Left to Dry: Unseen Risks Lurking on Reusable Medical Devices

Left to Dry: Unseen Risks Lurking on Reusable Medical Devices | Research Square window.SnipcartSettings = { analytics: { enabled: false } }; (function() { var accessVector = localStorage.getItem('access_vector') || ''; window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; if (accessVector) { window.dataLayer.push({ user: { profile: { profileInfo: { snid: accessVector } } } }); } })(); (function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start':new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0],j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src='https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f);})(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-K279D39R'); Browse Preprints In Review Journals COVID-19 Preprints AJE Video Bytes Research Tools Research Promotion AJE Professional Editing AJE Rubriq About Preprint Platform In Review Editorial Policies Our Team Advisory Board Help Center Sign In Submit a Preprint Cite Share Download PDF Article Left to Dry: Unseen Risks Lurking on Reusable Medical Devices Terra A. Kremer, Gerald McDonnell, Jamie Fogarty, Cindy Rodriguez, and 2 more This is a preprint; it has not been peer reviewed by a journal. https://doi.org/ 10.21203/rs.3.rs-6679818/v1 This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License Status: Published Journal Publication published 05 Aug, 2025 Read the published version in Scientific Reports → Version 1 posted 12 You are reading this latest preprint version Abstract In this study, the intricate relationship between the complexity of reusable medical devices and their cleaning efficacy is explored to the point of cleaning failure. The results identified complex device features that require manual cleaning regardless of soil drying time, as well as device designs (i.e., features) that are appropriate for a fully automated cleaning process. All features were evaluated for cleaning performance under conditions where the soil was not allowed to dry, as well as replacing manual cleaning steps with non-manual methods, (i.e., substituting manual brushing and flushing with soaking and sonication). Findings revealed that soil drying on reusable medical devices can significantly increase the cleaning challenge. Features designed to expose all challenging geometries on devices passed soil drying times and semi-automated cleaning tests. However, device features with occluded geometries such as ball bearings, leaf springs, threaded screws, and mated surfaces proved far more challenging to effectively. Since device features vary in their cleaning complexity, each device should be assessed based on their features. By recognizing the risks associated with soil drying on reusable devices, healthcare facilities can implement appropriate practices that streamline more effective cleaning processes that will inform patient safety along with paving the way for future automation. Health sciences/Diseases Health sciences/Health care Health sciences/Medical research reusable medical devices device features cleaning regimes drying time patient safety Figures Figure 1 Figure 2 Figure 3 Introduction As the bright lights blur and consciousness fades during the countdown to surgery, most people are unlikely to be pondering the odds of an unsterilized instrument being used [1, 2]. A 2013 literature review found an alarming incidence of up to 400,000 annual deaths from medical errors in hospitalized patients [3]. For example, an estimated risk of infection transmitted by endoscopy is 1 per 1.8 million procedures, and infectious agents such as Helicobacter pylori, Salmonella spp., Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Strongyloides sterocoralis, and hepatitis B and C viruses have been attributed to gastrointestinal endoscopy [5]. However, due to a number of factors such as inadequate or no surveillance and low occurrence or absence of clinical symptoms, the true risk of infection is difficult to estimate [4]. Hospital-Acquired Infections (HAIs) are infections that occur 48 hours or more after a patient is admitted to a healthcare facility, which were neither present nor incubating at the time of admission [1]. It was observed that on any given day, about one in 31 patients has at least one HAI [6]. Moreover, in the ‘2015 HAI Hospital Prevalence survey’, the CDC reported that about 72,000 of the estimated 687,000 (or 10.48%) patients with HAIs died during their acute hospital stay in the US [7]. The occurrence of HAIs has a direct medical cost impact on hospital finances and many researchers have performed analysis to understand the economic benefits of investing in an infection prevention and control program [8, 9]. Additionally, the risk of contracting a HAI can be mitigated by effective device processing [2]. However, the complexity of device features and the importance of implementing appropriate cleaning processes are majorly underappreciated [2, 10]. For example, the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) posted 35,039 adverse event reports related to outbreaks, injuries, and reprocessing failures associated with medical devices in 2024 [11]. This is corroborated by ‘Sedgwick’s 2025 US State of the Nation Recall Index report’ [12] that noted the medical device sector recorded an 8.6% increase in recall events, reaching 1,059 in 2024. This report noted that device failures lead recall causes accounting for 11.1% of medical device recalls, which was the highest rate in over five years. Moreover, Ofstead and co-workers [13] recently noted that “processing breaches in endoscopes are common and often involve profound errors in multiple steps”. In summary, there are notable published reports highlighting that improperly reprocessed medical devices caused HAIs [14-25]. Devices used in healthcare facilities must undergo processing before their initial or subsequent use(s), as outlined by the World Health Organization (WHO) [26]. This cycle should be managed under a quality system to ensure devices are safe and effective for every use [27]. Devices requiring cleaning, disinfection, and/or sterilization between patient exposures include those used directly during surgery (e.g., forceps, endoscopes), items with minimal patient contact (e.g., blood pressure cuffs), and even non-patient contacting equipment that is just located in the same room (e.g., monitors) [27]. However, the ability to effectively and safety clean, disinfect and/or sterilize reusable medical devices remains extremely challenging and is often overlooked [2, 10]. The device processing cycle (Figure 1) begins with patient use, where the device is in a ready state and is safe for patient use. Immediately following patient use , the preparation for cleaning should begin at the point of use [26, 28, 29]. This treatment includes the removal of the visible soil on the device, disassembly (if required), flushing lumens, and brushing hard to reach areas on the device. To facilitate the effective removal of residual soil, instruments should be handled in a way (even if simply covered with a wet cloth) to keep them moist and minimize soil from drying. Immediate treatment at the point of use is a crucial first step in preventing a more challenging cleaning process, potential device damage, or the growth of microorganisms during the waiting period before cleaning [30]. The processing cycle for reusable medical devices is often depicted as a standalone loop (Figure 1); but the full supply chain is far more complex, involving multiple transfers of responsibility to ensure patient safety (Figure 2). The process begins with the manufacturer, who is responsible for producing devices with the required microbiological quality, as well as providing IFUs throughout the lifecycle. Once the healthcare facility acquires the device, it assumes responsibility for cleaning, disinfecting, and sterilizing the product after each patient use, ensuring it is ready for reuse [1]. For certain surgical kits, ownership may be impractical due to cost. To address this, manufacturers or external companies often provide loaner programs. After patient use, these loaner kits should be cleaned, disinfected, inspected and packaged before being returned to a distribution center or transported to another user. While distribution centers may process the kits for reuse, best practices dictate that receiving facilities ultimately process the kits themselves to ensure they are ready and fully traceable [30]. The complexity of the end-to-end device processing cycle and soil drying is a risk that requires special attention, which can be used to improve the appropriateness of manufacturer’s IFUs [1]. The guidance provided to healthcare facilities should emphasize minimizing the time between use and decontamination to prevent soil from drying. Recent studies have investigated the effect of soil drying time on reusable medical devices, which yielded results that show prolonged drying can influence subsequent ability to safely process and/or sterilize. An experiment involving a flat stainless steel coupon and a stainless steel hemostatic clamp revealed that prolonged drying of soil increases the difficulty of cleaning, indicating soil solubility decreased as drying time increased [28]. Kimble et. al. [31] explored the chemistry of the protein changes over time and found that the matrix of albumin, which is a primary protein in clinical soils, creates a water insoluble barrier that may present an increased cleaning challenge to remove residual proteins. In order for soil to re-solubilize following drying, water (or the cleaning solution) must integrate into the spaces between the molecules and aggregate to lessen the attractive and cohesive forces holding them together. Then again, as water evaporates from the soil during drying polarity changes, caused by tertiary structural changes, in the proteins can reduce the wetting effectiveness of water, and make rehydration and re-solubilization more difficult. Introducing water into a dried proteinaceous soil initially leads to wetting, followed by swelling of the proteins and aggregates, ultimately ending with dissolution facilitating their removal. However, water alone may not be sufficient to facilitate removal of dried protein and other bodily soils [31]. Hoover et al. [32] investigated the concept of rehydrating dried soil by evaluating whether an extended soak in a cleaning agent could reverse the chemical changes in proteins caused by drying and restore the soil to its original wet chemical composition. Among the cleaning agents tested, only an alkaline enzymatic detergent achieved successful solubility results on the flat surface but demonstrated a decrease in solubility with the added complexity of a device feature (i.e., box hinge). These results suggest that the design features of the device could significantly impact the drying and subsequent removal of soil, making it likely that a standardized drying time for use in healthcare facilities may not be feasible. In this study, the focus was placed on how the complexity of device design influences the cleaning procedures required for reusable medical devices. The aim was to identify specific device features that necessitate manual cleaning efforts, which become increasingly challenging when soil drying occurs on the device. In the experiment, all aspects of cleaning performance were assessed under conditions that prevented soil from drying. This setup facilitated a comparison between traditional manual cleaning methods—such as brushing and flushing—and innovative non-manual techniques, including soaking, sonication, and automated washing. This investigation highlights the significant impact that intricate design features have on the efficacy and feasibility of cleaning processes, particularly in the face of soil drying. Experimental investigation Test Article Sample Preparation Using the device feature approach, 23 of the most common reusable medical device characteristics (Table 2) were tested in accordance with AAMI ST98 Cleaning Validation of Health Care Products – Requirements for Development and Validation of a Cleaning Process for Medical Devices [27] . In each experiment, the independent variable was the duration allowed for soil to dry on the device, while all other variables were held at the most challenging conditions. As outlined in AAMI ST98, all devices (i.e., test articles) underwent seven simulated use cycles. Each cycle included soiling with Defibrinated Blood Soil (DBLSO) [33, 34], followed by drying, rinsing with tap water, and soaking in Valsure Enzymatic Detergent (STERIS). The test articles were brushed with an M-16 nylon bristle brush to remove blood and debris, with lumens thoroughly brushed as part of the procedure. The test articles were then subjected to mechanical washing in a washer-disinfector under defined parameters. After cleaning, the articles were double-wrapped and sterilized using moist heat at 132°C for 4 minutes. This process conditioned the devices into a “used” state prior to further testing. Before each experiment, test articles were thoroughly cleaned to remove residual analytes following simulated use. The cleaning process began with a 1-minute rinse under RO/DI water, followed by brushing to remove all visible soil. Each article was then placed in a container and soaked in an alkaline NeoDisher cleaning solution (Dr. Weigert), prepared at a concentration of 10 mL/L, for 60 minutes. During the soak, the articles were brushed until visibly clean, and any movable parts were actuated. The articles were subsequently submerged in a freshly prepared alkaline NeoDisher solution to ensure full coverage and sonicated for 15 minutes in a Branson 8800 Ultrasonic Cleaner operating at 40 kHz. After sonication, the articles were rinsed under running Critical Water as defined by ANSI/AAMI ST108 [35]. Lumens were flushed three times with 20 mL of Critical Water using a 25 mL syringe fitted with a 20G needle. Finally, the test articles were allowed to dry completely and inspected for cleanliness using a borescope or 10x lighted magnification. Cleaning Evaluation An extraction method validation was conducted for each feature to determine the test soil extraction efficiency using the additive extraction method [28]. A high extraction efficiency demonstrates the test system is effective at removing residual soil and measuring for the test analytes, protein and total organic carbon (TOC). For each experiment, test articles were soiled using a combination of two application methods: immersion in 100 mL of modified coagulated blood soil [32, 33] and direct inoculation, where 0.20 mL (200 µL) of soil was pipetted into lumens and complex features. The articles were rotated to ensure complete surface coverage, and the minimum soil volume was verified by weight. The test article was then allowed to dry under the specified condition for the experiment (e.g., 2hr or 72hrs at 22°C and 50%RH). For the semi-automated experiment, once the soil was applied, the device was covered with a soaked OR towel before being dried for 2hr at 22°C and 50% RH. Test articles were cleaned as outlined in Table 1. Extended Soak: Test articles were soaked in 10mL/L Neodisher MediClean forte alkaline cleaning agent (Dr. Weigert) for 60 minutes. Pre-Rinse : Test articles were manually brushed with soft bristle brushes (Sklar, Key Surgical) to remove debris. Lumens and tight crevices were flushed with water using a syringe. Manual Soak : Test articles were soaked for 5 minutes in Valsure Enzymatic cleaning agent (STERIS) at 7.9 mL/L in critical water (~20°C). Manual Cleaning: While soaking, all surfaces were brushed with soft non-metallic bristles, lumens were thoroughly cleaned using twisting motions with brushes (Key Surgical), and movable parts were actuated to expose surfaces. Syringes were used to flush intricate parts and tight clearances. Rinse: Test articles were rinsed 3X by submersing in Critical Water [34] Ultrasonic Cleaning : Test articles were ultrasonically cleaned for 10 minutes at 40 kHz in Valsure Enzymatic solution (3.9 mL/L at ~25°C). Lumens, blind holes, and intricate areas were flushed to prevent air pockets. Intermediate Rinse : Test articles were immersed in <40°C tap water for at least 1 minute, rinsed until visibly clean, and flushed thoroughly with a 50 mL syringe. Movable parts were actuated to ensure thorough rinsing. Final Rinse : A 15-second rinse was performed using <40°C critical water. Drying : Test articles were dried with a clean, lint-free cloth or compressed air, ensuring lumens and articulated areas were fully dried. Movable parts were actuated to remove fluid from threads, ratchets, and hinges. Automated Cleaning : Test articles were loaded into the washer so that each basket was accessible to the washer arms. The following washer disinfector program was run in the automated washer disinfector (Getinge): Pre-wash 1 – 02:00min w/ cold tap water Wash 1 – 01:00min w/ 43°C Valsure Enzymatic 1.9mL/L (STERIS) Wash 2 - 05:00min w/ 66°C Valsure Enzymatic 1.9mL/L (STERIS) Rinse 1 – 02:00min w/ hot tap water Rinse 2 – 00:15min w/ ambient Critical Water [35] Table 1: Cleaning steps per experiment Cleaning Step Experiment details 2-hr Dry 72-hr Dry Extended Soak Semi-Automated Extended Soak 60 minutes Pre-rinse X X X X Manual Soak 5 minutes 5 minutes 5 minutes 15 minutes Manual Cleaning X X X Intermediate Rinse X Ultrasonic Cleaning 10 minutes 10 minutes 10 minutes 15 minutes Intermediate Rinse X X X X Final Rinse X X X Manual Dry X X X Automated Cleaning X Table 2 : Device soiling and extraction criteria Feature Name Surface Area (cm 2 ) Soil Volume (mL) Extraction Volume (mL) Extraction Container Lumen Flush Volume Ball Detent/Ball Bearing 163.87 0.40 400 52mm x 229mm 4 mil Whirl-Pak bags with a 710mL capacity First Flush – 200mL Second Flush – 100mL Final Flush – 100mL Ball Seal Springs 6.31 0.02 15 65mm x 90mm 4 mil Whirl-Pak bags with a 90mL capacity NA Blind Slot 89.80 0.25 200 100mm x 200mm 4 mil Whirl-Pak bags with a 500mL capacity First Flush – 150mL Second Flush – 25mL Final Flush – 25mL Button w/ Spring 37.15 0.10 90 100mm x 200mm 4 mil Whirl-Pak bags with a 500mL capacity NA Buttons - Exposed Springs 82.31 0.20 200 152mm x 229mm 4 mil Whirl-Pak bags with a 710mL capacity NA Captured Screw 62.88 0.15 150 152mm x 229mm 4 mil Whirl-Pak bags with a 710mL capacity NA Hinges, Joints, Pivot points 9.93 0.03 20 65mm x 90mm 4 mil Whirl-Pak bags with a 90mL capacity NA Leaf Springs 73.85 0.20 180 152mm x 229mm 4 mil Whirl-Pak bags with a 710mL capacity NA Mated Surfaces 215.35 0.50 500 10in x 15in 4 mil Whirl-Pak bags with a 2721mL capacity NA Mated Surfaces – Small Clearance 211.63 0.50 500 10in x 15in 4 mil Whirl-Pak bags with a 2721mL capacity NA O-rings, External O-ring 13.53 0.04 30 65mm x 90mm 4 mil Whirl-Pak bags with a 90mL capacity NA O-rings, Internal O-ring 18.48 0.05 45 100mm x 200mm 4 mil Whirl-Pak bags with a 500mL capacity NA Rough Surface 60.22 0.15 150 152mm x 229mm 4 mil Whirl-Pak bags with a 710mL capacity NA Screws- Threaded Rod/Threaded Thru Hole 52.42 0.20 130 52mm x 229mm 4 mil Whirl-Pak bags with a 710mL capacity NA Screws- Threaded Rod/Threaded Blind Hole 67.72 0.20 150 152mm x 229mm 4 mil Whirl-Pak bags with a 710mL capacity First Flush – 25mL Final Flush – 25mL Sliding Shaft - Short 21.10 0.10 50 100mm x 200mm 4 mil Whirl-Pak bags with a 500mL capacity NA Sliding Shafts - Long 72.13 0.20 180 10in x 15in 4 mil Whirl-Pak bags with a 2721mL capacity NA Smooth Blind Lumen 4.57 0.02 11 65mm x 90mm 4 mil Whirl-Pak bags with a 90mL capacity First Flush – 5mL Second Flush – 3mL Final Flush – 3mL Smooth Through Lumen 54.36 0.25 130 15in x 20in 4 mil Whirl-Pak bags with a 5441mL capacity First Flush – 100mL Second Flush – 15mL Final Flush – 15mL Snap Rings 10.6 0.03 25 65mm x 90mm 4 mil Whirl-Pak bags with a 90mL capacity NA Spring - Internal 151.78 0.34 350 