Phytochemical Screening and Pharmacological Evaluation of Passiflora foetida L. Leaf Extract Found in the Vicinity of Lonar Lake: A Distinctive Saline Crater Lake in India

Phytochemical Screening and Pharmacological Evaluation of Passiflora foetida L. 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Leaf Extract Found in the Vicinity of Lonar Lake: A Distinctive Saline Crater Lake in India Sharmishtha Ashokrao Doifode, Sunita Suryakantrao Bhosle This is a preprint; it has not been peer reviewed by a journal. https://doi.org/ 10.21203/rs.3.rs-6577682/v1 This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License Status: Posted Version 1 posted You are reading this latest preprint version Abstract Lonar Lake Distinctive Saline Crater Lake Located in Maharashtra's Buldhana district, India, Crater Lake is encircled by thick woodlands containing numerous plants with medicinal properties. Passiflora foetida L. commonly known as stinking passion flower has been used as traditional medicine in treating diseases such as throat infection, giddiness, liver disorder, diarrhea, tumor, nervous disorder, anxiety, sleep disorders, skin infections, hysteria and asthma. The Ethyl acetate and ethanol extracts of Passiflora foetida L. leaves were subjected to GC-MS analysis. The Ethyl acetate extracts yielded thirty-four phytochemical compounds, while the ethanol extracts revealed twenty-eight phytochemical compounds upon analysis. The compounds were identified by comparing their retention time and peak area with that of the literature and by interpretation of mass spectra. Using the agar disc diffusion method antibacterial and antifungal properties were evaluated for extracts obtained using n-hexane, ethyl acetate, acetone, ethanol, methanol, and water as solvents. GC-MS Phytochemicals Lonar Lake Passiflora foetida L Antibacterial activity Antifungal activity Figures Figure 1 Figure 2 Figure 3 Figure 4 Introduction Meteor impact craters like Barringer Crater in Arizona United States and the Lonar Crater in Buldhana District of Maharashtra, India are rare on Earth‘s surface[ 1 , 2 ]. Lonar Lake is a salt water lake created due to the impact of massive meteorites. It is a unique saline water lake in Asia. It is situated in Buldhana district of Maharashtra (India). The Lake is surrounded by the dense forest. It preserves innumerable valuable plants with medicinal values[ 3 ]. Plants are a great source of medications, especially in traditional medicine,that can be utilized to treat a wide range of diseases[ 4 ]. About 90% of prescribed medicines are plant-based in the traditional practice of Unani, Ayurveda, Homeopathy, and Siddha in India[ 5 ].It has been observed that the therapeutic impact of medicinal plants is related to the existence of secondary metabolites, such as alkaloids, terpenoids, glycosides, phenolic and other organic compounds, which are synthesized in all parts of the plant[ 6 ]. The presence of these compounds increases the potential for antidiabatic[ 7 ], antimutagenic, anti-inflammatory[ 8 ], antimicrobial activities[ 9 ] of medicinal plants in a lesser or larger capacity[ 10 ]. Passiflora foetida L. popularly known as striking passionflower[ 11 ] is a particularly renowned species belonging to the genus Passiflora, with tremendous ethnobotanical applications. Various studies conducted on Passiflora foetida L. have revealed extracts of the plant to possess numerous promising bioactivities such as antidiarrhoeal, antiulcerogenic, analgesic, antidepressant anti-inflammatory, anti-hypertensive, hepaprotective, anticancer, antibacterial and antinociceptive[ 12 – 17 ]. Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) is a system that unites the characteristics of gas-liquid chromatography and mass spectrometry to determine the different substances present in a given test sample[ 18 , 19 ]. This study screened phytoconstutuents present in the Ethyl acetate and ethanol extracts by GC-MS analysis. The antimicrobial potency of the n-hexane, ethyl acetate, acetone, ethanol, methanol and water was evaluated using the disc-diffusion assay assessing the antimicrobial efficiency[ 20 ]. The leaves were collected from Lonar Lake area Maharashtra, India. Materials and Methods Sample collection The leaf samples were gathered from the Lonar lake forest geographical locality (Latitude: 19.970386 and Longitude: 76.512862), District Buldhana, Maharashtra, India, identified and samples deposited at the Department of Botany Herbarium Dr. Babasaheb Ambedkar Marathwada, University Chh.Sambhajinagar (Accession no.-01156). The plant samples were shade-dried, ground to powder, and stored at − 4 ̊C for future use. Preparation of Extracts 5g of leaf sample powder were sequentially extracted with solvents namely n-hexane, Ethyl acetate, Acetone, Ethanol, Methanol by soxhelt apparatus[ 21 , 22 ]. Water extract prepared by Maceration process, leaf powder soaked in water for 72 Hrs with occasional shaking filtered through whatman No.1 filter paper. Crude filtrate extract used for preliminary phytochemical study. Phytochemical Analysis Preliminary Phytochemical Screening of the Extracts Phytochemical examination of n-hexane, Ethyl acetate, Acetone, Ethanol, Methanol extracts was performed using established protocols to detect the active components present in the extracts. Alkaloids, saponins, phenols, tannins, anthraquinones, terpenoids, flavonoids, and steroids were tested[ 23 – 26 ]. Test for Alkaloids (Wagner’s Reagent Test) [ 27 ] Plant extracts were diluted in HCl and filtered. Wagner’s reagent (which is an iodine solution in potassium iodide) was applied to filtrates. The presence of alkaloids in the extracts is confirmed by a reddish-brown precipitate. Phenol Test (Ferric Chloride Test) The extract (50 mg) was dissolved in 5 mL of purified water. A few drops of neutral 5% ferric chloride solution were added to these. The presence of phenolic compounds was indicated by bluish green or black coloration. Test for Saponins (Foam Test) The crude extract was mixed with 5 mL of distilled water in a test tube and was shake vigorously for 30 seconds. The formation of stable foam for 10 min indicates the presence of saponins. Test for Terpenoids The crude extract was dissolved in 2 mL of chloroform and dried by evaporation. To this, 2 mL of the concentrated sulfuric acid was added. Formation of a reddish-brown coloration at the interface indicates the presence of terpenoids. Test for Tannins (Ferric Chloride Test) Each plant extract was stirred with 1 mL of distilled water, after filtered, ferric chloride reagent was added to the filtrate. A blue-black, green, or blue-green precipitate indicates the presence of tannins. Test for Steroids To each of the four plant extracts, 10 mL of chloroform was added. 1 mL of acetic anhydride was added to these extracts, followed by 2 mL of concentrated sulfuric acid along the walls of the test tube. The appearance of blue green color at the junction indicates the presence of steroids. Test for Flavonoids (Alkaline Reagent Test) The extract was treated with 2–3 drops of Sodium hydroxide solution. Acute yellow color development shows the presence of flavonoids, which turn colorless when some drops of sulfuric acid were added. Antimicrobial Assay Microbial culture Four bacterial strains were used for assay, includes two Gram positive bacteria viz. Bacillus subtilis (NCIM 2250), Staphylococcus aureus (NCIM 2079) and two Gram negative bacteria viz. Salmonella typhimurium (MTCC 3224), Klebsiella pneumoniae (NCTC 13368). Fungi were used as Penicillium chrysogenum (ATCC 10106), Tricoderma viride (ATCC 20476), Aspergillus niger (NCIM 1196).The Nutrient agar slants were used for microbial culture. Antibiotic Vancomycin was used as a standard reference antibiotic and the concentrations are prepared according to NCCLS[ 28 ]. Antifungal Activity Antifungal activity was determined by disc diffusion method[ 29 ]. The fungal spores were adjusted to the concentration of 1 × 108 CFU mL − 1 as per McFarland standard and suspension was swabbed on the Potato dextrose agar. Then, 50 µL of each extract dilution was impregnated into sterile discs of 90 mm in diameter. Nystatin (50 µL) was used as a positive control and respective solvents loaded discs were used as negative control. The plates were incubated at 37°C for 8 h. The zone of inhibition around the discs was measured after the incubation. Each experiment was conducted in triplicates and the average inhibition zone values were calculated.[ 30 ] GC-MS Analysis The extract was directly used for GC-MS analysis. GC-MS analysis was carried out on a GCMS-QP2010 Plus (Shimadzu, Kyoto, Japan) system with head space sampler (AOC-20s) and auto-injector (AOC-20i), equipped with mass selective detector, having ion source temperature of 230°C, interface temperature of 260°C, a solvent cut time of 2.50 min. threshold of 1,000 eV and mass range of 40 to 650 m/z. Results and Discussion Qualitative Phytochemical Analysis The preliminary phytochemical screening of the leaf extracts of Passiflora foetida L shows to contain flavonoids, steroids, alkaloids, terpenoids, saponins, phenols, carbohydrates, amino acids, tannin and cardiac glycosides in all the extracts. Phytochemical tests for the presence of secondary phytoconstituents showed following results shown in (Table 1 ) Table 1 Preliminary phytochemical screening of Passiflora foetida L leaves Sr.No Phytoconstituents n-hexane Ethyl Acetate Acetone Ethanol Methanol Water 1 Alkaloids + + - + + + 2 Carbohydrates - + + + + + 3 Glycosides - - - - - - 4 Flavonoids + + + + - + 5 Phenols & Tannins + + + + + - 6 Steroids + - - + - - 7 Terpenoids - + + + + - 8 Saponins - - - + - - 9 Proteins + + + + - + 10 Amino Acids + + - + + - Antibacterial Activity Ethanol leaf extract exhibited remarkable antibacterial activity against Staphylococcus aureus (20.5 mm). Ethyl acetate extract exhibited good activity against Salmonella typhimurium (24.5 mm). n-hexane extract shows remarkable activity against Klebsiella pneumonia (23.5mm). Water extract do not show positive activity against any bacteria. Whereas Acetone and methanol extract does not show any activity against Klebsiella pneumonia . The ethanol leaf extract exhibited its good activity against Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus subtilis, Salmonella typhimurium, Klebsiella pneumonia. The antimicrobial activity of all solvents was compared with standard reference antibiotic vancomycin. (Table 2 ). Results of anti-bacterial activities are provided visually in (Fig. 1). Zones of inhibitions were measured in mm (millimeters). Table 2 Antibacterial activity of leaf extract of Passiflora foetida L. Sr. No. Solvent Zone of inhibition in (mm) Staphylococcus aureus Bacillus subtilis Salmonella typhimurium Klebsiella pneumoniae 1 n-hexane 16.5 11.5 18 23.5 2 Ethyl acetate 18.5 15.5 24.5 19.5 3 Acetone 16.5 26.5 15.5 NA 4 Ethanol 20.5 16.5 21.5 17.5 5 Methanol NA 15 20.5 NA 6 Water NA NA NA NA 7 DMSO NA NA NA NA 8 Vancomycin 19 24 28 23 Antifungal Activity Each extracts antifungal properties were observed against three fungal pathogen listed in (Table 3 ). Ethyl acetate and Methanol extracts showed higher zone of inhibition against Aspergillus niger with a 26 ± 0.50 mm inhibition zone at 50µL compared to other extracts. Ethanol extract showed a higher zone of inhibition against Penicillium chrysogenum with a 24mm inhibition zone at 50µL. Ethyl acetate and ethanol extract showed higher zone of inhibition against Trichoderma viride