at relatively low levels, while a partial recovery was observed after 2020, accompanied by high volatility. This pattern indicates that grapefruit producers in Türkiye have not achieved sustained real income growth, and that is a significant source of uncertainty for producers' incomes. The linear trend equation for real farm-gate grapefruit prices in Adana province (Y ADANA =−0.5206x+1312.5) and the very low R 2 value (0.0084) reveal a weak downward trend in real prices that is of limited statistical significance, indicating that price movements are largely driven by short-term fluctuations. Real prices reached their highest levels in the mid-1990s, entered a general decline starting in the 2000s, and displayed a lower, more volatile pattern in the post-2010 period. Despite the partial recovery observed after 2020, high volatility persists, suggesting that income instability remains a significant challenge for grapefruit producers in Adana. Table 1. Volatility in annual real prices of grapefruit (Calculated by author) Yıllar Adana Türkiye Average real prices (TRY, ton, 2003) 1980-1989 243.640 262.136 1990-1999 333.997 365.932 2000-2009 278.810 297.378 2010-2019 232.447 226.813 2020-2024 254.604 251.540 1980-2024 270.266 284.007 Coefficient of variation 1980-1989 29.36 25.43 1990-1999 28.42 24.09 2000-2009 14.21 13.57 2010-2019 15.86 14.77 2020-2024 32.53 30.34 1980-2024 27.60 27.57 Volatility (%) 1980-1989 33.43% 31.63% 1990-1999 36.50% 21.24% 2000-2009 13.11% 9.35% 2010-2019 20.77% 17.76% 2020-2024 63.06% 55.60% 1980-2024 32.70% 26.68% In Türkiye, farm-gate grapefruit prices per ton ranged between $ 121.10 and $ 337.40 during the 1991–2024 period, with an average of $ 231.92. Prices peaked in 2010 and reached their lowest level in 2021. Years in which farm-gate prices exceeded $ 300 per ton were 1995, 1996, 2008, 2010, 2022, and 2023. In contrast, years in which prices fell below $ 200 per ton were 1991, 1993, 2000–2003, 2015–2016, and 2018–2021 (Table 2). Although data on farm-gate grapefruit prices in China are limited, prices per ton ranged from $ 296.80 to $ 936.10 over the 1991–2024 period, with an average of $ 592.27. The highest price was recorded in 2013, while the lowest price occurred in 1994 (Table 2). In South Africa, farm-gate grapefruit prices averaged $ 250.39 per ton over the period 1991–2024. Prices ranged from $ 115.20 to $ 446.60, reaching their peak in 2024 and their lowest level in 1997. The years in which farm-gate prices fell below $ 200 per ton were 1991, 1997, 2000, 2001, 2002, 2003, 2005, 2006, 2009, and 2017 (Table 2). In Israel, farm-gate grapefruit prices per ton ranged from $ 210.20 to $ 955.50 over the period 1991–2024, with an average of $ 548.62. The highest price was recorded in 2019, while the lowest price occurred in 2001. Farm-gate prices exceeded $ 700 per ton during the 2011–2021 period (Table 2). In Thailand, farm-gate grapefruit prices averaged $ 725.01 per ton during 1991–2024, ranging from $ 137.90 to $ 1,662.80. Farm-gate prices exceeded $ 1,000 per ton in 2013, 2015, 2021, 2022, and 2023. In contrast, prices fell below $ 200 per ton in 2006, 2007, and 2008 (Table 2). In the United States, farm-gate grapefruit prices per ton ranged from $ 55.00 to $ 570.50 during 1991–2024, averaging $ 235.70. Years in which prices ranged between $ 100 and $ 200 per ton were 1991, 1993, 1994, 1995, 1996, 1997, 2000, 2004, 2008, 2009, 2011, and 2013. Prices fell below $ 100 per ton in 1998, 1999, 2001, 2002, and 2003. From 2017 onward, farm-gate prices per ton exceeded $ 400 (Table 2). In Mexico, farm-gate grapefruit prices averaged $ 142.15 per ton over 1991–2024. Prices fell below $ 100 per ton in 1996, 1997, and 2009. Prices exceeded $ 200 per ton in 1993, 1994, 2023, and 2024 (Table 2). In Spain, farm-gate grapefruit prices per ton ranged from $ 177.30 to $ 426.60 between 1991 and 2024, with an average of $ 248.14. Prices peaked in 2023 and reached their lowest level in 1997. Farm-gate prices exceeded $ 300 per ton in 2021, 2023, and 2024, while prices fell below $ 200 per ton in 1993, 1994, 2000, 2001, and 2012 (Table 2). Overall, farm-gate grapefruit prices per ton exhibit high volatility. Price volatility is higher in South Africa (51.51%), the United States (50.11%), China (46.96%), and Thailand (44.79%). The coefficient of variation is also higher in the United States, Thailand, and Israel (66.65, 52.27, and 44.10, respectively). Among the countries examined, the lowest farm-gate grapefruit prices were observed in Mexico, Türkiye, and the United States (Table 2). Table 2. Annual producer prices of grapefruit (Calculated by authors) Yıllar Türkiye ABD Tayland İspanya Güney Afrika Meksika İsrail Çin Average price (per ton, $) 1991-1994 195.03 169.75 - 202.85 208.93 192.63 424.00 450.85 1995-1999 270.58 97.60 - 251.56 211.96 109.56 424.58 - 2000-2004 191.70 86.60 525.44 224.58 153.26 127.56 228.08 - 2005-2009 275.60 210.60 279.44 248.86 179.64 120.12 396.38 489.90 2010-2014 256.06 197.20 785.50 217.96 317.04 119.88 769.38 721.80 2015-2019 186.66 351.80 878.46 256.10 289.02 138.32 819.84 696.20 2020-2024 240.42 523.16 1264.00 326.04 384.62 197.06 703.28 507.20 1991-2024 231.92 235.70 725.01 248.14 250.39 142.15 548.62 592.27 Coefficient of variation 1991-1994 10.80 26.06 13.19 10.68 41.88 22.85 23.89 1995-1999 20.57 31.16 20.18 38.87 22.76 49.62 2000-2004 9.51 8.53 4.35 21.06 15.81 24.72 2.28 0.00 2005-2009 11.95 44.08 60.10 10.62 35.45 23.14 38.84 2.25 2010-2014 27.09 3.33 29.42 7.55 9.28 7.49 3.35 21.83 2015-2019 7.67 42.70 18.10 8.87 37.06 18.59 18.65 10.91 2020-2024 42.30 11.28 27.40 18.03 16.23 23.24 27.01 0.00 1991-2024 25.03 66.65 52.27 20.46 38.15 34.14 44.10 27.51 Volatility (%) 1991-1994 21.85 34.28 - 11.03 9.66 13.61 - 16.60 1995-1999 23.68 39.43 - 38.65 66.38 48.55 20.93 - 2000-2004 16.67 24.07 8.02 17.30 37.07 37.37 12.67 - 2005-2009 19.33 120.46 63.81 20.12 46.13 38.53 36.65 - 2010-2014 25.57 31.78 37.35 14.24 76.06 12.94 6.70 30.45 2015-2019 16.66 23.10 14.99 9.78 66.26 8.88 11.99 78.47 2020-2024 75.11 15.99 70.76 30.35 47.71 19.74 11.09 48.34 1991-2024 32.74 50.11 44.79 21.40 51.51 29.70 22.35 46.96 World grapefruit export prices ranged from $320.48 to $425.82 per ton during 1980–1989, peaking in 1989. During the same period, Türkiye’s grapefruit export price per ton ranged between $178.24 and $342.10, peaking in 1989 and reaching its lowest level in 1984. Türkiye’s export prices remained below $250 between 1982 and 1987, with 1984 marking the lowest price observed in the period examined. World prices were on average 46.63% higher than Türkiye’s, and Türkiye’s unit price for grapefruit exports remained below the world average. Price volatility was higher in Türkiye (World: 6.49%, Türkiye: 17.26%). Based on the 1980–1989 average, the highest grapefruit export price per ton was observed in the Netherlands, at $1,234.72. Export prices ranged from $236.16 to $449.33 in South Africa; from $345.68 to $498.32 in the USA; from $271.44 to $662.88 in Spain; from $786.79 to $1,710.73 in the Netherlands; from $128.96 to $372.60 in Mexico; from $211.86 to $427.50 in Israel; from $258.80 to $435.77 in China; and from $323.14 to $447.71 in Thailand. Price volatility was high in Mexico, South Africa, Israel, and the Netherlands during this period (70.62%, 28.73%, 23.77%, and 20.52%, respectively). The coefficients of variation were also relatively high in Mexico, Spain, the Netherlands, Israel, and Türkiye (34.63, 27.11, 25.38, 24.25, and 21.02, respectively). Among the countries examined, the lowest grapefruit export price per ton was observed in Türkiye, followed by Mexico (Table 3). Between 1990 and 1999, the world export price of grapefruit per ton ranged from $463.99 to $528.17, peaking in 1995. Prices were volatile but exhibited an upward trend. During the same period, Türkiye’s grapefruit export price per ton ranged between $338.85 and $466.90, peaking in 1995. World prices were approximately 28.51% higher than those of Türkiye, and Türkiye’s unit export price remained below the world average. Export price volatility declined to 6.29% worldwide and to 12.08% in Türkiye. The coefficients of variation decreased to 4.82 and 9.96, respectively. Based on the 1990–1999 average, the highest export price per ton was again observed in the Netherlands at $1,205.59. Export prices ranged from $256.97 to $495.10 in South Africa; from $767.51 to $1,740.05 in the Netherlands; from $331.55 to $1,059.22 in Mexico; from $485.86 to $585.20 in the USA; from $334.07 to $677.78 in Thailand; from $142.14 to $593.50 in China; from $468.96 to $769.91 in Israel; and from $431.27 to $630.09 in Spain. Price volatility was higher in Mexico (65.41%) and Thailand (26.88%), while the coefficient of variation was higher in China (46.87%) and Mexico (43.84%). Among the countries examined, the lowest grapefruit export prices per ton were observed in China and Türkiye (Table 3). Between 2000 and 2009, world export prices increased, ranging from $439.84 to $733.14. During this period, Türkiye’s grapefruit export price per ton declined, falling within a range of $257.44 to $646.44, and reached peak values in 2008 and 2009. Prices remained below $300 per ton in 2000, 2001, and 2002. World prices were approximately 37.46% higher than those in Türkiye, and Türkiye’s unit export price remained below the world average (Table 3). Export price volatility increased to 7.50% worldwide and to 27.13% in Türkiye, while the coefficients of variation rose to 19.69% and 34.34%, respectively. Based on the 2000–2009 average, the highest export price for grapefruit, at $966.72 per ton, was again recorded in the Netherlands. Export prices ranged from $199.33 to $485.19 in South Africa; from $459.37 to $1,034.07 in Spain; from $651.81 to $1,686.94 in the Netherlands; from $314.85 to $762.12 in Mexico; from $292.65 to $404.41 in Thailand; from $510.55 to $774.37 in the USA; and from $154.93 to $690.61 in China. The coefficient of variation was high in China, Israel, and Türkiye (58.79%, 35.62%, and 34.34%, respectively), while price volatility was higher in the Netherlands, Israel, and Mexico (48.56%, 34.63%, and 30.80%). Among the examined countries, the lowest grapefruit export prices per ton were observed in South Africa and Thailand (Table 3). From 2010 to 2019, global grapefruit export prices increased to between $740.90 and $816.14, experienced lower volatility, and reached their peak in 2017. During the same period, Türkiye’s grapefruit export price per ton ranged from $452.98 to $695.42, peaking in 2011. World prices remained approximately 36.38% higher than Türkiye’s prices (Table 3). Export price volatility declined to 3.96% worldwide and to 10.47% in Türkiye, while the coefficients of variation decreased to 2.61% and 16.09%, respectively. Based on the 2010–2019 average, the highest grapefruit export price per ton was observed in Israel, at $986.74. Export prices ranged between $457.60 and $620.01 in South Africa, $330.07 and $706.72 in Thailand, $353.72 and $700.27 in Mexico, $889.25 and $1,048.28 in Israel, $749.94 and $1,213.88 in the USA, $782.95 and $1,023.42 in China, $787.08 and $1,051.74 in Spain, and $646.77 and $958.40 in the Netherlands. Price volatility was higher in Mexico, Thailand, and the Netherlands (27.49%, 22.17%, and 14.92%, respectively) than in other countries, while the coefficient of variation was also higher in Thailand and Mexico (26.97% and 22.58%, respectively). Among the examined countries, the lowest grapefruit export price per ton was observed in Thailand (Table 3). From 2020 to 2024, global grapefruit export prices rose to between $800.43 and $927.53. In 2024, the price reached $927.53, representing the highest level observed during the entire study period (1980–2024). During the same period, Türkiye’s grapefruit export price per ton increased to a range of $498.67–$649.48. Global prices were 51.29% higher than those in Türkiye during this period. During 2020–2024, Export price volatility increased to 7.11% worldwide and to 13.40% in Türkiye. The coefficients of variation were 5.83 for the world and 10.68 for Türkiye. Based on the 2020–2024 average, the highest grapefruit export price was observed in the USA, at $1,293.79 per ton. Export prices ranged between $517.35 and $576.24 in South Africa, $1,028.25 and $1,322.96 in Israel, $503.73 and $640.81 in Mexico, $1,258.61 and $1,333.30 in the USA, $1,070.45 and $1,472.55 in Thailand, $783.12 and $898.22 in China, $1,071.53 and $1,157.99 in Spain, and $833.71 and $1,265.11 in the Netherlands. Price volatility was high in the Netherlands and Thailand during this period (20.69% and 19.89%, respectively). The coefficients of variation were also higher in the Netherlands and Thailand (15.68 and 14.11, respectively). Among the countries examined, South Africa and Türkiye exhibited the lowest grapefruit export prices per ton (Table 3). Between 1980 and 2024, world grapefruit export prices ranged from $320.48 to $927.53, exhibiting an upward trend with fluctuations. The year 2023 marks the peak of the period examined (1980–2024), with a price of $927.53. The years 1982 and 1984 represent the lowest values for grapefruit export prices per ton. During this period, Türkiye’s grapefruit export price per ton increased from $178.24 to $695.42, peaking in 2011. The years 1982, 1983, 1984, and 1985 had the lowest export prices in Türkiye, remaining below $230 per ton. Over the entire period, world prices were, on average, 38.62% higher than those in Türkiye (Table 3). From 1980 to 2024, the volatility of export prices was 6.19% globally and 17.09% in Türkiye, while the coefficients of variation were 30.92% and 34.61%, respectively. Based on the 1980–2024 average, the Netherlands recorded the highest grapefruit export price, at $1,740.05 per ton. Export prices ranged from $199.33 to $620.01 in South Africa; from $142.14 to $1,023.42 in China; from $128.96 to $1,059.22 in Mexico; from $345.68 to $1,333.30 in the USA; from $292.65 to $1,472.55 in Thailand; from $211.86 to $1,322.96 in Israel; from $271.44 to $1,157.99 in Spain; and from $646.77 to $1,740.05 in the Netherlands. Price volatility was higher in Mexico, the Netherlands, and Israel during this period (47.32%, 27.82%, and 21.58%, respectively). The coefficients of variation were also higher in Thailand, China, Israel, and the USA (56.64, 55.91, 45.89, and 41.51, respectively). Among the countries examined, the lowest grapefruit export prices per ton were observed in South Africa and Türkiye (Table 3). An examination of the long-term trajectory of grapefruit export prices per ton for the world and for Türkiye reveals that the linear trend equation for the world (Y World = −26,573 + 13.115x) and the high R² value (0.9141) indicate that export prices exhibit a positive long-term trend, increasing from approximately $350 to $900. Similarly, for Türkiye, the linear trend equation (Y Türkiye = −17,365 + 8.8835x) and the relatively high R² value (0.6433) indicate a positive long-term trend, with prices increasing from approximately $180–190 to $500–600. Overall, a pronounced upward trend has been observed since the mid-2000s. In Türkiye, prices remained relatively low during the post-2013 period, while a partial recovery was observed after 2022. However, price fluctuations in Türkiye have remained higher than world prices. In Türkiye, farmers received 51.56% of the export price of grapefruit over the 1991–1994 period. The share was 72.12% in 1995–1999, 61.54% in 2000–2004, 56.30% in 2005–2009, 39.96% in 2010–2014, 38.08% in 2015–2019, and 42.15% in 2020–2024. On average, from 1991 to 2024, 51.68% of grapefruit export prices accrued to farmers. In the USA, 31.77% of grapefruit export prices accrued to farmers during 1991–1994. This share declined to 19.29% in 1995–1999 and to 15.85% in 2000–2004; it increased to 28.95% in 2005–2009, fell to 24.54% in 2010–2014, rose to 34.73% in 2015–2019, and reached 40.38% in 2020–2024. On average, over the 1991–2024 period, 27.82% of grapefruit export prices were received by US farmers. Over the 1991–2024 period, an average of 85.55% of China’s grapefruit export price accrued to Chinese farmers. In South Africa, 57.47% of export prices accrued to farmers, while this share was 65.93% in Israel. In Mexico, 27.26% of grapefruit export prices accrued to farmers, while the corresponding share in Spain was 33.20%. In Thailand, the share of export prices accruing to farmers was 135.90% (Table 3). Table 3. Annual export prices of grapefruit (Calculated by authors) Yıllar Dünya Türkiye ABD Tayland İspanya Güney Afrika Meksika İsrail Hollanda Çin Average price (per ton, $) 1980-1984 330.62 245.89 370.07 396.83 455.20 345.69 205.26 245.57 1077.22 284.81 1985-1989 404.08 255.17 474.56 341.13 405.02 329.98 297.99 378.90 1392.22 319.56 1990-1994 481.72 371.23 535.34 455.27 544.68 441.06 467.55 506.76 1393.41 457.66 1995-1999 488.53 383.76 506.18 432.15 504.54 325.97 622.83 563.38 1017.78 218.33 2000-2004 476.98 320.70 544.82 348.86 606.38 264.85 484.38 515.05 917.80 182.17 2005-2009 666.21 510.93 733.43 342.63 937.24 416.66 675.23 909.42 1015.64 569.10 2010-2014 766.72 641.48 806.31 422.94 899.02 510.15 540.03 980.36 859.24 854.57 2015-2019 777.14 490.56 1005.45 607.38 931.07 545.32 539.39 993.13 784.29 910.67 2020-2024 851.72 562.97 1293.79 1254.14 1115.76 545.01 581.61 1164.46 1127.51 866.52 1980-2024 582.64 420.30 696.66 511.26 710.99 413.85 490.47 695.23 1065.01 518.15 Coefficient of variation 1980-1984 3.21 23.84 3.89 11.89 30.29 23.42 32.95 10.03 25.04 8.62 1985-1989 4.09 14.12 3.13 3.20 18.36 4.23 18.06 6.79 21.07 14.60 1990-1994 3.15 6.60 7.71 29.80 17.46 11.31 26.29 7.64 18.30 25.60 1995-1999 6.53 15.53 2.60 9.66 3.15 25.52 64.75 23.36 26.58 45.73 2000-2004 6.92 13.13 5.13 7.95 15.67 14.39 19.40 11.94 19.27 3.24 2005-2009 8.64 24.90 4.42 12.69 6.59 17.28 10.47 20.24 39.76 21.81 2010-2014 2.19 12.36 3.98 19.72 3.55 7.51 27.76 5.20 13.86 7.74 2015-2019 4.05 6.55 24.32 17.32 15.42 14.31 21.38 5.07 8.56 18.99 2020-2024 5.83 10.68 2.53 14.11 3.27 4.00 9.65 12.43 15.68 5.58 1980-2024 30.92 34.61 41.51 56.64 36.74 27.05 39.24 45.89 28.07 55.91 Volatility (%) 1980-1984 3.61 10.23 5.15 16.86 5.44 45.69 28.99 10.19 14.99 5.54 1985-1989 6.41 10.98 9.28 6.86 18.31 6.92 87.85 27.88 14.12 20.92 1990-1994 6.16 5.48 8.54 30.95 19.48 13.26 34.18 12.23 27.90 22.23 1995-1999 6.59 17.26 4.46 16.81 9.47 20.09 91.01 24.52 14.18 17.34 2000-2004 8.52 28.27 6.12 8.84 12.14 28.72 43.43 44.56 20.17 16.06 2005-2009 7.24 28.99 8.50 12.71 11.33 24.47 13.12 26.64 68.33 29.24 2010-2014 3.34 10.56 6.24 25.07 6.46 7.80 30.04 5.12 14.09 7.82 2015-2019 4.86 11.43 10.24 20.36 11.70 10.04 23.78 6.08 16.91 6.47 2020-2024 7.11 13.40 3.80 19.89 8.04 6.56 5.43 10.42 20.69 6.55 1980-2024 6.19 17.09 7.05 19.62 13.36 19.41 47.32 21.58 27.82 19.15 Competitiveness analysis The analysis based on Balassa’s Revealed Comparative Advantage (RCA) index indicates pronounced differences in competitiveness in grapefruit exports among countries. South Africa, Israel, the Netherlands, and Spain stand out as having strong and persistent comparative advantages in grapefruit exports throughout the period, as reflected by RCA values consistently greater than 1. In particular, South Africa’s high average RCA over the period 2001–2024 highlights its dominant position in the global market. Türkiye exhibited a clear competitive advantage during 2001–2014 with a high average RCA; however, the subsequent decline in the RCA from 2015 to 2024 suggests a weakening of its relative competitiveness in grapefruit exports. In contrast, countries such as China, Vietnam, and Thailand have exhibited RCA values exceeding 1, especially in the most recent period, indicating an improvement in their competitiveness in grapefruit exports. The United States, on the other hand, generally records RCA values below 1, implying that grapefruit exports do not constitute an area of comparative advantage for this country. Overall, the findings suggest that competitiveness in grapefruit exports is concentrated among a limited number of countries, whereas Asian countries, in particular, have become increasingly influential in the global market in recent years (Table 4). Table 4. Balassa's revealed comparative advantage index (RCA) for grapefruit (Calculated by author) Yıllar China South Africa Netherlands Spain Türkiye Viet Nam İsrail Thailand USA Egypt 2001 0.066 14.708 2.252 1.622 8.994 0.000 17.838 0.000 4.099 0.000 2002 0.070 22.413 2.009 1.914 11.760 0.015 12.968 0.000 4.582 0.003 2003 0.079 21.726 3.341 2.172 9.933 0.000 14.508 0.000 4.250 0.103 2004 0.089 31.220 2.579 2.438 13.512 0.000 0.000 0.000 4.576 0.759 2005 0.196 35.750 4.576 2.508 11.678 0.014 19.152 0.000 2.945 3.350 2006 0.358 24.229 3.531 2.357 14.802 0.090 15.405 0.000 3.943 2.480 2007 0.663 25.830 3.661 2.797 11.217 0.239 15.826 0.378 3.834 1.358 2008 0.956 22.252 4.094 2.526 12.403 0.301 15.068 0.374 2.995 5.225 2009 1.037 23.917 3.878 2.638 13.226 0.265 19.557 0.342 2.689 8.082 2010 0.920 21.446 4.506 3.024 15.551 0.496 20.146 0.365 2.731 9.225 2011 0.869 23.292 4.974 3.408 17.090 0.897 18.779 0.422 2.526 7.905 2012 1.171 20.859 5.174 3.136 15.687 0.639 24.271 0.426 2.278 8.271 2013 1.328 28.207 5.118 3.606 12.229 0.235 20.779 0.727 1.827 6.226 2014 1.263 24.488 5.353 3.245 13.007 0.246 25.395 0.753 1.726 6.856 2015 1.436 26.799 4.440 3.965 10.923 0.111 17.671 0.802 1.715 5.581 2016 1.527 27.491 4.248 3.294 12.110 0.160 19.116 1.005 1.419 12.634 2017 1.628 30.131 4.194 3.947 8.871 0.372 24.871 1.585 1.050 10.364 2018 1.609 39.271 4.300 2.998 10.819 0.406 20.239 1.425 0.831 8.330 2019 1.577 32.337 5.189 3.911 8.276 0.373 20.525 1.439 0.911 7.607 2020 0.998 29.164 5.183 4.269 10.272 0.973 28.295 1.866 0.934 11.803 2021 0.741 33.176 5.081 5.458 9.259 0.757 27.312 3.220 0.760 7.513 2022 1.099 33.040 4.637 5.128 8.755 1.606 29.319 4.739 0.594 9.071 2023 1.388 30.978 4.681 5.010 7.254 3.207 36.152 3.387 0.443 12.323 2024 1.263 30.685 4.480 5.642 7.568 3.902 20.664 3.862 0.414 10.300 2001-2014 ave. 0.65 24.31 3.93 2.67 12.93 0.25 17.12 0.27 3.21 4.27 2015-2024 ave. 1.327 31.307 4.643 4.362 9.411 1.187 24.416 2.333 0.907 9.553 2001-2024 ave. 0.93 27.23 4.23 3.38 11.47 0.64 20.16 1.13 2.25 6.47 Vollrath’s Relative Export Advantage (RXA) index–based analysis shows that competitiveness in grapefruit exports varies across periods and is concentrated in a subset of countries. South Africa, Israel, the Netherlands, and Spain exhibit strong and persistent export advantages throughout the period, with RXA values greater than 1. In particular, South Africa’s high average RXA value over the 2001–2024 period confirms its leading position in the global grapefruit market. Türkiye exhibited a pronounced competitive advantage during 2001–2014, with a high average RXA value; however, the decline observed during 2015–2024 indicates a weakening of its relative export advantage in grapefruit. In contrast, the increase in RXA values above 1 for China, Viet Nam, and Thailand, especially in the second period, suggests that these countries have strengthened their competitiveness in grapefruit exports in recent years. Thatthe USA’s RXA values remain mostly below 1 indicates that grapefruit exports do not constitute a comparative advantage for this country. Overall, the RXA findings reveal that competitiveness in global grapefruit exports is concentrated in a limited number of countries, while export advantages—particularly in Asian countries—have strengthened in recent years (Table 5). Table 5. Vollrath's relative export advantage index (RXA) for lemon (Calculated by author) Years China South Africa Netherlands Spain Türkiye Viet Nam İsrail Thailand USA Egypt 2001 0.063 15.619 2.360 1.642 9.378 0.000 19.392 0.000 7.041 0.000 2002 0.067 24.285 2.084 1.950 12.519 0.015 13.725 0.000 8.076 0.003 2003 0.074 23.818 3.654 2.229 10.530 0.000 15.393 0.000 6.516 0.103 2004 0.084 36.055 2.735 2.511 14.805 0.000 0.000 0.000 7.053 0.759 2005 0.184 42.472 5.230 2.582 12.642 0.014 20.710 0.000 3.614 3.358 2006 0.339 26.993 3.869 2.417 16.432 0.089 16.327 0.000 5.467 2.484 2007 0.642 29.206 4.047 2.894 12.192 0.238 16.805 0.375 5.183 1.358 2008 0.952 24.685 4.596 2.596 13.701 0.300 15.929 0.371 3.635 5.261 2009 1.041 26.574 4.327 2.719 14.721 0.264 21.074 0.339 3.191 8.195 2010 0.912 24.153 5.110 3.129 17.484 0.495 21.764 0.362 3.252 9.360 2011 0.856 26.882 5.710 3.551 19.434 0.897 20.122 0.419 2.923 8.001 2012 1.196 23.364 5.942 3.248 17.881 0.637 26.386 0.423 2.580 8.369 2013 1.389 32.720 5.879 3.772 13.542 0.234 22.350 0.724 1.976 6.276 2014 1.312 27.704 6.205 3.376 14.568 0.245 27.897 0.750 1.852 6.914 2015 1.545 30.777 4.935 4.178 11.974 0.110 18.907 0.800 1.848 5.615 2016 1.661 31.527 4.711 3.438 13.461 0.158 20.537 1.005 1.481 12.850 2017 1.795 35.419 4.654 4.169 9.549 0.369 27.133 1.597 1.055 10.512 2018 1.769 48.446 4.797 3.111 11.837 0.402 21.573 1.433 0.818 8.424 2019 1.731 38.123 5.985 4.132 8.907 0.370 21.859 1.447 0.903 7.690 2020 0.998 33.853 5.999 4.538 11.297 0.972 30.703 1.887 0.929 12.021 2021 0.709 40.488 5.857 5.934 10.117 0.754 29.418 3.309 0.744 7.610 2022 1.118 39.380 5.250 5.526 9.522 1.621 31.986 4.955 0.573 9.229 2023 1.484 36.054 5.314 5.401 7.786 3.318 39.627 3.487 0.421 12.580 2024 1.325 35.592 5.028 6.131 8.162 4.106 21.745 4.008 0.392 10.483 2001-2014 ave. 0.65 27.47 4.41 2.76 14.27 0.24 18.42 0.27 4.45 4.32 2015-2024 ave. 1.413 36.966 5.253 4.656 10.261 1.218 26.349 2.393 0.916 9.701 2001-2024 ave. 0.97 31.42 4.76 3.55 12.60 0.65 21.72 1.15 2.98 6.56 Analysis based on Laursen’s Revealed Symmetric Comparative Advantage (RSCA) index presents the direction and intensity of countries' competitiveness in grapefruit exports in a more balanced manner. South Africa, Israel, the Netherlands, and Spain exhibit strong and persistent comparative advantages in grapefruit exports throughout the period, as indicated by their consistently high RSCA values. In particular, South Africa’s average RSCA value of approximately 0.93 over the 2001–2024 period confirms the country’s pronounced competitive advantage in the global market. An examination of Türkiye’s RSCA values shows that positive and relatively high levels were maintained in both subperiods, indicating that the country continues to hold a comparative advantage in grapefruit exports; however, the relative decline observed in the second period suggests a modest weakening of its competitive strength. In China and Viet Nam, RSCA values shifting from negative in the first period toward positive levels—or turning positive—in the second period reveal that these countries have gained competitiveness in grapefruit exports. In contrast, the USA and Thailand exhibit negative or near-zero RSCA values over a substantial part of the period, indicating that grapefruit exports do not constitute a clear comparative advantage for these countries. Overall, the RSCA results demonstrate that competitiveness in grapefruit exports is concentrated in countries such as South Africa and Israel, while several Asian countries have strengthened their competitive position in recent years and become more visible in the global market (Table 6). Table 6. Laursen's revealed symmetric comparative advantage index (RSCA) for lemon (Calculated by author) Years China South Africa Netherlands Spain Türkiye Viet Nam İsrail Thailand USA Egypt 2001 -0.877 0.873 0.385 0.237 0.800 -1.000 0.894 -1.000 0.608 -1.000 2002 -0.869 0.915 0.335 0.314 0.843 -0.971 0.857 -1.000 0.642 -0.994 2003 -0.854 0.912 0.539 0.369 0.817 -1.000 0.871 -1.000 0.619 -0.814 2004 -0.837 0.938 0.441 0.418 0.862 -1.000 -1.000 -1.000 0.641 -0.137 2005 -0.672 0.946 0.641 0.430 0.842 -0.973 0.901 -1.000 0.493 0.540 2006 -0.473 0.921 0.559 0.404 0.873 -0.835 0.878 -1.000 0.595 0.425 2007 -0.202 0.925 0.571 0.473 0.836 -0.614 0.881 -0.451 0.586 0.152 2008 -0.023 0.914 0.607 0.433 0.851 -0.538 0.876 -0.456 0.499 0.679 2009 0.018 0.920 0.590 0.450 0.859 -0.582 0.903 -0.491 0.458 0.780 2010 -0.042 0.911 0.637 0.503 0.879 -0.337 0.905 -0.466 0.464 0.804 2011 -0.070 0.918 0.665 0.546 0.889 -0.054 0.899 -0.406 0.433 0.775 2012 0.079 0.909 0.676 0.516 0.880 -0.220 0.921 -0.402 0.390 0.784 2013 0.141 0.932 0.673 0.566 0.849 -0.619 0.908 -0.158 0.293 0.723 2014 0.116 0.922 0.685 0.529 0.857 -0.605 0.924 -0.141 0.266 0.745 2015 0.179 0.928 0.632 0.597 0.832 -0.800 0.893 -0.110 0.263 0.696 2016 0.208 0.930 0.619 0.534 0.847 -0.724 0.901 0.003 0.173 0.853 2017 0.239 0.936 0.615 0.596 0.797 -0.457 0.923 0.226 0.024 0.824 2018 0.233 0.950 0.623 0.500 0.831 -0.423 0.906 0.175 -0.093 0.786 2019 0.224 0.940 0.677 0.593 0.784 -0.456 0.907 0.180 -0.047 0.768 2020 -0.001 0.934 0.677 0.620 0.823 -0.014 0.932 0.302 -0.034 0.844 2021 -0.149 0.941 0.671 0.690 0.805 -0.138 0.929 0.526 -0.137 0.765 2022 0.047 0.941 0.645 0.674 0.795 0.233 0.934 0.652 -0.254 0.801 2023 0.162 0.937 0.648 0.667 0.758 0.525 0.946 0.544 -0.386 0.850 2024 0.116 0.937 0.635 0.699 0.767 0.592 0.908 0.589 -0.415 0.823 2001-2014 ave. -0.33 0.92 0.57 0.44 0.85 -0.67 0.76 -0.64 0.50 0.25 2015-2024 ave. 0.126 0.937 0.644 0.617 0.804 -0.166 0.918 0.309 -0.090 0.801 2001-2024 ave. -0.14 0.93 0.60 0.51 0.83 -0.46 0.82 -0.25 0.25 0.48 Spain holds an important position in citrus production and exports. Spain’s share of exports is higher than its share of production. The main reasons for this are that the Valencia and Castellón regions, which account for approximately 60% of citrus production in Spain, have a logistics network that enables rapid access to large-scale distribution and that EU membership provides trade privileges (Rose, 2020). In developing countries in the Mediterranean Basin, the