152mm x 229mm 4 mil Whirl-Pak bags with a 710mL capacity NA Threads – Blind Hole 31.71 0.10 80 100mm x 200mm 4 mil Whirl-Pak bags with a 500mL capacity First Flush – 40mL Second Flush – 20mL Final Flush – 20mL Through Slot 95.33 0.25 200 100mm x 200mm 4 mil Whirl-Pak bags with a 500mL capacity First Flush – 150mL Second Flush – 25mL Final Flush – 25mL Table 3: Experiment Protein Results per Device Feature Device Feature Extraction Efficiency Cleaning 72hr Dry - Water (µg/cm 2 ) Cleaning 72hr Dry - Additive Protein (µg/cm 2 ) Cleaning 2hr Dry Water (µg/cm 2 ) Cleaning 2hr Dry Additive- Protein (µg/cm 2 ) Extended Soak- Water (µg/cm 2 ) Extended Soak - Additive Protein (µg/cm 2 ) Semi-Automated - Water Protein (µg/cm 2 ) Semi-Automated - Additive Protein Ball Detent / Ball Bearing 67.310% 40.710 33.300 1.171 3.139 45.52 104.55 0.05816 0.1139 Ball Seal Springs 55.170% 15.010 15.340 0.379 4.113 201.7 12246 6.754 6.735 Blind Slot 70.540% 89.900 242.900 9.885 24.890 NA NA 9.226 10.167 Button w/ Spring 66.830% 23.610 20.00 2.833 3.462 NA NA 1.763 1.812 Buttons - Exposed Springs 45.750% 0.885 2.935 0.058 4.881 NA NA 3.678 3.885 Captured Screw 49.620% 4.867 9.124 3.603 3.545 14.882 13.605 0.05882 0.1139 Hinges, Joints, Pivot Points 79.900% 112.400 202.700 5.565 8.530 166.4 257.7 4.863 4.994 Leaf Springs 92.161% 36.030 65.760 1.342 10.570 NA NA 3.708 3.646 Mated Surfaces 79.020% 25.570 32.920 4.701 4.574 NA NA 0.058 0.111 Mated Surfaces Small Clearance 85.259% 0.058 0.113 1.825 18.590 NA NA 8.7 5.56 O-rings - External O-ring 87.320% 0.742 1.323 2.104 5.498 NA NA 0.05498 2.472 O-rings - Internal O-ring 68.180% 2.815 67.700 7.550 9.520 NA NA 4.987 5.044 Rough Surface 96.133% 5.382 9.364 4.676 4.756 NA NA 3.088 4.528 Screws Threaded Rod / Threaded Thru Hole 90.634% 54.490 87.900 1.338 1.299 NA NA 2.034 1.944 Screws Threaded Rod/ Threaded Blind Hole 97.145% 4.943 7.580 4.496 5.757 NA NA 0.05196 0.1026 Sliding Shaft Short 92.192% 0.056 0.110 1.135 13.100 NA NA 2.283 2.495 Sliding Shafts Long 92.100% 0.059 0.115 15.070 15.310 NA NA 8.811 8.756 Smooth Blind Lumen 90.330% 2.391 24.660 15.500 39.310 NA NA 3.215 24.1 Smooth Through Lumen 91.980% 9.600 35.130 126.900 125.700 NA NA 4.139 7.111 Snap Rings 73.070% 0.060 0.755 2.481 8.050 NA NA 5.496 15.26 Spring Internal 64.510% 37.590 44.990 17.610 17.410 NA NA 4.154 4.074 Threads Blind Hole 93.633% 15.900 15.630 11.820 12.260 NA NA 0.06023 2.483 Through Slot 33.120% 121.900 151.330 4.474 12.420 NA NA 3.475 4.501 Table 4: Experiment TOC Results per Device Feature Device Feature Extraction Efficiency Cleaning 72hr Dry - Water (µg/cm 2 ) Cleaning 2hr Dry Water (µg/cm 2 ) Extended Soak- Water (µg/cm 2 ) Semi-Automated - Water Protein (µg/cm 2 ) Ball Detent / Ball Bearing 96.3465% 19.45 1.436 102.5 2.037 Ball Seal Springs 96.5754% 20.97 0.08453 269.9 1.951 Blind Slot 90.4004% 114.9 8.09 NA 5.502 Button w/ Spring 95.0360% 48.92 0.4148 NA 0.0861 Buttons - Exposed Springs 95.0360% 1.18 0.12534 NA 0.5966 Captured Screw 96.4285% 8.1 0.0882 4.752 0.08882 Hinges, Joints, Pivot Points 90.1588% 152.3 9.95 279.4 0.4353 Leaf Springs 99.2599% 50.12 0.886 NA 0.08591 Mated Surfaces 95.8175% NA 0.12292 NA 0.9962 Mated Surfaces Small Clearance 96.6463% 1.835 0.3362 NA 8.39 O-rings - External O-ring 95.0237% 1.385 0.8149 NA 0.08149 O-rings - Internal O-ring 91.0928% 115.2 1.114 NA 1.121 Rough Surface 99.2233% 1.34 0.3118 NA 0.1883 Screws Threaded Rod / Threaded Thru Hole 96.0339% 1.188 1.428 NA 0.6185 Screws Threaded Rod/ Threaded Blind Hole 96.7571% 3.576 0.536 NA 1.529 Sliding Shaft Short 98.3958% 0.08427 0.101 NA 1.239 Sliding Shafts Long 54.7300% 1.159 2.513 NA 0.8582 Smooth Blind Lumen 98.7278% 0.3004 4.813 NA 8.339 Smooth Through Lumen 93.1769% 12.88 290.4 NA 4.513 Snap Rings 93.5469% 0.855 0.4888 NA 0.08791 Spring Internal 93.0076% 58.89 7.086 NA 0.08345 Threads Blind Hole 95.9214% 6.422 5.373 NA 5.949 Through Slot 92.7300% 105.5 13.481 NA 4.6152 Extraction and Residual Analyte Determination Post-cleaning, the test articles were extracted using the validated additive extraction method: an initial water extraction followed by SDS extraction. The water extract was analyzed for protein residues. Each experiment included at least five samples; experiments with results <6.4 µg/cm² were further tested for a total sample size of 10. An appropriately sized Whirl-Pak bag was prepared with the extraction eluent (Table 2), calculated using equation 1 with the protein acceptance criteria of 6.4 µg/cm² and the method LOQ of 2.5 µg/mL: Extraction eluents included ‘Purified Water’ (<50 ppb TOC, generated using an ELGA water filtration system) and ‘2% Alkaline SDS’ (prepared with sodium dodecyl sulfate (Thermo Scientific) and purified water, pH adjusted to 10 ± 0.9 using 1.00N sodium hydroxide). For test articles requiring lumens or flushing, one-third of the extraction volume was flushed through the device; otherwise, the full eluent volume was added to the container. The container was sonicated in a Branson 8800 Ultrasonic Cleaner at 40 kHz for 15 minutes. Lumens were flushed with extraction fluid using a syringe to ensure complete coverage, if applicable. Sealed containers were shaken at 150 RPM for 30 minutes, and lumens were flushed again per Table 2. The following experimental controls were used for each experiment as defined by ANSI/AAMI ST98: positive sample control, positive device control, negative sample control, and negative device control. Water and SDS extractions were analyzed for protein residuals, with water extractions also tested for total organic carbon (TOC). Protein was evaluated for both the water-soluble proteins and the non-water-soluble proteins using the BCA standard addition method [27]. Analyte concentrations were corrected by subtracting the negative sample control concentration. If the control result was negative, the method LOD was used instead. Dilution factors were applied as needed. SDS extraction efficiency was calculated as the percentage of protein extracted by water (1:20) relative to the total protein extracted, including SDS. This calculation assesses the total protein remaining, accounting for non-water-soluble proteins. A one-sample t-test was used to calculate the 99% confidence intervals of the sample set. Utilizing the high value of the 99% confidence interval as the worst-case result to evaluate the sample set against the acceptance criteria serves as a robust strategy to mitigate the risk of error in statistical analyses and decision-making processes. Results A passing result for cleaning under ISO 15883-5 is ≤ 6.4µg/cm² protein residuals, while the TOC limit is ≤ 12µg/cm² [ 38 ]. If the 99% confidence interval's upper bound exceeded these criteria, the feature failed the cleaning process. The experiment results per device feature for protein and TOC residuals can be found in Table 3 and Table 4 respectively. Features designed to expose all challenging geometries, including buttons-exposed springs and external O-rings, passed both test conditions of soil drying times and semi-automated cleaning tests. While the buttons-exposed springs showed an extraction efficiency of 45.75%, suggesting potential fluid dynamics issues, cleaning studies confirmed that the complex geometry could be cleaned without manual brushing or flushing. Device features with occluded geometries proved more challenging to clean. The following features passed the 2-hour soil dry test but failed the 72-hour test: ball detent/ball bearing, button w/ spring, leaf springs, mated surfaces, screws threaded rod/threaded thru hole, screws threaded rod/threaded blind hole, and sliding shaft short. Additionally, leaf springs and sliding shaft short failed the additive extraction, indicating that their fluid dynamics allow soil to dry enough to alter protein chemistry, decreasing the soil solubility. Some features—captured screw, hinge joints, pivot points, internal O-ring, and rough surfaces—showed variable results in soil drying experiments but passed semi-automated cleaning. Failures suggest that even brief soil drying increases cleaning difficulty, requiring more manual brushing and flushing. Conversely, passing semi-automated results highlight the reduced cleaning effort when soil remains moist before cleaning. The spring internal, threads blind hole, and through slot features failed both soil drying tests but passed semi-automated cleaning. This suggests they are more challenging to clean than features with variable results but can still be effectively cleaned without manual intervention. The final group includes features that showed variable results in soil drying experiments and failed semi-automated cleaning: mated surfaces small clearance, sliding shafts long, smooth blind lumen, smooth through lumen, snap rings, ball seal springs, and the blind slot. Their failure in semi-automated cleaning indicates that manual brushing and flushing are necessary regardless of soil drying. The variability in soil drying suggests that their fluid dynamics promote soil drying and restrict fluid movement (e.g., water, cleaning agents), limiting the dissolution and removal of residual soil, thereby increasing cleaning difficulty. Furthermore, all features tested with an extended 60-minute soak failed to meet acceptance criteria, leading to the discontinuation of further testing for additional features that failed the 72-hr soil dry experiment. Discussion Possibly the greatest misconception in sterile processing is assuming that all reusable medical devices pose the same level of difficulty when it comes to cleaning (Fig. 3 ). Infection risks increase when devices are designed in a way that allows soil to dry while preventing water and cleaning agents from effectively reaching, lifting, and removing contaminants. This ‘one-size-fits-all’ mindset not only compromises our current cleaning processes; but, it also creates a major obstacle to automation. Without rethinking our current approach, it will be extremely challenging to appropriately advance sterile processing into an automated future. Medical device manufacturers invest significant resources in validating the processing instructions outlined in the IFU [ 1 ]. These validations are time consuming and are not designed to determine the point of cleaning failure [ 2 ]. Instead, they are structured to pass, often using cleaning steps that may be onerous for achieving cleanliness or include test conditions that do not accurately reflect the true worst-case scenarios in healthcare settings. For example, prolonged processing times or lengthy procedures can disrupt proper device handling prior to cleaning, such as the instructions in the IFUs that recommend covering the device with a wet OR towel to prevent soil from drying. However, the actual drying time in a clinical environment may differ from the conditions used in validation testing. As a result, some medical device manufacturers [ 36 ] validate two sets of instructions - one assuming soil does not dry and another to address the added challenge of dried soil. Sterile processing professionals are urging medical device manufacturers to simplify instructions and provide more flexibility to align with standardized cleaning processes [ 1 ]. However, standardization assumes that all devices can be effectively cleaned using the same instructions, regardless of initial soiling conditions, an assumption that does not hold true. Given this challenge, it is unlikely that most manufacturers will offer solutions that support standardization in sterile processing, as it does not align with their interests or provide a clear advantage for them. Healthcare facilities worldwide are rethinking their approach to this challenge, recognizing that when responsibility for a reusable device shifts to the facility, so does the obligation to verify that their cleaning process is robust enough to ensure even the most challenging device features are properly cleaned [ 2 , 27 ]. Leading institutions are taking a proactive approach by grouping devices into processing families and testing the most difficult-to-clean device within each group [ 37 ]. This process verification ensures that their cleaning protocols are effective in delivering clean, reusable medical devices, as defined by ISO 15883-5. Developing cleaning families for thousands of unique devices can be a daunting task, but a quantitative approach to grouping can provide clarity. In their publications, the authors in references [ 2 , 38 ] outline a method to establish cleaning families by assessing risk through key factors such as device features and patient exposure. This risk assignment is further supported by this research (Tables 3 and 4 ), which evaluated the impact of soil drying on cleaning effectiveness. Kremer’s cleaning classification [ 38 , 39 ] simplifies the organization of reusable medical devices into cleaning families, allowing healthcare facilities to compare cleaning IFUs from different manufacturers and develop standardized cleaning instructions for greater efficiency. The effectiveness of these processes can then be verified by testing the most challenging device within each processing family to ensure thorough soil removal. Certain device features may support fully automated cleaning, eliminating the need for human intervention. However, it is important to note that cleaning process automation is not typically included in the requirements set by medical device manufacturers, which means that its implementation rests primarily with the healthcare facility. By recognizing the increased cleaning difficulty when soil is left to dry on a device, healthcare facilities can establish policies to prevent this issue. Utilizing Kremer’s cleaning classification, they can create cleaning product families that minimize the need for manual intervention (e.g., wiping, brushing) and support the transition toward a fully automated sterile processing department. Conclusion Soil drying on reusable medical devices should be avoided, as it significantly complicates the cleaning process. Given the varying complexities of device features, cleaning processes in the healthcare facility should be designed to accommodate the variability in device design and verified to demonstrate efficacy. By acknowledging the challenges posed by soil drying, healthcare facilities can adopt practices that enhance the cleaning process and facilitate the move toward future automation. Initiatives such as combining tacit knowledge and know-how from subject-matter experts from academia and industry will further advance design thinking for appropriate end-to-end cleaning and sterilization, which will also help inform pipeline innovation for effective processing with a lens on automation and patient safety [9]. Declarations Funding Declaration This work was supported and funded by Johnson and Johnson through doctoral research support to recipient Dr Terra Kremer at Technological University of the Shannon (TUS), Ireland (Project Number TUS PG2021-31). Acknowledgments We would like to acknowledge the following individuals for their contribution to this research: Chris Carfaro, Holyfield Agyekum, Stephen Kinyanjui, Margaret McCauley, Saachi Shibad, Gracie Ahrens, and Emily Garcia. Author contributions T.K. contributed to writing – original draft, data curation, methodology, investigation, formal analysis, conceptualization, funding acquisition, validation. N.R. contributed to writing, methodology, conceptualization, formal analysis, review and editing. G.M. contributed to funding acquisition, methodology, conceptualization, and review. J.F., C.R., and C.R. contributed to testing execution. Competing interests The authors declare no competing interests. Additional information Correspondence and requests for materials should be addressed to T.K. or N.R. Open access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide the link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. Additional information Correspondence and requests for materials should be addressed to T.K. or N.R. Data availability All data generated or analyzed during this study is included in this published article. References Rowan, N. 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L., Smart, A. G., Hurst, L. L. & Lamb, L. A. Endoscope processing effectiveness: A reality check and call to action for infection preventionists and clinicians. Am. J. Infect. Control . https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ajic.2025.04.003 (2025). Cabronne, A. et al. Control of a multi-hospital outbreak of KPC producing Klebiella pneumoniae type II in France, Sep to Oct 2009 Volume 15 (Euro Surveill, 2010). Williams, D., Dignley, J., Jones, C. & Berry, N. Contamination of Laryngoscope Handles. J. Hosp. Infect. 74 , 123–128 (2010). Magill, S. et al. Prevalence of Healthcare-Associated Infections in Acute Care Hospitals in Jacksonville, Florida. Infect. Control Hosp. Epidemiol. 33 (3), 283–291 (2012). Dancer, S. et al. Surgical Site Infections Linked to Contaminated Surgical Instruments. J. Hosp. Infect. 81 , 213–238 (2012). Cloutman-Green, E. et al. Biochemical and microbial contamination of surgical devices: A quantitative analysis pp. 559–661 (American Journal of Infection Control, 2015). Lowman, W., Venter, L. & Scribante, J. Bacterial Contamination of Re-usable Laryngoscope Blades During Course or Daily Anaesthetic Practice. S Afr. Med. J. 103 (19), 386–389 (2013). Magill, S. et al. Multistate Point-Prevalence Survey of Health Care-Associated Infections. N. Engl. J. Med. 370 (13), 1198–1208 (2014). Negri de Sousa, A., Levy, C. & Freitas, M. Laryngoscope Blades and Handles as Sources of Cross-infection: An Integrative Review. J. Hosp. Infect. 83 , 269–275 (2013). Kola, A. et al. An Outbreak of Carbapenem-resistant OXA-48-producing Klebsiella pneumoniae associated to duodenoscopy. Antimicrob. Resist. Infect. Control . 4 (8). https://doi.org/10.1186/s13756-015-0049-4 (2015). Muscarel, L. Reassessment of the Risk of Healthcare-Acquired Infection During Rigid Laryngoscopy. J. Hosp. Infect. 68 , 101–107 (2008). Ofstead, C. et al. Persistent contamination on colonoscopes and gastroscopes detected by biologic cultures and rapid indicators despite reprocessing performed in accordance with guidelines. Am. J. Infect. Control . 43 (8), 794–801 (2015). World Health Organization. Decontamination and Reprocessing of Medical Devices for Health-care Facilities (World Health Organization and Pan American Health Organization, 2016). Kremer, T., Carfaro, C. & Klacik, S. Effects of Time, Temperature, and Humidity on Soil Drying on Medical Devices pp. 58–66 (Biomedical Instrumentation & Technology, 2023). McDonnell, G. & Sheard, D. A Practical Guide to Decontamination in Healthcare (John Wiley & Sons, Ltd., 2012). Kremer, T. A., Kimble, A. & Ratanski, C. 2023.Improving Protein Assay Methods to More Accurately Assess Medical Device Cleanliness. Biomed. Instrum. Technol. 57 (4), 122–128. 10.2345/0899-8205-57.4.122 (2023). Association for the Advancement of Medical Instrumentation. ANSI/AAMI ST79:2017 & 2020 Amendments A1, A2, A3, A4 (Consolidated Text) Comprehensive guide to steam sterilization and sterility assurance in healthcare facilities, s.l.: Association for the Advancement of Medical Instrumentation. (2020). Kimble, A., Ratanski, C. & Kremer, T. Chemical Changes Over Time Associated with Protein Drying pp. 52–57 (Biomedical Instrumentation & Technology, 2023). Hoover, J., Drosnck, M., Cafaro, C. & Kremer, T. Cleaning Challenges: Can Extended Soil Dry Times be Reversed pp. 44–51 (Biomedical Instrumentation & Technology, 2023). ASTM. F3208-20 Standard Guide for Selecting Test Soils for Validation of Cleaning Methods for Reusable Medical Devices (ASTM, 2020). Kremer, T. et al. A Standardized Method for Evaluating Test Soils Used to Demonstrate Cleaning Efficacy. Journal of Hospital Infection, 126(2022), pp. 52–55. (2022). Association for the Advancement of Medical Instrumentation. ANSI/AAMI ST108:2023 Water for the Processing of Medical Devices (Association for the Advancement of Medical Instrumentation, 2023). International Organization for Standardization. ISO 15883-5 Washer-Disinfectors - Part 5: Performance requirements and test method criteria for demonstrating cleaning efficacy, s.l (International Organization for Standardization, 2021). Olympus Medical Delays in Endoscope Reprocessing. [Online] (2019). Available at: https://www.olympusprofed.