with a 25 mm inhibition zone at 50µL compared to other extracts. Out of all the fungi examined, the aqueous extract exhibited the least antifungal activity. Results of antifungal activities are provided visually in (Fig. 2). Zones of inhibitions were measured in mm (millimeters). Table 3 Antifungal activity of leaf extract of Passiflora foetida L. Sr. No. Solvent Zone of inhibition in (mm) Penicillium chrysogenum Trichoderma viride Aspergillus niger 1 n-hexane 14 14.5 20 2 Ethyl acetate 15.5 25 26 3 Acetone 16 17 24 4 Ethanol 24 25 25.5 5 Methanol 21 17 26.5 6 Water NA NA NA 7 Nystatin 26 46 36 Chemical Characterization via (GC-MS) Analysis Medicinally important Thirty-four phytoconstituents were found in the Ethyl acetate extract according to the GC-MS analysis. Plants containing these phytoconstituents have been shown to have pharmacological properties such as antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, and antioxidant effects. The chromatogram is shown in (Fig. 3 ) and phytochemical constituents with activities are shown in the (Table 4 ). Table 4 Phytochemical constituents identified in the ethyl acetate leaf extracts of Passiflora foetida L. using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) and their activities Peak No. R.T. Peak Area % Name of compound Activity* 1 7.861 10.68 1,2,3-Propanetriol, 1-acetate Inhibitory effect on microorganisms 2 9.323 0.23 Pyranone Antitumor activity 3 10.628 0.23 5-Octen-2-yn-4-ol Antibacterial and anti-inflammatory effects 4 11.727 0.17 γ -Terpineol Antibacterial and anti-inflammatory effects 5 12.116 2.59 1,2,3-Propanetriol, 1-acetate Inhibitory effect on microorganisms 6 12.887 0.53 2,4-Dimethylfuran Antibacterial and anti-inflammatory effects 7 18.810 0.33 Heneicosane Exhibits antimicrobial activity 8 23.813 0.32 Eicosane Exhibits antimicrobial activity 9 25.188 0.96 Tetradecanoic acid Used as emulsifier. 10 26.102 0.89 cis-11-Hexadecenal Antimelanogenic, antifungal properties. 11 26.497 0.62 Isopropyl myristate Used in Cosmetics. 12 28.450 0.37 2-Hexyldecanol Used as fungicide. 13 29.341 11.98 n-Hexadecanoic acid Anti-inflammatory, Antihistaminic, anti-arthritic property. 14 29.911 0.37 Hexadecanoic acid Anti-inflammatory, Antihistaminic, anti-arthritic property. 15 30.352 10.72 Hydnocarpic acid Use to treat leprosy 16 30.923 1.11 Ethyl hydnocarpate Antileprotic activity, antimicrobial and anticancer properties. 31.781 0.52 9,12-Octadecadienoic acid Anti-inflammatory, antihistaminic, anti-arthritic, and hepatoprotective activity. 17 31.918 0.45 9-Octadecenoic acid Anti-inflammatory, antihistaminic, anti-arthritic, and hepatoprotective activity. 18 32.134 0.65 Phytol Precusor of Vitamin E and Vitamin K 32.537 8.97 (9E,11E)-Octadecadienoic acid Anti-inflammatory, antihistaminic, anti-arthritic activity. 19 32.654 12.41 9-Octadecenoic acid, Anti-inflammatory, antihistaminic, anti-arthritic, and hepatoprotective activity. 20 33.093 3.71 Octadecanoic acid Anti-inflammatory, antihistaminic, anti-arthritic, and hepatoprotective activity. 21 34.122 4.57 Chaulmoogric acid Use to treat leprosy 22 34.652 0.69 2-Cyclopentene-1-tridecanoic acid Antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, and antioxidant properties. 23 38.288 1.31 9-Octadecenoic acid Anti-inflammatory, antihistaminic, anti-arthritic, and hepatoprotective activity. 24 39.326 2.74 Tetradecahydrocyclododeca[c]furan Antimicrobial and anti-inflammatory activity. 25 39.473 0.97 2-Eicosen-5-olide Anti-inflammatory, antibacterial, and antioxidant Activity. 26 41.249 0.75 (9Z)-9-Tetradecenal Pheromone 27 41.608 4.27 Shyobunol Antimicrobial, antioxidant, and anti-inflammatory activity. 28 42.745 6.14 2-[(9Z,12Z)-9,12-Octadecadienyloxy]ethanol Lipid metabolism 29 42.879 6.99 cis-13-Docosenamide Plant metabolite 30 44.115 1.03 E,E,Z-1,3,12-Nonadecatriene-5,14-diol Analgesic, anti-inflammatory, and antimicrobial properties 31 45.077 0.84 (R)-(-)-14-Methyl-8-hexadecyn-1-ol Analgesic, anti-inflammatory, and antimicrobial properties 32 45.192 0.88 cis-4,4-Dimethylbicyclo(6.3.0)undecane-2,6-dione Analgesic, anti-inflammatory, and antimicrobial properties * Dr. Duke’s Phytochemical and Ethnobotanical Databases. Medicinally important Twenty-eight phytoconstituents were found in the Ethanol extract according to the GC-MS analysis. Plants containing these phytoconstituents have been shown to have pharmacological properties such as antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, anticancer and antioxidant effects. The chromatogram is shown in (Fig. 4 ) and phytochemical constituents with activities are shown in the (Table 5 ). Table 5 Phytochemical constituents identified in the ethanol leaf extracts of Passiflora foetida L. using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) and their activities Peak No. R.T. Peak Area % Name of compound Activity* 1 16.567 1.89 Tetradecane Antibacterial and antifungal activity. 2 18.500 0.71 1-(4-Ethoxyphenyl)propan-1-ol Moderate Microbial activity. 3 19.139 0.35 Pentadecane Alkane. 4 19.710 1.89 Benzoic acid Antimicrobial and Antifungal Agent 5 25.200 4.54 Tetradecanoic acid Used as emulsifier. 6 25.405 1.00 3-Methylheptadecane Alkane. 7 26.111 2.49 cis-9-Hexadecenal Antimelanogenic, antifungal properties. 8 26.507 0.94 Isopropyl myristate Emollient as used in cosmetics. 9 29.322 9.67 n-Hexadecanoic acid Hepatoprotective, anti-inflammatory,antihistaminic, and anti-arthritic activity. 10 29.512 1.17 3-Methylheptadecane Alkane. 11 29.923 2.02 Hexadecanoic acid Hepatoprotective, anti-inflammatory,antihistaminic, and anti-arthritic activity. 12 32.533 3.86 10E,12Z-Octadecadienoic acid Anti-inflammatory, antihistaminic activity. 13 32.652 10.94 9-Octadecenoic acid Anti-inflammatory, antihistaminic activity. 14 33.096 4.22 Octadecanoic acid Anti-inflammatory, antihistaminic activity. 15 33.634 4.76 Octadecanoic acid Anti-inflammatory, antihistaminic activity. 16 36.498 3.21 12-Hydroxystearic acid Fatty acid surfactant. 17 38.084 3.70 Tricyclo[20.8.0.0(7,16)]triacontane Antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects 18 38.923 2.56 Hexadecanoic acid Hepatoprotective, anti-inflammatory,antihistaminic, and anti-arthritic activity. 19 39.102 2.02 Undec-10-ynoic acid Antifungal, anti-quorum sensing, and potential antimicrobial properties 20 39.341 3.41 Tetradecahydrocyclododeca[c]furan antimicrobial and anti-inflammatory 21 39.490 1.41 2-Eicosen-5-olide Anti-inflammatory, antibacterial, and antioxidant Activity. 22 40.923 1.31 9-Octadecenoic acid Anti-inflammatory, antihistaminic activity. 23 41.623 3.24 Tricyclo[20.8.0.0(7,16)]triacontane Antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects 24 42.379 2.90 1,4-Benzenedicarboxylic acid Anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, and anticancer properties 25 42.764 5.56 E,E-3,13-Octadecadien-1-ol Analgesic, anti-inflammatory, and antimicrobial properties 26 42.894 17.29 cis-13-Docosenamide Antimicrobial and anticancer activity. 27 43.381 1.09 Squalene Antioxidant, antitumor, antibacterial activity. 28 44.134 1.83 E,E,Z-1,3,12-Nonadecatriene-5,14-diol Analgesic, anti-inflammatory, and antimicrobial properties * Dr. Duke’s Phytochemical and Ethnobotanical Databases. Discussion Pyranone dervatives shows remarkable antitumor activities[ 31 ]. Terpineols possess various pharmacological benefits such as anticancer, antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and antiallergic[ 32 ]. Tetradecane was reported to possess antimicrobial properties[ 33 ]. Hydnocarpic acid and Chaulmoogric acid are used to treat leprosy[ 34 ]. Heneicosane and eicosane are the pheromone exhibit microbial activity[ 35 ]. It was declared that pentadecane and hexadecanoic acid have antifungal, antibacterial and antioxidant activities[ 36 ]. Phytol showed antibacterial, anti-inflammatory, immune-modulating, cytotoxic, antioxidant, autophagy- and apoptosis-inducing, anxiolytic, and metabolism-modulating properties[ 37 ]. Octadecanoic acid, 9,12 hexadecadionic acid and 9,12 octadecadionic acid are the compounds that plays an important role in prostaglandin biosynthesis of cell membranes with several biological functions such as anti-inflammatory, antihistaminic, anti-arthritic, and hepatoprotective[ 38 , 39 ]. It was found that 1, 2, 3-propanetriol 1-acetate exhibits an inhibitory effect on microorganisms[ 40 ]. It was declared that hexadecanoic acid have antifungal, antibacterial and antioxidant activities[ 36 ]. Conclusion In the present study, Thirty-four phytochemical constituents have been identified from the Ethyl acetate extract and Twenty-eight phytoconstituents identified in the Ethanol extract of leaves of Passiflora foetida L. by (GC-MS) analysis. The major phytoconstituents identified in Ethyl acetate extract was Hydnocarpic acid and Chaulmorgic acid (15.29%) used to treat leprosy. Octadecanoic acid derivatives (27.4%) exhibited strong Anti-inflammatory, antihistaminic, anti-arthritic, and hepatoprotective activity. The major phytoconstituents observed in ethanol extract was hexadecanoic acid (14.25%) shows Hepatoprotective, anti-inflammatory, antihistaminic, and anti-arthritic activity and cis-13-docosenamide (17.29%) shows Antimicrobial and anticancer activity. Declarations Ethical Approval Not applicable. Consent to Participate Not applicable. Consent for Publication Granted for publication. Authors Contributions Both authors contributed equally to the study. Funding This work was supported by the Mahatma Jyotiba Phule Research and Training Institute [MAHAJYOTI] [An autonomous institute of the OBC welfare Department, Govt. of Maharashtra] Competing Interests The authors have no relevant financial or non-financial interests to disclose. Availability of data and Materials All the data obtained during this study are included in this article. Conflict of Interest The authors declare that they have no conflict of interest. Acknowledgments We are thankful to Management, Principal and Head Dept. of Botany, M.S.P. Mandal’s Balbhim Arts, Science and Commerce College Beed, Maharashtra, India for availing all necessary facilities and infrastructure for carrying out the research. Also we would like to thank Centre For Analytical Instrumentation, Kerala Forest Research Institute, Peechi, Thrissur, Kerala, India for providing GC-MS facility. References Iqbal, N., Vahia, M. N., Masood, T., & Ahmad, A. (Eds.). (n.d.). A Probable Meteor Impact Crater in Kashmir Valley (India). Lyttleton, R. A. (1964). The Moon, Meteorites, and Comets. Surve, R. R., Shirke, A. V., Athalye, R. R., & Sangare, M. M. (2021). A Review on Chemical and Ecological Status of Lonar Lake. Current World Environment , 16 (1), 61–69. https://doi.org/10.12944/CWE.16.1.07 Ahmad Khan, M. S., & Ahmad, I. (2019). Herbal Medicine. In New Look to Phytomedicine (pp. 3–13). 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Frontiers in Chemistry , 10 , 950726. https://doi.org/10.3389/fchem.2022.950726 Masyita, A., Mustika Sari, R., Dwi Astuti, A., Yasir, B., Rahma Rumata, N., Emran, T. B., & Simal-Gandara, J. (2022). Terpenes and terpenoids as main bioactive compounds of essential oils, their roles in human health and potential application as natural food preservatives. Food Chemistry: X , 13 , 100217. