Features of mangrove ecosystems after ten years of restoration on Flores Island, Indonesia

Features of mangrove ecosystems after ten years of restoration on Flores Island, Indonesia | Research Square window.SnipcartSettings = { analytics: { enabled: false } }; (function() { var accessVector = localStorage.getItem('access_vector') || ''; window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; if (accessVector) { window.dataLayer.push({ user: { profile: { profileInfo: { snid: accessVector } } } }); } })(); (function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start':new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0],j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src='https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f);})(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-K279D39R'); Browse Preprints In Review Journals COVID-19 Preprints AJE Video Bytes Research Tools Research Promotion AJE Professional Editing AJE Rubriq About Preprint Platform In Review Editorial Policies Our Team Advisory Board Help Center Sign In Submit a Preprint Cite Share Download PDF Article Features of mangrove ecosystems after ten years of restoration on Flores Island, Indonesia Pandu Wirabuana, Liliana Baskorowati, Bayu Pamungkas, Budi Mulyana, and 4 more This is a preprint; it has not been peer reviewed by a journal. https://doi.org/ 10.21203/rs.3.rs-4481660/v1 This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License Status: Published Journal Publication published 10 Feb, 2025 Read the published version in Scientific Reports → Version 1 posted 10 You are reading this latest preprint version Abstract Indonesia has extensively reforested mangroves to stabilize coastal ecosystems and mitigate climate change. Reforestation's long-term effects on recovering mangroves are not extensively established because most projects are only observed for two years. It raises the question of whether mangrove replanting aids biodiversity conservation and ecological recovery. This project will characterize Flores Island mangrove ecosystems after ten years of regeneration. The ecological survey took place at Bangkoor, Kolisia, and Talibura reforestation areas. Floristic composition, wildlife diversity, carbon sequestration, and energy storage were measured at each location. Field observations revealed 10 plant and 11 animal species, with flora and fauna species varying by site. Flora diversity was highest in Kolisia and fauna diversity was highest in Talibura. Talibura and Kolisia have similar vegetation and wildlife than Bangkoor. Restored mangrove stands sequestered 28.69 − 70.02 Mg CO2 ha − 1 and stored 30.54×104 − 54.07×104 MJ ha − 1 of energy. Rhizophora apiculata (47.37 ± 5.68 kg CO2) had the most carbon sequestration, while Bruguiera gymnorhiza (645.22 ± 21.65 MJ) had the highest energy storage. Reforestation-induced mangrove ecosystems have biodiversity, carbon storage, and energy stock features. Earth and environmental sciences/Ecology Earth and environmental sciences/Environmental sciences mangrove restoration biodiversity carbon storage energy stock Full Text Additional Declarations No competing interests reported. Cite Share Download PDF Status: Published Journal Publication published 10 Feb, 2025 Read the published version in Scientific Reports → Version 1 posted Editorial decision: Revision requested 18 Jun, 2024 Reviews received at journal 17 Jun, 2024 Reviews received at journal 15 Jun, 2024 Reviewers agreed at journal 05 Jun, 2024 Reviewers agreed at journal 31 May, 2024 Reviewers invited by journal 31 May, 2024 Editor assigned by journal 31 May, 2024 Editor invited by journal 31 May, 2024 Submission checks completed at journal 30 May, 2024 First submitted to journal 26 May, 2024 You are reading this latest preprint version Research Square lets you share your work early, gain feedback from the community, and start making changes to your manuscript prior to peer review in a journal. As a division of Research Square Company, we’re committed to making research communication faster, fairer, and more useful. We do this by developing innovative software and high quality services for the global research community. Our growing team is made up of researchers and industry professionals working together to solve the most critical problems facing scientific publishing. Also discoverable on Platform About Our Team In Review Editorial Policies Advisory Board Help Center Resources Author Services Accessibility API Access RSS feed Manage Cookie Preferences © Research Square 2026 | ISSN 2693-5015 (online) Privacy Policy Terms of Service Do Not Sell My Personal Information {"props":{"pageProps":{"initialData":{"identity":"rs-4481660","acceptedTermsAndConditions":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"archivedVersions":[],"articleType":"Article","associatedPublications":[],"authors":[{"id":312928854,"identity":"fe443cc5-5ef9-46c9-8d74-06c79a179c5c","order_by":0,"name":"Pandu