Effect of using Bacillus subtilis as a direct feed microbial additive for dairy goats

Effect of using Bacillus subtilis as a direct feed microbial additive for dairy goats | Research Square window.SnipcartSettings = { analytics: { enabled: false } }; (function() { var accessVector = localStorage.getItem('access_vector') || ''; window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; if (accessVector) { window.dataLayer.push({ user: { profile: { profileInfo: { snid: accessVector } } } }); } })(); (function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start':new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0],j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src='https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f);})(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-K279D39R'); Browse Preprints In Review Journals COVID-19 Preprints AJE Video Bytes Research Tools Research Promotion AJE Professional Editing AJE Rubriq About Preprint Platform In Review Editorial Policies Our Team Advisory Board Help Center Sign In Submit a Preprint Cite Share Download PDF Research Article Effect of using Bacillus subtilis as a direct feed microbial additive for dairy goats Alaa M A Gad, Ahmed M A Sadek, Sara I Grawish, Marwa A Madkour, and 2 more This is a preprint; it has not been peer reviewed by a journal. https://doi.org/ 10.21203/rs.3.rs-7557706/v1 This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License Status: Under Review Version 1 posted 11 You are reading this latest preprint version Abstract This study evaluated the impact of adding two levels of Bacillus subtilis (2 g and 4 g/head/day) to concentrate diet of dairy goats across 180 day (early, mid, and late of lactation), on the productivity, rumen fermentation, nutrient digestibility, some blood biochemical parameters, and economic efficiency. Fifteen goats were divided into three groups (n = 5 each). The control group (G1) was fed on the basal diet without additives, while treated groups (G2 and G3) received the basal diet with 2 g and 4 g of B. subtilis , respectively. The results showed that the addition of B. subtilis has significantly improved total intake as well as dry matter and all nutrients digestibility. All rumen parameters were significantly affected ( p ≤ 0.05 ) by treatments. The pH values were decreased while the concentrations of ammonia-N, total FVA, and microbial protein were increased, but the protozoa count was decreased, the highest values were recorded with G3. Milk yield and milk composition (fat, protein, and lactose) were enhanced, particularly in G3, with significant improvements in reproductive traits and growth performance. The treated groups exhibited increased glucose, albumin, and HDL, alongside reduced ALT, AST, creatinine, and LDL levels, which was an indicator of improved liver and kidney function and metabolic health. Regarding economic efficiency, it was highest in G3, highlighting the viability of probiotic inclusion in practical goat farming. So it can be concluded that using B. subtilis for dairy goats as a functional feed additive enhances performance, health, and profitability in the different stages of milk production. Probiotic Dairy goats Feed utilization Milk production Economic efficiency Figures Figure 1 Introduction Probiotics and prebiotics mostly correspond to the features of the digestive system of ruminants and increase the biological value of the diet and the efficiency of feed assimilation. Probiotic supplements are single- or mixed-strain cultures of live microorganisms that benefit the host by improving the ecological balance of the indigenous microflora (Le et al. 2016 ). Improving feed digestibility, biological status, and natural resistance of the body. It is known that probiotic drugs have pronounced enzymatic and proteolytic properties (Magomedaliev et al. 2019 ). The microorganisms, primarily lactic acid bacteria ( Lactobacillus spp., Bifidobacterium spp. , etc.) and certain non-lactic acid bacteria ( Bacillus licheniformis, Bacillus subtilis ), have augmented metabolic processes by stimulating appetite, optimizing the balance of intestinal microbiota and digestion, and enhancing nutrient synthesis and bioavailability. This results in improved growth performance, an increased population of rumen cellulolytic bacteria, and subsequently higher feed intake, feed conversion ratio, and nutrient absorption. (Retta 2016 ; Bahari 2017 ; Madkour et al. 2018 ; Markowiak and Śliżewska 2018 ; and Mousa and Marwan 2019 ). It led to average daily gain and feed conversion efficiency in feedlot animals (Krehbiel et al. 2003 ), increased milk production in dairy cows, significantly increased mean daily yields of 4.0% fat-corrected milk (FCM), FCM/DM intake, and milk protein content by using B. licheniformis supplementation (Oetzel et al. 2007 ; Chiquette et al. 1993 ). The objective of this work was to determine the effect of added Bacillus subtilis for dairy goat's diet across three lactation stages (early, mid, and late) on milk yield and composition, change the body weight of kids, and assess apparent total tract nutrient digestibility and rumen fermentation. Materials and methods The current study was carried out at El-Serw Experimental Research Station, Animal Production Research Institute (APRI), Agriculture Research Center (ARC), and Animal Production Department, Faculty of Agriculture, Mansoura University, Egypt, during the period from 2024 to 2025. Experimental animals and feed formula This pilot study was conducted using three equal groups of 15 Zaribi goats (n = 5 per group) before the last 21 days of calving as a transition period, while the main experimental period started on the first day after calving with an average weight of 32.69 kg at the same age, same milk production and same kidding rate in previous seasons. All groups were received a non-commercial concentrate diet formed from crushed ingredients, 30% yellow corn, (YC), 25% corn glutofeed, (CG), 15% soybean meal, (SB), 20% wheat bran, (WB), 7% rice bran, (RB), 1.5% limestone, 1.0% common salt and 0.5 minerals mixture (DM basis). All components were ground and homogenously mixed before being offered to the animals. While the roughage was including barseem hay (BH) and bean straw (1:1). The requirements of dairy goats were calculated according to (NRC 2007 ). The roughage: concentrate ratio was 50:50, as reported by (Ahmed et al. 2019 ) on dairy goats during the different lactation periods. Treatments Zaraibi does in groups G1, G2 and G3 received a daily feed treatment of 0 g, 2 g and 4 g B. subtilis /head, respectively. The direct feed additive levels ( B. subtilis ) was mixed with approximately 10g of concentrate and spread daily as powder over the concentrate diet as reported by Chiquette et al. ( 1993 ). The diets were offered twice daily (at 8 a.m. and 3 p.m.), and water was available at all times for each group. The chemical analysis of tested feed ingredients was shown in Table 1 . Table 1 Chemical composition (%DM basis) for ingredients and calculated for basil diet Feeds DM Chemical composition OM CF CP EE NFE Ash Chemical composition of concentrate ingredients Yellow corn, (YC) 89.00 98.40 2.60 8.50 4.30 83.00 1.60 Corn glutofeed, (CG) 90.00 92.50 9.70 25.60 2.40 54.80 7.50 Soybean meal, (SB) 89.00 93.21 6.51 47.90 1.40 37.40 6.79 Wheat bran, (WB) 89.00 93.10 11.30 17.10 4.40 60.30 6.90 Rice bran, (RB) 91.00 87.20 12.80 14.10 15.10 45.20 12.80 Chemical composition of roughage ingredients Berseem hay, (BH) 90.50 85.40 28.05 12.31 2.30 42.74 14.60 Bean straw, (BS) 88.90 86.50 38.00 5.30 1.30 41.90 13.50 Calculated chemical composition Basil diet 88.23 88.64 20.08 14.74 2.93 50.89 11.36 Rumen parameters Rumen fluid samples were taken using stomach tube at 4 hr post-feeding at the end of feeding trails. The samples were filtered through 3 layers of gauze and pH was immediately by pH-meter. Ammonia nitrogen (NH 3 -N) concentration was measured according to (Conway 1957 ). Total number of protozoa was counted using Fuchs-Rosenthal Chamber, and microbial protein level was determined according to (Shultz and Shultz 1970 ). Whereas, total volatile fatty acids (VFA's) were determined according to the technique described by (Warner 1964 ). In addition, three digestibility trials were conducted from 4 adult Zaribi bucks of each experimental group to evaluate the nutritive values of the tested diets. Sample of feeds and feces were analyzed according to (AOAC 2000 ). Milk composition Milk yield was recorded daily for each doe. Representative milk samples (about 0.5% of total milk produced) were taken monthly for each doe. The pH and chemical composition of the milk samples, including fat, protein, lactose, and somatic cell count, were determined using a Bentley 150 infrared milk analyzer calibrated for goat's milk (Bentley Instruments, Chaska, MN, USA) in Department of Animal Production, Faculty of Agric. Mansoura university. Blood parameters Blood samples were collected from four Zaribi dames from each group once during the last day of experimental period from the jugular vein. Immediately, blood glucose was evaluated by ACCU-CHEK Active model GC Mannheiem Germany. The whole blood sample was frozen at − 20°C until centrifuged at 4000 rpm for 20 minutes to separate the serum for determined the biochemical blood parameters and enzyme analysis. All blood measurements were performed using commercial kits. Offspring performance and Economic efficiency Changed of live body weight were recorded during suckling period and lactating period individually for the Zaraibi does and their kids biweekly. Kidding rate (litter size (kids/doe) × 100) were calculates. Economic efficiency was also calculated, as total output/ total input according to the local prices at the year 2025 where 1 ton of local diet ingredient as followed: yellow corn (12300 £E), corn glutofeed (16100 £E), soybean meal (33100 £E), wheat bran (12250 £E), rice bran (12300 £E), berseem hay (8000 £E), and bean straw (1800 £E) when the price of kg milk (20 £E) and live body weight (LBW) 250 £E. which 49.70 £E = 1 $ . Statistical analyses Data were statistically analyzed using SAS (SAS Institute 2003 ). Results Dry matter intake (DMI) during the lactation period showed a general decline compared to the suckling period (Table 2 ). However, goats in group G3 (4g/h/day B. subtilis ) maintained a higher intake level during suckling and lactation (1.396 and 1.276 kg/d, respectively) fouled by the low-dose group (2g/h/day) G2 (1.327 and 1.217 kg/d, respectively) compared with goats in the control group (G1) (1.251 and 1.131 kg/d, respectively). Table 2 Impact of experimental treatments in suckling and lactation periods on feed intake* Item G1 G2 G3 Suckling period No. of does 5 5 5 Av. Body weight 32.65 32.72 32.7 DM Intake (kg/day) 1.251 1.327 1.396 Lactation Period Av. Body weight 33.85 34.72 35.21 DM Intake (kg/day) 1.131 1.217 1.276 *Group feeding The effect of B. subtilis addition rumen pH decreased significantly ( p ≤ 0.05 ) with increasing probiotic level G2, and G3 (Table 3 ). Total VFAs concentration increased significantly, with the maximum value recorded in G3. Ammonia-N concentration also rose significantly ( p ≤ 0.05 ) with higher B. subtilis inclusion. Microbial protein (g/100ml) increased significantly from 0.330 in G1 to 0.573 in G3. Protozoa count significantly decreased with G1 compared with G2 and G3, respectively. Table 3 Impact of experimental treatments on some rumen parameters Items G1 G2 G3 MSE Rumen pH 6.50 a 6.35 b 6.20 c 0.02 Total VFAs (mmol/L) 85.01 c 92.03 b 97.51 a 0.69 