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/08/Delays-in-Endoscope-Reprocessing-Poster.pdf [Accessed 28 Feb 2025]. German Society for Hospital Hygiene (DGKH). German Society for Sterile Supply (DGSV), Working Group Instrument Preparation (AKI) (Hygiene Requirements for the Reprocessing of Medical Devices, 2012). Kremer, T., Rowan, N. & McDonnell, G. A new quantitative method for determining patient risk for reusable medical device categorization based on using and interpreting Kremer’s cleaning classification system. J. Hosp. Infect. 155 , 234–247 (2025). Kremer, T., Felgar, J., Rowen, N. & McDonnell, G. Validation of the Device Feature Approach for Reusable Medical Device Cleaning Evaluations. Biomed. Instrum. Technol. 57 (4), 143–152 (2023). Additional Declarations No competing interests reported. Cite Share Download PDF Status: Published Journal Publication published 05 Aug, 2025 Read the published version in Scientific Reports → Version 1 posted Editorial decision: Revision requested 03 Jul, 2025 Reviews received at journal 03 Jul, 2025 Reviews received at journal 23 Jun, 2025 Reviewers agreed at journal 20 Jun, 2025 Reviewers agreed at journal 19 Jun, 2025 Reviewers agreed at journal 18 Jun, 2025 Reviewers agreed at journal 17 Jun, 2025 Reviewers invited by journal 17 Jun, 2025 Editor assigned by journal 12 Jun, 2025 Editor invited by journal 06 Jun, 2025 Submission checks completed at journal 22 May, 2025 First submitted to journal 22 May, 2025 You are reading this latest preprint version Research Square lets you share your work early, gain feedback from the community, and start making changes to your manuscript prior to peer review in a journal. As a division of Research Square Company, we’re committed to making research communication faster, fairer, and more useful. We do this by developing innovative software and high quality services for the global research community. Our growing team is made up of researchers and industry professionals working together to solve the most critical problems facing scientific publishing. Also discoverable on Platform About Our Team In Review Editorial Policies Advisory Board Help Center Resources Author Services Accessibility API Access RSS feed Manage Cookie Preferences © Research Square 2026 | ISSN 2693-5015 (online) Privacy Policy Terms of Service Do Not Sell My Personal Information {"props":{"pageProps":{"initialData":{"identity":"rs-6679818","acceptedTermsAndConditions":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"archivedVersions":[],"articleType":"Article","associatedPublications":[],"authors":[{"id":473187536,"identity":"aa47cd63-f05d-45c7-9736-43707e33f763","order_by":0,"name":"Terra A. 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Rowan","email":"data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAZAAAAAyAQMAAABI0h/eAAAABlBMVEX///8AAABVwtN+AAAACXBIWXMAAA7EAAAOxAGVKw4bAAAAyklEQVRIiWNgGAWjYFACxsYDEAYzmOYhRksDVAtbYgORWhgYoFp4DBuIUm7O3txwgHGPTWL/7J7vj3n+MMjwE9Ji2XMQ6LBnaYkz7pzd2MzbxsAjScgugxuJQC0HDuc23MgFamlg4DE4QEjL/YcQLfNv5DxsBjqMx56glhuMEC0bbuQwNvOwAW0h5BeDM0CHJRxIq994I81w5tw2CR4JgrYcP/7wwYcDNsZyN5IffHjzx8aev4GQNSCQgGBKEKN+FIyCUTAKRgEhAADVo0dARzS8MwAAAABJRU5ErkJggg==","orcid":"","institution":"Technological University of the Shannon","correspondingAuthor":true,"prefix":"","firstName":"Neil","middleName":"J.","lastName":"Rowan","suffix":""}],"badges":[],"createdAt":"2025-05-16 10:23:28","currentVersionCode":1,"declarations":"","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-6679818/v1","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-6679818/v1","draftVersion":[],"editorialEvents":[{"content":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-025-13740-7","type":"published","date":"2025-08-05T15:57:52+00:00"}],"editorialNote":"","failedWorkflow":false,"files":[{"id":85173620,"identity":"243a1da2-e91b-491b-9d8b-e24772d95db4","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-06-23 06:07:28","extension":"png","order_by":1,"title":"Figure 1","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":74747,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTypical Processing Cycle for Critical, Reusable Medical Devices\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"1.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-6679818/v1/489e20e8115732460b2ea071.png"},{"id":85173271,"identity":"a16a6ab5-4cba-4552-a9ac-a9a2735aa9e2","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-06-23 05:59:28","extension":"png","order_by":2,"title":"Figure 2","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":233602,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eEnd to End Device Processing Cycle\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"2.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-6679818/v1/aa1393406c1a56db38a7d7c4.png"},{"id":85172175,"identity":"1a4d69e4-9a76-4813-a5be-72fe86242625","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-06-23 05:51:28","extension":"png","order_by":3,"title":"Figure 3","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":84239,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eFeature Ranking by Cleaning Challenge\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"3.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-6679818/v1/894d8bf4a0db98ee0745f2df.png"},{"id":88814197,"identity":"71839dae-ac77-4e84-9b56-68abf0b375fd","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-08-11 16:08:15","extension":"pdf","order_by":0,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"manuscript-pdf","size":1563801,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"manuscript.pdf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-6679818/v1/b15852b1-b855-4223-9f07-63b776e53255.pdf"}],"financialInterests":"No competing interests reported.","formattedTitle":"Left to Dry: Unseen Risks Lurking on Reusable Medical Devices","fulltext":[{"header":"Introduction","content":"\u003cp\u003eAs the bright lights blur and consciousness fades during the countdown to surgery, most people are unlikely to be pondering the odds of an unsterilized instrument being used [1, 2]. A 2013 literature review found an alarming incidence of up to 400,000 annual deaths from medical errors in hospitalized patients [3]. For example, an estimated risk of infection transmitted by endoscopy is 1 per 1.8 million procedures, and infectious agents such as \u003cem\u003eHelicobacter pylori, Salmonella spp., Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Strongyloides sterocoralis,\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003eand hepatitis B and C viruses have been attributed to gastrointestinal endoscopy [5]. However, due to a number of factors such as inadequate or no surveillance and low occurrence or absence of clinical symptoms, the true risk of infection is difficult to estimate [4]. Hospital-Acquired Infections (HAIs) are infections that occur 48 hours or more after a patient is admitted to a healthcare facility, which were neither present nor incubating at the time of admission [1]. \u0026nbsp;It was observed that on any given day, about one in 31 patients has at least one HAI [6]. \u0026nbsp;Moreover, in the ‘2015 HAI Hospital Prevalence survey’, the CDC reported that about 72,000 of the estimated 687,000 (or 10.48%) patients with HAIs died during their acute hospital stay in the US [7].\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe occurrence of HAIs has a direct medical cost impact on hospital finances and many researchers have performed analysis to understand the economic benefits of investing in an infection prevention and control program [8, 9]. Additionally, the risk of contracting a HAI can be mitigated by effective device processing [2]. \u0026nbsp;However, the complexity of device features and the importance of implementing appropriate cleaning processes are majorly underappreciated [2, 10]. For example, the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) posted 35,039 adverse event reports related to outbreaks, injuries, and reprocessing failures associated with medical devices in 2024 [11]. \u0026nbsp;This is corroborated by ‘Sedgwick’s 2025 US State of the Nation Recall Index report’ [12] that noted the medical device sector recorded an 8.6% increase in recall events, reaching 1,059 in 2024. \u0026nbsp;This report noted that device failures lead recall causes accounting for 11.1% of medical device recalls, which was the highest rate in over five years. Moreover, Ofstead and co-workers [13] recently noted that\u0026nbsp;“processing breaches in endoscopes are common and often involve profound errors in multiple steps”. In summary, there are notable published reports highlighting that improperly reprocessed medical devices caused HAIs [14-25].\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eDevices used in healthcare facilities must undergo processing before their initial or subsequent use(s), as outlined by the World Health Organization (WHO) [26]. This cycle should be managed under a quality system to ensure devices are safe and effective for every use [27]. Devices requiring cleaning, disinfection, and/or sterilization between patient exposures include those used directly during surgery (e.g., forceps, endoscopes), items with minimal patient contact (e.g., blood pressure cuffs), and even non-patient contacting equipment that is just located in the same room (e.g., monitors) [27]. However, the ability to effectively and safety clean, disinfect and/or sterilize reusable medical devices remains extremely challenging and is often overlooked [2, 10].\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe device processing cycle (Figure 1) begins with patient use, where the device is in a ready state and is safe for patient use. Immediately following patient use\u003cem\u003e,\u003c/em\u003e the preparation for cleaning should begin at the point of use [26, 28, 29]. This treatment includes the removal of the visible soil on the device, disassembly (if required), flushing lumens, and brushing hard to reach areas on the device. To facilitate the effective removal of residual soil, instruments should be handled in a way (even if simply covered with a wet cloth) to keep them moist and minimize soil from drying. Immediate treatment at the point of use is a crucial first step in preventing a more challenging cleaning process, potential device damage, or the growth of microorganisms during the waiting period before cleaning [30].\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe processing cycle for reusable medical devices is often depicted as a standalone loop (Figure 1); but the full supply chain is far more complex, involving multiple transfers of responsibility to ensure patient safety (Figure 2). The process begins with the manufacturer, who is responsible for producing devices with the required microbiological quality, as well as providing IFUs throughout the lifecycle. Once the healthcare facility acquires the device, it assumes responsibility for cleaning, disinfecting, and sterilizing the product after each patient use, ensuring it is ready for reuse [1]. \u0026nbsp;For certain surgical kits, ownership may be impractical due to cost. To address this, manufacturers or external companies often provide loaner programs. After patient use, these loaner kits should be cleaned, disinfected, inspected and packaged before being returned to a distribution center or transported to another user. While distribution centers may process the kits for reuse, best practices dictate that receiving facilities ultimately process the kits themselves to ensure they are ready and fully traceable [30].\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe complexity of the end-to-end device processing cycle and soil drying is a risk that requires special attention, which can be used to improve the appropriateness of manufacturer’s IFUs [1]. \u0026nbsp; The guidance provided to healthcare facilities should emphasize minimizing the time between use and decontamination to prevent soil from drying. Recent studies have investigated the effect of soil drying time on reusable medical devices, which yielded results that show prolonged drying can influence subsequent ability to safely process and/or sterilize. An experiment involving a flat stainless steel coupon and a stainless steel hemostatic clamp revealed that prolonged drying of soil increases the difficulty of cleaning, indicating soil solubility decreased as drying time increased [28]. \u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eKimble et. al. [31] explored the chemistry of the protein changes over time and found that the matrix of albumin, which is a primary protein in clinical soils, creates a water insoluble barrier that may present an increased cleaning challenge to remove residual proteins. In order for soil to re-solubilize following drying, water (or the cleaning solution) must integrate into the spaces between the molecules and aggregate to lessen the attractive and cohesive forces holding them together. Then again, as water evaporates from the soil during drying polarity changes, caused by tertiary structural changes, in the proteins can reduce the wetting effectiveness of water, and make rehydration and re-solubilization more difficult. \u0026nbsp;Introducing water into a dried proteinaceous soil initially leads to wetting, followed by swelling of the proteins and aggregates, ultimately ending with dissolution facilitating their removal. However, water alone may not be sufficient to facilitate removal of dried protein and other bodily soils [31]. \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;Hoover et al. [32] investigated the concept of rehydrating dried soil by evaluating whether an extended soak in a cleaning agent could reverse the chemical changes in proteins caused by drying and restore the soil to its original wet chemical composition. Among the cleaning agents tested, only an alkaline enzymatic detergent achieved successful solubility results on the flat surface but demonstrated a decrease in solubility with the added complexity of a device feature (i.e., box hinge). \u0026nbsp;These results suggest that the design features of the device could significantly impact the drying and subsequent removal of soil, making it likely that a standardized drying time for use in healthcare facilities may not be feasible.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eIn this study, the focus was placed on how the complexity of device design influences the cleaning procedures required for reusable medical devices. The aim was to identify specific device features that necessitate manual cleaning efforts, which become increasingly challenging when soil drying occurs on the device. In the experiment, all aspects of cleaning performance were assessed under conditions that prevented soil from drying. This setup facilitated a comparison between traditional manual cleaning methods—such as brushing and flushing—and innovative non-manual techniques, including soaking, sonication, and automated washing. This investigation highlights the significant impact that intricate design features have on the efficacy and feasibility of cleaning processes, particularly in the face of soil drying.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Experimental investigation","content":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTest Article Sample Preparation\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eUsing the device feature approach, 23 of the most common reusable medical device characteristics (Table 2) were tested in accordance with \u003cem\u003eAAMI ST98 Cleaning Validation of Health Care Products \u0026ndash; Requirements for Development and Validation of a Cleaning Process for Medical Devices\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003e[27]\u003cem\u003e.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003eIn each experiment, the independent variable was the duration allowed for soil to dry on the device, while all other variables were held at the most challenging conditions. As outlined in AAMI ST98, all devices (i.e., test articles) underwent seven simulated use cycles. Each cycle included soiling with Defibrinated Blood Soil (DBLSO) [33, 34], followed by drying, rinsing with tap water, and soaking in Valsure Enzymatic Detergent (STERIS). The test articles were brushed with an M-16 nylon bristle brush to remove blood and debris, with lumens thoroughly brushed as part of the procedure. The test articles were then subjected to mechanical washing in a washer-disinfector under defined parameters. After cleaning, the articles were double-wrapped and sterilized using moist heat at 132\u0026deg;C for 4 minutes. This process conditioned the devices into a \u0026ldquo;used\u0026rdquo; state prior to further testing.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eBefore each experiment, test articles were thoroughly cleaned to remove residual analytes following simulated use. The cleaning process began with a 1-minute rinse under RO/DI water, followed by brushing to remove all visible soil. Each article was then placed in a container and soaked in an alkaline NeoDisher cleaning solution (Dr. Weigert), prepared at a concentration of 10 mL/L, for 60 minutes. During the soak, the articles were brushed until visibly clean, and any movable parts were actuated. The articles were subsequently submerged in a freshly prepared alkaline NeoDisher solution to ensure full coverage and sonicated for 15 minutes in a Branson 8800 Ultrasonic Cleaner operating at 40 kHz. After sonication, the articles were rinsed under running Critical Water as defined by ANSI/AAMI ST108 [35]. Lumens were flushed three times with 20 mL of Critical Water using a 25 mL syringe fitted with a 20G needle. Finally, the test articles were allowed to dry completely and inspected for cleanliness using a borescope or 10x lighted magnification.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eCleaning Evaluation\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAn extraction method validation was conducted for each feature to determine the test soil extraction efficiency using the additive extraction method [28]. A high extraction efficiency demonstrates the test system is effective at removing residual soil and measuring for the test analytes, protein and total organic carbon (TOC). \u0026nbsp;For each experiment, test articles were soiled using a combination of two application methods: immersion in 100 mL of modified coagulated blood soil [32, 33] and direct inoculation, where 0.20 mL (200 \u0026micro;L) of soil was pipetted into lumens and complex features. The articles were rotated to ensure complete surface coverage, and the minimum soil volume was verified by weight. The test article was then allowed to dry under the specified condition for the experiment (e.g., 2hr or 72hrs at 22\u0026deg;C and 50%RH). For the semi-automated experiment, once the soil was applied, the device was covered with a soaked OR towel before being dried for 2hr at 22\u0026deg;C and 50% RH. \u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eTest articles were cleaned as outlined in Table 1.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003col start=\"1\" type=\"1\"\u003e\n \u003cli\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eExtended Soak:\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003eTest articles were soaked in 10mL/L Neodisher MediClean forte alkaline cleaning agent (Dr. Weigert) for 60 minutes.