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fochx.2022.100217 Nasr, Z., El-shershaby, H., Sallam, K., Abed, N., Ghany, A. E., I., & Sidkey, N. (2021). Evaluation of Antimicrobial Potential of Tetradecane Extracted from Pediococcus acidilactici DSM: 20284 - CM Isolated from Curd Milk. Egyptian Journal of Chemistry , 0 (0), 0–0. https://doi.org/10.21608/ejchem.2021.92658.4385 Walker, E. L., & Sweeney, M. A. (1920). The chemotherapeutics of the chaulmoogric acid series and other fatty acids in leprosy and tuberculosis: I. Bactericidal action; active principle; specificity. Journal of Infectious Diseases , 26 (3), 238–264. https://doi.org/10.1093/infdis/26.3.238 Vanitha, V., Vijayakumar, S., Nilavukkarasi, M., Punitha, V. N., Vidhya, E., & Praseetha, P. K. (2020). Heneicosane—A novel microbicidal bioactive alkane identified from Plumbago zeylanica L. Industrial Crops and Products , 154 , 112748. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.indcrop.2020.112748 Kim, D. H., Park, M. H., Choi, Y. J., Chung, K. W., Park, C. H., Jang, E. J., & Chung, H. Y. (2013). Molecular Study of Dietary Heptadecane for the Anti-Inflammatory Modulation of NF-kB in the Aged Kidney. Plos One , 8 (3), e59316. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0059316 Islam, M. T., Ali, E. S., Uddin, S. J., Shaw, S., Islam, M. A., Ahmed, M. I., & Atanasov, A. G. (2018). Phytol: A review of biomedical activities. Food and Chemical Toxicology , 121 , 82–94. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fct.2018.08.032 Henry, G. E., Momin, R. A., Nair, M. G., & Dewitt, D. L. (2002). Antioxidant and Cyclooxygenase Activities of Fatty Acids Found in Food. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry , 50 (8), 2231–2234. https://doi.org/10.1021/jf0114381 Grace, O. M. A., Kolawole, I. A., & Cajethan (2020). GC-MS analysis of bioactive compounds and evaluation of antimicrobial activity of the extracts of Daedalea elegans: A Nigerian mushroom. African Journal of Microbiology Research , 14 (6), 204–210. https://doi.org/10.5897/AJMR2019.9120 Van, H. T., Le, N. T., Nguyen, D. L., Tran, G. B., Huynh, N. T. A., & Vo, H. S. (2021). Chemical profile and antibacterial activity of acetone extract of Homalomena cochinchinensis Engl. (Araceae). Plant Science Today , 8 (1), 58–65. https://doi.org/10.14719/pst.2021.8.1.971 Cite Share Download PDF Status: Posted Version 1 posted You are reading this latest preprint version Research Square lets you share your work early, gain feedback from the community, and start making changes to your manuscript prior to peer review in a journal. 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Also discoverable on Platform About Our Team In Review Editorial Policies Advisory Board Help Center Resources Author Services Accessibility API Access RSS feed Manage Cookie Preferences © Research Square 2026 | ISSN 2693-5015 (online) Privacy Policy Terms of Service Do Not Sell My Personal Information {"props":{"pageProps":{"initialData":{"identity":"rs-6577682","acceptedTermsAndConditions":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"archivedVersions":[],"articleType":"Research Article","associatedPublications":[],"authors":[{"id":454003233,"identity":"2065d31a-5f3d-4236-bad2-59007c9f8b30","order_by":0,"name":"Sharmishtha Ashokrao Doifode","email":"data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAZAAAAAyAQMAAABI0h/eAAAABlBMVEX///8AAABVwtN+AAAACXBIWXMAAA7EAAAOxAGVKw4bAAAA70lEQVRIiWNgGAWjYDACCRDBxsDD3sBgwPABxGYnVgvPAQYDxhkgNjORWhhAWph5QBxCWuRnNz/d8KPMRoaHvXnjY5tf2+T5mBkYP3zMwa3F4M4xs5s959J4eHiOFRvn9t02bGNmYJacuQ2PFokEsxu8bYd57CVyzKRze24zArWwMfPi0SI/I/3bzb9ALTwSOea/LXtu2xPUwnAjx+w2L0SLGTPDj9uJBLUY3Mgpuy0D9Ytkb8Pt5DZmxma8fgE6bNvNN2U29qAQ+/Djz23b+e3NBz98xOcwFMDYBiYbiFUPAn9IUTwKRsEoGAUjBQAAv9dO3GBnj8kAAAAASUVORK5CYII=","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0005-9882-8707","institution":"Marathwada Shikshan Prasarak Mandal Balbhim Arts Science and Commerce College","correspondingAuthor":true,"prefix":"","firstName":"Sharmishtha","middleName":"Ashokrao","lastName":"Doifode","suffix":""},{"id":454003234,"identity":"b8177575-58d0-47a6-9c3b-0f5d38c47159","order_by":1,"name":"Sunita Suryakantrao Bhosle","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Department of Botany, Balbhim College, Beed Maharashtra","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Sunita","middleName":"Suryakantrao","lastName":"Bhosle","suffix":""}],"badges":[],"createdAt":"2025-05-02 10:39:56","currentVersionCode":1,"declarations":{"humanSubjects":false,"vertebrateSubjects":false,"conflictsOfInterestStatement":true,"humanSubjectEthicalGuidelines":false,"humanSubjectConsent":false,"humanSubjectClinicalTrial":false,"humanSubjectCaseReport":false,"vertebrateSubjectEthicalGuidelines":false},"doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-6577682/v1","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-6577682/v1","draftVersion":[],"editorialEvents":[],"editorialNote":"","failedWorkflow":false,"files":[{"id":82639280,"identity":"2365f1d2-18c9-42c1-b93b-cf03405a29ff","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-05-13 14:57:55","extension":"png","order_by":1,"title":"Figure 1","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":421880,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eShowing antibacterial assays of crude extract of \u003c/strong\u003e\u003cem\u003e\u003cstrong\u003ePassiflora foetida L.\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/em\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e against human pathogens [(A1,A2)- \u003c/strong\u003e\u003cem\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eStaphylococcus aureus\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/em\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e,(B1,B2)- \u003c/strong\u003e\u003cem\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eBacillus subtilis\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/em\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e,(C1,C2)- \u003c/strong\u003e\u003cem\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eSalmonella typhimurium\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/em\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e, (D1,D2)- \u003c/strong\u003e\u003cem\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eKlebsiella pneumonia\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"1.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-6577682/v1/faea86d736883d5a4abdae81.png"},{"id":82639282,"identity":"e2f10621-3c64-4ac0-8311-76ac1e48efa6","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-05-13 14:57:55","extension":"png","order_by":2,"title":"Figure 2","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":418214,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAntifungal activity of crude extracts of \u003c/strong\u003e\u003cem\u003e\u003cstrong\u003ePassiflora foetida L.\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/em\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eagainst (A1,A2)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cem\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e Tricoderma viride; (B1,B2) Aspergillus niger; (C1,C2) Penicillium chrysogenum\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"2.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-6577682/v1/fbff73b5248f1d88da1395b8.png"},{"id":82639283,"identity":"228becc5-03e6-4565-a7c0-89f6c5d42d2c","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-05-13 14:57:55","extension":"png","order_by":3,"title":"Figure 3","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":23483,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eGC-MS chromatogram showing relative abundance and retention time of the Ethyl acetate leaf extracts of\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cem\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e Passiflora foetida \u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/em\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eL.\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"Onlinefloatimage15.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-6577682/v1/b3192e3abcef1fd2f7cfcf21.png"},{"id":82639285,"identity":"84d3c41f-e4d0-45d3-b3a5-89b32e744bc7","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-05-13 14:57:55","extension":"png","order_by":4,"title":"Figure 4","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":19777,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eGC-MS chromatogram showing relative abundance and retention time of the Ethanol leaf extracts of\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cem\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e Passiflora foetida \u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/em\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eL.\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"Onlinefloatimage16.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-6577682/v1/a10b974dbcabe1978ce27511.png"},{"id":82662195,"identity":"662a1e23-755e-481e-abc3-845afdff562b","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-05-13 21:58:17","extension":"pdf","order_by":0,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"manuscript-pdf","size":2495476,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"manuscript.pdf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-6577682/v1/c121850b-5d92-4bd9-9e9e-cf384b9c5834.pdf"}],"financialInterests":"","formattedTitle":"Phytochemical Screening and Pharmacological Evaluation of Passiflora foetida L. Leaf Extract Found in the Vicinity of Lonar Lake: A Distinctive Saline Crater Lake in India","fulltext":[{"header":"Introduction","content":"\u003cp\u003eMeteor impact craters like Barringer Crater in Arizona United States and the Lonar Crater in Buldhana District of Maharashtra, India are rare on Earth\u0026lsquo;s surface[\u003cspan citationid=\"CR1\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR2\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e]. Lonar Lake is a salt water lake created due to the impact of massive meteorites. It is a unique saline water lake in Asia. It is situated in Buldhana district of Maharashtra (India). The Lake is surrounded by the dense forest. It preserves innumerable valuable plants with medicinal values[\u003cspan citationid=\"CR3\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e]. Plants are a great source of medications, especially in traditional medicine,that can be utilized to treat a wide range of diseases[\u003cspan citationid=\"CR4\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003e]. About 90% of prescribed medicines are plant-based in the traditional practice of Unani, Ayurveda, Homeopathy, and Siddha in India[\u003cspan citationid=\"CR5\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e5\u003c/span\u003e].It has been observed that the therapeutic impact of medicinal plants is related to the existence of secondary metabolites, such as alkaloids, terpenoids, glycosides, phenolic and other organic compounds, which are synthesized in all parts of the plant[\u003cspan citationid=\"CR6\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e6\u003c/span\u003e]. The presence of these compounds increases the potential for antidiabatic[\u003cspan citationid=\"CR7\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e7\u003c/span\u003e], antimutagenic, anti-inflammatory[\u003cspan citationid=\"CR8\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e8\u003c/span\u003e], antimicrobial activities[\u003cspan citationid=\"CR9\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e9\u003c/span\u003e] of medicinal plants in a lesser or larger capacity[\u003cspan citationid=\"CR10\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e10\u003c/span\u003e]. Passiflora foetida L. popularly