Wirabuana","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Universitas Gadjah Mada","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Pandu","middleName":"","lastName":"Wirabuana","suffix":""},{"id":312928855,"identity":"0c088232-d702-4df0-bc42-f4ec4e0376ce","order_by":1,"name":"Liliana Baskorowati","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"National Research and Innovation Agency","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Liliana","middleName":"","lastName":"Baskorowati","suffix":""},{"id":312928856,"identity":"2945b7eb-c11b-4f98-8790-328199cca081","order_by":2,"name":"Bayu Pamungkas","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Tropical Forest Mensuration and Silviculture Technology, Indonesia","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Bayu","middleName":"","lastName":"Pamungkas","suffix":""},{"id":312928857,"identity":"720a26de-5274-41c9-8075-a9f41a2a0fd2","order_by":3,"name":"Budi Mulyana","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"University of Sopron","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Budi","middleName":"","lastName":"Mulyana","suffix":""},{"id":312928858,"identity":"0e340ec3-e05a-4f08-969b-dc5ba1f4b77f","order_by":4,"name":"Josie South","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"University of Leeds","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Josie","middleName":"","lastName":"South","suffix":""},{"id":312928859,"identity":"ded85860-34d8-4ba4-a83b-c1f25627c280","order_by":5,"name":"Hery Purnobasuki","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Universitas Airlangga Surabaya","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Hery","middleName":"","lastName":"Purnobasuki","suffix":""},{"id":312928860,"identity":"8ccf9cc6-cf65-43c3-9b1b-752a751482c6","order_by":6,"name":"Sapto Andriyono","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Universitas Airlangga","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Sapto","middleName":"","lastName":"Andriyono","suffix":""},{"id":312928863,"identity":"65b7df62-79d0-4d26-90f5-d7ca3e342f01","order_by":7,"name":"Veryl Hasan","email":"data:image/png;base64,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","orcid":"","institution":"Universitas Airlangga","correspondingAuthor":true,"prefix":"","firstName":"Veryl","middleName":"","lastName":"Hasan","suffix":""}],"badges":[],"createdAt":"2024-05-27 01:14:18","currentVersionCode":1,"declarations":"","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-4481660/v1","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-4481660/v1","draftVersion":[],"editorialEvents":[{"content":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-025-87307-x","type":"published","date":"2025-02-10T15:57:59+00:00"}],"editorialNote":"","failedWorkflow":false,"files":[{"id":76487602,"identity":"5722231f-4c8a-42e2-a2de-ac3425f12f89","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-02-17 16:09:47","extension":"pdf","order_by":1,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"manuscript-pdf","size":730016,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"ScientificReportVeryletal2024.pdf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-4481660/v1_covered_24581961-0487-4c51-8e9c-0dbd360bbd9e.pdf"}],"financialInterests":"No competing interests reported.","formattedTitle":"Features of mangrove ecosystems after ten years of restoration on Flores Island, Indonesia","fulltext":[],"fulltextSource":"","fullText":"","funders":[],"hasAdminPriorityOnWorkflow":false,"hasManuscriptDocX":false,"hasOptedInToPreprint":true,"hasPassedJournalQc":"","hasAnyPriority":false,"hideJournal":false,"highlight":"","institution":"","isAcceptedByJournal":true,"isAuthorSuppliedPdf":true,"isDeskRejected":"","isHiddenFromSearch":false,"isInQc":false,"isInWorkflow":false,"isPdf":true,"isPdfUpToDate":true,"isWithdrawnOrRetracted":false,"journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"scientific-reports","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"externalIdentity":"scirep","sideBox":"Learn more about [Scientific Reports](http://www.nature.com/srep/)","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"","title":"Scientific Reports","twitterHandle":"","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":true,"editorialSystem":"stoa","reportingPortfolio":"Scientific Reports","inReviewEnabled":true,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true},"keywords":"mangrove, restoration, biodiversity, carbon storage, energy stock","lastPublishedDoi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-4481660/v1","lastPublishedDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-4481660/v1","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"},"manuscriptAbstract":"\u003cp\u003eIndonesia has extensively reforested mangroves to stabilize coastal ecosystems and mitigate climate change. Reforestation's long-term