Assessing nursing and midwifery students’ knowledge, attitude, and preparedness in managing intimate partner violence

Assessing nursing and midwifery students’ knowledge, attitude, and preparedness in managing intimate partner violence | Research Square window.SnipcartSettings = { analytics: { enabled: false } }; (function() { var accessVector = localStorage.getItem('access_vector') || ''; window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; if (accessVector) { window.dataLayer.push({ user: { profile: { profileInfo: { snid: accessVector } } } }); } })(); (function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start':new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0],j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src='https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f);})(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-K279D39R'); Browse Preprints In Review Journals COVID-19 Preprints AJE Video Bytes Research Tools Research Promotion AJE Professional Editing AJE Rubriq About Preprint Platform In Review Editorial Policies Our Team Advisory Board Help Center Sign In Submit a Preprint Cite Share Download PDF Research Article Assessing nursing and midwifery students’ knowledge, attitude, and preparedness in managing intimate partner violence Wafa Hamad Almegewly, Riman Amodi, Aryam Aleanzi, Raghad Alfaifi, and 5 more This is a preprint; it has not been peer reviewed by a journal. https://doi.org/ 10.21203/rs.3.rs-7429088/v1 This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License Status: Posted Version 1 posted You are reading this latest preprint version Abstract Introduction : Intimate partner violence (IPV) is any conduct within an intimate relationship that causes physical, sexual, or psychological harm. Nurses and midwives play an important role in detecting and reporting IPV cases. However, few studies were conducted assessing nursing and midwifery students’ readiness in managing IPV. Hence, this study aimed to assess nursing and midwifery students' knowledge, attitude, and preparedness in managing IPV. Methodology :A cross-sectional correlational study was conducted among a convenient sample of nursing and midwifery students (n=318) from a selected university in Saudi Arabia. Data were collected using the modified Physician Readiness to Manage Intimate Partner Violence Survey (PRIMS) (Connor et al., 2010) and analyzed using descriptive and inferential statistics. Results : The results indicated that 66.98% of nursing students and 33.02% of midwifery students perceived themselves to have a moderate level of preparedness in managing IPV. Pearson correlation analysis revealed weak but statistically significant positive relationships between perceived preparedness and both perceived knowledge (r = .138, p < .05) and actual knowledge (r = .162, p < .05). Perceived knowledge was also weakly correlated with actual knowledge (r = .143, p < .05), and strongly correlated with attitude (r = .651, p .05). These findings suggest that perceived knowledge is more strongly associated with students’ attitudes toward IPV management than actual knowledge or perceived preparedness. Conclusion : The study highlights the need to improve the knowledge, attitudes, and readiness of nursing and midwifery students in managing IPV. Despite moderate preparedness, actual knowledge and attitudes are insufficient, especially among midwifery students. Targeted education interventions are required to enhance skills in handling IPV cases. knowledge attitude opinions self-experience readiness to manage nurses midwives nursing students midwifery students intimate partner violence Introduction Intimate partner violence (IPV) is a sensitive, growing, and preventable worldwide public health issue that affects many people around the world with significant physical and psychological impacts ( 1 ). IPV is described as any attitude or conduct by an intimate partner that causes physical, sexual, or psychological harm, such as physical violence, sexual coercion, or psychological abuse( 2 ). Approximately one in three women have encountered physical and/or sexual violence from an intimate relationship, with prevalence rates significantly elevated in low-income countries ( 3 ). In 161 countries, around 27% of women aged 15–49 had encountered physical or sexual assault, or both, from an intimate partner ( 4 ). In the Middle East/North Africa, emotional/psychological violence was the common type of IPV, with physical violence coming in second with 59% and sexual violence coming in third with 40% ( 5 ). In Saudi Arabia, the most prevalent type of IPV was emotional/psychological violence, followed by physical violence, and finally sexual violence ( 6 – 8 ). In 2005, Saudi Arabia established the National Family Safety Program to help and protect people who are victims of IPV and child abuse. Additionally, in keeping with the Saudi 2030 vision, which includes numerous initiatives to advance women's rights, the Saudi Ministry of Health founded the Department of Psychological and Social Health, which provides social, psychological, and health services. However, Saudi women are still vulnerable to IPV; therefore, healthcare professionals must take the necessary steps to address this issue. Nursing and midwifery students frequently work with women who have experienced IPV throughout their clinical internships. Later, as registered nurses/midwives, they have an important role in identifying and dealing with IPV patients. However, several studies have shown that these students lack the knowledge and ability to recognize the signs and symptoms of IPV ( 9 ). Nursing students are not an exception. Even though 20% of registered nurses working in emergency departments acknowledged reading their hospital’s institutional procedure, and 26% reported having learned about IPV as part of their undergraduate nursing education, indicating that 58% of them lacked sufficient training to manage IPV ( 10 ). Similarly, midwives who frequently and directly work with pregnant women who are more susceptible to IPV had little to no education and minimal training on how to deal with IPV ( 11 ). Nonetheless, specific education on the identification and management of IPV patients is not part of the standard Saudi nursing school's curriculum. This study aims to assess nursing and midwifery students’ knowledge, attitude, and preparedness to manage IPV. Research Questions : What is the nursing and midwifery students’ knowledge, attitude, and preparedness to manage IPV? Is there a significant correlation between students' profiles and their level of knowledge, attitude, and preparedness to manage IPV? Is there a significant correlation between students' level of knowledge, attitude, and preparedness to manage IPV? Methods This is a descriptive, cross-sectional, correlational quantitative study. The data were gathered from undergraduate nursing and midwifery students from the second, third, and fourth years and intern students in the College of Nursing at a selected university. Nursing students from the first year were excluded due to their limited exposure to clinical practice. Population and sampling The total population was 1,066. The sample size was determined using the Epi Info calculation method, with a margin of error set at 5% and a confidence interval of 95%. Based on these parameters, the calculated sample size was estimated to be n = 318 nursing and midwifery students from the selected university. Research Instrument The questionnaire used is the modified Physician Readiness to Manage Intimate Partner Violence Survey (PRIMS) questionnaire ( 12 ). Slight alterations were made to the tool by changing the wording "health care students" to "nursing and midwifery students," and "medical school" was changed to "nursing school." The questionnaire consisted of 85 items. The first part of the questionnaire covered the demographic information of the participants. The initial section of the questionnaire addressed the demographic data of the participants. The second section had four sections: real knowledge; perceived knowledge and anticipated preparation for addressing IPV patients; scenarios; and personal IPV experiences. Responses were obtained using a combination of multiple-choice questions and 7-point Likert scales. Validate and reliability Few items from the questionnaire were modified. A pilot survey was conducted on 23 nursing and midwifery students after the modification. The internal consistency of this scale was good, with Cronbach's alpha ≥ 0.8. The personal experience questions (0.709), opinion questions (0.964), and IPV knowledge questions (0.80) all yielded favorable results. Data-gathering procedure The questionnaire was uploaded on Microsoft Forms, and an email invitation was sent to all the eligible students via the student academic affairs unit. The participants were expected to complete it within a time frame of 15 to 30 minutes. Data were gathered during February to April 2025. Ethical Consideration IRB approval number (24–0565) was obtained from the selected university. Data confidentiality and privacy were guaranteed. The participants’ written agreement to take part in the research beforehand and the collection of data were safeguarded. The study participants were ensured the right to withdraw from the study. Statistical analysis The data was analyzed using descriptive and inferential statistics with the Statistical Package for Social Studies Software (SPSS) version 23. Descriptive statistics, including frequencies, percentages, means, and standard deviations, were calculated to summarize demographic characteristics and key study variables, such as perceived preparedness, perceived knowledge, actual knowledge, and attitude toward managing intimate partner violence (IPV). Pearson’s correlation coefficient (r) was used to assess the relationships among the continuous variables: perceived preparedness, perceived knowledge, actual knowledge, and attitude. The strength and direction of these relationships were interpreted based on conventional guidelines, where values of 0.1–0.3 indicate weak, 0.3–0.5 moderate, and > 0.5 strong correlations. Statistical significance was set at p < .05. Results Participants’ profile The data delineates a predominantly young cohort, with 309 respondents (97.17%) falling within the 18–26 age range. A significant portion of the sample consists of nursing students, who represent 213 individuals or 66.98% of the participants, whereas midwifery students account for 105 participants, or 33.02% as shown in Table 1 . Table 1 Frequency and percentage distribution of the participants’ profiles Statement Frequency Percentage Age 18–26 years 309 97.17% Less than 18 years 6 1.89% More than 26 years 3 0.94% Specialty Nursing Student 213 66.98% Midwife Student 105 33.02% Academic Year Second Year 159 50.00% Third Year 140 44.03% Fourth Year 17 5.35% Intern 2 0.63% GPA 4.00 to 5.00 108 33.96% 3.00 to 3.99 92 28.93% 2.00 to 2.99 87 27.36% Below 2.00 31 9.75% Training about IPV in Nursing School None 113 35.53% Attended a Lecture or talk 68 21.38% Watched a Video 43 13.52% Other 94 29.56% Total Hours of IPV Training in Nursing School None 114 35.85% 1 to 5 Hours 112 35.22% 6 to 15 Hours 54 17.00% More than 15 Hours 38 11.95% Training about IPV Prior to Nursing School None 140 44.03% Attended a Lecture or talk 30 9.43% Watched a Video 62 19.50% Other 86 27.04% Total Hours of IPV Training Prior to Nursing School None 190 59.75% 1 to 5 Hours 106 33.33% 6 to 15 Hours 18 5.66% More than 15 Hours 4 1.26% In terms of academic performance, the distribution is centered towards the higher end, with half of the respondents (50%, n = 159) maintaining a GPA between 4.00 and 5.00. The respondents were also predominant in the earlier stages of their academic journey, with second-year students making up the largest group at 33.96% (n = 108), closely followed by third-year (28.33%, n = 90) and fourth-year students (27.96%, n = 89). Interns comprised a smaller segment, 9.75% (n = 31) of the total. The exposure to IPV/DV training revealed that a notable proportion, 35.53% (n = 113), had not received any form of training. Conversely, a similar percentage, 35.22% (n = 112), received between 1 and 5 hours of training. The pattern of limited prior training was more pronounced before their nursing education, with a majority of 59.75% (n = 190) indicating they had not received any IPV/DV training, and 33.33% (n = 106) had 1 to 5 hours of exposure. The data points to significant gaps in IPV/DV education among nursing and midwifery students, underscoring potential areas for educational enhancement. Perceived preparedness of students in IPV management Table 2 presents the level of preparedness of the participants in managing IPV. Data show that the participants lowest level of preparation for both nursing and midwifery students is "asking appropriate questions about IPV" with a mean score of 3.57, followed by "appropriately responding to disclosures of abuse" with a mean score of 3.61 and "assessing an IPV victim’s readiness to change." On the other hand, the participants are moderately prepared on "documenting IPV history and physical examination findings in the patient's chart" and "fulfilling state requirements to report child abuse," with the same mean score of 4.07, and "fulfilling state requirements to report elderly abuse," with a mean score of 4.06. Generally, the nursing students perceived themselves to be moderately prepared, as shown by a mean score of 4.11, while the midwifery students, on the other hand, perceived themselves to be slightly prepared, as shown by a mean score of 3.30. Table 2 Perceived preparedness of students in IPV management Nursing Midwifery OVERALL PREPAREDNESS SCALES Mean score level Mean Score Level Mean Level a. Ask appropriate questions about IPV 3.87 Moderate 2.95 Slight 3.57 Slight b. Appropriately respond to disclosures of abuse 3.88 Moderate 3.08 Slight 3.61 Moderate c. Identify IPV indicators based on patient history and physical examination 4.00 Moderate 3.19 Slight 3.73 Moderate d. Assess an IPV victim’s readiness to change 3.92 Moderate 3.21 Slight 3.68 Moderate e. Help an IPV victim assess his/her danger of lethality. 4.04 Moderate 3.33 Slight 3.80 Moderate f. Conduct a safety assessment for the victim’s children 4.14 Moderate 3.35 Slight 3.88 Moderate g. Help an IPV victim create a safety plan 4.20 Moderate 3.50 Slight 3.97 Moderate h. Document IPV history and physical examination findings in patient’s chart 4.36 Moderate 3.47 Slight 4.07 Moderate i. Make appropriate referrals for IPV 4.18 Moderate 3.30 Slight 3.89 Moderate j. Fulfill state reporting requirements for: - IPV 4.01 Moderate 3.03 Slight 3.68 Moderate - Child abuse 4.38 Moderate 3.45 Slight 4.07 Moderate -elder abuse 4.37 Moderate 3.44 Slight 4.06 Moderate Overall 4.11 Moderate 3.30 Slight 3.84 Moderate Perceived knowledge of students in IPV management Table 3 shows the perception of the participants on IPV’s management, which includes concepts on reporting abuse, signs and symptoms, documentation, referrals, as well as assessment. A mean score of x = 3.45 indicates that nursing and midwifery students generally have low knowledge on all items. The midwifery students have a low overall perceived knowledge with x̄ == 3.27. The only item with moderate perceived knowledge is "The stages an IPV victim experiences in understanding and changing his/her situation" (x̄=3.83). All the other items are low, with mean scores ranging from x̄=3.23 to 3.57, with "signs and symptoms" being the lowest. Conversely, nursing students have a moderate overall perceived knowledge with x̄=3.64. They have low perceived knowledge on the following items: "legal reporting requirements on IPV, child abuse, and elderly abuse." "Signs or symptoms of IPV," "how to document IPV in a patient's chart," and "referral sources for IPV" with mean scores ranging from 3.36 to 3.54. The item with the highest mean score (4.04) is "The stages an IPV victim experiences in understanding and changing his/her situation." Table 3 Perceived knowledge of students on IPV management KNOWLEDGE SCALES Nursing Midwifery OVERALL Mean score level Mean score level Mean score level a. Your legal reporting requirements for: - IPV 3.36 Low 3.15 Low 3.27 Low - Child abuse 3.51 Low 3.25 Low 3.38 Low - Elder abuse 3.49 Low 3.17 Low 3.33 Low b. Signs or symptoms of IPV 3.43 Low 3.03 Low 3.23 Low c. How to document IPV in patient’s chart 3.54 Low 3.16 Low 3.35 Low d. Referral sources for IPV victims 3.43 Low 3.15 Low 3.29 Low e. Perpetrators of IPV 3.66 Moderate 3.20 Low 3.43 Low f. Relationship between IPV and pregnancy 3.78 Moderate 3.25 Low 3.51 Low g. Recognizing the childhood effects of witnessing IPV 3.59 Moderate 3.20 Low 3.40 Low h. What questions to ask to identify IPV 3.84 Moderate 3.28 Low 3.56 Low i. Why a victim might not disclose IPV 3.77 Moderate 3.36 Low 3.57 Low j. Your role in detecting IPV 3.65 Moderate 3.30 Low 3.47 Low k. What to say and not say in IPV situations with a patient 3.77 Moderate 3.32 Low 3.54 Low l. Determining danger for a patient experiencing IPV 3.70 Moderate 3.41 Low 3.55 Low m. Developing a safety plan with an IPV victim 3.67 Moderate 3.38 Low 3.52 Low n. 4. 