known as striking passionflower[\u003cspan citationid=\"CR11\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e11\u003c/span\u003e] is a particularly renowned species belonging to the genus Passiflora, with tremendous ethnobotanical applications. Various studies conducted on \u003cem\u003ePassiflora foetida\u003c/em\u003e L. have revealed extracts of the plant to possess numerous promising bioactivities such as antidiarrhoeal, antiulcerogenic, analgesic, antidepressant anti-inflammatory, anti-hypertensive, hepaprotective, anticancer, antibacterial and antinociceptive[\u003cspan additionalcitationids=\"CR13 CR14 CR15 CR16\" citationid=\"CR12\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e12\u003c/span\u003e\u0026ndash;\u003cspan citationid=\"CR17\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e17\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eGas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) is a system that unites the characteristics of gas-liquid chromatography and mass spectrometry to determine the different substances present in a given test sample[\u003cspan citationid=\"CR18\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e18\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR19\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e19\u003c/span\u003e]. This study screened phytoconstutuents present in the Ethyl acetate and ethanol extracts by GC-MS analysis. The antimicrobial potency of the n-hexane, ethyl acetate, acetone, ethanol, methanol and water was evaluated using the disc-diffusion assay assessing the antimicrobial efficiency[\u003cspan citationid=\"CR20\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e20\u003c/span\u003e]. The leaves were collected from Lonar Lake area Maharashtra, India.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Materials and Methods","content":"\u003cdiv id=\"Sec3\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eSample collection\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe leaf samples were gathered from the Lonar lake forest geographical locality (Latitude: 19.970386 and Longitude: 76.512862), District Buldhana, Maharashtra, India, identified and samples deposited at the Department of Botany Herbarium Dr. Babasaheb Ambedkar Marathwada, University Chh.Sambhajinagar (Accession no.-01156). The plant samples were shade-dried, ground to powder, and stored at \u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;4 ̊C for future use.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003ePreparation of Extracts\u003c/h3\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e5g of leaf sample powder were sequentially extracted with solvents namely n-hexane, Ethyl acetate, Acetone, Ethanol, Methanol by soxhelt apparatus[\u003cspan citationid=\"CR21\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e21\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR22\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e22\u003c/span\u003e]. Water extract prepared by Maceration process, leaf powder soaked in water for 72 Hrs with occasional shaking filtered through whatman No.1 filter paper. Crude filtrate extract used for preliminary phytochemical study.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003ePhytochemical Analysis\u003c/h3\u003e\n\u003cdiv id=\"Sec6\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003ePreliminary Phytochemical Screening of the Extracts\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003ePhytochemical examination of n-hexane, Ethyl acetate, Acetone, Ethanol, Methanol extracts was performed using established protocols to detect the active components present in the extracts. Alkaloids, saponins, phenols, tannins, anthraquinones, terpenoids, flavonoids, and steroids were tested[\u003cspan additionalcitationids=\"CR24 CR25\" citationid=\"CR23\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e23\u003c/span\u003e\u0026ndash;\u003cspan citationid=\"CR26\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e26\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cb\u003eTest for Alkaloids (Wagner\u0026rsquo;s Reagent Test)\u003c/b\u003e[\u003cspan citationid=\"CR27\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e27\u003c/span\u003e]\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003ePlant extracts were diluted in HCl and filtered. Wagner\u0026rsquo;s reagent (which is an iodine solution in potassium iodide) was applied to filtrates. The presence of alkaloids in the extracts is confirmed by a reddish-brown precipitate.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003ePhenol Test (Ferric Chloride Test)\u003c/h3\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe extract (50 mg) was dissolved in 5 mL of purified water. A few drops of neutral 5% ferric chloride solution were added to these. The presence of phenolic compounds was indicated by bluish green or black coloration.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec8\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eTest for Saponins (Foam Test)\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe crude extract was mixed with 5 mL of distilled water in a test tube and was shake vigorously for 30 seconds. The formation of stable foam for 10 min indicates the presence of saponins.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003eTest for Terpenoids\u003c/h3\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe crude extract was dissolved in 2 mL of chloroform and dried by evaporation. To this, 2 mL of the concentrated sulfuric acid was added. Formation of a reddish-brown coloration at the interface indicates the presence of terpenoids.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003eTest for Tannins (Ferric Chloride Test)\u003c/h3\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eEach plant extract was stirred with 1 mL of distilled water, after filtered, ferric chloride reagent was added to the filtrate. A blue-black, green, or blue-green precipitate indicates the presence of tannins.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec11\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eTest for Steroids\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eTo each of the four plant extracts, 10 mL of chloroform was added. 1 mL of acetic anhydride was added to these extracts, followed by 2 mL of concentrated sulfuric acid along the walls of the test tube. The appearance of blue green color at the junction indicates the presence of steroids.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec12\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eTest for Flavonoids (Alkaline Reagent Test)\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe extract was treated with 2\u0026ndash;3 drops of Sodium hydroxide solution. Acute yellow color development shows the presence of flavonoids, which turn colorless when some drops of sulfuric acid were added.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec13\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eAntimicrobial Assay\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec14\" class=\"Section3\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eMicrobial culture\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eFour bacterial strains were used for assay, includes two Gram positive bacteria viz. \u003cem\u003eBacillus subtilis\u003c/em\u003e (NCIM 2250), \u003cem\u003eStaphylococcus aureus\u003c/em\u003e (NCIM 2079) and two Gram negative bacteria viz. \u003cem\u003eSalmonella typhimurium\u003c/em\u003e (MTCC 3224), \u003cem\u003eKlebsiella pneumoniae\u003c/em\u003e (NCTC 13368). Fungi were used as \u003cem\u003ePenicillium chrysogenum\u003c/em\u003e (ATCC 10106), \u003cem\u003eTricoderma viride\u003c/em\u003e (ATCC 20476), \u003cem\u003eAspergillus niger\u003c/em\u003e (NCIM 1196).The Nutrient agar slants were used for microbial culture. Antibiotic Vancomycin was used as a standard reference antibiotic and the concentrations are prepared according to NCCLS[\u003cspan citationid=\"CR28\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e28\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec15\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eAntifungal Activity\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eAntifungal activity was determined by disc diffusion method[\u003cspan citationid=\"CR29\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e29\u003c/span\u003e]. The fungal spores were adjusted to the concentration of 1 \u0026times; 108 CFU mL\u0026thinsp;\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1 as per McFarland standard and suspension was swabbed on the Potato dextrose agar. Then, 50 \u0026micro;L of each extract dilution was impregnated into sterile discs of 90 mm in diameter. Nystatin (50 \u0026micro;L) was used as a positive control and respective solvents loaded discs were used as negative control. The plates were incubated at 37\u0026deg;C for 8 h. The zone of inhibition around the discs was measured after the incubation. Each experiment was conducted in triplicates and the average inhibition zone values were calculated.[\u003cspan citationid=\"CR30\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e30\u003c/span\u003e]\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec16\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eGC-MS Analysis\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe extract was directly used for GC-MS analysis. GC-MS analysis was carried out on a GCMS-QP2010 Plus (Shimadzu, Kyoto, Japan) system with head space sampler (AOC-20s) and auto-injector (AOC-20i), equipped with mass selective detector, having ion source temperature of 230\u0026deg;C, interface temperature of 260\u0026deg;C, a solvent cut time of 2.50 min. threshold of 1,000 eV and mass range of 40 to 650 m/z.