Ammonia-N (mg/dL) 18.02 c 21.01 b 23.03 a 0.31 Microbial protein (g/100ml) 0.330 c 0.477 b 0.573 a 0.16 Protozoa (×10 5 /mL) 15.0 a 13.5 b 12.0 c 2.25 In the same row, values with different superscript (a/c) differ significantly ( p ≤ 0.05 ) The digestibility of all nutrients was higher in G3 than in G1 and G2 (Table 4 ) and the differences were significant ( p ≤ 0.05 ). The total digestible nutrients (TDN) increased significantly from 66% (G1) to 72% (G2) and 77% (G3). Digestible crude protein (DCP) increased from 6.5% (G1) to 7.8% (G2) and 9.1% (G3). Table 4 Impact of experimental treatments on feed utilization Items G 1 G 2 G 3 MSE Digestion coefficients, % OM 65 c 70 b 76 a 0.44 CP 68 c 74 b 79 a 0.51 CF 58 c 63 b 68 a 0.53 EE 70 c 74 b 78 a 0.41 NFE 75 c 79 b 83 a 0.44 Nutritive values, (%) TDN 66 c 72 b 77 a 0.5 DCP 6.5 c 7.8 b 9.1 a 0.2 In the same row, values with different superscript (a/c) differ significantly ( p ≤ 0.05 ) The average body weight of Zaribi does was slightly higher, though not statistically significant, in G2 and G3 throughout the lactation period. Daily milk yield reached the peak at 45 d of early lactation in all groups (Fig. 1 ). Daily milk yield during the suckling period was significantly higher in G3 and G2 vs. G1 (Table 5 ). Across all lactation stages (early, mid, late), the highest milk yield was consistently recorded with G3, followed by G2, while the lowest yield was recorded with G1, and differences among all groups were significant ( p ≤ 0.05 ). Milk composition was improved (Table 5 ), fat % was increased significantly ( p ≤ 0.05 ) with G2 and G3 compared with control. Milk protein and lactose (%) were showed significant upward trend particularly with G3. While, somatic cell count (SCC) decreased non-significantly with G2 and G3 vs. G1. Table 5 The effect of experimental treatments on change live body weight (kg), daily milk yield (kg), and total milk yield (kg) during lactation stage for dairy goats Item G1 G2 G3 SEM Av. Initial body weight, kg 32.65 32.72 32.70 0.43 Early lactation Av. body weight, kg 33.45 34.65 33.85 1.05 Daily milk yield, kg 1.392 c 1.639 b 1.721 a 0.04 Total milk yield, kg 105.72 c 124.37 b 130.81 a 2.10 Mid lactation Av. body weight, kg 34.27 35.17 35.37 0.89 Daily milk yield, kg 0.781 c 1.034 b 1.236 a 0.03 Total milk yield, kg 46.84 c 62.02 b 74.15 a 1.76 Late lactation Av. body weight, kg 34.42 35.5 35.9 0.90 Daily milk yield, kg 0.496 c 0.740 b 0.921 a 0.03 Total milk yield, kg 14.87 c 22.19 b 27.62 a 0.84 Milk composition pH value 6.63 6.64 6.66 0.04 Fat, % 3.84 b 4.29 a 4.39 a 0.06 Protein, % 2.81 b 3.21 a 3.33 a 0.06 Lactose, % 4.51 b 4.69 ab 4.79 a 0.07 Somatic cell count's (SCC)× 10 3 440 423 418 16.84 In the same row, values with different superscript (a/c) differ significantly ( p ≤ 0.05 ) The kidding rate was enhance (180%) with G2 and G3 compared with 160% with G1 (Table 6 ). The average daily gain (ADG) of kids increased from 94 g G1 to 107 g G2 and 109 g G3. So, the economic efficiency was improved in both treated groups and G3 recording the highest efficiency. This reflected the positive effect of using B. subtilis , which not only improves biological performance but also offers economic benefits. Table 6 Impact of experimental treatments on productive and reproductive performance of dairy goats Item G1 G2 G3 SEM Born kids 7 9 9 Still birth kids, No. 1 0 0 Alive kids at 0 day 7 9 9 Gender of birth Male 5 5 5 Female 2 4 4 Mortality of kids, No. 0 0 1 Alive kids at 90 days 7 9 8 Kidding rate, % 160 180 180 Average birth weight, kg 2.21 2.22 2.28 0.13 Average weaning weight, kg 10.66 b 11.97 a 12.13 a 0.21 Total body gain, kg 8.45 b 9.61 a 9.85 a 0.23 Average daily body gain, g 94 b 107 a 109 a 2.33 Kilogram kids born /doe 3.10 4.00 4.10 0.60 Kilogram kids weaned/doe 14.93 21.55 21.83 2.44 Economic efficiency 2.23 2.48 2.62 In the same row, values with different superscript (a/c) differ significantly ( p ≤ 0.05 ) Glucose levels increased progressively from 64 mg/dL (G1) to 71 mg/dL (G2) and 75 mg/dL (G3) Table 7. Total protein, albumin, and globulin concentrations were slightly increased in the treated groups without significant ( p ≤ 0.05 ). Liver enzymes (ALT, AST, and ALP) decreased slightly with treated groups and creatinine and urea-N levels G3 showing the lowest values and the differences were insignificant. The same trend was observed with cholesterol and triglyceride, while high-density lipoprotein (HDL) increased and low-density lipoprotein (LDL) decreased. Table 7 Impact of experimental treatments on some biochemical blood parameters of dairy goats. Item G1 G2 G3 SEM Glucose, mg/dl 64.00 71.00 75.00 4.11 ALT, u/l 25.00 23.00 21.33 2.27 AST, u/l 112.00 105.67 100.83 10.33 ALP, u/l 209.00 203.00 195.33 11.79 Total protein, g/dl 5.00 6.17 6.20 0.42 Albumin, g/dl 2.23 2.93 3.03 0.27 Globulin, g/dl 2.77 3.23 3.17 0.16 Creatinine, mg/dl 0.73 0.67 0.63 0.07 Urea- N, mg/dl 19.16 15.26 14.33 3.94 Cholesterol, mg/dl 73.13 71.40 70.60 2.60 Triglycerides, (mg/dl) 45.67 42.00 39.67 3.77 HDL-c, (mg/dl) 41.67 43.00 44.00 2.01 LDL-c, (mg/dl) 22.33 20.00 18.67 2.79 Discussion The maintained high dry matter intake in G3 during lactation suggests sustained probiotic benefits under the physiological stress of lactation. The observed decrease in rumen pH remained within the optimal physiological range (6.0–7.0), a trend that may indicate a modification of the ruminal ecosystem towards more efficient fermentation (Sun et al. 2011 ; Sun et al. 2013 ). The significant increase in total VFA concentration and ammonia-N concentration, particularly in G3, indicates improved carbohydrate fermentation and increased protein degradation or improved nitrogen turnover this likely enhanced microbial protein synthesis and energy availability for the host animal (Sun et al. 2011 ; Soliman et al., 2016 ). The significant reduction in protozoa count (G2 and G3) aligns with the findings of Arthur ( 2023 ) and suggests that B. subtilis favors bacterial proliferation while suppressing protozoa. This shift may reduce interspecies hydrogen transfer and methane production (Uyeno et al. 2015 ) and lower predation on beneficial bacteria, contributing to improved digestibility (Chaucheyras-Durand et al. 2008 ) and fibrolytic and proteolytic enzyme activities (Chaucheyras Durand and Fonty 2001; Sun et al. 2013 ). This results in increasing TDN and DCP directly indicate an enhancement of the diet's nutritive value, corroborating findings in other ruminants such as buffalo and sheep (Mousa and Marwan 2019 ; Chang et al. 2021 ). The significant increase in milk yield, milk composition (fat, protein, lactose) and reduction in SCC can be attributed to enhanced feed digestibility, nutrient absorption and improvement in udder health and gland function (Kumar et al. 1992 ; Kholif and Khorshed 2006 ; Kholif and Kholif 2008 ; Ahmed et al. 2008 ; Elghandour et al. 2015 ; Talukder and Ahmed 2017 ; Xu et al. 2017 ; Li et al. 2021 ). The increased average daily gain and weaning weight of kids with treated groups can be attributed to the improved milk yield and quality from there dams, as well as possible transference of beneficial microbial metabolites (Elghandour et al. 2015 ). So, the improved economic efficiency in G2 and G3 confirm the nutritional and economic benefit of the probiotic supplementation (Ahmed et al. 2008 ). Finally, regards to blood parameters were within the normal physiological range, which treated groups were shown slightly increase with glucose levels, total protein, albumin and beneficial of lipid profiles is likely due to probiotic-induced changes ruminal fermentation and enhanced protein metabolism and gut microbiota affecting on lipid metabolism (Chiofalo et al. 2004; Antunovic et al. 2006 ; Abdel-Salam et al. 2014 ; Arab et al. 2014 ; Elghandour et al. 2015 ; El-Katcha et al. 2016 ). The slight decrease in liver enzymes, creatinine and urea-N levels reflects positive effects of treatments on hepatic health and kidney function (Antunovic et al. 2005 , 2006 ; Ding et al. 2008; Mousa and Marwan 2019 ). Declarations Funding: This research did not receive any specific grant from funding agencies in the public, commercial, or not-for-profit sectors. Ethical approval: The animal study protocol was approved by the Research Committee of the Animal Production Research Institute, Egypt (Approval No. 24-7-4: 2-3-2-4-2-9; Date of acceptance: 15/07/2024). All experimental procedures were conducted in accordance with the relevant guidelines and regulations of the Animal Production Research Institute (APRI) - Agricultural Research Center (ARC), Egypt. References Abdel-Salam AM, Zeitoun MM, Abdelsalam MM (2014) Effect of synbiotic supplementation on growth performance, blood metabolites, insulin and testosterone and wool traits of growing lambs. J Biol Sci 14:292–298. https://doi.org/10.3923/jbs.2014.292.298 Abou Ella AA (2007) Effect of dry yeast and/or bentonite as feed additives on the productive performance of lactating ewes and its offspring. Egypt J Nutr Feeds 10(1):81–98. 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Anim Feed Sci Technol 164:154–160. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2011.01.003 Sun PJ, Wang Q, Deng LF (2013) Effects of Bacillus subtilis natto on milk production, rumen fermentation and ruminal microbiome of dairy cows. Anim 7:216–222. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1751731112001188 Talukder M, Ahmed H (2017) Effect of somatic cell count on dairy products: a review. Asian J Med Biol Res 3(1):1–9. https://doi.org/10.3329/ajmbr.v3i1.32030 Ushakova NA, Nekrasov RV, Meleshko NA, Laptev GY, Il’ina LA, Kozlova AA, Nifatov AV (2013) [Title in English not provided]. Mikrobiologiya 82:475–481. https://doi.org/10.1134/S0026261713040127 Uyeno Y, Shigemori S, Shimosato T (2015) Effect of probiotics/prebiotics on cattle health and productivity. Microbes Environ 30(2):126–132. https://doi.org/10.1264/jsme2.ME14176 Warner ACI (1964) Production of volatile fatty acids in the rumen, methods of measurements. Nutr Abst Rev 34:339. Xu H, Huang W, Hou Q, Kwok L, Sun Z, Ma H, Zhao F (2017) The effects of probiotics administration on the milk production, milk components and fecal bacteria microbiota of dairy cows. Sci Bull 62(11):767–774. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scib.2017.04.019 Additional Declarations No competing interests reported. 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Sadek","email":"data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAZAAAAAyAQMAAABI0h/eAAAABlBMVEX///8AAABVwtN+AAAACXBIWXMAAA7EAAAOxAGVKw4bAAABAElEQVRIie3PMWrDMBSA4Sce2Iudrg4lMb2BiqZCS65Sk7WlV5ARyIvTOZ16hU6ho4yGLj5AQEtygIK9pSWllbJ1kdOtEP2DBA99SAIIhf5hOScbBfA9PUPCVWcnUTxAqEJqCbJxJcrt0hEcIoDUbli8tG+CJW40SGJB1MdrVPB1Ic+vP1f5CIF0/Z3nL7WGZtEmrFxacv9oLiUCjp9WnmvWD0qlMpuIzJHaEEsiTL1kDs2XpEQ6clWb2VFEp/L2ok4awWBnikFCWw16IhXL4rLcLriZSyTC+5e8Eti/SzWd6Xijdntz81yJput9D/sVkYeVH3vetf/L4VAoFDqVfgDG3Vh2BgZm+AAAAABJRU5ErkJggg==","orcid":"","institution":"Agricultural Research Center","correspondingAuthor":true,"prefix":"","firstName":"Ahmed","middleName":"M A","lastName":"Sadek","suffix":""},{"id":521814667,"identity":"78dd5721-6f50-4dc8-ab50-94b151a11986","order_by":2,"name":"Sara I Grawish","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Agricultural Research 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18:30:49","extension":"xml","order_by":4,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":123034,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"71ea84c83e304c6bb632de7a0203db7f1structuring.xml","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7557706/v1/454ea4cede3fbaa2fdbeba62.xml"},{"id":92539689,"identity":"326daf2a-bea6-4de6-bffa-265f5927e67a","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-09-30 18:22:49","extension":"html","order_by":5,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":129404,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"earlyproof.html","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7557706/v1/19ecf1a03303d4ffddf83906.html"},{"id":92539687,"identity":"e49cb3dc-3d13-4add-95b2-53850dab66f9","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-09-30 18:22:48","extension":"png","order_by":1,"title":"Figure 1","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":46951,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eEffect of experimental treatments on daily milk yield (kg) during experimental periods\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"1.