4.04 Moderate 3.63 Moderate 3.83 Moderate Over-all 3.64 Moderate 3.27 Low 3.45 Low Actual knowledge of students in IPV management The actual knowledge of the students in Table 4 shows that the majority of students (116; 37%) have an average actual knowledge (score = 41–60). Three (1%) of them are at a very low level, and 46 (14.6%). Of the nursing students, the majority (74; 35.3%) have a high level of actual knowledge. There are 38 (18%) with a very high level and two (1%) with a very low level of actual knowledge. Meanwhile, the majority (52; 50.2%) of midwifery students have an average level; eight (7.7%) have a very high level, and one (1%) has a very low level of actual knowledge. Table 4 Frequency and percentage distribution according to the level of actual knowledge Score Level Nursing (n = 210) Midwifery (n = 104) Overall (n = 314) f % f % f % 81–100 Very High 38 18.0 8 7.7 46 14.6 61–80 High 74 35.3 24 23.1 98 31.2 41–60 Average 64 30.5 52 50.2 116 37.0 21–40 Low 32 15.2 19 18.3 51 16.2 0–20 Very low 2 1.0 1 1.0 3 1.00 210 100 104 100 314 100 Table 5 displays the levels of actual knowledge on the specific scales on IPV’s management. Both nursing and midwifery students have very low levels of knowledge (x̄=.12) in identifying the strongest single risk factor for becoming a victim of IPV. Furthermore, they have a low level of knowledge in items related to "stages of change" (x̄=.22) and the "general concepts on IPV" (x̄=.30). They scored average in all other scales with varied x̄ ranging from − 55 to 2.47, with the scale "identifying reasons an IPV victim does not leave a violent relationship" having the highest x̄. Overall, the students have a low level (x̄= 1.16) of actual knowledge about IPV management. Table 5 Level of actual knowledge on specific scales KNOWLEDGE SCALES Nursing Midwifery OVERALL Mean LEVEL Mean LEVEL MEAN LEVEL 1. Risk factor for becoming a victim of IPV 0.15 Very Low 0.10 Very Low 0.12 Very Low 2. Batterers 0.50 Average 0.59 Average 0.55 Average 3. Warning signs 2.70 Average 2.21 Average 2.46 Average 4. Reasons an IPV victim not leaving a violent relationship 2.81 Average 2.12 Average 2.47 Average 5. The most appropriate ways to ask about IPV 0.93 Average 0.90 Average 0.91 Average 6. Generally true? 2.46 Average 1.99 Low 2.22 Average 7. Stages of Change 0.26 Low 0.19 Low 0.22 Low 8. General concepts 0.38 Low 0.22 Low 0.30 Low Overall 1.27 Low 0.78 Low 1.16 Low The x = 3.43 in Table 6 indicates that the students have a negative attitude or opinion toward IPV management. The nurses have an overall opinion score of 3.62, which indicates a good opinion/attitude. Specifically, they have a good opinion/attitude in terms of "self-preparation for IPV," "workplace issues to manage IPV," and "constraints to manage IPV" with x̄ = 3.72, 3.90, and 3.93, respectively. On the contrary, the midwifery students' overall opinion/attitude is poor, with an x̄= 3.25. Their scores in all items show a poor opinion/attitude in "victim autonomy," having the lowest x̄= 2.93; "workplace issues to manage IPV" and "constraints to manage IPV" are the highest with the same x̄= 3.51. Table 6 Self-reported opinion/attitude of students on IPV management Opinion Scales NURSING MIDWIFERY OVERALL Mean Opinion mean Opinion mean Opinion 1. Staff preparation for IPV 3.72 good 3.26 poor 3.49 poor 2. Legal requirements to manage IPV 3.54 Poor 3.29 poor 3.41 poor 3. Workplace Issues to manage IPV 3.90 good 3.51 poor 3.70 good 4. Self-Efficacy to manage IPV 3.51 poor 3.18 poor 3.34 poor 5. Victim Understanding 3.38 poor 3.09 poor 3.23 poor 6. Victim Autonomy 3.38 poor 2.93 poor 3.16 poor 7. Constraints to manage IPV 3.93 good 3.51 poor 3.72 good Overall 3.62 good 3.25 poor 3.43 Poor Table 7 shows that the students perceived themselves to be moderately prepared (x̄= 3.84), although separately, the midwives perceived themselves to be slightly prepared (x̄= 3.30). The students' perceived knowledge is low overall (x̄= 3.45), with the nursing students as moderate (x̄= 3.64). The actual knowledge is low, with x̄= 1.16 consistent for both groups. Lastly, the opinion/attitude of the students overall is poor; however, the nursing has a good opinion/attitude with an x̄ = 3.62. Table 7 Summary on the background of students on IPV management Nursing Midwifery Over-all Mean VI Mean VI Mean VI Perceived preparedness 4.11 Moderate 3.30 Slight 3.84 Moderate Perceived knowledge 3.64 Moderate 3.27 Low 3.45 Low Actual knowledge 1.27 Low .78 Low 1.16 Low Attitude 3.62 Good 3.25 Poor 3.43 Poor Table 8 shows the correlation between the academic profiles of the students and their background on IPV management. The academic performance, which is the GPA of the students, has a technically weak positive correlation with their background, as shown by r = .036 for perceived preparedness, r = .071 for perceived knowledge, r = .03 for actual knowledge, and r = .090 for attitude. However, the results are not statistically significant considering all the corresponding p-values are greater than .05. This means that the null hypothesis, where academic performance is not significantly correlated to the background on IPV management, is not rejected. Table 8 Correlation between academic profiles and background on IPV management Perceived Preparedness Perceived Knowledge Actual Knowledge Attitude Academic Performance (GPA 0.036 0.071 0.034 0.090 Academic year 0.061 0.005 0.163 0.231 Amount of Training 0.166 0.143 0.174 0.142 Program 0.428 0.573 0.003 0.008 Furthermore, the academic year of the students is found to be technically correlated to the background, specifically with a weak correlation with perceived preparedness (r = .061) and perceived knowledge (r = .005), but they are found to be statistically non-significant as the p values are greater than .05. This means that the null hypothesis is not rejected. On the other hand, moderate positive correlations with the actual knowledge (r = .163) and attitude (r = .231) are shown with p values less than .05; hence the result is statistically significant. This means that the null hypothesis is rejected. In terms of the amount of training, the results show a consistent positive correlation with all the background on IPV management, and all p-values are less than .05, indicating statistical significance. Therefore, the null hypothesis is rejected. The amount of training on IPV is positively correlated to the preparedness, knowledge, and attitude on IPV management. The results also show that the program nursing or midwifery has a technically moderate correlation with the preparedness (r = .428) and perceived knowledge (r = .573) and with p values less than .055, indicating that the result is significant. Thus, the null hypothesis was rejected. The program, however, is found to have a weak correlation with the actual knowledge (.00303 and r = .008), which are statistically not significant considering the p values are all more than .0505. Consequently, the null hypothesis is not rejected. Table 9 shows a technically positive correlation between perceived knowledge and perceived preparedness, but the correlation is considered weak with r = − .138. The correlation is significant with a p = .02, which is less than the p = .05. The same observation is seen between the perceived knowledge and actual knowledge; however, it is not significant, having a p = .224. Table 9 Correlation among perceived preparedness, perceived knowledge, and attitude Perceived Preparedness Perceived Knowledge Actual Knowledge Attitude Perceived Preparedness 1 Perceived Knowledge .138* 1 Actual Knowledge .162* .143* 1 Attitude/Opinion .028 .651* 1 NOTE: *The P-value is < .00001. The correlation is significant at p < .05 (two-tailed). A positive but weak correlation is also seen between the perceived preparedness and actual knowledge, as shown by an r = .162, although it is not considered significant with a p-value of .252. There is also a positive but weak correlation between perceived preparedness and attitude as shown by r = .028; however, the result is non-significant, having a p-value of .24848, which is above .0505. On the other hand, there is a moderate positive correlation between perceived knowledge and attitude, as shown by r = .651, and it is significant, as shown by p less than .05. Table 10 shows that 17% (55) of students experienced physical violence, sexual abuse, emotional abuse, intimidation, economic deprivation, or threats of violence in an intimate partner relationship. On the other hand, there are 35% (111) who witnessed physical violence, sexual abuse, or psychological abuse directed towards a family member. Table 10 Frequency and percentage distribution of personal experience YES NO f % f % Have you ever experienced physical violence, sexual abuse, emotional abuse, intimidation, economic deprivation, or threats of violence in an intimate partner relationship? 55 17% 263 83% Have you ever witnessed physical violence, sexual abuse, or psychological abuse directed towards a family member? 111 35% 207 65% Discussion Nursing and midwifery students demonstrate a moderate level of preparedness in managing IPV; however, they exhibit deficiencies in both actual and perceived knowledge, as well as hold inadequate attitudes towards addressing IPV ( 9 ). These findings contrast with earlier studies on nursing students' readiness to confront IPV. For instance, the study by Shaqiqi and Innab (2023) found that nursing students' readiness, attitudes, professional roles, and perceived knowledge were all at a modest level ( 13 ) Midwifery students exhibited lower levels of knowledge compared to nursing students, who were able to identify key questions that could assist in determining IPV at an average level. However, midwifery students struggled to identify the essential requirements for drafting IPV-related legal reports. This finding aligns with previous studies ( 3 , 9 , 14 ), which revealed that students lacked knowledge of the legal processes related to IPV. Additionally, midwifery students demonstrated limited understanding of the reasons why victims may refuse to report IPV. They also reported being unaware of the early warning signs and symptoms of IPV. This contrasts with a study by Simsek and Ardahan (2020), in which students were able to identify these warning indicators ( 15 ). It is possible that, during their clinical education, nursing and midwifery students were not exposed to a diverse range of IPV cases, which may have contributed to their limited knowledge. Due to limited exposure, students may not be as familiar with the various signs and symptoms of IPV. Prior research has highlighted the importance of incorporating diverse case studies or simulation activities into curricula to enhance students' ability to identify IPV indicators ( 16 ). Students indicated a lack of understanding of the risk factors for being victims of IPV, suggesting that participants had not been sufficiently informed about IPV in their educational curriculum or external resources. As a result, their overall understanding of the topic appeared to be quite limited. Nursing students, in particular, believed that the primary cause of IPV was the victim's inability to leave a violent relationship. This finding is consistent with previous research, which, despite numerous interventions aimed at increasing knowledge, indicates that nurses continue to have low levels of both perceived and actual knowledge regarding IPV( 17 , 18 ). This suggests that the participants are not adequately prepared to address IPV in practical settings. When asked about their actual knowledge, midwifery students reported a lack of awareness regarding the risk factors that may lead to IPV victimization. However, they were able to identify warning signs indicative of IPV. These findings align with previous research ( 9 , 14 ). the actual knowledge of midwifery students in our study was limited (x̄ = 0.78), it was slightly higher than that of nurses and midwives in a study conducted in Tanzania (x̄ = 0.69) (3). This suggests a global deficiency in IPV-related concepts, attitudes, and skill development within curricula. Additionally, prior research has shown that e-learning can be somewhat beneficial in enhancing midwives' and nurses' understanding of IPV (19) Nursing students were found to be more prepared than midwifery students to address IPV. According to the results of our study, nursing students expressed confidence in their ability to recognize elder and child abuse, although they were only moderately prepared to handle IPV. These findings are consistent with another study on maternal and child health nurses, which indicated that these nurses were either very well prepared or moderately prepared to manage such cases ( 20 ). In contrast, midwifery students were less prepared to address IPV compared to nursing students. This aligns with previous research ( 3 , 9 ). While midwifery students were not prepared to ask the appropriate questions regarding IPV, they did feel capable of identifying elder and child abuse and documenting a history of IPV exposure. The primary reason for this discrepancy is a lack of sufficient knowledge and practical training. It is crucial that students receive hands-on training that focuses on how to ask sensitive questions and interact with patients who have experienced or are suspected of having experienced IPV. In addition to gaps in education, cultural and social barriers may further hinder the ability to ask appropriate questions about IPV ( 21 ). The results suggest that nursing students exhibit more favorable attitudes than midwifery students when it comes to assessing whether an intimate partner violence (IPV) victim is ready to make a change. However, all student groups expressed a lack of preparedness in asking pertinent questions about IPV. While students, particularly those in the nursing field, felt more prepared to document IPV history and physical examination results, a study found that students demonstrated limited proficiency in accurately recording IPV-related information in a patient's chart (22). Furthermore, students displayed a poor understanding or attitude towards the victim’s autonomy and experience, highlighting the need for increased empathy and a deeper understanding of the experiences and autonomy of individuals experiencing IPV. The 'amount of training' and 'knowledge background in managing IPV' were positively correlated, and their level of readiness was higher than that observed in prior studies ( 23 ). Additionally, a weak positive correlation was found between 'students' academic profile' and 'their background in managing IPV.' In contrast, previous research indicated that the academic level of students did not significantly affect their background in managing IPV ( 24 ). The program demonstrated weak correlations with 'actual knowledge,' but moderate correlations with 'preparedness' and 'perceived knowledge.' In general, although students were able to recognize and address instances of intimate partner violence, they still required further education on recognizing the signs of partner violence and developing effective strategies to manage it. To enhance student outcomes, educational programs must be improved, and students should have access to the necessary resources. The positive but weak correlation between perceived knowledge and preparedness suggests that perceived knowledge may not always translate into effective preparedness. Similarly, a weak but positive association exists between students' perceived and actual knowledge, implying that other factors may influence their actual understanding. In contrast, there is a weak but positive relationship between perceived preparedness and actual knowledge, indicating that students who feel prepared are also more likely to possess a reasonable level of knowledge. Additionally, a slight but positive correlation between perceived preparedness and attitude suggests that feeling prepared contributes to a more favorable attitude towards addressing IPV. This contrasts with the findings of Alhalal (2020), which reported that nurses generally hold negative attitudes toward IPV ( 17 ). Furthermore, a moderate and positive association was observed between perceived knowledge and attitude. This study's strengths include its contribution to addressing the limited body of research on IPV. However, there are several limitations to consider. The findings cannot be generalized to all nurses and midwives, as they are specific to the sample of nursing and midwifery students. Additionally, the study does not include the perspectives of male participants, as it exclusively reflects the viewpoints of young women. This limitation arises from the fact that the study was conducted at a women-only university, which may restrict the applicability of the results to the male population in Saudi Arabia. Furthermore, the use of self-reported questionnaires may have influenced respondents' answers, potentially leading to an inflated perception of their abilities. To address these limitations, future studies could benefit from incorporating more complex mixed-methods designs to provide greater depth and insight. The results of this study serve as an initial step in exploring the knowledge, attitudes, and preparedness of nursing