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e"},{"header":"Results and Discussion","content":"\u003cdiv id=\"Sec18\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eQualitative Phytochemical Analysis\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe preliminary phytochemical screening of the leaf extracts of \u003cem\u003ePassiflora foetida\u003c/em\u003e L shows to contain flavonoids, steroids, alkaloids, terpenoids, saponins, phenols, carbohydrates, amino acids, tannin and cardiac glycosides in all the extracts. Phytochemical tests for the presence of secondary phytoconstituents showed following results shown in (Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab1\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab1\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 1\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePreliminary phytochemical screening of \u003cem\u003ePassiflora foetida\u003c/em\u003e L leaves\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"8\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c6\" colnum=\"6\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c7\" colnum=\"7\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c8\" colnum=\"8\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSr.No\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePhytoconstituents\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003en-hexane\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eEthyl Acetate\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAcetone\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eEthanol\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMethanol\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eWater\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAlkaloids\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e+\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e+\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e+\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e+\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e+\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCarbohydrates\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e+\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e+\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e+\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e+\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e+\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eGlycosides\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFlavonoids\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e+\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e+\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e+\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e+\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e+\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePhenols \u0026amp; Tannins\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e+\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e+\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e+\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e+\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e+\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSteroids\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e+\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e+\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTerpenoids\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e+\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e+\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e+\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e+\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e8\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSaponins\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e+\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e9\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eProteins\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e+\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e+\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e+\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e+\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e+\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e10\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAmino Acids\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e+\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e+\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e+\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e+\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec19\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eAntibacterial Activity\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eEthanol leaf extract exhibited remarkable antibacterial activity against \u003cem\u003eStaphylococcus aureus\u003c/em\u003e (20.5 mm). Ethyl acetate extract exhibited good activity against \u003cem\u003eSalmonella typhimurium\u003c/em\u003e (24.5 mm). n-hexane extract shows remarkable activity against \u003cem\u003eKlebsiella pneumonia\u003c/em\u003e (23.5mm). Water extract do not show positive activity against any bacteria. Whereas Acetone and methanol extract does not show any activity against \u003cem\u003eKlebsiella pneumonia\u003c/em\u003e. The ethanol leaf extract exhibited its good activity against \u003cem\u003eStaphylococcus aureus, Bacillus subtilis, Salmonella typhimurium, Klebsiella pneumonia.\u003c/em\u003e The antimicrobial activity of all solvents was compared with standard reference antibiotic vancomycin. (Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab2\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e). Results of anti-bacterial activities are provided visually in (Fig.\u0026nbsp;1). Zones of inhibitions were measured in mm (millimeters).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab2\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 2\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAntibacterial activity of leaf extract of \u003cem\u003ePassiflora foetida\u003c/em\u003e L.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"6\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c6\" colnum=\"6\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSr.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eNo.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSolvent\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"4\" nameend=\"c6\" namest=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eZone of inhibition in (mm)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eStaphylococcus aureus\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eBacillus subtilis\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eSalmonella typhimurium\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eKlebsiella pneumoniae\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003en-hexane\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e18\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e23.5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eEthyl acetate\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e18.5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e24.5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e19.5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAcetone\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e26.5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNA\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eEthanol\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e20.5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e21.5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e17.5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMethanol\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNA\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e15\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e20.5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNA\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eWater\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNA\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNA\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNA\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNA\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eDMSO\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNA\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNA\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNA\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNA\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e8\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eVancomycin\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e19\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e24\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e28\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e23\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec20\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eAntifungal Activity\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eEach extracts antifungal properties were observed against three fungal pathogen listed in (Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab3\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e). Ethyl acetate and Methanol extracts showed higher zone of inhibition against \u003cem\u003eAspergillus niger\u003c/em\u003e with a 26\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.50 mm inhibition zone at 50\u0026micro;L compared to other extracts. Ethanol extract showed a higher zone of inhibition against \u003cem\u003ePenicillium chrysogenum\u003c/em\u003e with a 24mm inhibition zone at 50\u0026micro;L. Ethyl acetate and ethanol extract showed higher zone of inhibition against \u003cem\u003eTrichoderma viride\u003c/em\u003e with a 25 mm inhibition zone at 50\u0026micro;L compared to other extracts. Out of all the fungi examined, the aqueous extract exhibited the least antifungal activity. Results of antifungal activities are provided visually in (Fig.\u0026nbsp;2). Zones of inhibitions were measured in mm (millimeters).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab3\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 3\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAntifungal activity of leaf extract of \u003cem\u003ePassiflora foetida L.\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"5\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSr.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eNo.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSolvent\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c5\" namest=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eZone of inhibition in (mm)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003ePenicillium chrysogenum\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eTrichoderma viride\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eAspergillus niger\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003en-hexane\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e14\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e20\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eEthyl acetate\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e25\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e26\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAcetone\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e16\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e17\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e24\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eEthanol\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e24\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e25\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e25.5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMethanol\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e21\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e17\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e26.5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eWater\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNA\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNA\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNA\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNystatin\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e26\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e46\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e36\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec21\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eChemical Characterization via (GC-MS) Analysis\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eMedicinally important Thirty-four phytoconstituents were found in the Ethyl acetate extract according to the GC-MS analysis. Plants containing these phytoconstituents have been shown to have pharmacological properties such as antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, and antioxidant effects.