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003e\u003cstrong\u003ePre-Rinse\u003c/strong\u003e: Test articles were manually brushed with soft bristle brushes (Sklar, Key Surgical) to remove debris. Lumens and tight crevices were flushed with water using a syringe.\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eManual Soak\u003c/strong\u003e: Test articles were soaked for 5 minutes in Valsure Enzymatic cleaning agent (STERIS) at 7.9 mL/L in critical water (~20\u0026deg;C).\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eManual Cleaning:\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003eWhile soaking, all surfaces were brushed with soft non-metallic bristles, lumens were thoroughly cleaned using twisting motions with brushes (Key Surgical), and movable parts were actuated to expose surfaces. Syringes were used to flush intricate parts and tight clearances.\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eRinse:\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003eTest articles were rinsed 3X by submersing in Critical Water [34]\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eUltrasonic Cleaning\u003c/strong\u003e: Test articles were ultrasonically cleaned for 10 minutes at 40 kHz in Valsure Enzymatic solution (3.9 mL/L at ~25\u0026deg;C). Lumens, blind holes, and intricate areas were flushed to prevent air pockets.\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eIntermediate Rinse\u003c/strong\u003e: Test articles were immersed in \u0026lt;40\u0026deg;C tap water for at least 1 minute, rinsed until visibly clean, and flushed thoroughly with a 50 mL syringe. Movable parts were actuated to ensure thorough rinsing.\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eFinal Rinse\u003c/strong\u003e: A 15-second rinse was performed using \u0026lt;40\u0026deg;C critical water.\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eDrying\u003c/strong\u003e: Test articles were dried with a clean, lint-free cloth or compressed air, ensuring lumens and articulated areas were fully dried. Movable parts were actuated to remove fluid from threads, ratchets, and hinges.\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAutomated Cleaning\u003c/strong\u003e: Test articles were loaded into the washer so that each basket was accessible to the washer arms. The following washer disinfector program was run in the automated washer disinfector (Getinge):\u0026nbsp;\u003col style=\"list-style-type: lower-alpha;\"\u003e\n \u003cli\u003ePre-wash 1 \u0026ndash; 02:00min w/ cold tap water\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eWash 1 \u0026ndash; 01:00min w/ 43\u0026deg;C Valsure Enzymatic 1.9mL/L (STERIS)\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eWash 2 - 05:00min w/ 66\u0026deg;C Valsure Enzymatic 1.9mL/L (STERIS)\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eRinse 1 \u0026ndash; 02:00min w/ hot tap water\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eRinse 2 \u0026ndash; 00:15min w/ ambient Critical Water [35]\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003c/ol\u003e\n \u003c/li\u003e\n\u003c/ol\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTable 1: Cleaning steps per experiment\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ctable border=\"1\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\"\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 125px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eCleaning Step\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"4\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 499px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eExperiment details\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 125px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 125px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2-hr Dry\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 125px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e72-hr Dry\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 125px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eExtended Soak\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 125px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSemi-Automated\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 125px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eExtended Soak\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 125px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 125px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 125px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e60 minutes\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 125px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 125px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePre-rinse\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 125px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eX\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 125px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eX\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 125px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eX\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 125px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eX\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 125px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eManual Soak\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 125px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5 minutes\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 125px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5 minutes\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 125px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5 minutes\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 125px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e15 minutes\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 125px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eManual Cleaning\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 125px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eX\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 125px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eX\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 125px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eX\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 125px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 125px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eIntermediate Rinse\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 125px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 125px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 125px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 125px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eX\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 125px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eUltrasonic Cleaning\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 125px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e10 minutes\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 125px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e10 minutes\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 125px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e10 minutes\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 125px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e15 minutes\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 125px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eIntermediate Rinse\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 125px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eX\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 125px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eX\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 125px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eX\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 125px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eX\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 125px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eFinal Rinse\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 125px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eX\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 125px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eX\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 125px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eX\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 125px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 125px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eManual Dry\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 125px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eX\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 125px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eX\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 125px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eX\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 125px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 125px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAutomated Cleaning\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 125px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 125px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 125px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 125px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eX\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n\u003c/table\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eTable 2 :\u0026nbsp;Device soiling and extraction criteria\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ctable border=\"1\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\" width=\"623\"\u003e\n \u003cthead\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 91px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eFeature Name\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 59px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eSurface Area (cm\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 60px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eSoil Volume (mL)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 75px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eExtraction Volume (mL)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 189px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eExtraction Container\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 150px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eLumen Flush Volume\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/thead\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 91px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eBall Detent/Ball Bearing\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 59px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e163.87\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 60px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.40\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 75px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e400\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 189px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e52mm x 229mm 4 mil Whirl-Pak bags with a 710mL capacity\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 150px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eFirst Flush \u0026ndash; 200mL\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSecond Flush \u0026ndash; 100mL\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eFinal Flush \u0026ndash; 100mL\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 91px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eBall Seal Springs\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 59px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6.31\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 60px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.02\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 75px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e15\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 189px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e65mm x 90mm 4 mil Whirl-Pak bags with a 90mL capacity\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 150px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNA\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 91px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eBlind Slot\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 59px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e89.80\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 60px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.25\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 75px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e200\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 189px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e100mm x 200mm 4 mil Whirl-Pak bags with a 500mL capacity\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 150px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eFirst Flush \u0026ndash; 150mL\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSecond Flush \u0026ndash; 25mL\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eFinal Flush \u0026ndash; 25mL\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 91px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eButton w/ Spring\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 59px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e37.15\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 60px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.10\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 75px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e90\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 189px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e100mm x 200mm 4 mil Whirl-Pak bags with a 500mL capacity\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 150px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNA\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 91px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eButtons - Exposed Springs\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 59px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e82.31\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 60px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.20\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 75px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e200\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 189px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e152mm x 229mm 4 mil Whirl-Pak bags with a 710mL capacity\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 150px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNA\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 91px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eCaptured Screw\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 59px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e62.88\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 60px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.15\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 75px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e150\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 189px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e152mm x 229mm 4 mil Whirl-Pak bags with a 710mL capacity\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 150px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNA\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 91px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eHinges, Joints, Pivot points\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 59px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e9.93\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 60px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.03\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 75px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e20\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 189px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e65mm x 90mm 4 mil Whirl-Pak bags with a 90mL capacity\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 150px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNA\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 91px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eLeaf Springs\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 59px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e73.85\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 60px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.20\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 75px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e180\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 189px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e152mm x 229mm 4 mil Whirl-Pak bags with a 710mL capacity\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 150px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNA\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 91px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMated Surfaces\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 59px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e215.35\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 60px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.50\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 75px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e500\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 189px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e10in x 15in 4 mil Whirl-Pak bags with a 2721mL capacity\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 150px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNA\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 91px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMated Surfaces \u0026ndash; Small Clearance\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 59px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e211.63\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 60px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.50\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 75px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e500\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 189px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e10in x 15in 4 mil Whirl-Pak bags with a 2721mL capacity\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 150px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNA\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 91px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eO-rings,\u003cbr\u003e\u0026nbsp;External\u0026nbsp;\u003cbr\u003e\u0026nbsp;O-ring\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 59px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e13.53\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 60px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.04\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 75px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e30\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 189px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e65mm x 90mm 4 mil Whirl-Pak bags with a 90mL capacity\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 150px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNA\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 91px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eO-rings,\u003cbr\u003e\u0026nbsp;Internal O-ring\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 59px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e18.48\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 60px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.05\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 