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7557706/v1/5addd615d8afc63d068d4cda.png"},{"id":92540693,"identity":"654af17c-087a-4077-b3ff-f2ae2762f458","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-09-30 18:38:49","extension":"pdf","order_by":0,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"manuscript-pdf","size":826059,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"manuscript.pdf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7557706/v1/5577fc8b-dbd4-4406-81cb-be9328384696.pdf"}],"financialInterests":"No competing interests reported.","formattedTitle":"Effect of using Bacillus subtilis as a direct feed microbial additive for dairy goats","fulltext":[{"header":"Introduction","content":"\u003cp\u003eProbiotics and prebiotics mostly correspond to the features of the digestive system of ruminants and increase the biological value of the diet and the efficiency of feed assimilation. Probiotic supplements are single- or mixed-strain cultures of live microorganisms that benefit the host by improving the ecological balance of the indigenous microflora (Le et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR25\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2016\u003c/span\u003e). Improving feed digestibility, biological status, and natural resistance of the body. It is known that probiotic drugs have pronounced enzymatic and proteolytic properties (Magomedaliev et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR28\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2019\u003c/span\u003e). The microorganisms, primarily lactic acid bacteria (\u003cem\u003eLactobacillus spp., Bifidobacterium spp.\u003c/em\u003e, etc.) and certain non-lactic acid bacteria (\u003cem\u003eBacillus licheniformis, Bacillus subtilis\u003c/em\u003e), have augmented metabolic processes by stimulating appetite, optimizing the balance of intestinal microbiota and digestion, and enhancing nutrient synthesis and bioavailability. This results in improved growth performance, an increased population of rumen cellulolytic bacteria, and subsequently higher feed intake, feed conversion ratio, and nutrient absorption. (Retta \u003cspan citationid=\"CR35\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2016\u003c/span\u003e; Bahari \u003cspan citationid=\"CR11\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2017\u003c/span\u003e; Madkour et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR27\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2018\u003c/span\u003e; Markowiak and Śliżewska \u003cspan citationid=\"CR29\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2018\u003c/span\u003e; and Mousa and Marwan \u003cspan citationid=\"CR30\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2019\u003c/span\u003e). It led to average daily gain and feed conversion efficiency in feedlot animals (Krehbiel et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR23\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2003\u003c/span\u003e), increased milk production in dairy cows, significantly increased mean daily yields of 4.0% fat-corrected milk (FCM), FCM/DM intake, and milk protein content by using \u003cem\u003eB. licheniformis\u003c/em\u003e supplementation (Oetzel et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR33\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2007\u003c/span\u003e; Chiquette et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR16\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1993\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe objective of this work was to determine the effect of added \u003cem\u003eBacillus subtilis\u003c/em\u003e for dairy goat's diet across three lactation stages (early, mid, and late) on milk yield and composition, change the body weight of kids, and assess apparent total tract nutrient digestibility and rumen fermentation.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Materials and methods","content":"\u003cp\u003eThe current study was carried out at El-Serw Experimental Research Station, Animal Production Research Institute (APRI), Agriculture Research Center (ARC), and Animal Production Department, Faculty of Agriculture, Mansoura University, Egypt, during the period from 2024 to 2025.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cdiv id=\"Sec3\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e\u003ch2\u003eExperimental animals and feed formula\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eThis pilot study was conducted using three equal groups of 15 Zaribi goats (n\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;5 per group) before the last 21 days of calving as a transition period, while the main experimental period started on the first day after calving with an average weight of 32.69 kg at the same age, same milk production and same kidding rate in previous seasons. All groups were received a non-commercial concentrate diet formed from crushed ingredients, 30% yellow corn, (YC), 25% corn glutofeed, (CG), 15% soybean meal, (SB), 20% wheat bran, (WB), 7% rice bran, (RB), 1.5% limestone, 1.0% common salt and 0.5 minerals mixture (DM basis). All components were ground and homogenously mixed before being offered to the animals. While the roughage was including barseem hay (BH) and bean straw (1:1). The requirements of dairy goats were calculated according to (NRC \u003cspan citationid=\"CR32\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2007\u003c/span\u003e). The roughage: concentrate ratio was 50:50, as reported by (Ahmed et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR4\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2019\u003c/span\u003e) on dairy goats during the different lactation periods.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003eTreatments\u003c/h3\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eZaraibi does in groups G1, G2 and G3 received a daily feed treatment of 0 g, 2 g and 4 g \u003cem\u003eB. subtilis\u003c/em\u003e /head, respectively. The direct feed additive levels (\u003cem\u003eB. subtilis\u003c/em\u003e) was mixed with approximately 10g of concentrate and spread daily as powder over the concentrate diet as reported by Chiquette et al. (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR16\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1993\u003c/span\u003e). The diets were offered twice daily (at 8 a.m. and 3 p.m.), and water was available at all times for each group. The chemical analysis of tested feed ingredients was shown in Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab1\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab1\" border=\"1\"\u003e\u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 1\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eChemical composition (%DM basis) for ingredients and calculated for basil diet\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/caption\u003e\u003ccolgroup cols=\"8\"\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c6\" colnum=\"6\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c7\" colnum=\"7\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c8\" colnum=\"8\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cthead\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eFeeds\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eDM\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"6\" nameend=\"c8\" namest=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eChemical composition\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eOM\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eCF\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eCP\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eEE\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eNFE\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eAsh\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/thead\u003e\u003ctbody\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"8\" nameend=\"c8\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eChemical composition of concentrate ingredients\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eYellow corn, (YC)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e89.00\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e98.40\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2.60\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e8.50\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e4.30\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e83.00\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.60\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eCorn glutofeed, (CG)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e90.00\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e92.50\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e9.70\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e25.60\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2.40\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e54.80\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e7.50\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eSoybean meal, (SB)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e89.00\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e93.21\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e6.51\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e47.90\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.40\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e37.40\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e6.79\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eWheat bran, (WB)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e89.00\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e93.10\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e11.30\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e17.10\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e4.40\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e60.30\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e6.90\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eRice bran, (RB)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e91.00\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e87.20\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e12.80\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e14.10\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e15.10\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e45.20\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e12.80\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"8\" nameend=\"c8\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eChemical composition of roughage ingredients\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eBerseem