and midwifery students in relation to IPV. Furthermore, this study contributes to a deeper understanding of the effectiveness of academic curricula in addressing IPV. Developing a curriculum that incorporates IPV case studies, signs of abuse, and training through simulation scenarios is crucial for enhancing students' knowledge and increasing their confidence in managing IPV situations. Conclusion Nursing and midwifery students were found to perceive themselves as moderately prepared to manage IPV. Their perceived knowledge, attitudes, and preparedness significantly influenced their sense of adequacy in managing patients affected by IPV. However, while their positive attitude is valuable, it must be complemented with actual knowledge and comprehensive training to ensure true competence in identifying and managing signs of suspected or actual IPV. IPV is a critical issue that must be addressed within healthcare settings. Health professionals, including nursing and midwifery students, must receive appropriate education and training to develop high competence in assessing and managing patients with suspected or confirmed IPV. It is crucial that healthcare curricula incorporate both theoretical concepts and practical training, such as clinical simulations, to effectively prepare students for IPV management. Declarations Consent for publication Not Applicable Availability of data and materials The datasets used or analyzed in this study are available from the corresponding author upon request. Competing Interests The authors have declared no conflict of interest. Ethics approval and consent to participate Ethical approval was granted by the research ethics committees at Princess Nourah bint Abdulrahman University (IRB approval number (24-0565). The nature and purpose of the research were promptly disclosed to all nursing students before their involvement. Consent was acquired from students before commencing the questionnaire. The study adhered to the Declaration of Helsinki. Funding This research was funded by Princess Nourah bint Abdulrahman University Researchers Supporting Project number (PNURSP2025R 312), Princess Nourah bint Abdulrahman University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. Authors' contributions Conceptualization: W.H.A. R.A., A.A., R.A., J.A., N.A., F.A., N.A. Designing: W.H.A data collection R.A, A.A., R.A., J.A., N.A., F.A., N.A. and analysis: W.L.D. Manuscript preparation: W.H.A., Manuscript editing: W.H.A. &W.L.D. Acknowledgements The authors express their gratitude to Princess Nourah bint Abdulrahman University Researchers Supporting Project number (PNURSP2025R 312), Princess Nourah bint Abdulrahman University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. References Kyle J. Intimate Partner Violence. Medical Clinics of North America. 2023 Mar;107(2):385–95. The World Health Organization. Violence Against Women Prevalence Estimates, 2018 Executive summary. 2021. Ambikile JS, Leshabari S, Ohnishi M. Knowledge, attitude, and preparedness toward IPV care provision among nurses and midwives in Tanzania. Hum Resour Health. 2020 Dec 3;18(1):56. Sardinha L, Maheu-Giroux M, Stöckl H, Meyer SR, García-Moreno C. Global, regional, and national prevalence estimates of physical or sexual, or both, intimate partner violence against women in 2018. The Lancet. 2022 Feb;399(10327):803–13. Elghossain T, Bott S, Akik C, Obermeyer CM. Prevalence of intimate partner violence against women in the Arab world: a systematic review. BMC Int Health Hum Rights. 2019 Dec 22;19(1):29. Abolfotouh MA, Almuneef M. Prevalence, pattern and factors of intimate partner violence against Saudi women. J Public Health (Bangkok). 2020 Aug 18;42(3):e206–14. AlJuhani S, AlAteeq M. Intimate partner violence in Saudi Arabia: A topic of growing interest. J Family Med Prim Care. 2020;9(2):481. Abdel-Salam D, ALruwaili B, Osman D, Alazmi M, ALghayyadh S, Al-sharari R, et al. Prevalence and Correlates of Intimate Partner Violence among Women Attending Different Primary Health Centers in Aljouf Region, Saudi Arabia. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2022 Jan 5;19(1):598. Shaqiqi W, Cuthill F, Brennan G. Nursing students’ knowledge, attitudes, preparedness and practice towards intimate partner violence against women: a scoping review and thematic synthesis. Nurse Educ Today. 2022 Sep;116:105452. Almegewly WH, Hawamdah S, Moussa FL, Dator WLT, Alonezi A, Al-Eissa M. Measuring Nurses’ and Physicians’ Attitudes and Perceptions of the Appropriate Interventions towards Intimate Partner Violence in Saudi Arabia. Healthcare. 2022 Jul 30;10(8):1430. Belay S, Astatkie A, Hinderaker SG. Health Workers’ Knowledge and Attitude Towards Intimate Partner Violence: A Descriptive Study in Sidama Region, Southern Ethiopia. J Multidiscip Healthc. 2022 May;Volume 15:1175–85. Connor PD, Nouer SS, Mackey STN, Tipton NG, Lloyd AK. Psychometric Properties of an Intimate Partner Violence Tool for Health Care Students. J Interpers Violence. 2011 Mar 28;26(5):1012–35. Shaqiqi W, Innab A. Attitude and preparedness of nursing students in Saudi Arabia concerning the managing of intimate partner violence. J Adv Nurs. 2023 Apr 5;79(4):1553–63. Ali P, McGarry J, Younas A, Inayat S, Watson R. Nurses’, midwives’ and students’ knowledge, attitudes and practices related to domestic violence: A cross‐sectional survey. J Nurs Manag. 2022 Sep 16;30(6):1434–44. Simsek HG, Ardahan M. The level of recognition of the symptoms of violence against women by senior year nursing and midwifery students. Contemp Nurse. 2020 Jan 2;56(1):23–33. Özkan Şat S, Aktaş N, Akbaş P. The impact of escape room game and role-playing on nursing students’ violence against women assessment skills and attitudes toward violence against women: A randomised controlled trial. Nurse Educ Pract. 2025 Mar;84:104346. Alhalal E. Nurses’ knowledge, attitudes and preparedness to manage women with intimate partner violence. Int Nurs Rev. 2020 Jun 16;67(2):265–74. Almegewly W, Alhejji A, Alotaibi L, Almalki M, Alanezi M, Almotiri A, et al. Perceived stress and resilience levels during the COVID-19 pandemic among critical care nurses in Saudi Arabia: a correlational cross-sectional study. PeerJ. 2022 May 6;10:e13164. Maruyama N, Kataoka Y, Horiuchi S. Effects of e‐learning on the support of midwives and nurses to perinatal women suffering from intimate partner violence: A randomized controlled trial. Japan Journal of Nursing Science. 2022 Apr 12;19(2). Kalra N, Hooker L, Reisenhofer S, Di Tanna GL, García-Moreno C. Training healthcare providers to respond to intimate partner violence against women. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. 2021 May 31;2021(5). Sanhueza-Morales T, Michaelsen S, Touati N, Barrio LR del. Barriers in accessing intimate partner violence services: Intersecting views of immigrant and minority ethnic survivors and community organization workers. Women’s Health. 2025 Mar 25;21. Alshammari KF, McGarry J, Higginbottom GMA. Nurse education and understanding related to domestic violence and abuse against women: An integrative review of the literature. Nurs Open. 2018 Jul 12;5(3):237–53. Alhalal E. The effects of an intimate partner violence educational intervention on nurses: A quasi-experimental study. Nurse Educ Pract. 2020 Aug;47:102854. Brewer NQ, Thomas KA. Intimate partner violence and academic performance: the role of physical, mental, behavioral, and financial health. Soc Work Health Care. 2019 Oct 21;58(9):854–69. Additional Declarations No competing interests reported. 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Also discoverable on Platform About Our Team In Review Editorial Policies Advisory Board Help Center Resources Author Services Accessibility API Access RSS feed Manage Cookie Preferences © Research Square 2026 | ISSN 2693-5015 (online) Privacy Policy Terms of Service Do Not Sell My Personal Information {"props":{"pageProps":{"initialData":{"identity":"rs-7429088","acceptedTermsAndConditions":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"archivedVersions":[],"articleType":"Research Article","associatedPublications":[],"authors":[{"id":513263180,"identity":"1e8c406d-b11f-4e2c-a746-487fb09259b2","order_by":0,"name":"Wafa Hamad Almegewly","email":"data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAZAAAAAyAQMAAABI0h/eAAAABlBMVEX///8AAABVwtN+AAAACXBIWXMAAA7EAAAOxAGVKw4bAAAA/0lEQVRIiWNgGAWjYBACgxsMjAfALHYGxgcQsQSCWhggWpgZmA1I1sImQZyW280PDt2oqJUzOMxjVl244zADP3uOAeOPGtxazO4cMzicc+a4MUjL7ZlnDjNI9rwxYOY5hkfLjQSDw7ltxxK3gbTwth0GOjXHAOhIfFrSPxzO/XesHqSlGKTF/gbIYf9wawEpOJzbUJNgBtTCDLZFIseAgbcNtxbLGzkFh3OOHTDcf5itWHpmWzqPxJlnBYd5+3BrMbiRvvFxTk2dvGR788bPhW3WcvztyRsf/viGWwsUHAZiDqCvGRh4QNwDBDUwMNQBMfsDZiJUjoJRMApGwQgEAD3ZWiMbKLr+AAAAAElFTkSuQmCC","orcid":"","institution":"Princess Nourah bint Abdulrahman University","correspondingAuthor":true,"prefix":"","firstName":"Wafa","middleName":"Hamad","lastName":"Almegewly","suffix":""},{"id":513263181,"identity":"0cb71dca-5335-4bf4-981e-a52548525a0b","order_by":1,"name":"Riman Amodi","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Princess Nourah bint Abdulrahman University","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Riman","middleName":"","lastName":"Amodi","suffix":""},{"id":513263182,"identity":"94731294-14f6-4b2f-a07f-6684533edb9c","order_by":2,"name":"Aryam Aleanzi","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Princess Nourah bint Abdulrahman University","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Aryam","middleName":"","lastName":"Aleanzi","suffix":""},{"id":513263183,"identity":"5b42a116-3592-4a92-af61-326a07fdce28","order_by":3,"name":"Raghad Alfaifi","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Princess Nourah bint Abdulrahman University","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Raghad","middleName":"","lastName":"Alfaifi","suffix":""},{"id":513263184,"identity":"ebf14011-bc23-4e10-88f8-7ac113063ffc","order_by":4,"name":"Jawaher Alshamari","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Princess Nourah bint Abdulrahman University","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Jawaher","middleName":"","lastName":"Alshamari","suffix":""},{"id":513263185,"identity":"1d81f219-4711-4bcc-bc71-e90b4bcda1e5","order_by":5,"name":"Nada Almalki","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Princess Nourah bint Abdulrahman University","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Nada","middleName":"","lastName":"Almalki","suffix":""},{"id":513263186,"identity":"be5f6563-9614-421d-acce-be4ed77468cb","order_by":6,"name":"Fatimah Alkhars","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Princess Nourah bint Abdulrahman University","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Fatimah","middleName":"","lastName":"Alkhars","suffix":""},{"id":513263187,"identity":"485a34dc-6bbe-4a26-9209-3f33fa3f032f","order_by":7,"name":"Najd Alghmlas","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Princess Nourah bint Abdulrahman University","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Najd","middleName":"","lastName":"Alghmlas","suffix":""},{"id":513263188,"identity":"9ec678cf-cfd2-489f-9448-3d9075ed48ef","order_by":8,"name":"Wireen Leila Dator","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"St. Paul University Manila","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Wireen","middleName":"Leila","lastName":"Dator","suffix":""}],"badges":[],"createdAt":"2025-08-21 20:23:14","currentVersionCode":1,"declarations":"","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-7429088/v1","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-7429088/v1","draftVersion":[],"editorialEvents":[],"editorialNote":"","failedWorkflow":false,"files":[{"id":91965533,"identity":"24d91cf9-c654-4ace-9729-a2f824465d8e","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-09-23 08:23:29","extension":"pdf","order_by":0,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"manuscript-pdf","size":1245035,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"manuscript.pdf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7429088/v1/8a851de3-ae33-48eb-b29a-4faf1169c12a.pdf"}],"financialInterests":"No competing interests reported.","formattedTitle":"Assessing nursing and midwifery students’ knowledge, attitude, and preparedness in managing intimate partner violence","fulltext":[{"header":"Introduction","content":"\u003cp\u003eIntimate partner violence (IPV) is a sensitive, growing, and preventable worldwide public health issue that affects many people around the world with significant physical and psychological impacts (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR1\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e). IPV is described as any attitude or conduct by an intimate partner that causes physical, sexual, or psychological harm, such as physical violence, sexual coercion, or psychological abuse(\u003cspan citationid=\"CR2\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e). Approximately one in three women have encountered physical and/or sexual violence from an intimate relationship, with prevalence rates significantly elevated in low-income countries (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR3\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e). In 161 countries, around 27% of women aged 15\u0026ndash;49 had encountered physical or sexual assault, or both, from an intimate partner (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR4\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003e). In the Middle East/North Africa, emotional/psychological violence was the common type of IPV, with physical violence coming in second with 59% and sexual violence coming in third with 40% (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR5\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e5\u003c/span\u003e). In Saudi Arabia, the most prevalent type of IPV was emotional/psychological violence, followed by physical violence, and finally sexual violence (\u003cspan additionalcitationids=\"CR7\" citationid=\"CR6\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e6\u003c/span\u003e\u0026ndash;\u003cspan citationid=\"CR8\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e8\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eIn 2005, Saudi Arabia established the National Family Safety Program to help and protect people who are victims of IPV and child abuse. Additionally, in keeping with the Saudi 2030 vision, which includes numerous initiatives to advance women's rights, the Saudi Ministry of Health founded the Department of Psychological and Social Health, which provides social, psychological, and health services. However, Saudi women are still vulnerable to IPV; therefore, healthcare professionals must take the necessary steps to address this issue. Nursing and midwifery students frequently work with women who have experienced IPV throughout their clinical internships. Later, as registered nurses/midwives, they have an important role in identifying and dealing with IPV patients. However, several studies have shown that these students lack the knowledge and ability to recognize the signs and symptoms of IPV (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR9\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e9\u003c/span\u003e). Nursing students are not an exception. Even though 20% of registered nurses working in emergency departments acknowledged reading their hospital\u0026rsquo;s institutional procedure, and 26% reported having learned about IPV as part of their undergraduate nursing education, indicating that 58% of them lacked sufficient training to manage IPV (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR10\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e10\u003c/span\u003e). Similarly, midwives who frequently and directly work with pregnant women who are more susceptible to IPV had little to no education and minimal training on how to deal with IPV (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR11\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e11\u003c/span\u003e). Nonetheless, specific education on the identification and management of IPV patients is not part of the standard Saudi nursing school's curriculum.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThis study aims to assess nursing and midwifery students\u0026rsquo; knowledge, attitude, and preparedness to manage IPV.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eResearch Questions\u003c/b\u003e:\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003col\u003e\u003cspan\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cp\u003eWhat is the nursing and midwifery students\u0026rsquo; knowledge, attitude, and preparedness to manage IPV?\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cp\u003eIs there a significant correlation between students' profiles and their level of knowledge, attitude, and preparedness to manage IPV?\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cp\u003eIs there a significant correlation between students' level of knowledge, attitude, and preparedness to manage IPV?