75px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e45\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 189px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e100mm x 200mm 4 mil Whirl-Pak bags with a 500mL capacity\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 150px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNA\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 91px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eRough Surface\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 59px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e60.22\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 60px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.15\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 75px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e150\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 189px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e152mm x 229mm 4 mil Whirl-Pak bags with a 710mL capacity\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 150px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNA\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 91px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eScrews- Threaded Rod/Threaded Thru Hole\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 59px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e52.42\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 60px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.20\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 75px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e130\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 189px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e52mm x 229mm 4 mil Whirl-Pak bags with a 710mL capacity\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 150px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNA\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 91px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eScrews- Threaded Rod/Threaded Blind Hole\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 59px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e67.72\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 60px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.20\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 75px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e150\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 189px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e152mm x 229mm 4 mil Whirl-Pak bags with a 710mL capacity\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 150px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eFirst Flush \u0026ndash; 25mL\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eFinal Flush \u0026ndash; 25mL\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 91px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSliding Shaft - Short\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 59px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e21.10\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 60px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.10\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 75px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e50\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 189px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e100mm x 200mm 4 mil Whirl-Pak bags with a 500mL capacity\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 150px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNA\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 91px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSliding Shafts - Long\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 59px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e72.13\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 60px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.20\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 75px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e180\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 189px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e10in x 15in 4 mil Whirl-Pak bags with a 2721mL capacity\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 150px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNA\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 91px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSmooth Blind Lumen\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 59px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.57\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 60px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.02\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 75px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e11\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 189px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e65mm x 90mm 4 mil Whirl-Pak bags with a 90mL capacity\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 150px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eFirst Flush \u0026ndash; 5mL\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSecond Flush \u0026ndash; 3mL\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eFinal Flush \u0026ndash; 3mL\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 91px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSmooth Through Lumen\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 59px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e54.36\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 60px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.25\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 75px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e130\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 189px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e15in x 20in 4 mil Whirl-Pak bags with a 5441mL capacity\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 150px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eFirst Flush \u0026ndash; 100mL\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSecond Flush \u0026ndash; 15mL\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eFinal Flush \u0026ndash; 15mL\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 91px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSnap Rings\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 59px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e10.6\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 60px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.03\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 75px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e25\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 189px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e65mm x 90mm 4 mil Whirl-Pak bags with a 90mL capacity\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 150px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNA\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 91px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSpring - Internal\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 59px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e151.78\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 60px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.34\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 75px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e350\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 189px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e152mm x 229mm 4 mil Whirl-Pak bags with a 710mL capacity\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 150px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNA\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 91px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eThreads \u0026ndash; Blind Hole\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 59px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e31.71\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 60px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.10\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 75px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e80\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 189px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e100mm x 200mm 4 mil Whirl-Pak bags with a 500mL capacity\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 150px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eFirst Flush \u0026ndash; 40mL\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSecond Flush \u0026ndash; 20mL\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eFinal Flush \u0026ndash; 20mL\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 91px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eThrough Slot\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 59px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e95.33\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 60px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.25\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 75px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e200\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 189px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e100mm x 200mm 4 mil Whirl-Pak bags with a 500mL capacity\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 150px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eFirst Flush \u0026ndash; 150mL\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSecond Flush \u0026ndash; 25mL\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eFinal Flush \u0026ndash; 25mL\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n\u003c/table\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eTable 3: Experiment Protein Results per Device Feature\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ctable border=\"1\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\" width=\"534\"\u003e\n \u003cthead\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 60px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eDevice Feature\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 54px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eExtraction Efficiency\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 54px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eCleaning 72hr Dry - Water (\u0026micro;g/cm\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 54px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eCleaning 72hr Dry - Additive Protein (\u0026micro;g/cm\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 54px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eCleaning 2hr Dry Water (\u0026micro;g/cm\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 60px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eCleaning 2hr Dry Additive- Protein (\u0026micro;g/cm\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 48px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eExtended Soak- Water (\u0026micro;g/cm\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 48px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eExtended Soak - Additive Protein (\u0026micro;g/cm\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 54px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eSemi-Automated - Water Protein (\u0026micro;g/cm\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 48px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eSemi-Automated - Additive Protein\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/thead\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 60px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eBall Detent / Ball Bearing\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 54px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e67.310%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 54px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e40.710\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 54px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e33.300\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 54px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.171\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 60px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.139\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 48px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e45.52\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 48px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e104.55\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 54px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.05816\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 48px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.1139\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 60px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eBall Seal Springs\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 54px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e55.170%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 54px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e15.010\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 54px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e15.340\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 54px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.379\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 60px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.113\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 48px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e201.7\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 48px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e12246\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 54px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6.754\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 48px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6.735\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 60px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eBlind Slot\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 54px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e70.540%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 54px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e89.900\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 54px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e242.900\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 54px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e9.885\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 60px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e24.890\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 48px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNA\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 48px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNA\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 54px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e9.226\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 48px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e10.167\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 60px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eButton w/ Spring\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 54px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e66.830%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 54px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e23.610\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 54px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e20.00\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 54px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.833\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 60px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.462\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 48px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNA\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 48px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNA\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 54px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.763\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 48px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.812\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 60px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eButtons - Exposed Springs\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 54px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e45.750%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 54px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.885\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 54px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.935\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 54px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.058\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 60px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.881\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 48px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNA\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 48px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNA\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 54px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.678\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 48px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.885\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 60px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eCaptured Screw\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 54px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e49.620%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 54px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.867\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 54px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e9.124\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 54px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.603\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 60px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.545\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 48px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e14.882\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 48px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e13.605\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 54px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.05882\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 48px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.1139\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 60px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eHinges, Joints, Pivot Points\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 54px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e79.900%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 54px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e112.400\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 54px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e202.700\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 54px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5.565\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 60px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e8.530\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 48px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e166.4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 48px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e257.7\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 54px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.863\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 48px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.994\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 60px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eLeaf Springs\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 