hay, (BH)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e90.50\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e85.40\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e28.05\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e12.31\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2.30\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e42.74\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e14.60\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eBean straw, (BS)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e88.90\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e86.50\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e38.00\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e5.30\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.30\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e41.90\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e13.50\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eCalculated chemical composition\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eBasil diet\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e88.23\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e88.64\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e20.08\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e14.74\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2.93\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e50.89\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e11.36\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/tbody\u003e\u003c/colgroup\u003e\u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003eRumen parameters\u003c/h3\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eRumen fluid samples were taken using stomach tube at 4 hr post-feeding at the end of feeding trails. The samples were filtered through 3 layers of gauze and pH was immediately by pH-meter. Ammonia nitrogen (NH\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e-N) concentration was measured according to (Conway \u003cspan citationid=\"CR17\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1957\u003c/span\u003e). Total number of protozoa was counted using Fuchs-Rosenthal Chamber, and microbial protein level was determined according to (Shultz and Shultz \u003cspan citationid=\"CR37\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1970\u003c/span\u003e). Whereas, total volatile fatty acids (VFA's) were determined according to the technique described by (Warner \u003cspan citationid=\"CR44\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1964\u003c/span\u003e). In addition, three digestibility trials were conducted from 4 adult Zaribi bucks of each experimental group to evaluate the nutritive values of the tested diets. Sample of feeds and feces were analyzed according to (AOAC \u003cspan citationid=\"CR7\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2000\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003eMilk composition\u003c/h3\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eMilk yield was recorded daily for each doe. Representative milk samples (about 0.5% of total milk produced) were taken monthly for each doe. The pH and chemical composition of the milk samples, including fat, protein, lactose, and somatic cell count, were determined using a Bentley 150 infrared milk analyzer calibrated for goat's milk (Bentley Instruments, Chaska, MN, USA) in Department of Animal Production, Faculty of Agric. Mansoura university.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003eBlood parameters\u003c/h3\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eBlood samples were collected from four Zaribi dames from each group once during the last day of experimental period from the jugular vein. Immediately, blood glucose was evaluated by ACCU-CHEK Active model GC Mannheiem Germany. The whole blood sample was frozen at \u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;20\u0026deg;C until centrifuged at 4000 rpm for 20 minutes to separate the serum for determined the biochemical blood parameters and enzyme analysis. All blood measurements were performed using commercial kits.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cdiv id=\"Sec8\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e\u003ch2\u003eOffspring performance and Economic efficiency\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eChanged of live body weight were recorded during suckling period and lactating period individually for the Zaraibi does and their kids biweekly. Kidding rate (litter size (kids/doe) \u0026times; 100) were calculates. Economic efficiency was also calculated, as total output/ total input according to the local prices at the year 2025 where 1 ton of local diet ingredient as followed: yellow corn (12300 \u0026pound;E), corn glutofeed (16100 \u0026pound;E), soybean meal (33100 \u0026pound;E), wheat bran (12250 \u0026pound;E), rice bran (12300 \u0026pound;E), berseem hay (8000 \u0026pound;E), and bean straw (1800 \u0026pound;E) when the price of kg milk (20 \u0026pound;E) and live body weight (LBW) 250 \u0026pound;E. which 49.70 \u0026pound;E\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;1 \u003cspan\u003e$\u003c/span\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003eStatistical analyses\u003c/h3\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eData were statistically analyzed using SAS (SAS Institute \u003cspan citationid=\"CR36\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2003\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Results","content":"\u003cp\u003eDry matter intake (DMI) during the lactation period showed a general decline compared to the suckling period (Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab2\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e). However, goats in group G3 (4g/h/day \u003cem\u003eB. subtilis\u003c/em\u003e) maintained a higher intake level during suckling and lactation (1.396 and 1.276 kg/d, respectively) fouled by the low-dose group (2g/h/day) G2 (1.327 and 1.217 kg/d, respectively) compared with goats in the control group (G1) (1.251 and 1.131 kg/d, respectively).\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab2\" border=\"1\"\u003e\u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 2\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eImpact of experimental treatments in suckling and lactation periods on feed intake*\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/caption\u003e\u003ccolgroup cols=\"4\"\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cthead\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eItem\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eG1\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eG2\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eG3\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/thead\u003e\u003ctbody\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eSuckling period\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eNo. of does\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e5\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e5\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e5\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eAv. Body weight\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e32.65\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e32.72\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e32.7\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eDM Intake (kg/day)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.251\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.327\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.396\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eLactation Period\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eAv. Body weight\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e33.85\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e34.72\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e35.21\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eDM Intake (kg/day)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.131\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.217\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.276\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/tbody\u003e\u003c/colgroup\u003e\u003ctfoot\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd colspan=\"4\"\u003e*Group feeding\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/tfoot\u003e\u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe effect of \u003cem\u003eB. subtilis\u003c/em\u003e addition rumen pH decreased significantly (\u003cem\u003ep\u0026thinsp;\u0026le;\u0026thinsp;0.05\u003c/em\u003e) with increasing probiotic level G2, and G3 (Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab3\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e). Total VFAs concentration increased significantly, with the maximum value recorded in G3. Ammonia-N concentration also rose significantly (\u003cem\u003ep\u0026thinsp;\u0026le;\u0026thinsp;0.05\u003c/em\u003e) with higher \u003cem\u003eB. subtilis\u003c/em\u003e inclusion. Microbial protein (g/100ml) increased significantly from 0.330 in G1 to 0.573 in G3. Protozoa count significantly decreased with G1 compared with G2 and G3, respectively.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab3\" border=\"1\"\u003e\u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 3\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eImpact of experimental treatments on some rumen parameters\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/caption\u003e\u003ccolgroup cols=\"5\"\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cthead\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eItems\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eG1\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eG2\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eG3\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eMSE\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/thead\u003e\u003ctbody\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eRumen pH\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e6.50\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e6.35\u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e6.20\u003csup\u003ec\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.02\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eTotal VFAs (mmol/L)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e85.01\u003csup\u003ec\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e92.03\u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e97.51\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.69\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eAmmonia-N (mg/dL)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e18.02\u003csup\u003ec\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e21.01\u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e23.03\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.31\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eMicrobial protein (g/100ml)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.330 \u003csup\u003ec\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.477 \u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.573 \u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.16\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eProtozoa (\u0026times;10\u003csup\u003e5\u003c/sup\u003e/mL)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e15.0\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e13.5\u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e12.0\u003csup\u003ec\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2.25\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/tbody\u003e\u003c/colgroup\u003e\u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eIn the same row, values with different superscript (a/c) differ significantly (\u003cem\u003ep\u0026thinsp;\u0026le;\u0026thinsp;0.05\u003c/em\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe digestibility of all nutrients was higher in G3 than in G1 and G2 (Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab4\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003e) and the differences were significant (\u003cem\u003ep\u0026thinsp;\u0026le;\u0026thinsp;0.05\u003c/em\u003e). The total digestible nutrients (TDN) increased significantly from 66% (G1) to 72% (G2) and 77% (G3). Digestible crude protein (DCP) increased from 6.5% (G1) to 7.8% (G2) and 9.1% (G3).