\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/ol\u003e\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Methods","content":"\u003cp\u003eThis is a descriptive, cross-sectional, correlational quantitative study. The data were gathered from undergraduate nursing and midwifery students from the second, third, and fourth years and intern students in the College of Nursing at a selected university. Nursing students from the first year were excluded due to their limited exposure to clinical practice.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cdiv id=\"Sec3\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e\u003ch2\u003ePopulation and sampling\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe total population was 1,066. The sample size was determined using the Epi Info calculation method, with a margin of error set at 5% and a confidence interval of 95%. Based on these parameters, the calculated sample size was estimated to be n\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;318 nursing and midwifery students from the selected university.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003eResearch Instrument\u003c/h3\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe questionnaire used is the modified Physician Readiness to Manage Intimate Partner Violence Survey (PRIMS) questionnaire (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR12\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e12\u003c/span\u003e). Slight alterations were made to the tool by changing the wording \"health care students\" to \"nursing and midwifery students,\" and \"medical school\" was changed to \"nursing school.\" The questionnaire consisted of 85 items. The first part of the questionnaire covered the demographic information of the participants. The initial section of the questionnaire addressed the demographic data of the participants. The second section had four sections: real knowledge; perceived knowledge and anticipated preparation for addressing IPV patients; scenarios; and personal IPV experiences. Responses were obtained using a combination of multiple-choice questions and 7-point Likert scales.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003eValidate and reliability\u003c/h3\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eFew items from the questionnaire were modified. A pilot survey was conducted on 23 nursing and midwifery students after the modification. The internal consistency of this scale was good, with Cronbach's alpha\u0026thinsp;\u0026ge;\u0026thinsp;0.8. The personal experience questions (0.709), opinion questions (0.964), and IPV knowledge questions (0.80) all yielded favorable results.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003eData-gathering procedure\u003c/h3\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe questionnaire was uploaded on Microsoft Forms, and an email invitation was sent to all the eligible students via the student academic affairs unit. The participants were expected to complete it within a time frame of 15 to 30 minutes. Data were gathered during February to April 2025.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003eEthical Consideration\u003c/h3\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eIRB approval number (24\u0026ndash;0565) was obtained from the selected university. Data confidentiality and privacy were guaranteed. The participants\u0026rsquo; written agreement to take part in the research beforehand and the collection of data were safeguarded. The study participants were ensured the right to withdraw from the study.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cdiv id=\"Sec8\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e\u003ch2\u003eStatistical analysis\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe data was analyzed using descriptive and inferential statistics with the Statistical Package for Social Studies Software (SPSS) version 23. Descriptive statistics, including frequencies, percentages, means, and standard deviations, were calculated to summarize demographic characteristics and key study variables, such as perceived preparedness, perceived knowledge, actual knowledge, and attitude toward managing intimate partner violence (IPV).\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003ePearson\u0026rsquo;s correlation coefficient (r) was used to assess the relationships among the continuous variables: perceived preparedness, perceived knowledge, actual knowledge, and attitude. The strength and direction of these relationships were interpreted based on conventional guidelines, where values of 0.1\u0026ndash;0.3 indicate weak, 0.3\u0026ndash;0.5 moderate, and \u0026gt;\u0026thinsp;0.5 strong correlations. Statistical significance was set at p\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;.05.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e"},{"header":"Results","content":"\u003cdiv id=\"Sec10\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e\u003ch2\u003eParticipants\u0026rsquo; profile\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe data delineates a predominantly young cohort, with 309 respondents (97.17%) falling within the 18\u0026ndash;26 age range. A significant portion of the sample consists of nursing students, who represent 213 individuals or 66.98% of the participants, whereas midwifery students account for 105 participants, or 33.02% as shown in Table \u003cspan refid=\"Tab1\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab1\" border=\"1\"\u003e\u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 1\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eFrequency and percentage distribution of the participants\u0026rsquo; profiles\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/caption\u003e\u003ccolgroup cols=\"4\"\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cthead\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eStatement\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eFrequency\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003ePercentage\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/thead\u003e\u003ctbody\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"2\" rowspan=\"3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eAge\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e18\u0026ndash;26 years\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e309\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e97.17%\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eLess than 18 years\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e6\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.89%\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eMore than 26 years\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e3\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.94%\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eSpecialty\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eNursing Student\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e213\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e66.98%\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eMidwife Student\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e105\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e33.02%\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"3\" rowspan=\"4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eAcademic Year\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eSecond Year\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e159\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e50.00%\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eThird Year\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e140\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e44.03%\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eFourth Year\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e17\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e5.35%\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eIntern\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.63%\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"3\" rowspan=\"4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eGPA\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e4.00 to 5.00\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e108\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e33.96%\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e3.00 to 3.99\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e92\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e28.93%\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2.00 to 2.99\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e87\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e27.36%\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eBelow 2.00\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e31\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e9.75%\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"3\" rowspan=\"4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eTraining about IPV in Nursing School\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eNone\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e113\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e35.53%\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eAttended a Lecture or talk\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e68\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e21.38%\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eWatched a Video\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e43\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e13.52%\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eOther\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e94\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e29.56%\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"3\" rowspan=\"4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eTotal Hours of IPV Training in Nursing School\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eNone\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e114\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e35.85%\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1 to 5 Hours\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e112\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e35.22%\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e6 to 15 Hours\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e54\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e17.00%\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eMore than 15 Hours\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e38\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e11.95%\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"3\" rowspan=\"4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eTraining about IPV Prior to Nursing School\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eNone\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e140\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e44.03%\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eAttended a Lecture or talk\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e30\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e9.43%\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eWatched a Video\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e62\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e19.50%\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eOther\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e86\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e27.04%\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"3\" rowspan=\"4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eTotal Hours of IPV Training Prior to Nursing School\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eNone\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e190\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e59.75%\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1 to 5 Hours\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e106\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e33.33%\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e6 to 15 Hours\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e18\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e5.66%\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eMore than 15 Hours\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e4\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.26%\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/tbody\u003e\u003c/colgroup\u003e\u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eIn terms of academic performance, the distribution is centered towards the higher end, with half of the respondents (50%, n\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;159) maintaining a GPA between 4.00 and 5.00. The respondents were also predominant in the earlier stages of their academic journey, with second-year students making up the largest group at 33.96% (n\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;108), closely followed by third-year (28.33%, n\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;90) and fourth-year students (27.96%, n\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;89). Interns comprised a smaller segment, 9.75% (n\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;31) of the total.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe exposure to IPV/DV training revealed that a notable proportion, 35.53% (n\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;113), had not received any form of training. Conversely, a similar percentage, 35.22% (n\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;112), received between 1 and 5 hours of training. The pattern of limited prior training was more pronounced before their nursing education, with a majority of 59.75% (n\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;190) indicating they had not received any IPV/DV training, and 33.33% (n\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;106) had 1 to 5 hours of exposure. The data points to significant gaps in IPV/DV education among nursing and midwifery students, underscoring potential areas for educational enhancement.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv id=\"Sec11\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e\u003ch2\u003ePerceived preparedness of students in IPV management\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eTable\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab2\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e presents the level of preparedness of the participants in managing IPV. Data show that the participants lowest level of preparation for both nursing and midwifery students is \"asking appropriate questions about IPV\" with a mean score of 3.57, followed by \"appropriately responding to disclosures of abuse\" with a mean score of 3.61 and \"assessing an IPV victim\u0026rsquo;s readiness to change.\" On the other hand, the participants are moderately prepared on \"documenting IPV history and physical examination findings in the patient's chart\" and \"fulfilling state requirements to report child abuse,\" with the same mean score of 4.07, and \"fulfilling state requirements to report elderly abuse,\" with a mean score of 4.06. Generally, the nursing students perceived themselves to be moderately prepared, as shown by a mean score of 4.11, while the midwifery students, on the other hand, perceived themselves to be slightly prepared, as shown by a mean score of 3.30.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab2\" border=\"1\"\u003e\u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 2\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e\u003cp\u003ePerceived preparedness of students in IPV management\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/caption\u003e\u003ccolgroup cols=\"7\"\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c6\" colnum=\"6\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c7\" colnum=\"7\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cthead\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c3\" namest=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eNursing\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c5\" namest=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eMidwifery\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c7\" namest=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eOVERALL\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003ePREPAREDNESS SCALES\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eMean score\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003elevel\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eMean Score\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eLevel\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eMean\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eLevel\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/thead\u003e\u003ctbody\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003ea. Ask appropriate questions about IPV\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e3.87\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eModerate\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2.95\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eSlight\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e3.57\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eSlight\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eb. Appropriately respond to disclosures of\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eabuse\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e3.88\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eModerate\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e3.08\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eSlight\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e3.61\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eModerate\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003ec. Identify IPV indicators based on patient\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003ehistory and physical examination\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e4.00\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eModerate\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e3.19\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eSlight\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e3.73\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eModerate\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003ed. Assess an IPV victim\u0026rsquo;s readiness to change\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e3.92\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eModerate\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e3.21\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eSlight\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e3.68\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eModerate\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003ee. Help an IPV victim assess his/her danger of lethality.