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe chromatogram is shown in (Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig1\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e) and phytochemical constituents with activities are shown in the (Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab4\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab4\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 4\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePhytochemical constituents identified in the ethyl acetate leaf extracts of \u003cem\u003ePassiflora foetida\u003c/em\u003e L. using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) and their activities\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"5\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePeak No.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eR.T.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePeak Area\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e%\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eName of compound\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eActivity*\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.861\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.68\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1,2,3-Propanetriol, 1-acetate\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eInhibitory effect on microorganisms\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.323\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.23\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePyranone\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAntitumor activity\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.628\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.23\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5-Octen-2-yn-4-ol\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAntibacterial and anti-inflammatory effects\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.727\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.17\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eγ -Terpineol\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAntibacterial and anti-inflammatory effects\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.116\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.59\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1,2,3-Propanetriol, 1-acetate\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eInhibitory effect on microorganisms\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.887\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.53\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2,4-Dimethylfuran\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAntibacterial and anti-inflammatory effects\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e18.810\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.33\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eHeneicosane\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eExhibits\u0026nbsp;antimicrobial activity\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e8\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e23.813\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.32\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eEicosane\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eExhibits\u0026nbsp;antimicrobial activity\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e9\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e25.188\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.96\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTetradecanoic acid\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eUsed as emulsifier.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e10\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e26.102\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.89\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ecis-11-Hexadecenal\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAntimelanogenic, antifungal properties.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e11\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e26.497\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.62\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eIsopropyl myristate\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eUsed in Cosmetics.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e12\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e28.450\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.37\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2-Hexyldecanol\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eUsed as fungicide.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e13\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e29.341\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.98\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003en-Hexadecanoic acid\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAnti-inflammatory, Antihistaminic, anti-arthritic property.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e14\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e29.911\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.37\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eHexadecanoic acid\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAnti-inflammatory, Antihistaminic, anti-arthritic property.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e15\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e30.352\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.72\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eHydnocarpic acid\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eUse to treat leprosy\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e16\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e30.923\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.11\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eEthyl hydnocarpate\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAntileprotic activity, antimicrobial and anticancer properties.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e31.781\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.52\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e9,12-Octadecadienoic acid\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAnti-inflammatory, antihistaminic, anti-arthritic, and hepatoprotective activity.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e17\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e31.918\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.45\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e9-Octadecenoic acid\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAnti-inflammatory, antihistaminic, anti-arthritic, and hepatoprotective activity.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e18\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e32.134\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.65\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePhytol\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePrecusor of Vitamin E and Vitamin K\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e32.537\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.97\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e(9E,11E)-Octadecadienoic acid\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAnti-inflammatory, antihistaminic, anti-arthritic activity.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e19\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e32.654\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.41\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e9-Octadecenoic acid,\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAnti-inflammatory, antihistaminic, anti-arthritic, and hepatoprotective activity.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e20\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e33.093\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.71\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eOctadecanoic acid\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAnti-inflammatory, antihistaminic, anti-arthritic, and hepatoprotective activity.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e21\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e34.122\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.57\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eChaulmoogric acid\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eUse to treat leprosy\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e22\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e34.652\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.69\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2-Cyclopentene-1-tridecanoic acid\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAntimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, and antioxidant properties.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e23\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e38.288\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.31\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e9-Octadecenoic acid\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAnti-inflammatory, antihistaminic, anti-arthritic, and hepatoprotective activity.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e24\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e39.326\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.74\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTetradecahydrocyclododeca[c]furan\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAntimicrobial and anti-inflammatory\u0026nbsp;activity.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e25\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e39.473\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.97\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2-Eicosen-5-olide\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAnti-inflammatory, antibacterial, and antioxidant Activity.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e26\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e41.249\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.75\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e(9Z)-9-Tetradecenal\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePheromone\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e27\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e41.608\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.27\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eShyobunol\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAntimicrobial, antioxidant, and anti-inflammatory activity.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e28\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e42.745\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.14\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2-[(9Z,12Z)-9,12-Octadecadienyloxy]ethanol\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eLipid metabolism\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e29\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e42.879\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.99\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ecis-13-Docosenamide\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePlant metabolite\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e30\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e44.115\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.03\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eE,E,Z-1,3,12-Nonadecatriene-5,14-diol\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAnalgesic, anti-inflammatory, and\u0026nbsp;antimicrobial\u0026nbsp;properties\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e31\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e45.077\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.84\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e(R)-(-)-14-Methyl-8-hexadecyn-1-ol\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAnalgesic, anti-inflammatory, and antimicrobial properties\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e32\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e45.192\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.88\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ecis-4,4-Dimethylbicyclo(6.3.0)undecane-2,6-dione\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAnalgesic, anti-inflammatory, and antimicrobial properties\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cb\u003e*\u003c/b\u003eDr. Duke\u0026rsquo;s Phytochemical and Ethnobotanical Databases.