citrus sector is effectively supported by governments due to its productivity and economic contribution (Schimmenti et al., 2013). The demand from the European Union—the largest market for North African citrus exports—for products meeting specific standards has led breeding activities to be adopted as state policy in these countries. Breeding programs have contributed to improved product quality and to the development of distinctive characteristics in citrus fruits and have become indicators of enhanced competitiveness (Ait-Oubahou and Et-Otmani, 2000; D'Onghia and Lacirignola, 2009). Akgüngör et al. (2002) measured the competitiveness of the Turkish fruit and vegetable processing industry in the EU market at the sectoral level. They investigated the competitiveness of Türkiye’s exports of processed tomato, grape, and citrus products in the EU market. According to the export similarity index, Spain, Greece, and Portugal were Türkiye’s main competitors. Based on the RCA and comparative export performance indices, they calculated that Türkiye’s competitiveness in processed grape exports exceeded that of Portugal and Spain, while in citrus exports it exceeded that of Portugal and Greece. Naseer et al. (2018) measured the competitiveness of mandarin exports for a group of countries, including Türkiye and found that Türkiye, Morocco, Spain, Pakistan, and Peru were specialised in mandarin production and export. These countries were also characterised as having factor-intensive production systems. Comparison of average RSCA values over the ten years 2007–2016 showed that Türkiye had a comparative advantage in mandarin exports relative to ten other countries that exhibited comparative disadvantages. In Türkiye, several dynamics—indicating a transition from development based on competitive foundations to development constrained by structural limitations and revealing insufficient growth in subsectors—were identified as negative factors affecting the competitiveness of the citrus sector. Growth dynamics are mainly driven by the trend component. In addition, deficiencies in competitive foundations, trade pressures applied by countries, and the limited potential to adapt to changing market conditions significantly constrain growth potential (Schimmenti et al., 2013). Türkiye’s grapefruit export value increased from $ 36.6 million in the 2001–2005 period to a peak of $ 96.1 million in the 2011–2015 period, then entered a declining trend after the 2016–2020 period, falling to $ 72.4 million in 2024. By country, the Russian Federation has consistently been the largest export market by value across all periods, largely maintaining its share of total exports. Poland, Romania, and Ukraine have also remained among Türkiye’s traditional and stable markets in terms of both quantity and value. High growth rates in export values to countries such as Japan, Canada, Belarus, and the UAE, particularly after 2010, indicate Türkiye’s tendency to expand grapefruit exports into distant, high-value-added markets. In contrast, the long-term decline in export value and export share in certain EU countries, such as Germany, the Netherlands, and the United Kingdom, suggests increased competition or changes in demand structures in these markets. Overall, the concentration of Türkiye’s grapefruit exports in a limited number of countries and the recent decline in total export value highlight the need to evaluate this trend with respect to both global price movements and market dependence. Conclusion Türkiye’s grapefruit production is largely concentrated in Adana and partly in Mersin, ranking eighth worldwide in production and third worldwide in exports. Diversification of production and export regions, expansion toward new target markets, and strengthening of logistics infrastructure have been identified as strategic priorities. According to the Balassa (RCA), Vollrath (RXA), and Laursen (RSCA) indices, Türkiye’s export competitiveness has fluctuated over time and exhibited a relative decline, particularly during 2015–2024. Therefore, the dissemination of productivity-enhancing technologies and advisory services in production will strengthen Türkiye’s long-term competitive advantage. Grapefruit prices have exhibited volatility over the long run, with only a limited recovery during 2020–2024. Price volatility creates uncertainty and risk for producers' incomes. In this context, market-regulating and supportive policies are of critical importance. Producers should receive insurance mechanisms and fixed-price purchase guarantees against price risk, and cost-reducing technological support and national and regional price-monitoring systems should be expanded. These measures will protect producers' incomes and enhance the sector's economic sustainability. Declarations Competing Interests S. Erdeğer and M. Gül declare that they have no competing interests. Author Contribution All authors reviewed the manuscript Acknowledgement This study is a section of Serhat Erdeğer's Master's thesis. References Ait-Oubahou A, El-Otmani M (2000) Quality Assurance for Export-oriented Citrus and Tomato Fruit in Morocco. In Quality Assurance in Agricultural Produce. 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Fruit Sci 11(2):68-78. https://doi.org/10.51532/meyve.1552225. Kadakoğlu B, Gül M (2025). Analysis of lemon prices and global competitiveness of lemon exports. Applied Fruit Science, 67(5), 1-8. Kadakoğlu B, Karlı B (2023) Turkish olive oil: How can its global competitiveness be increased? Sci Papers Ser Manag Econom Eng Agric Rural Dev 23(4):447-454. Kadakoğlu B, Karlı B, Bayav A (2022a) Development of fig production and global competitiveness analysis. Fruit Sci 9(2):39-47. https://doi.org/10.51532/meyve.1184717. Kadakoğlu B, Karlı B, Bayav A (2025) Competitiveness Analysis of tomatoes in foreign trade: The case of Türkiye. International Conference on Global Practice of Multidisciplinary Scientific Studies-X. 23-28 May 2025, Kyrenia-Cyprus, 266-275. Kadanalı E (2019) Türkiye Turunçgiller İhracatının Rekabet Gücünün Analizi. Tarım Ekonomisi Dergisi, 25(1), 15-25. Kadanalı E, Kızıloğlu R, Dağdemir V (2010) Türkiye’de Limon Fiyatlarının Analizi ve Pazarlama Marjları. Türkiye IX. Tarım Ekonomisi Kongresi, p., 326-333, Şanlıurfa. Laursen K (2015) Revealed comparative advantage and the alternatives as measures of international specialisation. Eurasian Bus Rev 5:99-115. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40821-015-0017-1. Montes Ninaquispe JC, Arbulú Ballesteros MA, Ludeña Jugo DA, Lamadrid Aldana M, Guzmán Valle MdlA, Cruz Salinas LE, Farfán Chilicaus GC, García Juárez HD (2024) Competition in the international cherry market: A competitiveness analysis of the developing country. Corp Bus Strategy Rev 5(3):27-35. https://doi.org/10.22495/cbsrv5i3art3. Naseer MAUR, Ashfaq M, Hassan S, Adil SA, Ariyawardana A (2019) Outlook on the global trade competitiveness of Pakistan’s mandarin industry: An application of revealed symmetric comparative advantage framework. Outlook on Agriculture, 48(1), 66-74. Özkan B., Hatırlı SA, Akçaöz H, Karadeniz CF (2003) Turunçgil Fiyatlarinin Analizi. Tarım Ekonomisi Dergisi, 8(1 ve 2), 37-49. Özözen S (2023) Türkiye’nin narenciye sektöründe karşilaştirmali rekabet gücü. YÖB, 21(Special Issue), 944-967. https://doi.org/10.35408/comuybd.1345934. Polat Ö, Güngör C, Korkmaz M, Çimen V, Yahyaoğlu G (2011) Adana ili toptan sebze ve meyve fiyatlarinin çeşitli faktörlere göre değerlendirilmesi. Akademik Bakış Dergisi, 26, 1-13. Rose R (2020) How territorialization can generate social capital: implications on citrus economies. Universitat Jaume Department of Economics. Working Papers (No. 2020/18). Schimmenti E, Borsellino V, Galati A (2013) Growth of citrus production among the Euro-Mediterranean countries: Political implications and empirical findings. Spanish Journal of Agricultural Research, 11(3), 561-577. Şirikçi B S (2025) An Evaluation of Türkiye's Peach Production and Global Competitive Performance. Horticultural Studies, 42(3), 116-125. Terin M (2025) Türkiye's competitive power in the world fig market and comparison with selected European Union Countries. Appl Fruit Sci 67, 126. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10341-025-01386-8. TRADE MAP (2026) International Trade Centre. https://www.trademap.org/Index.aspx. Accessed 10 Jan 2026. TURKSTAT (2026) Turkish Statistical Institute, Crop production and Price statistics. https://biruni.tuik.gov.tr/medas/?kn=159&locale=tr. Accessed 30 Jan 2026 Vollrath TL (1991) A theoretical evaluation of alternative trade intensity measures of revealed comparative advantage. Weltwirtschaftliches Archiv, 127 (2): 265-280. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02707986. Yılmaz Dİ (2025) Competitiveness in global cherry exports: Analysis of comparative advantages of countries. Appl Fruit Sci 67:134. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10341-025-01370-2. Additional Declarations No competing interests reported. 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Simultaneously, T\u0026uuml;rkiye\u0026rsquo;s production surged 58-fold, from 3,861 tons to 223,915 tons. China, the top producer, saw a 648-fold increase and now accounts for 52.77% of global output (5.15\u0026nbsp;million tons). Vietnam (11.35%; 1.1\u0026nbsp;million tons) and Mexico (4.92%; 480,423 tons) follow, with Mexico\u0026rsquo;s output rising 37.5-fold, reaching 480,423 tons. South Africa ranks fourth (4.01%; 391,718 tons) after a sixfold increase, followed by the U.S. at 3.85%.. While U.S. grapefruit production amounted to 1,630,976 tons in 1961\u0026ndash;1969, it declined by 77% over the study period, falling to 376,120 tons. Sudan ranks sixth in global grapefruit production with a share of 2.95. Its production increased sevenfold to 288,239 tons during the period. Thailand ranks seventh, accounting for 2.72% of global production; its grapefruit output increased approximately 29-fold to 265,863 tons.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eT\u0026uuml;rkiye ranks eighth globally (2.29%) with 223,915 tons; its production rose 48% from 151,135 tons in 2000\u0026ndash;2009 to 223,915 tons recently. Israel ranks ninth (1.55%), with production declining 8% to 151,041 tons over the study period. Global grapefruit export volume grew 3.4-fold, from 305,404 tons (1961\u0026ndash;1969) to 1,036,867 tons (2020\u0026ndash;2024). Simultaneously, T\u0026uuml;rkiye\u0026rsquo;s exports surged 101-fold, from 1,360 to 138,301 tons. South Africa, the leading exporter, saw an 88-fold increase overall, including a 78% rise from 133,570 tons (2000) to 237,690 tons (2022). As of 2022, South Africa ranked first in global grapefruit exports, accounting for 24.83% of global grapefruit production. China followed with a 14.42% share and exports totalling 133,128 tons, while T\u0026uuml;rkiye ranked third with a 13.91% share.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eGlobal grapefruit export value grew 23-fold, from \u003cspan\u003e$\u003c/span\u003e37.7\u0026nbsp;million (1961\u0026ndash;1969) to \u003cspan\u003e$\u003c/span\u003e880\u0026nbsp;million (2020\u0026ndash;2024). Simultaneously, T\u0026uuml;rkiye\u0026rsquo;s export value surged 524-fold, rising from \u003cspan\u003e$\u003c/span\u003e146,000 to \u003cspan\u003e$\u003c/span\u003e76.6\u0026nbsp;million. China leads global export value, following a 168-fold increase over the period. The Netherlands' export value rose 297%, from \u003cspan\u003e$\u003c/span\u003e36\u0026nbsp;million (2000) to \u003cspan\u003e$\u003c/span\u003e143\u0026nbsp;million (2022). As of 2022, the Netherlands ranked second (\u003cspan\u003e$\u003c/span\u003e127\u0026nbsp;million), followed by China (\u003cspan\u003e$\u003c/span\u003e123\u0026nbsp;million). T\u0026uuml;rkiye ranked third in 2022, with its export value increasing 206% from \u003cspan\u003e$\u003c/span\u003e22\u0026nbsp;million in 2000.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe global grapefruit export volume index shows a gradual upward trend with modest fluctuations. Post-mid-1990s, the index ranged between 120\u0026ndash;150, peaked during 2007\u0026ndash;2008, and later turned volatile without a clear trend. In contrast, the export value index is more volatile, showing a stronger long-term rise; it surpassed 300 after the mid-2000s, reaching record highs and indicating that growth was largely driven by price effects. Overall, export value growth significantly outpaced volume growth, suggesting unit prices and market conditions played a decisive role. Global grapefruit export value share in total production rose from approximately 18% (early 1980s) to 24%\u0026ndash;25% (late 1980s\u0026ndash;early 1990s), the export share fluctuated, rising in the early 2000s before declining sharply after 2007; by 2010, it fell below 15%, reaching around 10% recently. This trend indicates that the proportion of global grapefruit production directed toward exports has decreased over time, while domestic consumption and other uses have gained relative importance.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eCompetitiveness analysis, widely used in academic literature, allows countries to evaluate their global market performance for specific products (Bashimov, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR5\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2020\u003c/span\u003e). International competitiveness in fresh produce is influenced by costs, supply\u0026ndash;demand dynamics, export regulations, competitor pricing/quality, pesticide residues, and economic conditions (Kadakoğlu et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR24\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2025\u003c/span\u003e). G\u0026uuml;l and Akpınar (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR15\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2006\u003c/span\u003e) found that T\u0026uuml;rkiye\u0026rsquo;s fruit production growth exceeded the global average; despite declining orchard areas between 1961\u0026ndash;2004, production rose due to higher yields. They reported that T\u0026uuml;rkiye's highest annual growth rates were in grapefruit (9.32%), strawberry (7.35%), and banana (7.18%), emphasising the need to monitor global trade trends.. Akpınar et al. (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR2\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2006\u003c/span\u003e) reported that fruit production constitutes one of the most economically significant categories in agricultural foreign trade. They determined that more than half of grapefruit production in T\u0026uuml;rkiye and more than one quarter of global grapefruit production were exported from 1961 to 2003.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eStudies analysing grapefruit prices and competitiveness are limited. Therefore, this study addresses an important gap in the literature on international competitiveness. A review of recent studies analysing fruit prices in T\u0026uuml;rkiye indicates that \u0026Ouml;zkan et al. (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR29\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2003\u003c/span\u003e) and Polat et al. (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR31\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2011\u003c/span\u003e) examined citrus prices, Kadanalı et al. (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR26\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2010\u003c/span\u003e) analysed lemon prices, Ertek et al. (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR11\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2020a\u003c/span\u003e) studied mandarin prices, and Ertek et al. (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR12\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2020b\u003c/span\u003e) focused on orange prices. Regarding studies analysing the competitiveness of the fruit sector in T\u0026uuml;rkiye, Kadakoğlu and G\u0026uuml;l (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR21\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2025\u003c/span\u003e) and Demirtaş (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR9\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2005\u003c/span\u003e) examined lemons, while Kadanalı (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR25\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2019\u003c/span\u003e), Aşık and Ellibeş (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR3\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2020\u003c/span\u003e), Duru et al. (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR10\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2022\u003c/span\u003e), G\u0026uuml;ltekin et al. (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR17\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2022\u003c/span\u003e), and \u0026Ouml;z\u0026ouml;zen (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR30\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2023\u003c/span\u003e) analysed citrus fruits in general. In addition, studies have investigated the competitiveness of peaches and nectarines (Bayav and \u0026Ccedil;etinbaş, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR6\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2021\u003c/span\u003e; Şirik\u0026ccedil;i, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR33\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2025\u003c/span\u003e), figs (Kadakoğlu et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR23\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2022a\u003c/span\u003e; Terin, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR34\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2025\u003c/span\u003e), walnuts (Kadakoğlu et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR19\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2022b\u003c/span\u003e), quinces (Bayav and Şahin, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR7\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2023\u003c/span\u003e), olive oil (Kadakoğlu and Karlı, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR22\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2023\u003c/span\u003e), cherries (G\u0026uuml;l et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR16\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2016\u003c/span\u003e; Ceylan et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR8\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2018\u003c/span\u003e; Yılmaz, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR38\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2025\u003c/span\u003e), and sour cherries (Kadakoğlu et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR20\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2024\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThis study examines developments in grapefruit prices in Adana Province, where grapefruit production is most concentrated in T\u0026uuml;rkiye. In addition, farmers' prices and export prices in major grapefruit-producing countries worldwide, as well as export competitiveness in leading grapefruit-exporting countries, were analysed. Thus, the study aims to guide producers, relevant institutions and organisations in the grapefruit sector.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Materials and Methods","content":"\u003cp\u003eThe primary data used in this study consist of farm-gate and export prices of grapefruit, obtained from TURKSTAT, FAOSTAT, and ITC-TRADEMAP.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eFarm-gate grapefruit prices for Adana Province and T\u0026uuml;rkiye (1980\u0026ndash;2024) were converted to real prices using TURKSTAT\u0026rsquo;s (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR36\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2026\u003c/span\u003e) Producer Price Index (PPI). Real prices were calculated and analysed for both regions to adjust for general price level changes. In this context, nominal prices (1980\u0026ndash;2024) were deflated using the PPI (2003\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;100), and trends were examined through change coefficients computed via the simple-average method .In addition, farm-gate prices in major grapefruit-producing countries (1991\u0026ndash;2024, current \u003cspan\u003e$\u003c/span\u003e per ton) and export prices in leading grapefruit-exporting countries (1980\u0026ndash;2024, current \u003cspan\u003e$\u003c/span\u003e per ton) were analysed. Thus, annual price changes were identified and their underlying causes examined. Price changes were measured using the coefficient of variation and volatility, with the latter determined via standard deviation to capture periodic fluctuations.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eTo analyse the competitiveness of grapefruit production, calculations were performed using the Revealed Comparative Advantage (RCA) index developed by Balassa (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR4\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1965\u003c/span\u003e), the Relative Export Advantage (RXA) index developed by Vollrath (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR37\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1991\u003c/span\u003e), and the Revealed Symmetric Comparative Advantage (RSCA) index developed by Laursen (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR27\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2015\u003c/span\u003e). The following formula was used to calculate the RCA index:\u003cdiv id=\"Equ1\" class=\"Equation\"\u003e\u003cdiv format=\"TEX\" class=\"mathdisplay\" id=\"FileID_Equ1\" name=\"EquationSource\"\u003e\n$${RCA}_{j}^{i}=\\frac{\\raisebox{1ex}{${x}_{j}^{i}$}\\!\\left/\\!\\raisebox{-1ex}{$\\sum{x}^{i}$}\\right.}{\\raisebox{1ex}{$\\sum{x}_{j}^{w}$}\\!\\left/\\!\\raisebox{-1ex}{$\\sum{x}^{w}$}\\right.}$$\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"EquationNumber\"\u003e1\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIn this formula, RCAij represents the Revealed Comparative Advantage Index of country i for product j. xij denotes the export value of product j from country i. \u0026sum; xi indicates the total export value of country i. xwj denotes the total world export value of product j. \u0026sum;xw represents the total world export value.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe following formula was used to calculate the RXA index:\u003cdiv id=\"Equ2\" class=\"Equation\"\u003e\u003cdiv format=\"TEX\" class=\"mathdisplay\" id=\"FileID_Equ2\" name=\"EquationSource\"\u003e\n$${RXA}_{j}^{i}=\\frac{\\raisebox{1ex}{${x}_{j}^{i}$}\\!\\left/\\!\\raisebox{-1ex}{$\\sum{x}^{i}$}\\right.}{\\raisebox{1ex}{$\\sum{x}_{j}^{w}$}\\!\\left/\\!\\raisebox{-1ex}{$\\sum{x}^{w}$}\\right.}$$\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"EquationNumber\"\u003e2\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIn this formula; RXAij denotes the Relative Export Advantage Index of country i for product j; xij represents the export value of product j by country i; \u0026sum;xi indicates the total export value of country i; \u0026sum;xwj refers to the total world export value of product j excluding the export value of product j by country i; and \u0026sum;xw represents the total world export value excluding the total export value of country i.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe calculation of the RSCA index is expressed by the following formula:\u003cdiv id=\"Equ3\" class=\"Equation\"\u003e\u003cdiv format=\"TEX\" class=\"mathdisplay\" id=\"FileID_Equ3\" name=\"EquationSource\"\u003e\n$${RSCA}_{j}^{i}=\\frac{(RCA-1)}{(RCA+1)}$$\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"EquationNumber\"\u003e3\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIn this formula, RSCAij denotes the Revealed Symmetric Comparative Advantage Index of country i for product j, while RCAij represents the Revealed Comparative Advantage Index of country i for the relevant product.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIn this study, RCA values were interpreted based on the approach developed by Hinloopen and van Marrewijk (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR18\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2001\u003c/span\u003e), RXA values were interpreted according to the classification proposed by Frohberg and Hartmann (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR14\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1997\u003c/span\u003e), and RSCA values were interpreted following the approach developed by Laursen (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR27\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2015\u003c/span\u003e). An RCA value between 0 and 1 indicates that a country has no comparative advantage; values between 1 and 2 indicate a weak comparative advantage; values between 2 and 4 indicate a moderate comparative advantage; and values greater than 4 indicate a strong comparative advantage. RXA values greater than 1 indicate that a country has a competitive advantage, whereas values less than 1 indicate that a country has a competitive disadvantage. Similarly, RSCA values greater than 0 indicate a competitive advantage, while values less than 0 indicate a competitive disadvantage.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Results and Discussion","content":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cem\u003ePrice analysis\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe findings regarding real farm-gate grapefruit prices indicate volatile price dynamics in the long term for both Adana Province and T\u0026uuml;rkiye as a whole. Although average real prices reached relatively high levels in 1980\u0026ndash;1999, they exhibited a pronounced downward trend starting in the 2000s, declined to their lowest levels in 2010\u0026ndash;2019, and showed only a limited recovery in 2020\u0026ndash;2024. However, this recovery does not indicate a favourable outlook for price stability (Table 1).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eIndeed, indicators such as standard deviation, coefficient of variation, and price volatility increased sharply, particularly during 2020\u0026ndash;2024. This finding reveals a significant increase in uncertainty and risk to farm incomes. When long-term averages are examined, the close similarity between the values for Adana and T\u0026uuml;rkiye suggests that price formation is largely determined by national market dynamics. Nevertheless, the high volatility ratios\u0026mdash;especially in recent years\u0026mdash;indicate a weakening of income stability for producers, an increase in price risk, and a growing need for policy instruments aimed at enhancing market stability to ensure the economic sustainability of grapefruit production (Table 1).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe linear trend equation for the long-term development of real farm-gate prices of grapefruit in T\u0026uuml;rkiye, shown in the figure (Y\u003csub\u003eT\u0026Uuml;RK\u003c/sub\u003e = \u0026minus;1.3351x + 2956.9), together with the low R\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e value (0.0502), indicates a weak but negative long-term trend in real prices, suggesting that price movements are largely driven by short-term fluctuations. Real prices reached peak levels in the second half of the 1990s, followed by a pronounced downward trend beginning in the 2000s. In the post-2010 period, prices remained at relatively low levels, while a partial recovery was observed after 2020, accompanied by high volatility. This pattern indicates that grapefruit producers in T\u0026uuml;rkiye have not achieved sustained real income growth, and that is a significant source of uncertainty for producers\u0026apos; incomes.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe linear trend equation for real farm-gate grapefruit prices in Adana province (Y\u003csub\u003eADANA\u003c/sub\u003e=\u0026minus;0.5206x+1312.5) and the very low R\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e value (0.0084) reveal a weak downward trend in real prices that is of limited statistical significance, indicating that price movements are largely driven by short-term fluctuations. Real prices reached their highest levels in the mid-1990s, entered a general decline starting in the 2000s, and displayed a lower, more volatile pattern in the post-2010 period. Despite the partial recovery observed after 2020, high volatility persists, suggesting that income instability remains a significant challenge for grapefruit producers in Adana.