54px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e92.161%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 54px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e36.030\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 54px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e65.760\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 54px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.342\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 60px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e10.570\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 48px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNA\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 48px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNA\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 54px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.708\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 48px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.646\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 60px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMated Surfaces\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 54px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e79.020%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 54px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e25.570\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 54px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e32.920\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 54px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.701\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 60px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.574\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 48px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNA\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 48px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNA\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 54px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.058\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 48px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.111\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 60px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMated Surfaces Small Clearance\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 54px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e85.259%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 54px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.058\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 54px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.113\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 54px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.825\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 60px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e18.590\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 48px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNA\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 48px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNA\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 54px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e8.7\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 48px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5.56\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 60px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eO-rings - External O-ring\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 54px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e87.320%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 54px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.742\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 54px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.323\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 54px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.104\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 60px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5.498\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 48px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNA\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 48px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNA\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 54px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.05498\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 48px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.472\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 60px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eO-rings - Internal O-ring\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 54px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e68.180%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 54px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.815\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 54px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e67.700\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 54px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7.550\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 60px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e9.520\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 48px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNA\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 48px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNA\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 54px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.987\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 48px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5.044\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 60px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eRough Surface\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 54px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e96.133%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 54px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5.382\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 54px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e9.364\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 54px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.676\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 60px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.756\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 48px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNA\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 48px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNA\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 54px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.088\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 48px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.528\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 60px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eScrews Threaded Rod / Threaded Thru Hole\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 54px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e90.634%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 54px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e54.490\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 54px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e87.900\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 54px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.338\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 60px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.299\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 48px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNA\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 48px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNA\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 54px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.034\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 48px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.944\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 60px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eScrews Threaded Rod/ Threaded Blind Hole\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 54px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e97.145%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 54px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.943\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 54px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7.580\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 54px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.496\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 60px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5.757\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 48px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNA\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 48px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNA\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 54px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.05196\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 48px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.1026\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 60px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSliding Shaft Short\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 54px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e92.192%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 54px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.056\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 54px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.110\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 54px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.135\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 60px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e13.100\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 48px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNA\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 48px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNA\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 54px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.283\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 48px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.495\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 60px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSliding Shafts Long\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 54px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e92.100%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 54px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.059\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 54px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.115\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 54px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e15.070\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 60px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e15.310\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 48px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNA\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 48px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNA\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 54px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e8.811\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 48px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e8.756\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 60px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSmooth Blind Lumen\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 54px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e90.330%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 54px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.391\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 54px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e24.660\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 54px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e15.500\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 60px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e39.310\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 48px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNA\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 48px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNA\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 54px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.215\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 48px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e24.1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 60px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSmooth Through Lumen\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 54px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e91.980%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 54px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e9.600\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 54px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e35.130\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 54px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e126.900\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 60px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e125.700\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 48px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNA\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 48px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNA\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 54px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.139\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 48px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7.111\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 60px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSnap Rings\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 54px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e73.070%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 54px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.060\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 54px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.755\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 54px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.481\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 60px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e8.050\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 48px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNA\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 48px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNA\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 54px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5.496\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 48px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e15.26\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 60px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSpring Internal\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 54px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e64.510%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 54px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e37.590\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 54px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e44.990\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 54px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e17.610\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 60px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e17.410\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 48px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNA\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 48px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNA\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 54px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.154\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 48px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.074\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 60px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eThreads Blind Hole\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 54px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e93.633%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 54px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e15.900\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 54px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e15.630\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 54px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e11.820\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 60px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e12.260\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 48px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNA\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 48px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNA\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 54px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.06023\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 48px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.483\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 60px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eThrough Slot\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 54px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e33.120%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 54px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e121.900\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 54px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e151.330\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 54px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.474\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 60px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e12.420\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 48px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNA\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 48px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNA\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 54px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.475\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 48px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.501\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n\u003c/table\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eTable 4: Experiment TOC Results per Device Feature\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ctable border=\"1\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\" width=\"534\"\u003e\n \u003cthead\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 96px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eDevice Feature\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 96px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eExtraction Efficiency\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 90px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eCleaning 72hr Dry - Water (\u0026micro;g/cm\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 84px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eCleaning 2hr Dry Water (\u0026micro;g/cm\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 90px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eExtended Soak- Water (\u0026micro;g/cm\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 78px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eSemi-Automated - Water Protein (\u0026micro;g/cm\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/thead\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 