\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab4\" border=\"1\"\u003e\u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 4\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eImpact of experimental treatments on feed utilization\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/caption\u003e\u003ccolgroup cols=\"5\"\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cthead\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eItems\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eG 1\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eG 2\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eG 3\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eMSE\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/thead\u003e\u003ctbody\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eDigestion coefficients, %\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eOM\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e65\u003csup\u003ec\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e70\u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e76\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.44\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eCP\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e68\u003csup\u003ec\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e74\u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e79\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.51\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eCF\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e58\u003csup\u003ec\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e63\u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e68\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.53\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eEE\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e70\u003csup\u003ec\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e74\u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e78\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.41\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eNFE\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e75\u003csup\u003ec\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e79\u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e83\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.44\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eNutritive values, (%)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eTDN\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e66\u003csup\u003ec\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e72\u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e77\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.5\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eDCP\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e6.5\u003csup\u003ec\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e7.8\u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e9.1\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.2\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/tbody\u003e\u003c/colgroup\u003e\u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eIn the same row, values with different superscript (a/c) differ significantly (\u003cem\u003ep\u0026thinsp;\u0026le;\u0026thinsp;0.05\u003c/em\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe average body weight of Zaribi does was slightly higher, though not statistically significant, in G2 and G3 throughout the lactation period. Daily milk yield reached the peak at 45 d of early lactation in all groups (Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig1\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e). Daily milk yield during the suckling period was significantly higher in G3 and G2 \u003cem\u003evs.\u003c/em\u003e G1 (Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab5\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e5\u003c/span\u003e). Across all lactation stages (early, mid, late), the highest milk yield was consistently recorded with G3, followed by G2, while the lowest yield was recorded with G1, and differences among all groups were significant (\u003cem\u003ep\u0026thinsp;\u0026le;\u0026thinsp;0.05\u003c/em\u003e). Milk composition was improved (Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab5\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e5\u003c/span\u003e), fat % was increased significantly (\u003cem\u003ep\u0026thinsp;\u0026le;\u0026thinsp;0.05\u003c/em\u003e) with G2 and G3 compared with control. Milk protein and lactose (%) were showed significant upward trend particularly with G3. While, somatic cell count (SCC) decreased non-significantly with G2 and G3 \u003cem\u003evs.\u003c/em\u003e G1.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab5\" border=\"1\"\u003e\u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 5\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe effect of experimental treatments on change live body weight (kg), daily milk yield (kg), and total milk yield (kg) during lactation stage for dairy goats\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/caption\u003e\u003ccolgroup cols=\"5\"\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cthead\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eItem\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eG1\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eG2\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eG3\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eSEM\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/thead\u003e\u003ctbody\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eAv. Initial body weight, kg\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e32.65\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e32.72\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e32.70\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.43\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eEarly lactation\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eAv. body weight, kg\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e33.45\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e34.65\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e33.85\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.05\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eDaily milk yield, kg\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.392\u003csup\u003ec\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.639\u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.721\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.04\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eTotal milk yield, kg\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e105.72\u003csup\u003ec\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e124.37\u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e130.81\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2.10\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eMid lactation\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eAv. body weight, kg\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e34.27\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e35.17\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e35.37\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.89\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eDaily milk yield, kg\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.781\u003csup\u003ec\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.034\u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.236\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.03\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eTotal milk yield, kg\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e46.84\u003csup\u003ec\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e62.02\u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e74.15\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.76\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eLate lactation\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eAv. body weight, kg\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e34.42\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e35.5\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e35.9\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.90\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eDaily milk yield, kg\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.496\u003csup\u003ec\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.740\u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.921\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.03\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eTotal milk yield, kg\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e14.87\u003csup\u003ec\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e22.19\u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e27.62\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.84\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eMilk composition\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003epH value\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e6.63\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e6.64\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e6.66\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.04\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eFat, %\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e3.84\u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e4.29\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e4.39\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.06\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eProtein, %\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2.81\u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e3.21\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e3.33\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.06\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eLactose, %\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e4.51\u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e4.69\u003csup\u003eab\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e4.79\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.07\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eSomatic cell count's (SCC)\u0026times; 10\u003csup\u003e3\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e440\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e423\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e418\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e16.84\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/tbody\u003e\u003c/colgroup\u003e\u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eIn the same row, values with different superscript (a/c) differ significantly (\u003cem\u003ep\u0026thinsp;\u0026le;\u0026thinsp;0.05\u003c/em\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe kidding rate was enhance (180%) with G2 and G3 compared with 160% with G1 (Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab6\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e6\u003c/span\u003e). The average daily gain (ADG) of kids increased from 94 g G1 to 107 g G2 and 109 g G3. So, the economic efficiency was improved in both treated groups and G3 recording the highest efficiency. This reflected the positive effect of using \u003cem\u003eB. subtilis\u003c/em\u003e, which not only improves biological performance but also offers economic benefits.