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eTable 1. Volatility in annual real prices of grapefruit (Calculated by author)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ctable border=\"0\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\" width=\"99%\"\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 156px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eYıllar\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 201px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAdana\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 241px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eT\u0026uuml;rkiye\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 442px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAverage real prices\u0026nbsp;(TRY, ton, 2003)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 156px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1980-1989\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 201px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e243.640\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 241px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e262.136\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 156px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1990-1999\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 201px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e333.997\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 241px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e365.932\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 156px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2000-2009\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 201px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e278.810\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 241px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e297.378\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 156px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2010-2019\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 201px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e232.447\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 241px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e226.813\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 156px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2020-2024\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 201px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e254.604\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 241px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e251.540\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 156px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1980-2024\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 201px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e270.266\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 241px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e284.007\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 156px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 442px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eCoefficient of variation\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 156px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1980-1989\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 201px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e29.36\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 241px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e25.43\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 156px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1990-1999\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 201px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e28.42\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 241px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e24.09\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 156px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2000-2009\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 201px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e14.21\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 241px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e13.57\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 156px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2010-2019\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 201px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e15.86\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 241px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e14.77\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 156px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2020-2024\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 201px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e32.53\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 241px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e30.34\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 156px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1980-2024\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 201px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e27.60\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 241px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e27.57\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 156px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 442px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eVolatility (%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 156px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1980-1989\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 201px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e33.43%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 241px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e31.63%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 156px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1990-1999\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 201px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e36.50%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 241px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e21.24%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 156px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2000-2009\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 201px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e13.11%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 241px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e9.35%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 156px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2010-2019\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 201px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e20.77%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 241px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e17.76%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 156px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2020-2024\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 201px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e63.06%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 241px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e55.60%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 156px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1980-2024\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 201px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e32.70%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 241px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e26.68%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n\u003c/table\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eIn T\u0026uuml;rkiye, farm-gate grapefruit prices per ton ranged between $ 121.10 and $ 337.40 during the 1991\u0026ndash;2024 period, with an average of $ 231.92. Prices peaked in 2010 and reached their lowest level in 2021. Years in which farm-gate prices exceeded $ 300 per ton were 1995, 1996, 2008, 2010, 2022, and 2023. In contrast, years in which prices fell below $ 200 per ton were 1991, 1993, 2000\u0026ndash;2003, 2015\u0026ndash;2016, and 2018\u0026ndash;2021 (Table 2).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAlthough data on farm-gate grapefruit prices in China are limited, prices per ton ranged from $ 296.80 to $ 936.10 over the 1991\u0026ndash;2024 period, with an average of $ 592.27. The highest price was recorded in 2013, while the lowest price occurred in 1994 (Table 2).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eIn South Africa, farm-gate grapefruit prices averaged $ 250.39 per ton over the period 1991\u0026ndash;2024. Prices ranged from $ 115.20 to $ 446.60, reaching their peak in 2024 and their lowest level in 1997. The years in which farm-gate prices fell below $ 200 per ton were 1991, 1997, 2000, 2001, 2002, 2003, 2005, 2006, 2009, and 2017 (Table 2).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eIn Israel, farm-gate grapefruit prices per ton ranged from $ 210.20 to $ 955.50 over the period 1991\u0026ndash;2024, with an average of $ 548.62. The highest price was recorded in 2019, while the lowest price occurred in 2001. Farm-gate prices exceeded $ 700 per ton during the 2011\u0026ndash;2021 period (Table 2).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eIn Thailand, farm-gate grapefruit prices averaged $ 725.01 per ton during 1991\u0026ndash;2024, ranging from $ 137.90 to $ 1,662.80. Farm-gate prices exceeded $ 1,000 per ton in 2013, 2015, 2021, 2022, and 2023. In contrast, prices fell below $ 200 per ton in 2006, 2007, and 2008 (Table 2).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eIn the United States, farm-gate grapefruit prices per ton ranged from $ 55.00 to $ 570.50 during 1991\u0026ndash;2024, averaging $ 235.70. Years in which prices ranged between $ 100 and $ 200 per ton were 1991, 1993, 1994, 1995, 1996, 1997, 2000, 2004, 2008, 2009, 2011, and 2013. Prices fell below $ 100 per ton in 1998, 1999, 2001, 2002, and 2003. From 2017 onward, farm-gate prices per ton exceeded $ 400 (Table 2).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eIn Mexico, farm-gate grapefruit prices averaged $ 142.15 per ton over 1991\u0026ndash;2024. Prices fell below $ 100 per ton in 1996, 1997, and 2009. Prices exceeded $ 200 per ton in 1993, 1994, 2023, and 2024 (Table 2).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eIn Spain, farm-gate grapefruit prices per ton ranged from $ 177.30 to $ 426.60 between 1991 and 2024, with an average of $ 248.14. Prices peaked in 2023 and reached their lowest level in 1997. Farm-gate prices exceeded $ 300 per ton in 2021, 2023, and 2024, while prices fell below $ 200 per ton in 1993, 1994, 2000, 2001, and 2012 (Table 2).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eOverall, farm-gate grapefruit prices per ton exhibit high volatility. Price volatility is higher in South Africa (51.51%), the United States (50.11%), China (46.96%), and Thailand (44.79%). The coefficient of variation is also higher in the United States, Thailand, and Israel (66.65, 52.27, and 44.10, respectively). Among the countries examined, the lowest farm-gate grapefruit prices were observed in Mexico, T\u0026uuml;rkiye, and the United States (Table 2).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eTable 2. Annual producer prices of grapefruit (Calculated by authors)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ctable border=\"0\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\" width=\"100%\"\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 66px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eYıllar\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 66px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eT\u0026uuml;rkiye\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 66px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eABD\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 66px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eTayland\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 66px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eİspanya\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 77px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eG\u0026uuml;ney Afrika\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 66px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMeksika\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 66px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eİsrail\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 66px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026Ccedil;in\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"8\" style=\"width: 538px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAverage price (per ton, $)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 66px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1991-1994\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 66px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e195.03\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 66px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e169.75\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 66px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 66px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e202.85\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 77px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e208.93\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 66px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e192.63\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 66px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e424.00\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 66px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e450.85\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 66px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1995-1999\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 66px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e270.58\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 66px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e97.60\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 66px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 66px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e251.56\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 77px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e211.96\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 66px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e109.56\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 66px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e424.58\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 66px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 66px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2000-2004\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 66px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e191.70\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 66px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e86.60\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 66px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e525.44\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 66px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e224.58\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 77px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e153.26\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 66px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e127.56\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 66px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e228.08\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 66px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 66px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2005-2009\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 66px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e275.60\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 66px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e210.60\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 66px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e279.44\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 66px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e248.86\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 77px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e179.64\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 66px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e120.12\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 66px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e396.38\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 66px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e489.90\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 66px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2010-2014\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 66px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e256.06\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 66px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e197.20\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 66px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e785.50\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 66px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e217.96\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 77px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e317.04\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 66px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e119.88\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 66px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e769.38\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 66px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e721.80\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 66px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2015-2019\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 66px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e186.66\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 66px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e351.80\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 66px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e878.46\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 66px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e256.10\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 77px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e289.02\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 66px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e138.32\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 66px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e819.84\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 66px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e696.20\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 66px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2020-2024\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 66px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e240.42\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 66px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e523.16\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 66px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1264.00\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 66px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e326.04\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 77px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e384.62\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 66px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e197.06\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 66px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e703.28\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 66px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e507.20\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 66px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1991-2024\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 66px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e231.92\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 66px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e235.70\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 66px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e725.01\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 66px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e248.14\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 77px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e250.39\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 66px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e142.15\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 66px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e548.62\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 66px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e592.27\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 66px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"8\" style=\"width: 538px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eCoefficient of variation\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 66px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1991-1994\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 66px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e10.80\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 66px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e26.06\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 66px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 66px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e13.19\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 77px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e10.68\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 66px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e41.88\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 66px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e22.85\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 66px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e23.89\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 66px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1995-1999\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 66px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e20.57\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 66px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e31.16\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 66px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 66px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e20.18\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 77px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e38.87\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 66px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e22.76\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 66px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e49.62\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 66px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 66px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2000-2004\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 66px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e9.51\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 66px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e8.53\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 66px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.35\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 66px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e21.06\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 77px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e15.81\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 66px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e24.72\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 66px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.28\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 66px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.00\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 66px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2005-2009\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 66px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e11.95\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 66px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e44.08\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 66px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e60.10\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 66px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e10.62\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 77px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e35.45\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 66px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e23.14\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 66px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e38.84\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 66px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.25\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 66px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2010-2014\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 66px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e27.09\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 66px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.33\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 66px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e29.42\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 66px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7.55\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 77px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e9.28\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 66px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7.49\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 66px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.35\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 66px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e21.83\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 66px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2015-2019\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 66px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7.67\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 66px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e42.70\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 66px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e18.10\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 66px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e8.87\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 77px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e37.06\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 66px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e18.59\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 66px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e18.65\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 66px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e10.91\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 66px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2020-2024\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 66px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e42.30\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 66px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e11.28\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 66px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e27.40\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 66px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e18.03\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 77px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e16.23\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 66px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e23.24\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 66px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e27.01\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 66px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.00\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 66px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1991-2024\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 66px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e25.03\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 66px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e66.65\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 66px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e52.27\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 66px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e20.46\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 77px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e38.15\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 66px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e34.14\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 66px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e44.10\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 66px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e27.51\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 66px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"8\" style=\"width: 538px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eVolatility (%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 66px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1991-1994\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 66px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e21.85\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 66px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e34.28\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 66px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 66px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e11.03\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 77px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e9.66\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 