96px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eBall Detent / Ball Bearing\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 96px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e96.3465%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 90px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e19.45\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 84px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.436\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 90px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e102.5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 78px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.037\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 96px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eBall Seal Springs\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 96px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e96.5754%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 90px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e20.97\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 84px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.08453\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 90px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e269.9\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 78px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.951\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 96px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eBlind Slot\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 96px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e90.4004%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 90px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e114.9\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 84px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e8.09\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 90px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNA\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 78px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5.502\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 96px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eButton w/ Spring\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 96px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e95.0360%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 90px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e48.92\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 84px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.4148\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 90px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNA\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 78px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.0861\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 96px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eButtons - Exposed Springs\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 96px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e95.0360%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 90px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.18\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 84px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.12534\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 90px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNA\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 78px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.5966\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 96px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eCaptured Screw\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 96px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e96.4285%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 90px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e8.1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 84px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.0882\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 90px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.752\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 78px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.08882\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 96px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eHinges, Joints, Pivot Points\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 96px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e90.1588%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 90px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e152.3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 84px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e9.95\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 90px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e279.4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 78px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.4353\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 96px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eLeaf Springs\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 96px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e99.2599%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 90px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e50.12\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 84px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.886\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 90px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNA\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 78px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.08591\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 96px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMated Surfaces\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 96px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e95.8175%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 90px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNA\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 84px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.12292\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 90px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNA\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 78px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.9962\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 96px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMated Surfaces Small Clearance\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 96px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e96.6463%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 90px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.835\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 84px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.3362\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 90px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNA\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 78px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e8.39\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 96px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eO-rings - External O-ring\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 96px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e95.0237%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 90px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.385\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 84px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.8149\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 90px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNA\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 78px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.08149\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 96px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eO-rings - Internal O-ring\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 96px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e91.0928%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 90px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e115.2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 84px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.114\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 90px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNA\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 78px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.121\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 96px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eRough Surface\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 96px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e99.2233%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 90px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.34\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 84px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.3118\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 90px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNA\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 78px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.1883\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 96px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eScrews Threaded Rod / Threaded Thru Hole\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 96px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e96.0339%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 90px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.188\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 84px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.428\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 90px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNA\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 78px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.6185\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 96px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eScrews Threaded Rod/ Threaded Blind Hole\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 96px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e96.7571%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 90px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.576\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 84px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.536\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 90px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNA\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 78px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.529\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 96px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSliding Shaft Short\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 96px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e98.3958%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 90px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.08427\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 84px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.101\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 90px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNA\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 78px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.239\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 96px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSliding Shafts Long\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 96px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e54.7300%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 90px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.159\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 84px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.513\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 90px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNA\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 78px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.8582\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 96px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSmooth Blind Lumen\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 96px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e98.7278%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 90px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.3004\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 84px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.813\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 90px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNA\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 78px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e8.339\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 96px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSmooth Through Lumen\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 96px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e93.1769%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 90px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e12.88\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 84px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e290.4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 90px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNA\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 78px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.513\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 96px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSnap Rings\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 96px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e93.5469%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 90px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.855\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 84px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.4888\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 90px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNA\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 78px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.08791\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 96px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSpring Internal\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 96px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e93.0076%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 90px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e58.89\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 84px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7.086\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 90px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNA\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 78px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.08345\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 96px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eThreads Blind Hole\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 96px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e95.9214%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 90px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6.422\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 84px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5.373\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 90px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNA\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 78px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5.949\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 96px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eThrough Slot\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 96px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e92.7300%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 90px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e105.5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 84px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e13.481\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 90px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNA\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 78px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.6152\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n\u003c/table\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eExtraction and Residual Analyte Determination\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003ePost-cleaning, the test articles were extracted using the validated additive extraction method: an initial water extraction followed by SDS extraction. The water extract was analyzed for protein residues. Each experiment included at least five samples; experiments with results \u0026lt;6.4 \u0026micro;g/cm\u0026sup2; were further tested for a total sample size of 10.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAn appropriately sized Whirl-Pak bag was prepared with the extraction eluent (Table 2), calculated using equation 1 with the protein acceptance criteria of 6.4 \u0026micro;g/cm\u0026sup2; and the method LOQ of 2.5 \u0026micro;g/mL:\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cimg 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\" width=\"897\" height=\"126\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eExtraction eluents included \u0026lsquo;Purified Water\u0026rsquo; (\u0026lt;50 ppb TOC, generated using an ELGA water filtration system) and \u0026lsquo;2% Alkaline SDS\u0026rsquo; (prepared with sodium dodecyl sulfate (Thermo Scientific) and purified water, pH adjusted to 10 \u0026plusmn; 0.9 using 1.00N sodium hydroxide). For test articles requiring lumens or flushing, one-third of the extraction volume was flushed through the device; otherwise, the full eluent volume was added to the container. The container was sonicated in a Branson 8800 Ultrasonic Cleaner at 40 kHz for 15 minutes. Lumens were flushed with extraction fluid using a syringe to ensure complete coverage, if applicable. Sealed containers were shaken at 150 RPM for 30 minutes, and lumens were flushed again per Table 2.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe following experimental controls were used for each experiment as defined by ANSI/AAMI ST98: positive sample control, positive device control, negative sample control, and negative device control. Water and SDS extractions were analyzed for protein residuals, with water extractions also tested for total organic carbon (TOC). Protein was evaluated for both the water-soluble proteins and the non-water-soluble proteins using the BCA standard addition method [27]. Analyte concentrations were corrected by subtracting the negative sample control concentration. If the control result was negative, the method LOD was used instead. Dilution factors were applied as needed. SDS extraction efficiency was calculated as the percentage of protein extracted by water (1:20) relative to the total protein extracted, including SDS. This calculation assesses the total protein remaining, accounting for non-water-soluble proteins. A one-sample t-test was used to calculate the 99% confidence intervals of the sample set. Utilizing the high value of the 99% confidence interval as the worst-case result to evaluate the sample set against the acceptance criteria serves as a robust strategy to mitigate the risk of error in statistical analyses and decision-making processes.