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e4.04\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eModerate\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e3.33\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eSlight\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e3.80\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eModerate\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003ef. Conduct a safety assessment for the victim\u0026rsquo;s children\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e4.14\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eModerate\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e3.35\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eSlight\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e3.88\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eModerate\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eg. Help an IPV victim create a safety plan\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e4.20\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eModerate\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e3.50\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eSlight\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e3.97\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eModerate\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eh. Document IPV history and physical\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eexamination findings in patient\u0026rsquo;s chart\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e4.36\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eModerate\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e3.47\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eSlight\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e4.07\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eModerate\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003ei. Make appropriate referrals for IPV\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e4.18\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eModerate\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e3.30\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eSlight\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e3.89\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eModerate\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003ej. Fulfill state reporting requirements for:\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e- IPV\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e4.01\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eModerate\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e3.03\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eSlight\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e3.68\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eModerate\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e- Child abuse\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e4.38\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eModerate\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e3.45\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eSlight\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e4.07\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eModerate\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-elder abuse\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e4.37\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eModerate\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e3.44\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eSlight\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e4.06\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eModerate\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eOverall\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e4.11\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eModerate\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e3.30\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eSlight\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e3.84\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eModerate\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/tbody\u003e\u003c/colgroup\u003e\u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv id=\"Sec12\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e\u003ch2\u003ePerceived knowledge of students in IPV management\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eTable\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab3\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e shows the perception of the participants on IPV\u0026rsquo;s management, which includes concepts on reporting abuse, signs and symptoms, documentation, referrals, as well as assessment. A mean score of x\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;3.45 indicates that nursing and midwifery students generally have low knowledge on all items. The midwifery students have a low overall perceived knowledge with x̄ == 3.27. The only item with moderate perceived knowledge is \"The stages an IPV victim experiences in understanding and changing his/her situation\" (x̄=3.83). All the other items are low, with mean scores ranging from x̄=3.23 to 3.57, with \"signs and symptoms\" being the lowest. Conversely, nursing students have a moderate overall perceived knowledge with x̄=3.64. They have low perceived knowledge on the following items: \"legal reporting requirements on IPV, child abuse, and elderly abuse.\" \"Signs or symptoms of IPV,\" \"how to document IPV in a patient's chart,\" and \"referral sources for IPV\" with mean scores ranging from 3.36 to 3.54. The item with the highest mean score (4.04) is \"The stages an IPV victim experiences in understanding and changing his/her situation.\"\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab3\" border=\"1\"\u003e\u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 3\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e\u003cp\u003ePerceived knowledge of students on IPV management\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/caption\u003e\u003ccolgroup cols=\"7\"\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c6\" colnum=\"6\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c7\" colnum=\"7\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cthead\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eKNOWLEDGE SCALES\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c3\" namest=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eNursing\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c5\" namest=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eMidwifery\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c7\" namest=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eOVERALL\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eMean score\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003elevel\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eMean score\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003elevel\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eMean score\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003elevel\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/thead\u003e\u003ctbody\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003ea. Your legal reporting requirements for:\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e- IPV\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e3.36\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eLow\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e3.15\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eLow\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e3.27\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eLow\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e- Child abuse\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e3.51\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eLow\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e3.25\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eLow\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e3.38\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eLow\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e- Elder abuse\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e3.49\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eLow\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e3.17\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eLow\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e3.33\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eLow\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eb. Signs or symptoms of IPV\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e3.43\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eLow\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e3.03\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eLow\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e3.23\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eLow\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003ec. How to document IPV in patient\u0026rsquo;s chart\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e3.54\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eLow\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e3.16\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eLow\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e3.35\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eLow\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003ed. Referral sources for IPV victims\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e3.43\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eLow\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e3.15\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eLow\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e3.29\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eLow\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003ee. Perpetrators of IPV\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e3.66\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eModerate\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e3.20\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eLow\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e3.43\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eLow\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003ef. Relationship between IPV and pregnancy\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e3.78\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eModerate\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e3.25\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eLow\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e3.51\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eLow\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eg. Recognizing the childhood effects of witnessing IPV\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e3.59\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eModerate\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e3.20\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eLow\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e3.40\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eLow\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eh. What questions to ask to identify IPV\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e3.84\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eModerate\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e3.28\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eLow\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e3.56\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eLow\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003ei. Why a victim might not disclose IPV\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e3.77\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eModerate\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e3.36\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eLow\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e3.57\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eLow\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003ej. Your role in detecting IPV\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e3.65\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eModerate\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e3.30\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eLow\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e3.47\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eLow\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003ek. What to say and not say in IPV situations with a patient\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e3.77\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eModerate\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e3.32\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eLow\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e3.54\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eLow\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003el. Determining danger for a patient experiencing IPV\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e3.70\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eModerate\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e3.41\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eLow\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e3.55\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eLow\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003em. Developing a safety plan with an IPV victim\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e3.67\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eModerate\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e3.38\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eLow\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e3.52\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eLow\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003en. 4.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e4.04\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eModerate\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e3.63\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eModerate\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e3.83\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eModerate\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eOver-all\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e3.64\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eModerate\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e3.27\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eLow\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e3.45\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eLow\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/tbody\u003e\u003c/colgroup\u003e\u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv id=\"Sec13\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e\u003ch2\u003eActual knowledge of students in IPV management\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe actual knowledge of the students in Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab4\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003e shows that the majority of students (116; 37%) have an average actual knowledge (score\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;41\u0026ndash;60). Three (1%) of them are at a very low level, and 46 (14.6%). Of the nursing students, the majority (74; 35.3%) have a high level of actual knowledge. There are 38 (18%) with a very high level and two (1%) with a very low level of actual knowledge. Meanwhile, the majority (52; 50.2%) of midwifery students have an average level; eight (7.7%) have a very high level, and one (1%) has a very low level of actual knowledge.