66px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e13.61\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 66px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 66px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e16.60\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 66px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1995-1999\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 66px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e23.68\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 66px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e39.43\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 66px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 66px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e38.65\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 77px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e66.38\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 66px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e48.55\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 66px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e20.93\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 66px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 66px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2000-2004\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 66px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e16.67\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 66px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e24.07\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 66px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e8.02\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 66px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e17.30\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 77px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e37.07\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 66px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e37.37\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 66px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e12.67\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 66px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 66px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2005-2009\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 66px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e19.33\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 66px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e120.46\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 66px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e63.81\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 66px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e20.12\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 77px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e46.13\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 66px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e38.53\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 66px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e36.65\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 66px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 66px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2010-2014\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 66px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e25.57\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 66px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e31.78\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 66px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e37.35\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 66px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e14.24\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 77px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e76.06\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 66px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e12.94\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 66px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6.70\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 66px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e30.45\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 66px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2015-2019\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 66px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e16.66\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 66px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e23.10\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 66px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e14.99\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 66px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e9.78\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 77px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e66.26\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 66px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e8.88\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 66px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e11.99\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 66px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e78.47\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 66px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2020-2024\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 66px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e75.11\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 66px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e15.99\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 66px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e70.76\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 66px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e30.35\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 77px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e47.71\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 66px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e19.74\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 66px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e11.09\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 66px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e48.34\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 66px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1991-2024\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 66px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e32.74\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 66px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e50.11\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 66px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e44.79\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 66px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e21.40\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 77px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e51.51\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 66px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e29.70\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 66px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e22.35\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 66px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e46.96\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n\u003c/table\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eWorld grapefruit export prices ranged from $320.48 to $425.82 per ton during 1980\u0026ndash;1989, peaking in 1989. During the same period, T\u0026uuml;rkiye\u0026rsquo;s grapefruit export price per ton ranged between $178.24 and $342.10, peaking in 1989 and reaching its lowest level in 1984. T\u0026uuml;rkiye\u0026rsquo;s export prices remained below $250 between 1982 and 1987, with 1984 marking the lowest price observed in the period examined. World prices were on average 46.63% higher than T\u0026uuml;rkiye\u0026rsquo;s, and T\u0026uuml;rkiye\u0026rsquo;s unit price for grapefruit exports remained below the world average. Price volatility was higher in T\u0026uuml;rkiye (World: 6.49%, T\u0026uuml;rkiye: 17.26%). Based on the 1980\u0026ndash;1989 average, the highest grapefruit export price per ton was observed in the Netherlands, at $1,234.72. Export prices ranged from $236.16 \u0026nbsp;to \u0026nbsp; $449.33 in South Africa; from $345.68 \u0026nbsp; to $498.32 in the USA; from $271.44 \u0026nbsp; to $662.88 in Spain; from $786.79 \u0026nbsp; to $1,710.73 in the Netherlands; from $128.96 \u0026nbsp;to $372.60 in Mexico; from $211.86 \u0026nbsp;to $427.50 in Israel; from $258.80 \u0026nbsp;to $435.77 in China; and from $323.14 \u0026nbsp;to $447.71 in Thailand. Price volatility was high in Mexico, South Africa, Israel, and the Netherlands during this period (70.62%, 28.73%, 23.77%, and 20.52%, respectively). The coefficients of variation were also relatively high in Mexico, Spain, the Netherlands, Israel, and T\u0026uuml;rkiye (34.63, 27.11, 25.38, 24.25, and 21.02, respectively). Among the countries examined, the lowest grapefruit export price per ton was observed in T\u0026uuml;rkiye, followed by Mexico (Table 3).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eBetween 1990 and 1999, the world export price of grapefruit per ton ranged from $463.99 to $528.17, peaking in 1995. Prices were volatile but exhibited an upward trend. During the same period, T\u0026uuml;rkiye\u0026rsquo;s grapefruit export price per ton ranged between $338.85 and $466.90, peaking in 1995. World prices were approximately 28.51% higher than those of T\u0026uuml;rkiye, and T\u0026uuml;rkiye\u0026rsquo;s unit export price remained below the world average. Export price volatility declined to 6.29% worldwide and to 12.08% in T\u0026uuml;rkiye. The coefficients of variation decreased to 4.82 and 9.96, respectively. Based on the 1990\u0026ndash;1999 average, the highest export price per ton was again observed in the Netherlands at $1,205.59. Export prices ranged from $256.97 to $495.10 in South Africa; from $767.51 to $1,740.05 in the Netherlands; from $331.55 to $1,059.22 in Mexico; from $485.86 to $585.20 in the USA; from $334.07 to $677.78 in Thailand; from $142.14 to $593.50 in China; from $468.96 to $769.91 in Israel; and from $431.27 to $630.09 in Spain. Price volatility was higher in Mexico (65.41%) and Thailand (26.88%), while the coefficient of variation was higher in China (46.87%) and Mexico (43.84%). Among the countries examined, the lowest grapefruit export prices per ton were observed in China and T\u0026uuml;rkiye (Table 3).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eBetween 2000 and 2009, world export prices increased, ranging from $439.84 to $733.14. During this period, T\u0026uuml;rkiye\u0026rsquo;s grapefruit export price per ton declined, falling within a range of $257.44 to $646.44, and reached peak values in 2008 and 2009. Prices remained below $300 per ton in 2000, 2001, and 2002. World prices were approximately 37.46% higher than those in T\u0026uuml;rkiye, and T\u0026uuml;rkiye\u0026rsquo;s unit export price remained below the world average (Table 3). Export price volatility increased to 7.50% worldwide and to 27.13% in T\u0026uuml;rkiye, while the coefficients of variation rose to 19.69% and 34.34%, respectively. Based on the 2000\u0026ndash;2009 average, the highest export price for grapefruit, at $966.72 per ton, was again recorded in the Netherlands. Export prices ranged from $199.33 to $485.19 in South Africa; from $459.37 to $1,034.07 in Spain; from $651.81 to $1,686.94 in the Netherlands; from $314.85 to $762.12 in Mexico; from $292.65 to $404.41 in Thailand; from $510.55 to $774.37 in the USA; and from $154.93 to $690.61 in China. The coefficient of variation was high in China, Israel, and T\u0026uuml;rkiye (58.79%, 35.62%, and 34.34%, respectively), while price volatility was higher in the Netherlands, Israel, and Mexico (48.56%, 34.63%, and 30.80%). Among the examined countries, the lowest grapefruit export prices per ton were observed in South Africa and Thailand (Table 3).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eFrom 2010 to 2019, global grapefruit export prices increased to between $740.90 and $816.14, experienced lower volatility, and reached their peak in 2017. During the same period, T\u0026uuml;rkiye\u0026rsquo;s grapefruit export price per ton ranged from $452.98 to $695.42, peaking in 2011. World prices remained approximately 36.38% higher than T\u0026uuml;rkiye\u0026rsquo;s prices (Table 3). Export price volatility declined to 3.96% worldwide and to 10.47% in T\u0026uuml;rkiye, while the coefficients of variation decreased to 2.61% and 16.09%, respectively. Based on the 2010\u0026ndash;2019 average, the highest grapefruit export price per ton was observed in Israel, at $986.74. Export prices ranged between $457.60 and $620.01 in South Africa, $330.07 and $706.72 in Thailand, $353.72 and $700.27 in Mexico, $889.25 and $1,048.28 in Israel, $749.94 and $1,213.88 in the USA, $782.95 and $1,023.42 in China, $787.08 and $1,051.74 in Spain, and $646.77 and $958.40 in the Netherlands. Price volatility was higher in Mexico, Thailand, and the Netherlands (27.49%, 22.17%, and 14.92%, respectively) than in other countries, while the coefficient of variation was also higher in Thailand and Mexico (26.97% and 22.58%, respectively). Among the examined countries, the lowest grapefruit export price per ton was observed in Thailand (Table 3).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eFrom 2020 to 2024, global grapefruit export prices rose to between $800.43 and $927.53. In 2024, the price reached $927.53, representing the highest level observed during the entire study period (1980\u0026ndash;2024). During the same period, T\u0026uuml;rkiye\u0026rsquo;s grapefruit export price per ton increased to a range of $498.67\u0026ndash;$649.48. Global prices were 51.29% higher than those in T\u0026uuml;rkiye during this period. During 2020\u0026ndash;2024, Export price volatility increased to 7.11% worldwide and to 13.40% in T\u0026uuml;rkiye. The coefficients of variation were 5.83 for the world and 10.68 for T\u0026uuml;rkiye. Based on the 2020\u0026ndash;2024 average, the highest grapefruit export price was observed in the USA, at $1,293.79 per ton. Export prices ranged between $517.35 and $576.24 in South Africa, $1,028.25 and $1,322.96 in Israel, $503.73 and $640.81 in Mexico, $1,258.61 and $1,333.30 in the USA, $1,070.45 and $1,472.55 in Thailand, $783.12 and $898.22 in China, $1,071.53 and $1,157.99 in Spain, and $833.71 and $1,265.11 in the Netherlands. Price volatility was high in the Netherlands and Thailand during this period (20.69% and 19.89%, respectively). The coefficients of variation were also higher in the Netherlands and Thailand (15.68 and 14.11, respectively). Among the countries examined, South Africa and T\u0026uuml;rkiye exhibited the lowest grapefruit export prices per ton (Table 3).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eBetween 1980 and 2024, world grapefruit export prices ranged from $320.48 to $927.53, exhibiting an upward trend with fluctuations. The year 2023 marks the peak of the period examined (1980\u0026ndash;2024), with a price of $927.53. The years 1982 and 1984 represent the lowest values for grapefruit export prices per ton. During this period, T\u0026uuml;rkiye\u0026rsquo;s grapefruit export price per ton increased from $178.24 to $695.42, peaking in 2011. The years 1982, 1983, 1984, and 1985 had the lowest export prices in T\u0026uuml;rkiye, remaining below $230 per ton. Over the entire period, world prices were, on average, 38.62% higher than those in T\u0026uuml;rkiye (Table 3).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eFrom 1980 to 2024, the volatility of export prices was 6.19% globally and 17.09% in T\u0026uuml;rkiye, while the coefficients of variation were 30.92% and 34.61%, respectively. Based on the 1980\u0026ndash;2024 average, the Netherlands recorded the highest grapefruit export price, at $1,740.05 per ton. Export prices ranged from $199.33 to $620.01 in South Africa; from $142.14 to $1,023.42 in China; from $128.96 to $1,059.22 in Mexico; from $345.68 to $1,333.30 in the USA; from $292.65 to $1,472.55 in Thailand; from $211.86 to $1,322.96 in Israel; from $271.44 to $1,157.99 in Spain; and from $646.77 to $1,740.05 in the Netherlands. Price volatility was higher in Mexico, the Netherlands, and Israel during this period (47.32%, 27.82%, and 21.58%, respectively). The coefficients of variation were also higher in Thailand, China, Israel, and the USA (56.64, 55.91, 45.89, and 41.51, respectively). Among the countries examined, the lowest grapefruit export prices per ton were observed in South Africa and T\u0026uuml;rkiye (Table 3).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAn examination of the long-term trajectory of grapefruit export prices per ton for the world and for T\u0026uuml;rkiye reveals that the linear trend equation for the world (Y\u003csub\u003eWorld\u003c/sub\u003e = \u0026minus;26,573 + 13.115x) and the high R\u0026sup2; value (0.9141) indicate that export prices exhibit a positive long-term trend, increasing from approximately $350 to $900. Similarly, for T\u0026uuml;rkiye, the linear trend equation (Y\u003csub\u003eT\u0026uuml;rkiye\u003c/sub\u003e = \u0026minus;17,365 + 8.8835x) and the relatively high R\u0026sup2; value (0.6433) indicate a positive long-term trend, with prices increasing from approximately $180\u0026ndash;190 to $500\u0026ndash;600. Overall, a pronounced upward trend has been observed since the mid-2000s. In T\u0026uuml;rkiye, prices remained relatively low during the post-2013 period, while a partial recovery was observed after 2022. However, price fluctuations in T\u0026uuml;rkiye have remained higher than world prices.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eIn T\u0026uuml;rkiye, farmers received 51.56% of the export price of grapefruit over the 1991\u0026ndash;1994 period. The share was 72.12% in 1995\u0026ndash;1999, 61.54% in 2000\u0026ndash;2004, 56.30% in 2005\u0026ndash;2009, 39.96% in 2010\u0026ndash;2014, 38.08% in 2015\u0026ndash;2019, and 42.15% in 2020\u0026ndash;2024. On average, from 1991 to 2024, 51.68% of grapefruit export prices accrued to farmers.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eIn the USA, 31.77% of grapefruit export prices accrued to farmers during 1991\u0026ndash;1994. This share declined to 19.29% in 1995\u0026ndash;1999 and to 15.85% in 2000\u0026ndash;2004; it increased to 28.95% in 2005\u0026ndash;2009, fell to 24.54% in 2010\u0026ndash;2014, rose to 34.73% in 2015\u0026ndash;2019, and reached 40.38% in 2020\u0026ndash;2024. On average, over the 1991\u0026ndash;2024 period, 27.82% of grapefruit export prices were received by US farmers.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eOver the 1991\u0026ndash;2024 period, an average of 85.55% of China\u0026rsquo;s grapefruit export price accrued to Chinese farmers. In South Africa, 57.47% of export prices accrued to farmers, while this share was 65.93% in Israel. In Mexico, 27.26% of grapefruit export prices accrued to farmers, while the corresponding share in Spain was 33.20%. In Thailand, the share of export prices accruing to farmers was 135.90% (Table 3).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eTable 3. Annual export prices of grapefruit (Calculated by authors)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ctable border=\"1\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\" width=\"101%\"\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 64px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eYıllar\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eD\u0026uuml;nya\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eT\u0026uuml;rkiye\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eABD\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eTayland\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 53px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eİspanya\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 61px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eG\u0026uuml;ney Afrika\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 53px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMeksika\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 53px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eİsrail\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 54px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eHollanda\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 53px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026Ccedil;in\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"10\" style=\"width: 546px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAverage price (per ton, $)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 64px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1980-1984\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e330.62\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e245.89\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e370.07\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e396.83\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 53px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e455.20\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 61px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e345.69\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 53px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e205.26\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 53px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e245.57\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 54px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1077.22\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 53px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e284.81\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 64px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1985-1989\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e404.08\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e255.17\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e474.56\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e341.13\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 53px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e405.02\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 61px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e329.98\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 53px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e297.99\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 53px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e378.90\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 54px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1392.22\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 53px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e319.56\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 64px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1990-1994\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e481.72\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e371.23\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e535.34\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e455.27\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 53px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e544.68\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 61px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e441.06\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 53px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e467.55\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 53px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e506.76\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 54px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1393.41\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 53px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e457.66\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 64px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1995-1999\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e488.53\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e383.76\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e506.18\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e432.15\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 53px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e504.54\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 61px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e325.97\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 53px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e622.83\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 53px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e563.38\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 54px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1017.78\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 53px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e218.33\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 64px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2000-2004\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e476.98\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e320.70\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e544.82\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e348.86\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 53px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e606.38\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 61px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e264.85\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 53px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e484.38\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 53px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e515.05\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 54px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e917.80\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 53px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e182.17\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 64px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2005-2009\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e666.21\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e510.93\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e733.43\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e342.63\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 53px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e937.24\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 61px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e416.66\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 53px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e675.23\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 53px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e909.42\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 54px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1015.64\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 53px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e569.10\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 64px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2010-2014\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e766.72\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e641.48\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e806.31\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e422.94\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 53px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e899.02\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 61px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e510.15\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 53px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e540.03\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 53px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e980.36\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 54px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e859.24\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 53px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e854.57\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 64px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2015-2019\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e777.14\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e490.56\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1005.45\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e607.38\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 53px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e931.07\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 61px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e545.32\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 53px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e539.39\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 53px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e993.13\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 54px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e784.29\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 53px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e910.67\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 