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Results","content":"\u003cp\u003eA passing result for cleaning under ISO 15883-5 is \u0026le;\u0026thinsp;6.4\u0026micro;g/cm\u0026sup2; protein residuals, while the TOC limit is \u0026le;\u0026thinsp;12\u0026micro;g/cm\u0026sup2; [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR38\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e38\u003c/span\u003e]. If the 99% confidence interval's upper bound exceeded these criteria, the feature failed the cleaning process. The experiment results per device feature for protein and TOC residuals can be found in Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab3\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e and Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab4\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003e respectively.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eFeatures designed to expose all challenging geometries, including buttons-exposed springs and external O-rings, passed both test conditions of soil drying times and semi-automated cleaning tests. While the buttons-exposed springs showed an extraction efficiency of 45.75%, suggesting potential fluid dynamics issues, cleaning studies confirmed that the complex geometry could be cleaned without manual brushing or flushing. Device features with occluded geometries proved more challenging to clean. The following features passed the 2-hour soil dry test but failed the 72-hour test: ball detent/ball bearing, button w/ spring, leaf springs, mated surfaces, screws threaded rod/threaded thru hole, screws threaded rod/threaded blind hole, and sliding shaft short. Additionally, leaf springs and sliding shaft short failed the additive extraction, indicating that their fluid dynamics allow soil to dry enough to alter protein chemistry, decreasing the soil solubility.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSome features\u0026mdash;captured screw, hinge joints, pivot points, internal O-ring, and rough surfaces\u0026mdash;showed variable results in soil drying experiments but passed semi-automated cleaning. Failures suggest that even brief soil drying increases cleaning difficulty, requiring more manual brushing and flushing. Conversely, passing semi-automated results highlight the reduced cleaning effort when soil remains moist before cleaning. The spring internal, threads blind hole, and through slot features failed both soil drying tests but passed semi-automated cleaning. This suggests they are more challenging to clean than features with variable results but can still be effectively cleaned without manual intervention.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe final group includes features that showed variable results in soil drying experiments and failed semi-automated cleaning: mated surfaces small clearance, sliding shafts long, smooth blind lumen, smooth through lumen, snap rings, ball seal springs, and the blind slot. Their failure in semi-automated cleaning indicates that manual brushing and flushing are necessary regardless of soil drying. The variability in soil drying suggests that their fluid dynamics promote soil drying and restrict fluid movement (e.g., water, cleaning agents), limiting the dissolution and removal of residual soil, thereby increasing cleaning difficulty. Furthermore, all features tested with an extended 60-minute soak failed to meet acceptance criteria, leading to the discontinuation of further testing for additional features that failed the 72-hr soil dry experiment.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Discussion","content":"\u003cp\u003ePossibly the greatest misconception in sterile processing is assuming that all reusable medical devices pose the same level of difficulty when it comes to cleaning (Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig3\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e). Infection risks increase when devices are designed in a way that allows soil to dry while preventing water and cleaning agents from effectively reaching, lifting, and removing contaminants. This \u0026lsquo;one-size-fits-all\u0026rsquo; mindset not only compromises our current cleaning processes; but, it also creates a major obstacle to automation. Without rethinking our current approach, it will be extremely challenging to appropriately advance sterile processing into an automated future.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eMedical device manufacturers invest significant resources in validating the processing instructions outlined in the IFU [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR1\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e]. These validations are time consuming and are not designed to determine the point of cleaning failure [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR2\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e]. Instead, they are structured to pass, often using cleaning steps that may be onerous for achieving cleanliness or include test conditions that do not accurately reflect the true worst-case scenarios in healthcare settings. For example, prolonged processing times or lengthy procedures can disrupt proper device handling prior to cleaning, such as the instructions in the IFUs that recommend covering the device with a wet OR towel to prevent soil from drying. However, the actual drying time in a clinical environment may differ from the conditions used in validation testing. As a result, some medical device manufacturers [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR36\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e36\u003c/span\u003e] validate two sets of instructions - one assuming soil does not dry and another to address the added challenge of dried soil.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSterile processing professionals are urging medical device manufacturers to simplify instructions and provide more flexibility to align with standardized cleaning processes [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR1\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e]. However, standardization assumes that all devices can be effectively cleaned using the same instructions, regardless of initial soiling conditions, an assumption that does not hold true. Given this challenge, it is unlikely that most manufacturers will offer solutions that support standardization in sterile processing, as it does not align with their interests or provide a clear advantage for them.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eHealthcare facilities worldwide are rethinking their approach to this challenge, recognizing that when responsibility for a reusable device shifts to the facility, so does the obligation to verify that their cleaning process is robust enough to ensure even the most challenging device features are properly cleaned [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR2\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR27\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e27\u003c/span\u003e]. Leading institutions are taking a proactive approach by grouping devices into processing families and testing the most difficult-to-clean device within each group [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR37\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e37\u003c/span\u003e]. This process verification ensures that their cleaning protocols are effective in delivering clean, reusable medical devices, as defined by ISO 15883-5.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eDeveloping cleaning families for thousands of unique devices can be a daunting task, but a quantitative approach to grouping can provide clarity. In their publications, the authors in references [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR2\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR38\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e38\u003c/span\u003e] outline a method to establish cleaning families by assessing risk through key factors such as device features and patient exposure. This risk assignment is further supported by this research (Tables\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab3\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e and \u003cspan refid=\"Tab4\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003e), which evaluated the impact of soil drying on cleaning effectiveness.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eKremer\u0026rsquo;s cleaning classification [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR38\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e38\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR39\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e39\u003c/span\u003e] simplifies the organization of reusable medical devices into cleaning families, allowing healthcare facilities to compare cleaning IFUs from different manufacturers and develop standardized cleaning instructions for greater efficiency. The effectiveness of these processes can then be verified by testing the most challenging device within each processing family to ensure thorough soil removal.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eCertain device features may support fully automated cleaning, eliminating the need for human intervention. However, it is important to note that cleaning process automation is not typically included in the requirements set by medical device manufacturers, which means that its implementation rests primarily with the healthcare facility. By recognizing the increased cleaning difficulty when soil is left to dry on a device, healthcare facilities can establish policies to prevent this issue. Utilizing Kremer\u0026rsquo;s cleaning classification, they can create cleaning product families that minimize the need for manual intervention (e.g., wiping, brushing) and support the transition toward a fully automated sterile processing department.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Conclusion","content":"\u003cp\u003eSoil drying on reusable medical devices should be avoided, as it significantly complicates the cleaning process. Given the varying complexities of device features, cleaning processes in the healthcare facility should be designed to accommodate the variability in device design and verified to demonstrate efficacy. By acknowledging the challenges posed by soil drying, healthcare facilities can adopt practices that enhance the cleaning process and facilitate the move toward future automation. \u0026nbsp;Initiatives such as combining tacit knowledge and know-how from subject-matter experts from academia and industry will further advance design thinking for appropriate end-to-end cleaning and sterilization, which will also help inform pipeline innovation for effective processing with a lens on automation and patient safety [9].\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Declarations","content":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eFunding Declaration\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThis work was supported and funded by Johnson and Johnson through doctoral research support to recipient Dr Terra Kremer at Technological University of the Shannon (TUS), Ireland (Project Number TUS PG2021-31).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAcknowledgments\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eWe would like to acknowledge the following individuals for their contribution to this research: Chris Carfaro, Holyfield Agyekum, Stephen Kinyanjui, Margaret McCauley, Saachi Shibad, Gracie Ahrens, and Emily Garcia.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAuthor contributions\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eT.K. contributed to writing \u0026ndash; original draft, data curation, methodology, investigation, formal analysis, conceptualization, funding acquisition, validation. \u0026nbsp;N.R. contributed to writing, methodology, conceptualization, formal analysis, review and editing. G.M. contributed to funding acquisition, methodology, conceptualization, and review. J.F., C.R., and C.R. contributed to testing execution.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eCompeting interests\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe authors declare no competing interests.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAdditional information\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eCorrespondence and requests for materials should be addressed to T.K. or N.R.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eOpen access\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThis article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide the link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAdditional information\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eCorrespondence and requests for materials should be addressed to T.K. or N.R.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eData availability\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAll data generated or analyzed during this study is included in this published article.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"References","content":"\u003col\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eRowan, N. 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A new quantitative method for determining patient risk for reusable medical device categorization based on using and interpreting Kremer\u0026rsquo;s cleaning classification system. \u003cem\u003eJ. Hosp. Infect.\u003c/em\u003e \u003cb\u003e155\u003c/b\u003e, 234\u0026ndash;247 (2025).\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eKremer, T., Felgar, J., Rowen, N. \u0026amp; McDonnell, G. Validation of the Device Feature Approach for Reusable Medical Device Cleaning Evaluations. \u003cem\u003eBiomed. Instrum. Technol.\u003c/em\u003e \u003cb\u003e57\u003c/b\u003e (4), 143\u0026ndash;152 (2023).\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003c/ol\u003e"}],"fulltextSource":"","fullText":"","funders":[],"hasAdminPriorityOnWorkflow":false,"hasManuscriptDocX":true,"hasOptedInToPreprint":true,"hasPassedJournalQc":"","hasAnyPriority":false,"hideJournal":false,"highlight":"","institution":"","isAcceptedByJournal":true,"isAuthorSuppliedPdf":false,"isDeskRejected":"","isHiddenFromSearch":false,"isInQc":false,"isInWorkflow":false,"isPdf":false,"isPdfUpToDate":true,"isWithdrawnOrRetracted":false,"journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"scientific-reports","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"externalIdentity":"scirep","sideBox":"Learn more about [Scientific Reports](http://www.nature.com/srep/)","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"","title":"Scientific Reports","twitterHandle":"","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":true,"editorialSystem":"stoa","reportingPortfolio":"Scientific Reports","inReviewEnabled":true,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true},"keywords":"reusable medical devices, device features, cleaning regimes, drying time, patient safety","lastPublishedDoi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-6679818/v1","lastPublishedDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-6679818/v1","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"},"manuscriptAbstract":"\u003cp\u003eIn this study, the intricate relationship between the complexity of reusable medical devices and their cleaning efficacy is explored to the point of cleaning failure. The results identified complex device features that require manual cleaning regardless of soil drying time, as well as device designs (i.e., features) that are appropriate for a fully automated cleaning process. All features were evaluated for cleaning performance under conditions where the soil was not allowed to dry, as well as replacing manual cleaning steps with non-manual methods, (i.e., substituting manual brushing and flushing with soaking and sonication). Findings revealed that soil drying on reusable medical devices can significantly increase the cleaning challenge. Features designed to expose all challenging geometries on devices passed soil drying times and semi-automated cleaning tests. However, device features with occluded geometries such as ball bearings, leaf springs, threaded screws, and mated surfaces proved far more challenging to effectively. Since device features vary in their cleaning complexity, each device should be assessed based on their features. By recognizing the risks associated with soil drying on reusable devices, healthcare facilities can implement appropriate practices that streamline more effective cleaning processes that will inform patient safety along with paving the way for future automation.\u003c/p\u003e","manuscriptTitle":"Left to Dry: Unseen Risks Lurking on Reusable Medical Devices","msid":"","msnumber":"","nonDraftVersions":[{"code":1,"date":"2025-06-23 05:51:24","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-6679818/v1","editorialEvents":[{"type":"communityComments","content":0},{"type":"decision","content":"Revision requested","date":"2025-07-03T16:41:36+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorInvitedReview","content":"","date":"2025-07-03T16:26:37+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorInvitedReview","content":"","date":"2025-06-23T10:23:32+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"213947925723331595040298942148468164656","date":"2025-06-20T13:29:34+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"265298261439021289362524068114841521422","date":"2025-06-19T11:18:25+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"75722458274170361276354614263573457379","date":"2025-06-18T13:54:59+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"125721428848498841542242868803096911789","date":"2025-06-17T20:42:57+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewersInvited","content":"","date":"2025-06-17T19:59:01+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorAssigned","content":"","date":"2025-06-12T17:11:20+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorInvited","content":"","date":"2025-06-06T05:56:15+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"checksComplete","content":"","date":"2025-05-22T07:09:51+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"submitted","content":"Scientific Reports","date":"2025-05-22T07:08:34+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""}],"status":"published","journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"scientific-reports","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"externalIdentity":"scirep","sideBox":"Learn more about [Scientific Reports](http://www.nature.com/srep/)","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"","title":"Scientific Reports","twitterHandle":"","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":true,"editorialSystem":"stoa","reportingPortfolio":"Scientific Reports","inReviewEnabled":true,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true}}],"origin":"","ownerIdentity":"14ad7dd6-12d8-4d66-ad13-f2dee61a9461","owner":[],"postedDate":"June 23rd, 2025","published":true,"recentEditorialEvents":[],"rejectedJournal":[],"revision":"","amendment":"","status":"published-in-journal","subjectAreas":[{"id":50253192,"name":"Health sciences/Diseases"},{"id":50253193,"name":"Health sciences/Health care"},{"id":50253194,"name":"Health sciences/Medical research"}],"tags":[],"updatedAt":"2025-08-11T16:03:10+00:00","versionOfRecord":{"articleIdentity":"rs-6679818","link":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-025-13740-7","journal":{"identity":"scientific-reports","isVorOnly":false,"title":"Scientific Reports"},"publishedOn":"2025-08-05 15:57:52","publishedOnDateReadable":"August 5th, 2025"},"versionCreatedAt":"2025-06-23 05:51:24","video":"","vorDoi":"10.1038/s41598-025-13740-7","vorDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-025-13740-7","workflowStages":[]},"version":"v1","identity":"rs-6679818","journalConfig":"researchsquare"},"__N_SSP":true},"page":"/article/[identity]/[[...version]]","query":{"redirect":"/article/rs-6679818","identity":"rs-6679818","version":["v1"]},"buildId":"8U1c8b4HqxoKbykW_rLl7","isFallback":false,"isExperimentalCompile":false,"dynamicIds":[84888],"gssp":true,"scriptLoader":[]}