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab4\" border=\"1\"\u003e\u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 4\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eFrequency and percentage distribution according to the level of actual knowledge\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/caption\u003e\u003ccolgroup cols=\"8\"\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c6\" colnum=\"6\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c7\" colnum=\"7\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c8\" colnum=\"8\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cthead\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eScore\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eLevel\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c4\" namest=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eNursing (n\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;210)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c6\" namest=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eMidwifery (n\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;104)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c8\" namest=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eOverall (n\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;314)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003ef\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e%\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003ef\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e%\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003ef\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e%\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/thead\u003e\u003ctbody\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e81\u0026ndash;100\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eVery High\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e38\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e18.0\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e8\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e7.7\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e46\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e14.6\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e61\u0026ndash;80\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eHigh\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e74\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e35.3\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e24\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e23.1\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e98\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e31.2\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e41\u0026ndash;60\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eAverage\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e64\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e30.5\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e52\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e50.2\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e116\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e37.0\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e21\u0026ndash;40\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eLow\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e32\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e15.2\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e19\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e18.3\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e51\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e16.2\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0\u0026ndash;20\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eVery low\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.0\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.0\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e3\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.00\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e210\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e100\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e104\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e100\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e314\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e100\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/tbody\u003e\u003c/colgroup\u003e\u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eTable\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab5\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e5\u003c/span\u003e displays the levels of actual knowledge on the specific scales on IPV\u0026rsquo;s management. Both nursing and midwifery students have very low levels of knowledge (x̄=.12) in identifying the strongest single risk factor for becoming a victim of IPV. Furthermore, they have a low level of knowledge in items related to \"stages of change\" (x̄=.22) and the \"general concepts on IPV\" (x̄=.30). They scored average in all other scales with varied x̄ ranging from \u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;55 to 2.47, with the scale \"identifying reasons an IPV victim does not leave a violent relationship\" having the highest x̄. Overall, the students have a low level (x̄= 1.16) of actual knowledge about IPV management.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab5\" border=\"1\"\u003e\u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 5\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eLevel of actual knowledge on specific scales\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/caption\u003e\u003ccolgroup cols=\"7\"\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c6\" colnum=\"6\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c7\" colnum=\"7\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cthead\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eKNOWLEDGE SCALES\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c3\" namest=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eNursing\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c5\" namest=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eMidwifery\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c7\" namest=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eOVERALL\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eMean\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eLEVEL\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eMean\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eLEVEL\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eMEAN\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eLEVEL\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/thead\u003e\u003ctbody\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1. Risk factor for becoming a victim of IPV\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.15\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eVery Low\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.10\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eVery Low\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.12\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eVery Low\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2. Batterers\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.50\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eAverage\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.59\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eAverage\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.55\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eAverage\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e3. Warning signs\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2.70\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eAverage\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2.21\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eAverage\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2.46\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eAverage\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e4. Reasons an IPV victim not leaving a violent relationship\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2.81\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eAverage\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2.12\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eAverage\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2.47\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eAverage\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e5. The most appropriate ways to ask about IPV\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.93\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eAverage\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.90\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eAverage\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.91\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eAverage\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e6. Generally true?\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2.46\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eAverage\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.99\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eLow\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2.22\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eAverage\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e7. Stages of Change\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.26\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eLow\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.19\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eLow\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.22\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eLow\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e8. General concepts\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.38\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eLow\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.22\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eLow\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.30\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eLow\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eOverall\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.27\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eLow\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.78\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eLow\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.16\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eLow\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/tbody\u003e\u003c/colgroup\u003e\u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe x\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;3.43 in Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab6\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e6\u003c/span\u003e indicates that the students have a negative attitude or opinion toward IPV management. The nurses have an overall opinion score of 3.62, which indicates a good opinion/attitude. Specifically, they have a good opinion/attitude in terms of \"self-preparation for IPV,\" \"workplace issues to manage IPV,\" and \"constraints to manage IPV\" with x̄ = 3.72, 3.90, and 3.93, respectively. On the contrary, the midwifery students' overall opinion/attitude is poor, with an x̄= 3.25. Their scores in all items show a poor opinion/attitude in \"victim autonomy,\" having the lowest x̄= 2.93; \"workplace issues to manage IPV\" and \"constraints to manage IPV\" are the highest with the same x̄= 3.51.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab6\" border=\"1\"\u003e\u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 6\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eSelf-reported opinion/attitude of students on IPV management\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/caption\u003e\u003ccolgroup cols=\"7\"\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c6\" colnum=\"6\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c7\" colnum=\"7\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cthead\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eOpinion Scales\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c3\" namest=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eNURSING\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c5\" namest=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eMIDWIFERY\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c7\" namest=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eOVERALL\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eMean\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eOpinion\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003emean\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eOpinion\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003emean\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eOpinion\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/thead\u003e\u003ctbody\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1. Staff preparation for IPV\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e3.72\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003egood\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e3.26\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003epoor\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e3.49\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003epoor\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2. Legal requirements to manage IPV\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e3.54\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003ePoor\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e3.29\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003epoor\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e3.41\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003epoor\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e3. Workplace Issues to manage IPV\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e3.90\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003egood\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e3.51\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003epoor\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e3.70\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003egood\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e4. Self-Efficacy to manage IPV\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e3.51\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003epoor\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e3.18\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003epoor\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e3.34\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003epoor\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e5. Victim Understanding\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e3.38\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003epoor\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e3.09\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003epoor\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e3.23\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003epoor\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e6. Victim Autonomy\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e3.38\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003epoor\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2.93\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003epoor\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e3.16\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003epoor\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e7. Constraints to manage IPV\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e3.93\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003egood\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e3.51\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003epoor\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e3.72\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003egood\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eOverall\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e3.62\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003egood\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e3.25\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003epoor\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e3.43\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003ePoor\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/tbody\u003e\u003c/colgroup\u003e\u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eTable\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab7\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e7\u003c/span\u003e shows that the students perceived themselves to be moderately prepared (x̄= 3.84), although separately, the midwives perceived themselves to be slightly prepared (x̄= 3.30). The students' perceived knowledge is low overall (x̄= 3.45), with the nursing students as moderate (x̄= 3.64). The actual knowledge is low, with x̄= 1.16 consistent for both groups. Lastly, the opinion/attitude of the students overall is poor; however, the nursing has a good opinion/attitude with an x̄ = 3.62.