64px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2020-2024\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e851.72\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e562.97\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1293.79\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1254.14\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 53px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1115.76\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 61px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e545.01\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 53px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e581.61\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 53px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1164.46\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 54px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1127.51\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 53px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e866.52\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 64px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1980-2024\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e582.64\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e420.30\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e696.66\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e511.26\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 53px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e710.99\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 61px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e413.85\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 53px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e490.47\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 53px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e695.23\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 54px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1065.01\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 53px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e518.15\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 64px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"10\" style=\"width: 546px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eCoefficient of variation\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 64px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1980-1984\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.21\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e23.84\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.89\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e11.89\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 53px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e30.29\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 61px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e23.42\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 53px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e32.95\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 53px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e10.03\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 54px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e25.04\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 53px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e8.62\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 64px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1985-1989\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.09\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e14.12\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.13\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.20\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 53px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e18.36\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 61px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.23\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 53px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e18.06\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 53px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6.79\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 54px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e21.07\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 53px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e14.60\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 64px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1990-1994\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.15\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6.60\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7.71\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e29.80\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 53px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e17.46\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 61px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e11.31\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 53px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e26.29\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 53px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7.64\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 54px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e18.30\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 53px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e25.60\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 64px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1995-1999\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6.53\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e15.53\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.60\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e9.66\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 53px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.15\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 61px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e25.52\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 53px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e64.75\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 53px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e23.36\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 54px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e26.58\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 53px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e45.73\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 64px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2000-2004\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6.92\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e13.13\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5.13\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7.95\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 53px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e15.67\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 61px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e14.39\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 53px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e19.40\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 53px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e11.94\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 54px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e19.27\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 53px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.24\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 64px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2005-2009\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e8.64\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e24.90\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.42\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e12.69\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 53px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6.59\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 61px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e17.28\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 53px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e10.47\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 53px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e20.24\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 54px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e39.76\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 53px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e21.81\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 64px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2010-2014\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.19\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e12.36\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.98\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e19.72\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 53px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.55\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 61px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7.51\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 53px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e27.76\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 53px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5.20\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 54px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e13.86\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 53px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7.74\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 64px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2015-2019\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.05\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6.55\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e24.32\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e17.32\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 53px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e15.42\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 61px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e14.31\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 53px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e21.38\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 53px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5.07\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 54px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e8.56\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 53px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e18.99\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 64px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2020-2024\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5.83\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e10.68\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.53\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e14.11\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 53px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.27\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 61px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.00\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 53px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e9.65\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 53px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e12.43\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 54px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e15.68\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 53px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5.58\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 64px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1980-2024\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e30.92\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e34.61\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e41.51\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e56.64\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 53px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e36.74\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 61px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e27.05\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 53px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e39.24\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 53px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e45.89\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 54px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e28.07\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 53px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e55.91\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 64px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"10\" style=\"width: 546px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eVolatility (%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 64px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1980-1984\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.61\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e10.23\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5.15\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e16.86\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 53px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5.44\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 61px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e45.69\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 53px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e28.99\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 53px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e10.19\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 54px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e14.99\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 53px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5.54\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 64px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1985-1989\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6.41\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e10.98\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e9.28\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6.86\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 53px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e18.31\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 61px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6.92\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 53px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e87.85\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 53px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e27.88\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 54px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e14.12\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 53px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e20.92\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 64px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1990-1994\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6.16\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5.48\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e8.54\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e30.95\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 53px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e19.48\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 61px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e13.26\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 53px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e34.18\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 53px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e12.23\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 54px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e27.90\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 53px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e22.23\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 64px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1995-1999\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6.59\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e17.26\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.46\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e16.81\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 53px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e9.47\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 61px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e20.09\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 53px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e91.01\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 53px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e24.52\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 54px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e14.18\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 53px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e17.34\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 64px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2000-2004\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e8.52\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e28.27\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6.12\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e8.84\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 53px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e12.14\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 61px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e28.72\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 53px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e43.43\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 53px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e44.56\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 54px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e20.17\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 53px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e16.06\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 64px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2005-2009\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7.24\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e28.99\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e8.50\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e12.71\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 53px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e11.33\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 61px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e24.47\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 53px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e13.12\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 53px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e26.64\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 54px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e68.33\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 53px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e29.24\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 64px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2010-2014\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.34\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e10.56\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6.24\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e25.07\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 53px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6.46\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 61px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7.80\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 53px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e30.04\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 53px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5.12\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 54px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e14.09\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 53px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7.82\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 64px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2015-2019\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.86\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e11.43\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e10.24\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e20.36\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 53px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e11.70\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 61px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e10.04\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 53px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e23.78\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 53px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6.08\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 54px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e16.91\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 53px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6.47\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 64px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2020-2024\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7.11\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e13.40\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.80\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e19.89\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 53px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e8.04\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 61px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6.56\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 53px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5.43\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 53px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e10.42\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 54px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e20.69\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 53px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6.55\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 64px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1980-2024\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6.19\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e17.09\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7.05\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e19.62\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 53px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e13.36\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 61px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e19.41\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 53px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e47.32\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 53px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e21.58\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 54px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e27.82\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 53px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e19.15\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n\u003c/table\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cem\u003eCompetitiveness analysis\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe analysis based on Balassa\u0026rsquo;s Revealed Comparative Advantage (RCA) index indicates pronounced differences in competitiveness in grapefruit exports among countries. South Africa, Israel, the Netherlands, and Spain stand out as having strong and persistent comparative advantages in grapefruit exports throughout the period, as reflected by RCA values consistently greater than 1. In particular, South Africa\u0026rsquo;s high average RCA over the period 2001\u0026ndash;2024 highlights its dominant position in the global market. T\u0026uuml;rkiye exhibited a clear competitive advantage during 2001\u0026ndash;2014 with a high average RCA; however, the subsequent decline in the RCA from 2015 to 2024 suggests a weakening of its relative competitiveness in grapefruit exports.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eIn contrast, countries such as China, Vietnam, and Thailand have exhibited RCA values exceeding 1, especially in the most recent period, indicating an improvement in their competitiveness in grapefruit exports. The United States, on the other hand, generally records RCA values below 1, implying that grapefruit exports do not constitute an area of comparative advantage for this country. Overall, the findings suggest that competitiveness in grapefruit exports is concentrated among a limited number of countries, whereas Asian countries, in particular, have become increasingly influential in the global market in recent years (Table 4).