\u003c/p\u003e\u003ctable id=\"Tab6\" border=\"1\"\u003e\n \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e\n \u003cdiv\u003eTable 6\u003c/div\u003e\n \u003cdiv\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eImpact of experimental treatments on productive and reproductive performance of dairy goats\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/div\u003e\n \u003c/caption\u003e\n \u003cthead\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eItem\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eG1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eG2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eG3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSEM\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/thead\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eBorn kids\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e9\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e9\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eStill birth kids, No.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAlive kids at 0 day\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e9\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e9\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eGender of birth\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMale\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eFemale\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMortality of kids, No.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAlive kids at 90 days\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e9\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e8\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eKidding rate, %\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e160\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e180\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e180\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAverage birth weight, kg\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.21\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.22\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.28\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.13\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAverage weaning weight, kg\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e10.66\u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e11.97\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e12.13\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.21\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eTotal body gain, kg\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e8.45\u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e9.61\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e9.85\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.23\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAverage daily body gain, g\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e94\u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e107\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e109\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.33\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eKilogram kids born /doe\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.10\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.00\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.10\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.60\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eKilogram kids weaned/doe\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e14.93\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e21.55\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e21.83\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.44\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eEconomic efficiency\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.23\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.48\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.62\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n\u003c/table\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eIn the same row, values with different superscript (a/c) differ significantly (\u003cem\u003ep\u0026thinsp;\u0026le;\u0026thinsp;0.05\u003c/em\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cdiv id=\"Sec11\"\u003e\n \u003ch2\u003e\u003cimg src=\"data:image/png;base64,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\"\u003e\u003c/h2\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eGlucose levels increased progressively from 64 mg/dL (G1) to 71 mg/dL (G2) and 75 mg/dL (G3) Table\u0026nbsp;7. Total protein, albumin, and globulin concentrations were slightly increased in the treated groups without significant (\u003cem\u003ep\u0026thinsp;\u0026le;\u0026thinsp;0.05\u003c/em\u003e). Liver enzymes (ALT, AST, and ALP) decreased slightly with treated groups and creatinine and urea-N levels G3 showing the lowest values and the differences were insignificant. The same trend was observed with cholesterol and triglyceride, while high-density lipoprotein (HDL) increased and low-density lipoprotein (LDL) decreased.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003ctable id=\"Tab7\" border=\"1\"\u003e\n \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e\n \u003cdiv\u003eTable 7\u003c/div\u003e\n \u003cdiv\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eImpact of experimental treatments on some biochemical blood parameters of dairy goats.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/div\u003e\n \u003c/caption\u003e\n \u003cthead\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eItem\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eG1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eG2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eG3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSEM\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/thead\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eGlucose, mg/dl\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e64.00\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e71.00\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e75.00\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.11\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eALT, u/l\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e25.00\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e23.00\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e21.33\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.27\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAST, u/l\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e112.00\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e105.67\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e100.83\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e10.33\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eALP, u/l\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e209.00\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e203.00\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e195.33\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e11.79\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eTotal protein, g/dl\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5.00\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6.17\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6.20\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.42\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAlbumin, g/dl\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.23\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.93\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.03\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.27\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eGlobulin, g/dl\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.77\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.23\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.17\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.16\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eCreatinine, mg/dl\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.73\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.67\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.63\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.07\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eUrea- N, mg/dl\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e19.16\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e15.26\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e14.33\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.94\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eCholesterol, mg/dl\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e73.13\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e71.40\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e70.60\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.60\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eTriglycerides, (mg/dl)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e45.67\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e42.00\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e39.67\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.77\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eHDL-c, (mg/dl)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e41.67\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e43.00\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e44.00\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.01\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eLDL-c, (mg/dl)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e22.33\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e20.00\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e18.67\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.79\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n \u003c/table\u003e\n\n\u003c/div\u003e"},{"header":"Discussion","content":"\u003cp\u003eThe maintained high dry matter intake in G3 during lactation suggests sustained probiotic benefits under the physiological stress of lactation. The observed decrease in rumen pH remained within the optimal physiological range (6.0\u0026ndash;7.0), a trend that may indicate a modification of the ruminal ecosystem towards more efficient fermentation (Sun et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR39\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2011\u003c/span\u003e; Sun et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR40\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2013\u003c/span\u003e). The significant increase in total VFA concentration and ammonia-N concentration, particularly in G3, indicates improved carbohydrate fermentation and increased protein degradation or improved nitrogen