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab7\" border=\"1\"\u003e\u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 7\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eSummary on the background of students on IPV management\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/caption\u003e\u003ccolgroup cols=\"7\"\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c6\" colnum=\"6\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c7\" colnum=\"7\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cthead\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c3\" namest=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eNursing\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c5\" namest=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eMidwifery\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c7\" namest=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eOver-all\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eMean\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eVI\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eMean\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eVI\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eMean\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eVI\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/thead\u003e\u003ctbody\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003ePerceived preparedness\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e4.11\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eModerate\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e3.30\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eSlight\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e3.84\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eModerate\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003ePerceived knowledge\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e3.64\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eModerate\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e3.27\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eLow\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e3.45\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eLow\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eActual knowledge\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.27\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eLow\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e.78\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eLow\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.16\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eLow\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eAttitude\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e3.62\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eGood\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e3.25\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003ePoor\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e3.43\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003ePoor\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/tbody\u003e\u003c/colgroup\u003e\u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eTable\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab8\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e8\u003c/span\u003e shows the correlation between the academic profiles of the students and their background on IPV management. The academic performance, which is the GPA of the students, has a technically weak positive correlation with their background, as shown by r\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;.036 for perceived preparedness, r\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;.071 for perceived knowledge, r\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;.03 for actual knowledge, and r\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;.090 for attitude. However, the results are not statistically significant considering all the corresponding p-values are greater than .05. This means that the null hypothesis, where academic performance is not significantly correlated to the background on IPV management, is not rejected.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab8\" border=\"1\"\u003e\u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 8\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eCorrelation between academic profiles and background on IPV management\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/caption\u003e\u003ccolgroup cols=\"5\"\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cthead\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003ePerceived Preparedness\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003ePerceived Knowledge\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eActual Knowledge\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eAttitude\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/thead\u003e\u003ctbody\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eAcademic Performance (GPA\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.036\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.071\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.034\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.090\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eAcademic year\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.061\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.005\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.163\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.231\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eAmount of Training\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.166\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.143\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.174\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.142\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eProgram\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.428\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.573\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.003\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.008\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/tbody\u003e\u003c/colgroup\u003e\u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eFurthermore, the academic year of the students is found to be technically correlated to the background, specifically with a weak correlation with perceived preparedness (r\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;.061) and perceived knowledge (r\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;.005), but they are found to be statistically non-significant as the p values are greater than .05. This means that the null hypothesis is not rejected. On the other hand, moderate positive correlations with the actual knowledge (r\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;.163) and attitude (r\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;.231) are shown with p values less than .05; hence the result is statistically significant. This means that the null hypothesis is rejected.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eIn terms of the amount of training, the results show a consistent positive correlation with all the background on IPV management, and all p-values are less than .05, indicating statistical significance. Therefore, the null hypothesis is rejected. The amount of training on IPV is positively correlated to the preparedness, knowledge, and attitude on IPV management.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe results also show that the program nursing or midwifery has a technically moderate correlation with the preparedness (r\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;.428) and perceived knowledge (r\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;.573) and with p values less than .055, indicating that the result is significant. Thus, the null hypothesis was rejected. The program, however, is found to have a weak correlation with the actual knowledge (.00303 and r\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;.008), which are statistically not significant considering the p values are all more than .0505. Consequently, the null hypothesis is not rejected.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eTable\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab9\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e9\u003c/span\u003e shows a technically positive correlation between perceived knowledge and perceived preparedness, but the correlation is considered weak with r\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;.138. The correlation is significant with a p\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;.02, which is less than the p\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;.05. The same observation is seen between the perceived knowledge and actual knowledge; however, it is not significant, having a p\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;.224.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab9\" border=\"1\"\u003e\u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 9\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eCorrelation among perceived preparedness, perceived knowledge, and attitude\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/caption\u003e\u003ccolgroup cols=\"5\"\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cthead\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003ePerceived Preparedness\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003ePerceived Knowledge\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eActual Knowledge\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eAttitude\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/thead\u003e\u003ctbody\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003ePerceived Preparedness\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003ePerceived Knowledge\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e.138*\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eActual Knowledge\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e.162*\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e.143*\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eAttitude/Opinion\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e.028\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e.651*\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/tbody\u003e\u003c/colgroup\u003e\u003ctfoot\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd colspan=\"5\"\u003eNOTE: *The P-value is \u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;.00001. The correlation is significant at p\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;.05 (two-tailed).\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/tfoot\u003e\u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eA positive but weak correlation is also seen between the perceived preparedness and actual knowledge, as shown by an r\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;.162, although it is not considered significant with a p-value of .252. There is also a positive but weak correlation between perceived preparedness and attitude as shown by r\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;.028; however, the result is non-significant, having a p-value of .24848, which is above .0505. On the other hand, there is a moderate positive correlation between perceived knowledge and attitude, as shown by r\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;.651, and it is significant, as shown by p less than .05.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eTable\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab10\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e10\u003c/span\u003e shows that 17% (55) of students experienced physical violence, sexual abuse, emotional abuse, intimidation, economic deprivation, or threats of violence in an intimate partner relationship. On the other hand, there are 35% (111) who witnessed physical violence, sexual abuse, or psychological abuse directed towards a family member.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab10\" border=\"1\"\u003e\u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 10\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eFrequency and percentage distribution of personal experience\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/caption\u003e\u003ccolgroup cols=\"5\"\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cthead\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c3\" namest=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eYES\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c5\" namest=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eNO\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003ef\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e%\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003ef\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e%\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/thead\u003e\u003ctbody\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eHave you ever experienced physical violence, sexual abuse, emotional abuse, intimidation, economic deprivation, or threats of violence in an intimate partner relationship?\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e55\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e17%\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e263\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e83%\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eHave you ever witnessed physical violence, sexual abuse, or psychological abuse directed towards a family member?\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e111\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e35%\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e207\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e65%\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/tbody\u003e\u003c/colgroup\u003e\u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e"},{"header":"Discussion","content":"\u003cp\u003eNursing and midwifery students demonstrate a moderate level of preparedness in managing IPV; however, they exhibit deficiencies in both actual and perceived knowledge, as well as hold inadequate attitudes towards addressing IPV (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR9\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e9\u003c/span\u003e). These findings contrast with earlier studies on nursing students' readiness to confront IPV. For instance, the study by Shaqiqi and Innab (2023) found that nursing students' readiness, attitudes, professional roles, and perceived knowledge were all at a modest level (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR13\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e13\u003c/span\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eMidwifery students exhibited lower levels of knowledge compared to nursing students, who were able to identify key questions that could assist in determining IPV at an average level. However, midwifery students struggled to identify the essential requirements for drafting IPV-related legal reports. This finding aligns with previous studies (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR3\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR9\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e9\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR14\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e14\u003c/span\u003e), which revealed that students lacked knowledge of the legal processes related to IPV. Additionally, midwifery students demonstrated limited understanding of the reasons why victims may refuse to report IPV. They also reported being unaware of the early warning signs and symptoms of IPV. This contrasts with a study by Simsek and Ardahan (2020), in which students were able to identify these warning indicators (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR15\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e15\u003c/span\u003e). It is possible that, during their clinical education, nursing and midwifery students were not exposed to a diverse range of IPV cases, which may have contributed to their limited knowledge. Due to limited exposure, students may not be as familiar with the various signs and symptoms of IPV. Prior research has highlighted the importance of incorporating diverse case studies or simulation activities into curricula to enhance students' ability to identify IPV indicators (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR16\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e16\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eStudents indicated a lack of understanding of the risk