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eTable 4. Balassa\u0026apos;s revealed comparative advantage index (RCA) for grapefruit (Calculated by author)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ctable border=\"0\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\" width=\"95%\"\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 80px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eYıllar\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 43px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eChina\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 51px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSouth Africa\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 64px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNetherlands\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 54px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSpain\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eT\u0026uuml;rkiye\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 41px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eViet Nam\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 43px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eİsrail\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 51px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eThailand\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eUSA\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 51px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eEgypt\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 80px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2001\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 43px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.066\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 51px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e14.708\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 64px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.252\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 54px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.622\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e8.994\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 41px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.000\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 43px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e17.838\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 51px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.000\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.099\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 51px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.000\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 80px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2002\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 43px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.070\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 51px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e22.413\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 64px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.009\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 54px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.914\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e11.760\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 41px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.015\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 43px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e12.968\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 51px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.000\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.582\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 51px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.003\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 80px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2003\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 43px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.079\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 51px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e21.726\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 64px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.341\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 54px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.172\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e9.933\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 41px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.000\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 43px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e14.508\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 51px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.000\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.250\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 51px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.103\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 80px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2004\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 43px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.089\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 51px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e31.220\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 64px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.579\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 54px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.438\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e13.512\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 41px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.000\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 43px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.000\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 51px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.000\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.576\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 51px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.759\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 80px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2005\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 43px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.196\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 51px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e35.750\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 64px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.576\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 54px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.508\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e11.678\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 41px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.014\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 43px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e19.152\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 51px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.000\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.945\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 51px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.350\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 80px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2006\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 43px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.358\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 51px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e24.229\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 64px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.531\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 54px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.357\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e14.802\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 41px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.090\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 43px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e15.405\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 51px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.000\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.943\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 51px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.480\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 80px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2007\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 43px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.663\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 51px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e25.830\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 64px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.661\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 54px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.797\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e11.217\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 41px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.239\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 43px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e15.826\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 51px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.378\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.834\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 51px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.358\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 80px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2008\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 43px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.956\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 51px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e22.252\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 64px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.094\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 54px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.526\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e12.403\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 41px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.301\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 43px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e15.068\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 51px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.374\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.995\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 51px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5.225\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 80px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2009\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 43px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.037\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 51px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e23.917\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 64px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.878\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 54px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.638\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e13.226\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 41px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.265\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 43px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e19.557\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 51px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.342\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.689\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 51px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e8.082\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 80px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2010\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 43px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.920\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 51px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e21.446\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 64px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.506\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 54px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.024\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e15.551\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 41px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.496\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 43px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e20.146\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 51px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.365\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.731\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 51px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e9.225\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 80px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2011\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 43px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.869\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 51px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e23.292\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 64px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.974\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 54px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.408\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e17.090\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 41px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.897\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 43px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e18.779\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 51px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.422\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.526\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 51px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7.905\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 80px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2012\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 43px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.171\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 51px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e20.859\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 64px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5.174\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 54px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.136\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e15.687\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 41px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.639\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 43px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e24.271\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 51px;\"\u003e\n 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style=\"width: 80px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2021\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 43px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.741\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 51px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e33.176\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 64px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5.081\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 54px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5.458\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e9.259\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 41px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.757\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 43px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e27.312\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 51px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.220\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.760\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 51px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7.513\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 80px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2022\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 43px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.099\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 51px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e33.040\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 64px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.637\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 54px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5.128\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e8.755\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 41px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.606\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 43px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e29.319\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 51px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.739\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.594\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 51px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e9.071\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 80px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2023\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 43px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.388\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 51px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e30.978\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 64px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.681\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 54px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5.010\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7.254\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 41px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.207\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 43px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e36.152\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 51px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.387\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.443\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 51px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e12.323\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 80px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2024\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 43px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.263\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 51px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e30.685\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 64px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.480\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 54px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5.642\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7.568\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 41px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.902\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 43px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e20.664\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 51px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.862\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.414\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 51px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e10.300\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 80px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2001-2014 ave.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 43px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.65\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 51px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e24.31\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 64px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.93\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 54px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.67\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e12.93\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 41px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.25\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 43px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e17.12\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 51px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.27\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.21\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 51px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.27\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 80px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2015-2024 ave.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 43px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.327\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 51px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e31.307\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 64px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.643\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 54px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.362\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e9.411\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 41px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.187\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 43px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e24.416\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 51px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.333\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.907\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 51px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e9.553\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 80px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2001-2024 ave.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 43px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.93\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 51px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e27.23\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 64px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.23\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 54px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.38\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e11.47\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 41px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.64\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 43px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e20.16\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 51px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.13\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.25\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 51px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6.47\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n\u003c/table\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eVollrath\u0026rsquo;s Relative Export Advantage (RXA) index\u0026ndash;based analysis shows that competitiveness in grapefruit exports varies across periods and is concentrated in a subset of countries. South Africa, Israel, the Netherlands, and Spain exhibit strong and persistent export advantages throughout the period, with RXA values greater than 1. In particular, South Africa\u0026rsquo;s high average RXA value over the 2001\u0026ndash;2024 period confirms its leading position in the global grapefruit market. T\u0026uuml;rkiye exhibited a pronounced competitive advantage during 2001\u0026ndash;2014, with a high average RXA value; however, the decline observed during 2015\u0026ndash;2024 indicates a weakening of its relative export advantage in grapefruit. In contrast, the increase in RXA values above 1 for China, Viet Nam, and Thailand, especially in the second period, suggests that these countries have strengthened their competitiveness in grapefruit exports in recent years. Thatthe USA\u0026rsquo;s RXA values remain mostly below 1 indicates that grapefruit exports do not constitute a comparative advantage for this country. Overall, the RXA findings reveal that competitiveness in global grapefruit exports is concentrated in a limited number of countries, while export advantages\u0026mdash;particularly in Asian countries\u0026mdash;have strengthened in recent years (Table 5).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eTable 5. Vollrath\u0026apos;s relative export advantage index (RXA) for lemon (Calculated by author)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ctable border=\"0\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\" width=\"98%\"\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 82px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eYears\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 42px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eChina\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 50px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSouth Africa\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 60px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNetherlands\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 52px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSpain\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 53px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eT\u0026uuml;rkiye\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 56px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eViet Nam\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 48px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eİsrail\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 61px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eThailand\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 43px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eUSA\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 48px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eEgypt\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 82px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2001\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 42px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.063\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 50px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e15.619\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 60px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.360\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 52px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.642\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 53px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e9.378\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 56px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.000\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 48px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e19.392\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 61px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.000\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 43px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7.041\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 48px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.000\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 82px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2002\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 42px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.067\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 50px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e24.285\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 60px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.084\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 52px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.950\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 53px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e12.519\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 56px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.015\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 48px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e13.725\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 61px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.000\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 43px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e8.076\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 48px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.003\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 82px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2003\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 42px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.074\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 50px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e23.818\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 60px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.654\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 52px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.229\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 53px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e10.530\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 56px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.000\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 48px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e15.393\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 61px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.000\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 43px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6.516\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 48px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.103\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 82px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2004\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 42px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.084\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 50px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e36.055\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 60px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.735\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 52px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.511\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 53px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e14.805\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 56px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.000\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 48px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.000\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 61px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.000\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 43px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7.053\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 48px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.759\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 82px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2005\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 42px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.184\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 50px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e42.472\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 60px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5.230\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 52px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.582\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 53px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e12.642\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 56px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.014\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 48px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e20.710\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 61px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.000\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 43px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.614\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 48px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.358\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 82px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2006\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 42px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.339\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 50px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e26.993\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 60px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.869\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 52px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.417\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 53px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e16.432\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 56px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.089\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 48px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e16.327\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 