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eMedicinally important Twenty-eight phytoconstituents were found in the Ethanol extract according to the GC-MS analysis. Plants containing these phytoconstituents have been shown to have pharmacological properties such as antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, anticancer and antioxidant effects.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe chromatogram is shown in (Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig2\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003e) and phytochemical constituents with activities are shown in the (Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab5\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e5\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab5\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 5\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePhytochemical constituents identified in the ethanol leaf extracts of \u003cem\u003ePassiflora foetida\u003c/em\u003e L. using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) and their activities\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"5\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePeak No.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eR.T.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePeak Area\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e%\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eName of compound\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eActivity*\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.567\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.89\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTetradecane\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAntibacterial and antifungal activity.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e18.500\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.71\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1-(4-Ethoxyphenyl)propan-1-ol\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eModerate Microbial activity.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e19.139\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.35\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePentadecane\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAlkane.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e19.710\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.89\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eBenzoic acid\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAntimicrobial and Antifungal Agent\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e25.200\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.54\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTetradecanoic acid\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eUsed as emulsifier.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e25.405\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.00\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3-Methylheptadecane\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAlkane.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e26.111\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.49\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ecis-9-Hexadecenal\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAntimelanogenic, antifungal properties.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e8\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e26.507\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.94\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eIsopropyl myristate\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eEmollient as used in cosmetics.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e9\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e29.322\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.67\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003en-Hexadecanoic acid\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eHepatoprotective, anti-inflammatory,antihistaminic, and anti-arthritic activity.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e10\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e29.512\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.17\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3-Methylheptadecane\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAlkane.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e11\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e29.923\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.02\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eHexadecanoic acid\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eHepatoprotective, anti-inflammatory,antihistaminic, and anti-arthritic activity.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e12\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e32.533\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.86\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e10E,12Z-Octadecadienoic acid\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAnti-inflammatory, antihistaminic activity.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e13\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e32.652\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.94\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e9-Octadecenoic acid\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAnti-inflammatory, antihistaminic activity.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e14\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e33.096\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.22\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eOctadecanoic acid\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAnti-inflammatory, antihistaminic activity.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e15\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e33.634\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.76\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eOctadecanoic acid\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAnti-inflammatory, antihistaminic activity.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e16\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e36.498\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.21\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e12-Hydroxystearic acid\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFatty acid surfactant.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e17\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e38.084\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.70\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTricyclo[20.8.0.0(7,16)]triacontane\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAntioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e18\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e38.923\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.56\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eHexadecanoic acid\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eHepatoprotective, anti-inflammatory,antihistaminic, and anti-arthritic activity.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e19\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e39.102\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.02\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eUndec-10-ynoic acid\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAntifungal, anti-quorum sensing, and potential antimicrobial properties\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e20\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e39.341\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.41\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTetradecahydrocyclododeca[c]furan\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eantimicrobial and anti-inflammatory\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e21\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e39.490\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.41\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2-Eicosen-5-olide\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAnti-inflammatory, antibacterial, and antioxidant Activity.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e22\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e40.923\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.31\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e9-Octadecenoic acid\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAnti-inflammatory, antihistaminic activity.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e23\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e41.623\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.24\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTricyclo[20.8.0.0(7,16)]triacontane\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAntioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e24\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e42.379\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.90\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1,4-Benzenedicarboxylic acid\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAnti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, and anticancer properties\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e25\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e42.764\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.56\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eE,E-3,13-Octadecadien-1-ol\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAnalgesic, anti-inflammatory, and\u0026nbsp;antimicrobial\u0026nbsp;properties\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e26\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e42.894\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e17.29\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ecis-13-Docosenamide\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAntimicrobial and anticancer activity.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e27\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e43.381\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.09\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSqualene\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAntioxidant, antitumor, antibacterial activity.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e28\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e44.134\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.83\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eE,E,Z-1,3,12-Nonadecatriene-5,14-diol\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAnalgesic, anti-inflammatory, and\u0026nbsp;antimicrobial\u0026nbsp;properties\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cb\u003e*\u003c/b\u003eDr. Duke\u0026rsquo;s Phytochemical and Ethnobotanical Databases.