factors for being victims of IPV, suggesting that participants had not been sufficiently informed about IPV in their educational curriculum or external resources. As a result, their overall understanding of the topic appeared to be quite limited. Nursing students, in particular, believed that the primary cause of IPV was the victim's inability to leave a violent relationship. This finding is consistent with previous research, which, despite numerous interventions aimed at increasing knowledge, indicates that nurses continue to have low levels of both perceived and actual knowledge regarding IPV(\u003cspan citationid=\"CR17\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e17\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR18\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e18\u003c/span\u003e). This suggests that the participants are not adequately prepared to address IPV in practical settings. When asked about their actual knowledge, midwifery students reported a lack of awareness regarding the risk factors that may lead to IPV victimization. However, they were able to identify warning signs indicative of IPV. These findings align with previous research (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR9\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e9\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR14\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e14\u003c/span\u003e). the actual knowledge of midwifery students in our study was limited (x̄ = 0.78), it was slightly higher than that of nurses and midwives in a study conducted in Tanzania (x̄ = 0.69) (3). This suggests a global deficiency in IPV-related concepts, attitudes, and skill development within curricula. Additionally, prior research has shown that e-learning can be somewhat beneficial in enhancing midwives' and nurses' understanding of IPV (19)\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eNursing students were found to be more prepared than midwifery students to address IPV. According to the results of our study, nursing students expressed confidence in their ability to recognize elder and child abuse, although they were only moderately prepared to handle IPV. These findings are consistent with another study on maternal and child health nurses, which indicated that these nurses were either very well prepared or moderately prepared to manage such cases (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR20\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e20\u003c/span\u003e). In contrast, midwifery students were less prepared to address IPV compared to nursing students. This aligns with previous research (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR3\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR9\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e9\u003c/span\u003e). While midwifery students were not prepared to ask the appropriate questions regarding IPV, they did feel capable of identifying elder and child abuse and documenting a history of IPV exposure. The primary reason for this discrepancy is a lack of sufficient knowledge and practical training. It is crucial that students receive hands-on training that focuses on how to ask sensitive questions and interact with patients who have experienced or are suspected of having experienced IPV. In addition to gaps in education, cultural and social barriers may further hinder the ability to ask appropriate questions about IPV (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR21\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e21\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe results suggest that nursing students exhibit more favorable attitudes than midwifery students when it comes to assessing whether an intimate partner violence (IPV) victim is ready to make a change. However, all student groups expressed a lack of preparedness in asking pertinent questions about IPV. While students, particularly those in the nursing field, felt more prepared to document IPV history and physical examination results, a study found that students demonstrated limited proficiency in accurately recording IPV-related information in a patient's chart (22). Furthermore, students displayed a poor understanding or attitude towards the victim\u0026rsquo;s autonomy and experience, highlighting the need for increased empathy and a deeper understanding of the experiences and autonomy of individuals experiencing IPV.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe 'amount of training' and 'knowledge background in managing IPV' were positively correlated, and their level of readiness was higher than that observed in prior studies (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR23\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e23\u003c/span\u003e). Additionally, a weak positive correlation was found between 'students' academic profile' and 'their background in managing IPV.' In contrast, previous research indicated that the academic level of students did not significantly affect their background in managing IPV (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR24\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e24\u003c/span\u003e). The program demonstrated weak correlations with 'actual knowledge,' but moderate correlations with 'preparedness' and 'perceived knowledge.' In general, although students were able to recognize and address instances of intimate partner violence, they still required further education on recognizing the signs of partner violence and developing effective strategies to manage it. To enhance student outcomes, educational programs must be improved, and students should have access to the necessary resources.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe positive but weak correlation between perceived knowledge and preparedness suggests that perceived knowledge may not always translate into effective preparedness. Similarly, a weak but positive association exists between students' perceived and actual knowledge, implying that other factors may influence their actual understanding. In contrast, there is a weak but positive relationship between perceived preparedness and actual knowledge, indicating that students who feel prepared are also more likely to possess a reasonable level of knowledge. Additionally, a slight but positive correlation between perceived preparedness and attitude suggests that feeling prepared contributes to a more favorable attitude towards addressing IPV. This contrasts with the findings of Alhalal (2020), which reported that nurses generally hold negative attitudes toward IPV (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR17\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e17\u003c/span\u003e). Furthermore, a moderate and positive association was observed between perceived knowledge and attitude.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThis study's strengths include its contribution to addressing the limited body of research on IPV. However, there are several limitations to consider. The findings cannot be generalized to all nurses and midwives, as they are specific to the sample of nursing and midwifery students. Additionally, the study does not include the perspectives of male participants, as it exclusively reflects the viewpoints of young women. This limitation arises from the fact that the study was conducted at a women-only university, which may restrict the applicability of the results to the male population in Saudi Arabia. Furthermore, the use of self-reported questionnaires may have influenced respondents' answers, potentially leading to an inflated perception of their abilities. To address these limitations, future studies could benefit from incorporating more complex mixed-methods designs to provide greater depth and insight.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe results of this study serve as an initial step in exploring the knowledge, attitudes, and preparedness of nursing and midwifery students in relation to IPV. Furthermore, this study contributes to a deeper understanding of the effectiveness of academic curricula in addressing IPV. Developing a curriculum that incorporates IPV case studies, signs of abuse, and training through simulation scenarios is crucial for enhancing students' knowledge and increasing their confidence in managing IPV situations.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Conclusion","content":"\u003cp\u003eNursing and midwifery students were found to perceive themselves as moderately prepared to manage IPV. Their perceived knowledge, attitudes, and preparedness significantly influenced their sense of adequacy in managing patients affected by IPV. However, while their positive attitude is valuable, it must be complemented with actual knowledge and comprehensive training to ensure true competence in identifying and managing signs of suspected or actual IPV. IPV is a critical issue that must be addressed within healthcare settings. Health professionals, including nursing and midwifery students, must receive appropriate education and training to develop high competence in assessing and managing patients with suspected or confirmed IPV. It is crucial that healthcare curricula incorporate both theoretical concepts and practical training, such as clinical simulations, to effectively prepare students for IPV management.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Declarations","content":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eConsent for publication\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eNot Applicable\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAvailability of data and materials\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe datasets used or analyzed in this study are available from the corresponding author upon request.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eCompeting Interests\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe authors have declared no conflict of interest.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eEthics approval and consent to participate\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eEthical approval was granted by the research ethics committees at Princess Nourah bint Abdulrahman University (IRB approval number (24-0565).\u0026nbsp;The nature and purpose of the research were promptly disclosed to all nursing students before their involvement. Consent was acquired from students before commencing the questionnaire. The study adhered to the Declaration of Helsinki.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eFunding\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThis research was funded by Princess Nourah bint Abdulrahman University Researchers Supporting Project number (PNURSP2025R 312), Princess Nourah bint Abdulrahman University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAuthors' contributions\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eConceptualization: W.H.A. R.A., A.A., R.A., J.A., N.A., F.A., N.A. Designing: W.H.A data collection R.A, A.A., R.A., J.A., N.A., F.A., N.A. and analysis: W.L.D. Manuscript preparation: W.H.A., Manuscript editing: W.H.A. \u0026amp;W.L.D.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAcknowledgements\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe authors express their gratitude to Princess Nourah bint Abdulrahman University Researchers Supporting Project number (PNURSP2025R 312), Princess Nourah bint Abdulrahman University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"References","content":"\u003col\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eKyle J. Intimate Partner Violence. Medical Clinics of North America. 2023 Mar;107(2):385\u0026ndash;95. \u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eThe World Health Organization. Violence Against Women Prevalence Estimates, 2018 Executive summary. 2021. \u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eAmbikile JS, Leshabari S, Ohnishi M. Knowledge, attitude, and preparedness toward IPV care provision among nurses and midwives in Tanzania. 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Soc Work Health Care. 2019 Oct 21;58(9):854\u0026ndash;69. \u003c/li\u003e\n\u003c/ol\u003e"}],"fulltextSource":"","fullText":"","funders":[],"hasAdminPriorityOnWorkflow":false,"hasManuscriptDocX":true,"hasOptedInToPreprint":true,"hasPassedJournalQc":"","hasAnyPriority":false,"hideJournal":true,"highlight":"","institution":"","isAcceptedByJournal":false,"isAuthorSuppliedPdf":false,"isDeskRejected":"","isHiddenFromSearch":false,"isInQc":false,"isInWorkflow":false,"isPdf":false,"isPdfUpToDate":true,"isWithdrawnOrRetracted":false,"journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"researchsquare","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"/submission","title":"Research Square","twitterHandle":"researchsquare","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"","reportingPortfolio":"","inReviewEnabled":false,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true},"keywords":"knowledge, attitude, opinions, self-experience, readiness to manage, nurses, midwives, nursing students, midwifery students, intimate partner violence","lastPublishedDoi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-7429088/v1","lastPublishedDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-7429088/v1","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"},"manuscriptAbstract":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eIntroduction\u003c/strong\u003e: Intimate partner violence (IPV) is any conduct within an intimate relationship that causes physical, sexual, or psychological harm. Nurses and midwives play an important role in detecting and reporting IPV cases. However, few studies were conducted assessing nursing and midwifery students’ readiness in managing IPV. Hence, this study aimed to assess nursing and midwifery students' knowledge, attitude, and preparedness in managing IPV.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eMethodology\u003c/strong\u003e:A cross-sectional correlational study was conducted among a convenient sample of nursing and midwifery students (n=318) from a selected university in Saudi Arabia. Data were collected using the modified Physician Readiness to Manage Intimate Partner Violence Survey (PRIMS) (Connor et al., 2010) and analyzed using descriptive and inferential statistics.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eResults\u003c/strong\u003e: The results indicated that 66.98% of nursing students and 33.02% of midwifery students perceived themselves to have a moderate level of preparedness in managing IPV. Pearson correlation analysis revealed weak but statistically significant positive relationships between perceived preparedness and both perceived knowledge (r = .138, p \u0026lt; .05) and actual knowledge (r = .162, p \u0026lt; .05). Perceived knowledge was also weakly correlated with actual knowledge (r = .143, p \u0026lt; .05), and strongly correlated with attitude (r = .651, p \u0026lt; .05). No significant association was found between perceived preparedness and attitude (r = .028, p \u0026gt; .05). These findings suggest that perceived knowledge is more strongly associated with students’ attitudes toward IPV management than actual knowledge or perceived preparedness.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eConclusion\u003c/strong\u003e: The study highlights the need to improve the knowledge, attitudes, and readiness of nursing and midwifery students in managing IPV. Despite moderate preparedness, actual knowledge and attitudes are insufficient, especially among midwifery students. Targeted education interventions are required to enhance skills in handling IPV cases.\u003c/p\u003e","manuscriptTitle":"Assessing nursing and midwifery students’ knowledge, attitude, and preparedness in managing intimate partner violence","msid":"","msnumber":"","nonDraftVersions":[{"code":1,"date":"2025-09-11 11:30:39","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-7429088/v1","editorialEvents":[{"type":"communityComments","content":0}],"status":"published","journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"researchsquare","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"/submission","title":"Research Square","twitterHandle":"researchsquare","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"","reportingPortfolio":"","inReviewEnabled":false,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true}}],"origin":"","ownerIdentity":"20c317cf-19f9-422c-ae1b-b79cc46f14ec","owner":[],"postedDate":"September 11th, 2025","published":true,"recentEditorialEvents":[],"rejectedJournal":[],"revision":"","amendment":"","status":"posted","subjectAreas":[],"tags":[],"updatedAt":"2026-05-20T20:08:45+00:00","versionOfRecord":[],"versionCreatedAt":"2025-09-11 11:30:39","video":"","vorDoi":"","vorDoiUrl":"","workflowStages":[]},"version":"v1","identity":"rs-7429088","journalConfig":"researchsquare"},"__N_SSP":true},"page":"/article/[identity]/[[...version]]","query":{"redirect":"/article/rs-7429088","identity":"rs-7429088","version":["v1"]},"buildId":"8U1c8b4HqxoKbykW_rLl7","isFallback":false,"isExperimentalCompile":false,"dynamicIds":[84888],"gssp":true,"scriptLoader":[]}