61px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.000\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 43px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5.467\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 48px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.484\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 82px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2007\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 42px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.642\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 50px;\"\u003e\n 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48px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e9.360\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 82px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2011\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 42px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.856\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 50px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e26.882\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 60px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5.710\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 52px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.551\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 53px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e19.434\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 56px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.897\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 48px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e20.122\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 61px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.419\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 43px;\"\u003e\n 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\u003cp\u003e11.974\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 56px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.110\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 48px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e18.907\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 61px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.800\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 43px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.848\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 48px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5.615\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 82px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2016\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 42px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.661\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 50px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e31.527\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 60px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.711\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 52px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.438\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 53px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e13.461\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 56px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.158\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 48px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e20.537\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 61px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.005\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 43px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.481\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 48px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e12.850\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 82px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2017\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 42px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.795\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 50px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e35.419\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 60px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.654\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 52px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.169\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 53px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e9.549\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 56px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.369\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 48px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e27.133\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 61px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.597\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 43px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.055\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 48px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e10.512\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 82px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2018\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 42px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.769\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 50px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e48.446\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 60px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.797\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 52px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.111\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 53px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e11.837\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 56px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.402\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 48px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e21.573\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 61px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.433\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 43px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.818\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 48px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e8.424\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 82px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2019\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 42px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.731\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 50px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e38.123\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 60px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5.985\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 52px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.132\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 53px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e8.907\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 56px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.370\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 48px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e21.859\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 61px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.447\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 43px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.903\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 48px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7.690\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 82px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2020\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 42px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.998\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 50px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e33.853\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 60px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5.999\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 52px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.538\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 53px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e11.297\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 56px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.972\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 48px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e30.703\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 61px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.887\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 43px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.929\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 48px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e12.021\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 82px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2021\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 42px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.709\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 50px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e40.488\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 60px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5.857\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 52px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5.934\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 53px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e10.117\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 56px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.754\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 48px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e29.418\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 61px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.309\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 43px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.744\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 48px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7.610\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 82px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2022\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 42px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.118\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 50px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e39.380\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 60px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5.250\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 52px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5.526\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 53px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e9.522\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 56px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.621\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 48px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e31.986\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 61px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.955\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 43px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.573\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 48px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e9.229\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 82px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2023\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 42px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.484\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 50px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e36.054\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 60px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5.314\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 52px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5.401\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 53px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7.786\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 56px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.318\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 48px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e39.627\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 61px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.487\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 43px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.421\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 48px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e12.580\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 82px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2024\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 42px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.325\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 50px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e35.592\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 60px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5.028\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 52px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6.131\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 53px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e8.162\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 56px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.106\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 48px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e21.745\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 61px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.008\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 43px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.392\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 48px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e10.483\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 82px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2001-2014 ave.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 42px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.65\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 50px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e27.47\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 60px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.41\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 52px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.76\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 53px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e14.27\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 56px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.24\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 48px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e18.42\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 61px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.27\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 43px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.45\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 48px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.32\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 82px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2015-2024 ave.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 42px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.413\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 50px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e36.966\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 60px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5.253\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 52px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.656\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 53px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e10.261\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 56px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.218\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 48px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e26.349\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 61px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.393\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 43px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.916\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 48px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e9.701\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 82px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2001-2024 ave.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 42px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.97\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 50px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e31.42\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 60px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.76\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 52px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.55\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 53px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e12.60\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 56px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.65\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 48px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e21.72\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 61px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.15\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 43px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.98\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 48px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6.56\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n\u003c/table\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAnalysis based on Laursen\u0026rsquo;s Revealed Symmetric Comparative Advantage (RSCA) index presents the direction and intensity of countries\u0026apos; competitiveness in grapefruit exports in a more balanced manner. South Africa, Israel, the Netherlands, and Spain exhibit strong and persistent comparative advantages in grapefruit exports throughout the period, as indicated by their consistently high RSCA values. In particular, South Africa\u0026rsquo;s average RSCA value of approximately 0.93 over the 2001\u0026ndash;2024 period confirms the country\u0026rsquo;s pronounced competitive advantage in the global market.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAn examination of T\u0026uuml;rkiye\u0026rsquo;s RSCA values shows that positive and relatively high levels were maintained in both subperiods, indicating that the country continues to hold a comparative advantage in grapefruit exports; however, the relative decline observed in the second period suggests a modest weakening of its competitive strength. In China and Viet Nam, RSCA values shifting from negative in the first period toward positive levels\u0026mdash;or turning positive\u0026mdash;in the second period reveal that these countries have gained competitiveness in grapefruit exports. In contrast, the USA and Thailand exhibit negative or near-zero RSCA values over a substantial part of the period, indicating that grapefruit exports do not constitute a clear comparative advantage for these countries.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eOverall, the RSCA results demonstrate that competitiveness in grapefruit exports is concentrated in countries such as South Africa and Israel, while several Asian countries have strengthened their competitive position in recent years and become more visible in the global market (Table 6).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eTable 6. Laursen\u0026apos;s revealed symmetric comparative advantage index (RSCA) for lemon (Calculated by author)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ctable border=\"0\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\" width=\"98%\"\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 82px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eYears\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 50px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eChina\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 50px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSouth Africa\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 60px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNetherlands\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 50px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSpain\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 50px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eT\u0026uuml;rkiye\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 51px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eViet Nam\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 50px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eİsrail\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 50px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eThailand\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 50px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eUSA\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 50px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eEgypt\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 82px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2001\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 50px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.877\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 50px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.873\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 60px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.385\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 50px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.237\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 50px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.800\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 51px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-1.000\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 50px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.894\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 50px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-1.000\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 50px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.608\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 50px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-1.000\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 82px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2002\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 50px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.869\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 50px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.915\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 60px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.335\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 50px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.314\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 50px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.843\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 51px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.971\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 50px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.857\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 50px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-1.000\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 50px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.642\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 50px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.994\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 82px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2003\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 50px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.854\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 50px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.912\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 60px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.539\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 50px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.369\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 50px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.817\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 51px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-1.000\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 50px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.871\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 50px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-1.000\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 50px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.619\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 50px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.814\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 82px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2004\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 50px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.837\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 50px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.938\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 60px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.441\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 50px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.418\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 50px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.862\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 51px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-1.000\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 50px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-1.000\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 50px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-1.000\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 50px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.641\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 50px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.137\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 82px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2005\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 50px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.672\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 50px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.946\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 60px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.641\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 50px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.430\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 50px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.842\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 51px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.973\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 50px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.901\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 50px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-1.000\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 50px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.493\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 50px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.540\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 82px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2006\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 50px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.473\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 50px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.921\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 60px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.559\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 50px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.404\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 50px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.873\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 51px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.835\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 50px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.878\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 50px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-1.000\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 50px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.595\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 50px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.425\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 82px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2007\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 50px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.202\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 50px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.925\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 60px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.571\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 50px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.473\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 