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e"},{"header":"Discussion","content":"\u003cp\u003ePyranone dervatives shows remarkable antitumor activities[\u003cspan citationid=\"CR31\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e31\u003c/span\u003e]. Terpineols possess various pharmacological benefits such as anticancer, antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and antiallergic[\u003cspan citationid=\"CR32\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e32\u003c/span\u003e]. Tetradecane was reported to possess antimicrobial properties[\u003cspan citationid=\"CR33\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e33\u003c/span\u003e]. Hydnocarpic acid and Chaulmoogric acid are used to treat leprosy[\u003cspan citationid=\"CR34\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e34\u003c/span\u003e]. Heneicosane and eicosane are the pheromone exhibit microbial activity[\u003cspan citationid=\"CR35\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e35\u003c/span\u003e]. It was declared that pentadecane and hexadecanoic acid have antifungal, antibacterial and antioxidant activities[\u003cspan citationid=\"CR36\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e36\u003c/span\u003e]. Phytol showed antibacterial, anti-inflammatory, immune-modulating, cytotoxic, antioxidant, autophagy- and apoptosis-inducing, anxiolytic, and metabolism-modulating properties[\u003cspan citationid=\"CR37\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e37\u003c/span\u003e]. Octadecanoic acid, 9,12 hexadecadionic acid and 9,12 octadecadionic acid are the compounds that plays an important role in prostaglandin biosynthesis of cell membranes with several biological functions such as anti-inflammatory, antihistaminic, anti-arthritic, and hepatoprotective[\u003cspan citationid=\"CR38\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e38\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR39\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e39\u003c/span\u003e]. It was found that 1, 2, 3-propanetriol 1-acetate exhibits an inhibitory effect on microorganisms[\u003cspan citationid=\"CR40\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e40\u003c/span\u003e]. It was declared that hexadecanoic acid have antifungal, antibacterial and antioxidant activities[\u003cspan citationid=\"CR36\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e36\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Conclusion","content":"\u003cp\u003eIn the present study, Thirty-four phytochemical constituents have been identified from the Ethyl acetate extract and Twenty-eight phytoconstituents identified in the Ethanol extract of leaves of \u003cem\u003ePassiflora foetida L.\u003c/em\u003e by (GC-MS) analysis. The major phytoconstituents identified in Ethyl acetate extract was Hydnocarpic acid and Chaulmorgic acid (15.29%) used to treat leprosy. Octadecanoic acid derivatives (27.4%) exhibited strong Anti-inflammatory, antihistaminic, anti-arthritic, and hepatoprotective activity. The major phytoconstituents observed in ethanol extract was hexadecanoic acid (14.25%) shows Hepatoprotective, anti-inflammatory, antihistaminic, and anti-arthritic activity and cis-13-docosenamide (17.29%) shows Antimicrobial and anticancer activity.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Declarations","content":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eEthical Approval\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003eNot applicable.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eConsent to Participate\u003c/strong\u003e Not applicable.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eConsent for Publication\u003c/strong\u003e Granted for publication.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAuthors Contributions\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003eBoth authors contributed equally to the study.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eFunding\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003eThis work was supported by the Mahatma Jyotiba Phule Research and Training Institute [MAHAJYOTI] [An autonomous institute of the OBC welfare Department, Govt. of Maharashtra]\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eCompeting Interests\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003eThe authors have no relevant financial or non-financial interests to disclose.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAvailability of data and Materials\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003eAll the data obtained during this study are included in this article.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eConflict of Interest\u003c/strong\u003e The authors declare that they have no conflict of interest.\u003c/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eAcknowledgments\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eWe are thankful to Management, Principal and Head Dept. of Botany, M.S.P. Mandal\u0026rsquo;s Balbhim Arts, Science and Commerce College Beed, Maharashtra, India for availing all necessary facilities and infrastructure for carrying out the research. Also we would like to thank Centre For Analytical Instrumentation, Kerala Forest Research Institute, Peechi, Thrissur, Kerala, India for providing GC-MS facility.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"References","content":"\u003col\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eIqbal, N., Vahia, M. N., Masood, T., \u0026amp; Ahmad, A. (Eds.). (n.d.). A Probable Meteor Impact Crater in Kashmir Valley (India).\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eLyttleton, R. A. (1964). The Moon, Meteorites, and Comets.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eSurve, R. R., Shirke, A. V., Athalye, R. R., \u0026amp; Sangare, M. M. (2021). A Review on Chemical and Ecological Status of Lonar Lake. \u003cem\u003eCurrent World Environment\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003e16\u003c/em\u003e(1), 61\u0026ndash;69. \u003cspan class=\"ExternalRef\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"RefSource\"\u003ehttps://doi.org/10.12944/CWE.16.1.07\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan address=\"10.12944/CWE.16.1.07\" targettype=\"DOI\" class=\"RefTarget\"\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eAhmad Khan, M. S., \u0026amp; Ahmad, I. (2019). Herbal Medicine. In \u003cem\u003eNew Look to Phytomedicine\u003c/em\u003e (pp. 3\u0026ndash;13). Elsevier. \u003cspan class=\"ExternalRef\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"RefSource\"\u003ehttps://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-814619-4.00001-X\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan address=\"10.1016/B978-0-12-814619-4.00001-X\" targettype=\"DOI\" class=\"RefTarget\"\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eShukia, R., Sharma, S. 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(Araceae). \u003cem\u003ePlant Science Today\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003e8\u003c/em\u003e(1), 58\u0026ndash;65. \u003cspan class=\"ExternalRef\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"RefSource\"\u003ehttps://doi.org/10.14719/pst.2021.8.1.971\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan address=\"10.14719/pst.2021.8.1.971\" targettype=\"DOI\" class=\"RefTarget\"\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003c/ol\u003e"}],"fulltextSource":"","fullText":"","funders":[],"hasAdminPriorityOnWorkflow":false,"hasManuscriptDocX":true,"hasOptedInToPreprint":true,"hasPassedJournalQc":"","hasAnyPriority":false,"hideJournal":true,"highlight":"","institution":"","isAcceptedByJournal":false,"isAuthorSuppliedPdf":false,"isDeskRejected":"","isHiddenFromSearch":false,"isInQc":false,"isInWorkflow":true,"isPdf":false,"isPdfUpToDate":true,"isWithdrawnOrRetracted":false,"journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"researchsquare","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"/submission","title":"Research Square","twitterHandle":"researchsquare","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"","reportingPortfolio":"","inReviewEnabled":false,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true},"keywords":"GC-MS, Phytochemicals, Lonar Lake, Passiflora foetida L, Antibacterial activity, Antifungal activity","lastPublishedDoi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-6577682/v1","lastPublishedDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-6577682/v1","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"},"manuscriptAbstract":"\u003cp\u003eLonar Lake Distinctive Saline Crater Lake Located in Maharashtra's Buldhana district, India, Crater Lake is encircled by thick woodlands containing numerous plants with medicinal properties. \u003cem\u003ePassiflora foetida\u003c/em\u003e L. commonly known as stinking passion flower has been used as traditional medicine in treating diseases such as throat infection, giddiness, liver disorder, diarrhea, tumor, nervous disorder, anxiety, sleep disorders, skin infections, hysteria and asthma. The Ethyl acetate and ethanol extracts of \u003cem\u003ePassiflora foetida\u003c/em\u003e L. leaves were subjected to GC-MS analysis. The Ethyl acetate extracts yielded thirty-four phytochemical compounds, while the ethanol extracts revealed twenty-eight phytochemical compounds upon analysis. The compounds were identified by comparing their retention time and peak area with that of the literature and by interpretation of mass spectra. Using the agar disc diffusion method antibacterial and antifungal properties were evaluated for extracts obtained using n-hexane, ethyl acetate, acetone, ethanol, methanol, and water as solvents.\u003c/p\u003e","manuscriptTitle":"Phytochemical Screening and Pharmacological Evaluation of Passiflora foetida L. Leaf Extract Found in the Vicinity of Lonar Lake: A Distinctive Saline Crater Lake in India","msid":"","msnumber":"","nonDraftVersions":[{"code":1,"date":"2025-05-13 14:57:50","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-6577682/v1","editorialEvents":[{"type":"communityComments","content":0}],"status":"published","journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"researchsquare","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"/submission","title":"Research Square","twitterHandle":"researchsquare","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"","reportingPortfolio":"","inReviewEnabled":false,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true}}],"origin":"","ownerIdentity":"77e20455-187a-4a38-9a7b-bd5e3e608d8d","owner":[],"postedDate":"May 13th, 2025","published":true,"recentEditorialEvents":[],"rejectedJournal":[],"revision":"","amendment":"","status":"posted","subjectAreas":[],"tags":[],"updatedAt":"2025-07-16T13:38:24+00:00","versionOfRecord":[],"versionCreatedAt":"2025-05-13 14:57:50","video":"","vorDoi":"","vorDoiUrl":"","workflowStages":[]},"version":"v1","identity":"rs-6577682","journalConfig":"researchsquare"},"__N_SSP":true},"page":"/article/[identity]/[[...version]]","query":{"redirect":"/article/rs-6577682","identity":"rs-6577682","version":["v1"]},"buildId":"8U1c8b4HqxoKbykW_rLl7","isFallback":false,"isExperimentalCompile":false,"dynamicIds":[84888],"gssp":true,"scriptLoader":[]}