turnover this likely enhanced microbial protein synthesis and energy availability for the host animal (Sun et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR39\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2011\u003c/span\u003e; Soliman et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR38\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2016\u003c/span\u003e). The significant reduction in protozoa count (G2 and G3) aligns with the findings of Arthur (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR9\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2023\u003c/span\u003e) and suggests that \u003cem\u003eB. subtilis\u003c/em\u003e favors bacterial proliferation while suppressing protozoa. This shift may reduce interspecies hydrogen transfer and methane production (Uyeno et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR43\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2015\u003c/span\u003e) and lower predation on beneficial bacteria, contributing to improved digestibility (Chaucheyras-Durand et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR15\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2008\u003c/span\u003e) and fibrolytic and proteolytic enzyme activities (Chaucheyras Durand and Fonty 2001; Sun et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR40\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2013\u003c/span\u003e). This results in increasing TDN and DCP directly indicate an enhancement of the diet's nutritive value, corroborating findings in other ruminants such as buffalo and sheep (Mousa and Marwan \u003cspan citationid=\"CR30\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2019\u003c/span\u003e; Chang et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR12\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2021\u003c/span\u003e). The significant increase in milk yield, milk composition (fat, protein, lactose) and reduction in SCC can be attributed to enhanced feed digestibility, nutrient absorption and improvement in udder health and gland function (Kumar et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR24\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1992\u003c/span\u003e; Kholif and Khorshed \u003cspan citationid=\"CR21\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2006\u003c/span\u003e; Kholif and Kholif \u003cspan citationid=\"CR20\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2008\u003c/span\u003e; Ahmed et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR3\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2008\u003c/span\u003e; Elghandour et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR18\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2015\u003c/span\u003e; Talukder and Ahmed \u003cspan citationid=\"CR41\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2017\u003c/span\u003e; Xu et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR45\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2017\u003c/span\u003e; Li et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR26\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2021\u003c/span\u003e). The increased average daily gain and weaning weight of kids with treated groups can be attributed to the improved milk yield and quality from there dams, as well as possible transference of beneficial microbial metabolites (Elghandour et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR18\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2015\u003c/span\u003e). So, the improved economic efficiency in G2 and G3 confirm the nutritional and economic benefit of the probiotic supplementation (Ahmed et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR3\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2008\u003c/span\u003e). Finally, regards to blood parameters were within the normal physiological range, which treated groups were shown slightly increase with glucose levels, total protein, albumin and beneficial of lipid profiles is likely due to probiotic-induced changes ruminal fermentation and enhanced protein metabolism and gut microbiota affecting on lipid metabolism (Chiofalo et al. 2004; Antunovic et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR5\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2006\u003c/span\u003e; Abdel-Salam et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR1\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2014\u003c/span\u003e; Arab et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR8\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2014\u003c/span\u003e; Elghandour et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR18\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2015\u003c/span\u003e; El-Katcha et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR19\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2016\u003c/span\u003e). The slight decrease in liver enzymes, creatinine and urea-N levels reflects positive effects of treatments on hepatic health and kidney function (Antunovic et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR6\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2005\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR5\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2006\u003c/span\u003e; Ding et al. 2008; Mousa and Marwan \u003cspan citationid=\"CR30\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2019\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Declarations","content":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eFunding:\u003c/strong\u003e This research did not receive any specific grant from funding agencies in the public, commercial, or not-for-profit sectors.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eEthical approval:\u003c/strong\u003e The animal study protocol was approved by the Research Committee of the Animal Production Research Institute, Egypt (Approval No. 24-7-4: 2-3-2-4-2-9; Date of acceptance: 15/07/2024). All experimental procedures were conducted in accordance with the relevant guidelines and regulations of the Animal Production Research Institute (APRI) - Agricultural Research Center (ARC), Egypt.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"References","content":"\u003col\u003e\n \u003cli dir=\"LTR\"\u003eAbdel-Salam AM, Zeitoun MM, Abdelsalam MM (2014) Effect of synbiotic supplementation on growth performance, blood metabolites, insulin and testosterone and wool traits of growing lambs. J Biol Sci 14:292\u0026ndash;298. https://doi.org/10.3923/jbs.2014.292.298\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli dir=\"LTR\"\u003eAbou Ella AA (2007) Effect of dry yeast and/or bentonite as feed additives on the productive performance of lactating ewes and its offspring. Egypt J Nutr Feeds 10(1):81\u0026ndash;98.\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli dir=\"LTR\"\u003eAhmed ME, Shehata EI, Abou Ammou FF, Abdel-Gowad AM, Aiad KM (2008) Milk production, feed conversion rate and reproduction of Zaraibi goat in response to bacterial feed additives during late pregnancy and lactation. Egypt J Anim Prod 45(9):189\u0026ndash;203. https://doi.org/10.21608/ejap.2008.104512\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli dir=\"LTR\"\u003eAhmed MI, Mahdi TM, Mansour AM, Alzahar H, Sadek WMA (2019) Effect of chamomile flower addition to diets of lactating Zaraibi goats on its productive performance. Egypt J Nutr Feeds 22(3):479\u0026ndash;489. https://doi.org/10.21608/EJNF.2019.79441\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli dir=\"LTR\"\u003eAntunovic Z, Speranda M, Amidzic D, Seric V, Steiner Z, Doma-Cinovic N, Boli F (2006) Probiotic application in lambs\u0026rsquo; nutrition. Krmiva 4:175\u0026ndash;180. https://hrcak.srce.hr/file/36127\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli dir=\"LTR\"\u003eAntunovic Z, Speranda M, Liker B (2005) Influence of feeding the probiotic Pioneer PDFM to growing lambs on performances and blood composition. Acta Vet 55:287\u0026ndash;300. https://doi.org/10.2298/AVB0504287A\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli dir=\"LTR\"\u003eAOAC (2000) Official methods of analysis, 17th edn. Assoc Off Anal Chem, Washington, DC, USA.\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli dir=\"LTR\"\u003eArab HA, Esmaeil AM, Rezaeian M, Mohtasebi M (2014) Effects of Bacillus subtilis- and Bacillus licheniformis-based probiotic on performance, hematology parameters and different blood metabolites in lambs. Int J Food Nutr Sci 4:8\u0026ndash;15.\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli dir=\"LTR\"\u003eArthur BAV (2023) Performance and metabolism of ruminants fed with Bacillus licheniformis and Bacillus subtilis. Doctoral dissertation, University of S\u0026atilde;o Paulo, \u0026ldquo;Luiz de Queiroz\u0026rdquo; College of Agriculture. https://doi.org/10.11606/T.11.2023.tde-14032024-103051\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli dir=\"LTR\"\u003eAtaşoğlu C, Akbağ HI, T\u0026ouml;l\u0026uuml; C (2010) Effects of kefir as a probiotic source on the performance of goat kids. S Afr J Anim Sci 40(4):363\u0026ndash;370. https://doi.org/10.4314/sajas.v40i4.65258\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli dir=\"LTR\"\u003eBahari M (2017) A review on the consumption of probiotics in feeding young ruminants. Appro Poult Dairy Vet Sci 1:APDV.000508. https://doi.org/10.31031/apdv.2017.01.000508\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli dir=\"LTR\"\u003eChang M, Ma F, Wei J, Liu J, Nan X, Sun P (2021) Live Bacillus subtilis natto promotes rumen fermentation by modulating rumen microbiota in vitro. Animals 11(6):1519. https://doi.org/10.3390/ani11061519\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli dir=\"LTR\"\u003eChaucheyras-Durand F, Durand H (2010) Probiotics in animal nutrition and health. Benef Microbes 1(1):3\u0026ndash;9. https://doi.org/10.3920/BM2008.1002\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli dir=\"LTR\"\u003eChaucheyras-Durand F, Fonty G (2001) Establishment of cellulolytic bacteria and development of fermentative activities in the rumen of gnotobiotically reared lambs receiving the microbial additive Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Reprod Nutr Dev 41(1):57\u0026ndash;68. https://doi.org/10.1051/rnd:2001112\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli dir=\"LTR\"\u003eChaucheyras-Durand F, Walker ND, Bach A (2008) Effects of active dry yeasts on the rumen microbial ecosystem: past, present and future. Anim Feed Sci Technol 145(1\u0026ndash;4):5\u0026ndash;26. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2007.04.019\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli dir=\"LTR\"\u003eChiquette J, Girard CL, Matte JJ (1993) Effect of the diet fed to growing steers and folic acid addition on digestibility and ruminal fermentation. J Anim Sci 71:2793\u0026ndash;2798. https://doi.org/10.2527/1993.71102793x\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli dir=\"LTR\"\u003eConway EF (1957) Microdiffusion analysis and volumetric error, rev. edn. Lockwood, London.\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli dir=\"LTR\"\u003eElghandour MMY, Salem AZM, Casta\u0026ntilde;eda JSG, Camacho LM, Kholif AE, Chagoy\u0026aacute;n JCV (2015) Direct-fed microbes: a tool for improving the utilization of low-quality roughages in ruminants. J Integr Agric 14(3):526\u0026ndash;533. https://doi.org/10.1016/S2095-3119(14)60834-0\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli dir=\"LTR\"\u003eEl-Katcha MI, Soltan MA, Essi MS (2016) Effect of Pediococcus spp. supplementation on growth performance, nutrient digestibility and some blood serum biochemical changes of fattening lambs. Alex J Vet Sci 49:44\u0026ndash;54. https://doi.org/10.5455/ajvs.210911\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli dir=\"LTR\"\u003eKholif AM, Kholif SM (2008) Effect of selenium-enriched yeast supplementation on the productive performance of lactating buffaloes. Egypt J Nutr Feeds 11:187\u0026ndash;200.