50px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.836\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 51px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.614\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 50px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.881\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 50px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.451\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 50px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.586\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 50px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.152\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 82px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2008\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 50px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.023\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 50px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.914\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 60px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.607\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 50px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.433\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 50px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.851\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 51px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.538\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 50px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.876\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 50px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.456\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 50px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.499\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 50px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.679\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 82px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2009\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 50px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.018\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 50px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.920\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 60px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.590\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 50px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.450\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 50px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.859\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 51px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.582\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 50px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.903\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 50px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.491\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 50px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.458\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 50px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.780\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 82px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2010\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 50px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.042\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 50px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.911\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 60px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.637\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 50px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.503\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 50px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.879\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 51px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.337\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 50px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.905\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 50px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.466\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 50px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.464\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 50px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.804\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 82px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2011\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 50px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.070\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 50px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.918\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 60px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.665\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 50px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.546\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 50px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.889\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 51px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.054\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 50px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.899\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 50px;\"\u003e\n 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style=\"width: 50px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.908\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 50px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.158\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 50px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.293\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 50px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.723\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 82px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2014\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 50px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.116\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 50px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.922\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 60px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.685\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 50px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.529\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 50px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.857\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 51px;\"\u003e\n 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style=\"width: 50px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.847\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 51px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.724\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 50px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.901\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 50px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.003\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 50px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.173\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 50px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.853\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 82px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2017\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 50px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.239\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 50px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.936\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 60px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.615\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 50px;\"\u003e\n 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style=\"width: 60px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.677\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 50px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.593\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 50px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.784\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 51px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.456\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 50px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.907\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 50px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.180\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 50px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.047\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 50px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.768\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 82px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2020\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 50px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.001\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 50px;\"\u003e\n 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\u003cp\u003e-0.149\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 50px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.941\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 60px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.671\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 50px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.690\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 50px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.805\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 51px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.138\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 50px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.929\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 50px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.526\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 50px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.137\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 50px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.765\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 82px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2022\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 50px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.047\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 50px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.941\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 60px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.645\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 50px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.674\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 50px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.795\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 51px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.233\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 50px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.934\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 50px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.652\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 50px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.254\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 50px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.801\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 82px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2023\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 50px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.162\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 50px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.937\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 60px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.648\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 50px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.667\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 50px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.758\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 51px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.525\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 50px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.946\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 50px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.544\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 50px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.386\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 50px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.850\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 82px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2024\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 50px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.116\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 50px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.937\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 60px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.635\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 50px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.699\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 50px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.767\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 51px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.592\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 50px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.908\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 50px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.589\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 50px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.415\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 50px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.823\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 82px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2001-2014 ave.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 50px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.33\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 50px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.92\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 60px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.57\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 50px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.44\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 50px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.85\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 51px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.67\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 50px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.76\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 50px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.64\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 50px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.50\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 50px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.25\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 82px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2015-2024 ave.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 50px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.126\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 50px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.937\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 60px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.644\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 50px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.617\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 50px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.804\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 51px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.166\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 50px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.918\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 50px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.309\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 50px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.090\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 50px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.801\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 82px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2001-2024 ave.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 50px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.14\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 50px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.93\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 60px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.60\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 50px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.51\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 50px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.83\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 51px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.46\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 50px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.82\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 50px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.25\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 50px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.25\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 50px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.48\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n\u003c/table\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eSpain holds an important position in citrus production and exports. Spain\u0026rsquo;s share of exports is higher than its share of production. The main reasons for this are that the Valencia and Castell\u0026oacute;n regions, which account for approximately 60% of citrus production in Spain, have a logistics network that enables rapid access to large-scale distribution and that EU membership provides trade privileges (Rose, 2020). In developing countries in the Mediterranean Basin, the citrus sector is effectively supported by governments due to its productivity and economic contribution (Schimmenti et al., 2013). The demand from the European Union\u0026mdash;the largest market for North African citrus exports\u0026mdash;for products meeting specific standards has led breeding activities to be adopted as state policy in these countries. Breeding programs have contributed to improved product quality and to the development of distinctive characteristics in citrus fruits and have become indicators of enhanced competitiveness (Ait-Oubahou and Et-Otmani, 2000; D\u0026apos;Onghia and Lacirignola, 2009).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAkg\u0026uuml;ng\u0026ouml;r et al. (2002) measured the competitiveness of the Turkish fruit and vegetable processing industry in the EU market at the sectoral level. They investigated the competitiveness of T\u0026uuml;rkiye\u0026rsquo;s exports of processed tomato, grape, and citrus products in the EU market. According to the export similarity index, Spain, Greece, and Portugal were T\u0026uuml;rkiye\u0026rsquo;s main competitors. Based on the RCA and comparative export performance indices, they calculated that T\u0026uuml;rkiye\u0026rsquo;s competitiveness in processed grape exports exceeded that of Portugal and Spain, while in citrus exports it exceeded that of Portugal and Greece.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eNaseer et al. (2018) measured the competitiveness of mandarin exports for a group of countries, including T\u0026uuml;rkiye and found that T\u0026uuml;rkiye, Morocco, Spain, Pakistan, and Peru were specialised in mandarin production and export. These countries were also characterised as having factor-intensive production systems. Comparison of average RSCA values over the ten years 2007\u0026ndash;2016 showed that T\u0026uuml;rkiye had a comparative advantage in mandarin exports relative to ten other countries that exhibited comparative disadvantages. In T\u0026uuml;rkiye, several dynamics\u0026mdash;indicating a transition from development based on competitive foundations to development constrained by structural limitations and revealing insufficient growth in subsectors\u0026mdash;were identified as negative factors affecting the competitiveness of the citrus sector.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eGrowth dynamics are mainly driven by the trend component. In addition, deficiencies in competitive foundations, trade pressures applied by countries, and the limited potential to adapt to changing market conditions significantly constrain growth potential (Schimmenti et al., 2013).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eT\u0026uuml;rkiye\u0026rsquo;s grapefruit export value increased from $ 36.6 million in the 2001\u0026ndash;2005 period to a peak of $ 96.1 million in the 2011\u0026ndash;2015 period, then entered a declining trend after the 2016\u0026ndash;2020 period, falling to $ 72.4 million in 2024. By country, the Russian Federation has consistently been the largest export market by value across all periods, largely maintaining its share of total exports. Poland, Romania, and Ukraine have also remained among T\u0026uuml;rkiye\u0026rsquo;s traditional and stable markets in terms of both quantity and value. High growth rates in export values to countries such as Japan, Canada, Belarus, and the UAE, particularly after 2010, indicate T\u0026uuml;rkiye\u0026rsquo;s tendency to expand grapefruit exports into distant, high-value-added markets. In contrast, the long-term decline in export value and export share in certain EU countries, such as Germany, the Netherlands, and the United Kingdom, suggests increased competition or changes in demand structures in these markets. Overall, the concentration of T\u0026uuml;rkiye\u0026rsquo;s grapefruit exports in a limited number of countries and the recent decline in total export value highlight the need to evaluate this trend with respect to both global price movements and market dependence.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Conclusion","content":"\u003cp\u003eT\u0026uuml;rkiye\u0026rsquo;s grapefruit production is largely concentrated in Adana and partly in Mersin, ranking eighth worldwide in production and third worldwide in exports. Diversification of production and export regions, expansion toward new target markets, and strengthening of logistics infrastructure have been identified as strategic priorities. According to the Balassa (RCA), Vollrath (RXA), and Laursen (RSCA) indices, T\u0026uuml;rkiye\u0026rsquo;s export competitiveness has fluctuated over time and exhibited a relative decline, particularly during 2015\u0026ndash;2024. Therefore, the dissemination of productivity-enhancing technologies and advisory services in production will strengthen T\u0026uuml;rkiye\u0026rsquo;s long-term competitive advantage.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eGrapefruit prices have exhibited volatility over the long run, with only a limited recovery during 2020\u0026ndash;2024. Price volatility creates uncertainty and risk for producers\u0026apos; incomes. In this context, market-regulating and supportive policies are of critical importance. Producers should receive insurance mechanisms and fixed-price purchase guarantees against price risk, and cost-reducing technological support and national and regional price-monitoring systems should be expanded. These measures will protect producers\u0026apos; incomes and enhance the sector\u0026apos;s economic sustainability.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Declarations","content":"\u003cp\u003e \u003ch2\u003eCompeting Interests\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eS. Erdeğer and M. G\u0026uuml;l declare that they have no competing interests.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eAuthor Contribution\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eAll authors reviewed the manuscript\u003c/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eAcknowledgement\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eThis study is a section of Serhat Erdeğer's Master's thesis.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"References","content":"\u003col\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eAit-Oubahou A, El-Otmani M (2000) Quality Assurance for Export-oriented Citrus and Tomato Fruit in Morocco. In Quality Assurance in Agricultural Produce. ACIAR Proceedings (Vol. 100).\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eAkg\u0026uuml;ng\u0026ouml;r S, Barbaros R F, Kumral N. (2002) Competitiveness of the Turkish fruit and vegetable processing industry in the European Union market. 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Weltwirtschaftliches Archiv, 127 (2): 265-280. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02707986.\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eYılmaz Dİ (2025) Competitiveness in global cherry exports: Analysis of comparative advantages of countries. Appl Fruit Sci 67:134. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10341-025-01370-2.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003c/ol\u003e"}],"fulltextSource":"","fullText":"","funders":[],"hasAdminPriorityOnWorkflow":false,"hasManuscriptDocX":true,"hasOptedInToPreprint":true,"hasPassedJournalQc":"","hasAnyPriority":false,"hideJournal":false,"highlight":"","institution":"","isAcceptedByJournal":false,"isAuthorSuppliedPdf":false,"isDeskRejected":"","isHiddenFromSearch":false,"isInQc":false,"isInWorkflow":false,"isPdf":false,"isPdfUpToDate":true,"isWithdrawnOrRetracted":false,"journal":{"display":false,"email":"","identity":"applied-fruit-science","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"","title":"Applied Fruit Science","twitterHandle":"","acdcEnabled":false,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"","reportingPortfolio":"VoR Journals","inReviewEnabled":false,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":false},"keywords":"Grapefruit, Price analysis, Competitiveness analysis, Türkiye","lastPublishedDoi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-8776408/v1","lastPublishedDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-8776408/v1","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"},"manuscriptAbstract":"\u003cp\u003eThis study aims to analyse price developments and export competitiveness in T\u0026uuml;rkiye and other countries that are significant producers of grapefruit. The data were obtained from TURKSTAT, FAOSTAT, and ITC-TRADEMAP. A substantial portion of grapefruit production is subject to international trade. In T\u0026uuml;rkiye, grapefruit prices exhibit volatility over the long run. Price volatility creates uncertainty and risk in producers' incomes. According to the Balassa (RCA), Vollrath (RXA), and Laursen (RSCA) indices, T\u0026uuml;rkiye\u0026rsquo;s export competitiveness fluctuates periodically. Diversification of production and export regions, orientation toward new target countries, and strengthening of logistics infrastructure have been identified as strategic priorities for T\u0026uuml;rkiye.\u003c/p\u003e","manuscriptTitle":"Analysis of Grapefruit Producers' Prices and the Export Competitiveness","msid":"","msnumber":"","nonDraftVersions":[{"code":1,"date":"2026-03-19 11:40:09","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-8776408/v1","editorialEvents":[{"type":"communityComments","content":0},{"type":"decision","content":"Revision requested","date":"2026-02-08T16:21:22+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorAssigned","content":"","date":"2026-02-05T06:09:25+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"checksComplete","content":"","date":"2026-02-05T06:06:50+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"submitted","content":"Applied Fruit Science","date":"2026-02-03T12:30:46+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""}],"status":"published","journal":{"display":false,"email":"","identity":"applied-fruit-science","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"","title":"Applied Fruit Science","twitterHandle":"","acdcEnabled":false,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"","reportingPortfolio":"VoR Journals","inReviewEnabled":false,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":false}}],"origin":"","ownerIdentity":"93915c6c-12be-4bff-abdd-d5409e32837c","owner":[],"postedDate":"March 19th, 2026","published":true,"recentEditorialEvents":[],"rejectedJournal":[],"revision":"","amendment":"","status":"under-review","subjectAreas":[],"tags":[],"updatedAt":"2026-05-06T12:53:49+00:00","versionOfRecord":[],"versionCreatedAt":"2026-03-19 11:40:09","video":"","vorDoi":"","vorDoiUrl":"","workflowStages":[]},"version":"v1","identity":"rs-8776408","journalConfig":"researchsquare"},"__N_SSP":true},"page":"/article/[identity]/[[...version]]","query":{"redirect":"/article/rs-8776408","identity":"rs-8776408","version":["v1"]},"buildId":"XKTyCvWXoU3ODBz1xrDgd","isFallback":false,"isExperimentalCompile":false,"dynamicIds":[84888],"gssp":true,"scriptLoader":[]}