effects on recovering mangroves are not extensively established because most projects are only observed for two years. It raises the question of whether mangrove replanting aids biodiversity conservation and ecological recovery. This project will characterize Flores Island mangrove ecosystems after ten years of regeneration. The ecological survey took place at Bangkoor, Kolisia, and Talibura reforestation areas. Floristic composition, wildlife diversity, carbon sequestration, and energy storage were measured at each location. Field observations revealed 10 plant and 11 animal species, with flora and fauna species varying by site. Flora diversity was highest in Kolisia and fauna diversity was highest in Talibura. Talibura and Kolisia have similar vegetation and wildlife than Bangkoor. Restored mangrove stands sequestered 28.69\u0026thinsp;\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;70.02 Mg CO2 ha\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e and stored 30.54\u0026times;104\u0026thinsp;\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;54.07\u0026times;104 MJ ha\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e of energy. \u003cem\u003eRhizophora apiculata\u003c/em\u003e (47.37\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;5.68 kg CO2) had the most carbon sequestration, while \u003cem\u003eBruguiera gymnorhiza\u003c/em\u003e (645.22\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;21.65 MJ) had the highest energy storage. Reforestation-induced mangrove ecosystems have biodiversity, carbon storage, and energy stock features.\u003c/p\u003e","manuscriptTitle":"Features of mangrove ecosystems after ten years of restoration on Flores Island, Indonesia","msid":"","msnumber":"","nonDraftVersions":[{"code":1,"date":"2024-06-12 14:32:03","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-4481660/v1","editorialEvents":[{"type":"communityComments","content":0},{"type":"decision","content":"Revision requested","date":"2024-06-18T08:44:24+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorInvitedReview","content":"","date":"2024-06-17T08:48:00+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorInvitedReview","content":"","date":"2024-06-16T02:10:59+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"189525142427346984940360273312313821801","date":"2024-06-05T14:34:24+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"60083710379835276913300766806799517157","date":"2024-05-31T17:24:59+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewersInvited","content":"","date":"2024-05-31T11:16:38+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorAssigned","content":"","date":"2024-05-31T11:13:18+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorInvited","content":"","date":"2024-05-31T11:00:49+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"checksComplete","content":"","date":"2024-05-30T04:39:33+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"submitted","content":"Scientific Reports","date":"2024-05-27T01:12:37+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""}],"status":"published","journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"scientific-reports","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"externalIdentity":"scirep","sideBox":"Learn more about [Scientific Reports](http://www.nature.com/srep/)","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"","title":"Scientific Reports","twitterHandle":"","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":true,"editorialSystem":"stoa","reportingPortfolio":"Scientific Reports","inReviewEnabled":true,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true}}],"origin":"","ownerIdentity":"103294ab-c74e-4331-b2a5-a850f46a9344","owner":[],"postedDate":"June 12th, 2024","published":true,"recentEditorialEvents":[],"rejectedJournal":[],"revision":"","amendment":"","status":"published-in-journal","subjectAreas":[{"id":33080402,"name":"Earth and environmental sciences/Ecology"},{"id":33080403,"name":"Earth and environmental sciences/Environmental sciences"}],"tags":[],"updatedAt":"2025-02-17T16:04:00+00:00","versionOfRecord":{"articleIdentity":"rs-4481660","link":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-025-87307-x","journal":{"identity":"scientific-reports","isVorOnly":false,"title":"Scientific Reports"},"publishedOn":"2025-02-10 15:57:59","publishedOnDateReadable":"February 10th, 2025"},"versionCreatedAt":"2024-06-12 14:32:03","video":"","vorDoi":"10.1038/s41598-025-87307-x","vorDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-025-87307-x","workflowStages":[]},"version":"v1","identity":"rs-4481660","journalConfig":"researchsquare"},"__N_SSP":true},"page":"/article/[identity]/[[...version]]","query":{"redirect":"/article/rs-4481660","identity":"rs-4481660","version":["v1"]},"buildId":"qtupq5eGEP_6zYnWcrvyt","isFallback":false,"isExperimentalCompile":false,"dynamicIds":[84888],"gssp":true,"scriptLoader":[]}