\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli dir=\"LTR\"\u003eKholif SM, Khorshed MM (2006) Effect of yeast or selenized yeast supplementation to rations on the productive performance of lactating buffaloes. 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J Anim Prod 55(3):440\u0026ndash;442. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0003356100021152\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli dir=\"LTR\"\u003eLe OT, Schofield B, Dart PJ, Callaghan MJ, Lisle AT, Ouwerkerk D, Klieve AV, McNeill DM (2016) Production responses of reproducing ewes to a by-product-based diet inoculated with the probiotic Bacillus amyloliquefaciens strain H57. Anim Prod Sci 57(6):1097\u0026ndash;1105. https://doi.org/10.1071/AN16068\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli dir=\"LTR\"\u003eLi Y, Jiang N, Zhang W, Lv Z, Liu J, Shi H (2021) Bacillus amyloliquefaciens-9 reduces somatic cell count and modifies fecal microbiota in lactating goats. Mar Drugs 19(8):404. https://doi.org/10.3390/md19080404\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli dir=\"LTR\"\u003eMadkour MA, Khattab HM, El-Bordeny NE, Mattar BE (2018) Evaluation of direct fed microbial supplementation to improve utilization of the low quality roughages in ruminants. 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J Dairy Sci 90(4):2058\u0026ndash;2068. https://doi.org/10.3168/jds.2006-484\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli dir=\"LTR\"\u003ePayandeh S, Kafilzadeh F (2007) The effect of yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) on nutrient intake, digestibility and finishing performance of lambs fed a diet based on dried molasses sugar beet pulp. Pak J Biol Sci 10:4426\u0026ndash;4431. https://doi.org/10.3923/pjbs.2007.4426.4431\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli dir=\"LTR\"\u003eRetta KS (2016) Role of probiotics in rumen fermentation and animal performance: A review. Int J Livestock Prod 7:24\u0026ndash;32. https://doi.org/10.5897/IJLP2016.0285\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli dir=\"LTR\"\u003eSAS Institute (2003) SAS/STAT User\u0026apos;s Guide: statistics. Ver. 9.1. SAS Institute Inc., Cary, NC, USA. https://www.sas.com/\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli dir=\"LTR\"\u003eShultz TA, Shultz E (1970) Estimation of rumen microbial nitrogen by three analytical methods. J Dairy Sci 53:781\u0026ndash;784. https://doi.org/10.3168/jds.s0022-0302(70)86290-7\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli dir=\"LTR\"\u003eSoliman SM, El-Shinnawy AM, El-Morsy AM (2016) Effect of probiotic or prebiotic supplementation on the productive performance of Barki lambs. J Anim Poult Prod, Mansoura Univ 7:369\u0026ndash;376. https://doi.org/10.21608/JAPPMU.2016.48743\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli dir=\"LTR\"\u003eSun P, Wang JQ, Zhang HT (2011) Effects of supplementation of Bacillus subtilis natto Na and N1 strains on rumen development in dairy calves. Anim Feed Sci Technol 164:154\u0026ndash;160. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2011.01.003\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli dir=\"LTR\"\u003eSun PJ, Wang Q, Deng LF (2013) Effects of Bacillus subtilis natto on milk production, rumen fermentation and ruminal microbiome of dairy cows. Anim 7:216\u0026ndash;222. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1751731112001188\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli dir=\"LTR\"\u003eTalukder M, Ahmed H (2017) Effect of somatic cell count on dairy products: a review. Asian J Med Biol Res 3(1):1\u0026ndash;9. https://doi.org/10.3329/ajmbr.v3i1.32030\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli dir=\"LTR\"\u003eUshakova NA, Nekrasov RV, Meleshko NA, Laptev GY, Il\u0026rsquo;ina LA, Kozlova AA, Nifatov AV (2013) [Title in English not provided]. Mikrobiologiya 82:475\u0026ndash;481. https://doi.org/10.1134/S0026261713040127\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli dir=\"LTR\"\u003eUyeno Y, Shigemori S, Shimosato T (2015) Effect of probiotics/prebiotics on cattle health and productivity. Microbes Environ 30(2):126\u0026ndash;132. https://doi.org/10.1264/jsme2.ME14176\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli dir=\"LTR\"\u003eWarner ACI (1964) Production of volatile fatty acids in the rumen, methods of measurements. Nutr Abst Rev 34:339.\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli dir=\"LTR\"\u003eXu H, Huang W, Hou Q, Kwok L, Sun Z, Ma H, Zhao F (2017) The effects of probiotics administration on the milk production, milk components and fecal bacteria microbiota of dairy cows. Sci Bull 62(11):767\u0026ndash;774. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scib.2017.04.019\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003c/ol\u003e"}],"fulltextSource":"","fullText":"","funders":[],"hasAdminPriorityOnWorkflow":false,"hasManuscriptDocX":true,"hasOptedInToPreprint":true,"hasPassedJournalQc":"","hasAnyPriority":false,"hideJournal":false,"highlight":"","institution":"","isAcceptedByJournal":false,"isAuthorSuppliedPdf":false,"isDeskRejected":"","isHiddenFromSearch":false,"isInQc":false,"isInWorkflow":false,"isPdf":false,"isPdfUpToDate":true,"isWithdrawnOrRetracted":false,"journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"veterinary-research-communications","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"externalIdentity":"verc","sideBox":"Learn more about [Veterinary Research Communications](https://www.springer.com/journal/11259)","snPcode":"11259","submissionUrl":"https://submission.nature.com/new-submission/11259/3","title":"Veterinary Research Communications","twitterHandle":"","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":true,"editorialSystem":"em","reportingPortfolio":"Springer Hybrid","inReviewEnabled":true,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":false},"keywords":"Probiotic, Dairy goats, Feed utilization, Milk production, Economic efficiency","lastPublishedDoi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-7557706/v1","lastPublishedDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-7557706/v1","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"},"manuscriptAbstract":"\u003cp\u003eThis study evaluated the impact of adding two levels of \u003cem\u003eBacillus subtilis\u003c/em\u003e (2 g and 4 g/head/day) to concentrate diet of dairy goats across 180 day (early, mid, and late of lactation), on the productivity, rumen fermentation, nutrient digestibility, some blood biochemical parameters, and economic efficiency. Fifteen goats were divided into three groups (n\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;5 each). The control group (G1) was fed on the basal diet without additives, while treated groups (G2 and G3) received the basal diet with 2 g and 4 g of \u003cem\u003eB. subtilis\u003c/em\u003e, respectively. The results showed that the addition of \u003cem\u003eB. subtilis\u003c/em\u003e has significantly improved total intake as well as dry matter and all nutrients digestibility. All rumen parameters were significantly affected (\u003cem\u003ep\u0026thinsp;\u0026le;\u0026thinsp;0.05\u003c/em\u003e) by treatments. The pH values were decreased while the concentrations of ammonia-N, total FVA, and microbial protein were increased, but the protozoa count was decreased, the highest values were recorded with G3. Milk yield and milk composition (fat, protein, and lactose) were enhanced, particularly in G3, with significant improvements in reproductive traits and growth performance. The treated groups exhibited increased glucose, albumin, and HDL, alongside reduced ALT, AST, creatinine, and LDL levels, which was an indicator of improved liver and kidney function and metabolic health. Regarding economic efficiency, it was highest in G3, highlighting the viability of probiotic inclusion in practical goat farming. So it can be concluded that using \u003cem\u003eB. subtilis\u003c/em\u003e for dairy goats as a functional feed additive enhances performance, health, and profitability in the different stages of milk production.\u003c/p\u003e","manuscriptTitle":"Effect of using Bacillus subtilis as a direct feed microbial additive for dairy goats","msid":"","msnumber":"","nonDraftVersions":[{"code":1,"date":"2025-09-30 18:22:44","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-7557706/v1","editorialEvents":[{"type":"communityComments","content":0},{"type":"editorInvitedReview","content":"","date":"2025-10-02T09:56:24+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorInvitedReview","content":"","date":"2025-09-28T17:15:49+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"290337232015936208133503984086546783529","date":"2025-09-27T15:59:07+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"142424527897047090819584467547437229347","date":"2025-09-22T02:32:23+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorInvitedReview","content":"","date":"2025-09-21T15:56:25+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"240009614650534246549594722064320294555","date":"2025-09-18T08:04:19+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"34109595518387095194866636341182847128","date":"2025-09-18T07:06:47+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"275094839983876857579439525191536333668","date":"2025-09-18T00:41:03+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewersInvited","content":"","date":"2025-09-17T20:46:22+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"checksComplete","content":"","date":"2025-09-17T11:54:22+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"submitted","content":"Veterinary Research Communications","date":"2025-09-13T21:33:11+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""}],"status":"published","journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"veterinary-research-communications","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"externalIdentity":"verc","sideBox":"Learn more about [Veterinary Research Communications](https://www.springer.com/journal/11259)","snPcode":"11259","submissionUrl":"https://submission.nature.com/new-submission/11259/3","title":"Veterinary Research Communications","twitterHandle":"","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":true,"editorialSystem":"em","reportingPortfolio":"Springer Hybrid","inReviewEnabled":true,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":false}}],"origin":"","ownerIdentity":"81e25e8b-0c0c-468c-bdae-1fcb6c48b976","owner":[],"postedDate":"September 30th, 2025","published":true,"recentEditorialEvents":[],"rejectedJournal":[],"revision":"","amendment":"","status":"under-review","subjectAreas":[],"tags":[],"updatedAt":"2025-09-30T18:22:44+00:00","versionOfRecord":[],"versionCreatedAt":"2025-09-30 18:22:44","video":"","vorDoi":"","vorDoiUrl":"","workflowStages":[]},"version":"v1","identity":"rs-7557706","journalConfig":"researchsquare"},"__N_SSP":true},"page":"/article/[identity]/[[...version]]","query":{"redirect":"/article/rs-7557706","identity":"rs-7557706","version":["v1"]},"buildId":"8U1c8b4HqxoKbykW_rLl7","isFallback":false,"isExperimentalCompile":false,"dynamicIds":[84888],"gssp":true,"scriptLoader":[]}