Confirming the Factor Structure and Validity of the Physical Self-Perception Profile Among Chinese University Students

Confirming the Factor Structure and Validity of the Physical Self-Perception Profile Among Chinese University Students | Research Square window.SnipcartSettings = { analytics: { enabled: false } }; (function() { var accessVector = localStorage.getItem('access_vector') || ''; window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; if (accessVector) { window.dataLayer.push({ user: { profile: { profileInfo: { snid: accessVector } } } }); } })(); (function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start':new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0],j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src='https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f);})(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-K279D39R'); Browse Preprints In Review Journals COVID-19 Preprints AJE Video Bytes Research Tools Research Promotion AJE Professional Editing AJE Rubriq About Preprint Platform In Review Editorial Policies Our Team Advisory Board Help Center Sign In Submit a Preprint Cite Share Download PDF Research Article Confirming the Factor Structure and Validity of the Physical Self-Perception Profile Among Chinese University Students Hancheng Chen, Zulian Wang This is a preprint; it has not been peer reviewed by a journal. https://doi.org/ 10.21203/rs.3.rs-7146684/v1 This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License Status: Under Review Version 1 posted 6 You are reading this latest preprint version Abstract Objective This study aimed to conduct a psychometric validation of the Physical Self-Perception Profile (PSPP), with particular emphasis on its cultural relevance and measurement accuracy in the context of Chinese university students. Methods A stratified random sample of 150 students from a public university in Deyang, China, completed the PSPP. Reliability was assessed using Cronbach’s alpha, while the factor structure was examined through Exploratory Factor Analysis (EFA) and Confirmatory Factor Analysis (CFA) using SPSS and AMOS, respectively. Results The PSPP exhibited strong internal consistency, with Cronbach’s alpha values ranging from 0.91 to 0.96 across all subscales. EFA extracted five factors consistent with the original theoretical structure, and CFA confirmed an acceptable model fit (RMSEA = 0.053, CFI = 0.850, TLI = 0.950). These findings support the structural validity of the scale within the Chinese university context Conclusion The validated PSPP is a reliable and culturally appropriate instrument for assessing physical self-perception among Chinese university students. Its applicability extends to both educational and psychological research, particularly in exploring links between self-perception, motivation for physical activity, and mental health outcomes such as self-esteem and well-being. Physical Self-Perception Profile University Students in China Exploratory Factor Analysis Confirmatory Factor Analysis Figures Figure 1 1. Introduction Physical self-perception is a key component of self-esteem and mental well-being, particularly during the university years—a critical period for identity formation and psychological development 1 – 4 . It reflects individuals’ cognitive and emotional evaluations of their physical attributes, which are closely linked to physical activity engagement, motivation, and overall psychological health 4 – 7 . Moreover, extensive research has demonstrated a strong association between physical self-perception and physical activity participation (Marsh et al., 2006; Babic et al., 2014). Individuals who perceive themselves as more physically competent or attractive are more likely to engage in regular physical activity, which in turn reinforces positive self-perceptions—an effect consistent with the reciprocal pathways proposed in the Exercise and Self-Esteem Model (EXSEM) model 8 . In university populations, this link is particularly salient, as physical activity has been shown to enhance not only physical self-worth but also broader aspects of psychological well-being, such as motivation, emotional regulation, and academic resilience 9 – 12 . The PSPP, by capturing key components of perceived physical competence and appearance, has thus been increasingly employed to investigate the motivational and behavioral mechanisms that underpin physical activity in emerging adulthood 13 – 15 . Validating this scale in the context of the Chinese university students setting can support a more accurate assessment of these psychosocial pathways and inform interventions aimed at promoting active lifestyles and mental health among young adults. One of the most widely used tools to assess this construction is the Physical Self-Perception Profile (PSPP), originally developed by Fox and Corbin (1989). The PSPP measures five subdomains of physical self-perception: sports competence, physical strength, physical condition, bodily attractiveness, and physical self-worth 16 . Each subdomain includes six items, rated on a 4-point Likert scale from "strongly disagree" to "strongly agree." Resulting in a total of 30 items (see Appendix A). The PSPP has demonstrated robust psychometric properties in various countries, including the United Kingdom, Sweden, and Turkey 17 . The PSPP is grounded in the theoretical framework of physical self-concept, where self-perceptions across various physical domains contribute to broader self-worth and psychological outcomes (Fox & Corbin, 1989). This structure aligns with the Exercise and Self-Esteem Model (EXSEM), which posits that physical competence influences self-esteem through physical self-concept pathways 8 . Although widely applied internationally, the PSPP has not been thoroughly validated in Mainland China using classical test theory (CTT) methods 18 . Cultural context plays a significant role in shaping individuals' perceptions of their physical selves 19 – 21 , and Chinese university students, in particular, tend to be more modest and reserved in self-evaluations, especially in public or survey-based contexts 22 , 23 . Compared to their Western counterparts, this cultural tendency may lead to differences in how items are interpreted or how underlying constructs are structured 24 – 28 . Therefore, directly applying the PSPP in the Chinese context without adequate validation may result in biased assessments or inaccurate inferences. Notably, a recent study by Yang and Wu (2020) employed Rasch modeling to examine the psychometric properties of the Chinese version of the PSPP among university students 29 . Their findings supported the one-dimensionality and reliability of the scale, but also revealed differential item functioning (DIF) across gender 30 . While Rasch modeling offers item-level insights under item response theory (IRT), further validation using classical test theory approaches, including factor analysis and construct-level metrics, remains limited 31 . These methods are particularly useful for evaluating the factorial structure, convergent and discriminant validity, and internal consistency of multidimensional instruments such as the PSPP. In addition to its academic implications, the validated scale may serve as a useful assessment tool in psychological counseling, physical education programs, and health promotion initiatives targeting university students in China. Accordingly, the present study aims to psychometrically validate the PSPP among Chinese university students using classical test theory methods, including exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses, reliability testing, and construct validity assessment. This study not only addresses a critical gap in the literature but also contributes to a culturally grounded understanding of physical self-perception in the Chinese higher education context. The findings will support future cross-cultural comparisons and inform research and interventions targeting physical activity, self-concept, and mental well-being. 2. Methodology Data from 150 university students across 1 public universities in Mainland China will be collected to validate the PSPP questionnaire. Following the linguistic and cultural adaptation of the questionnaire, reliability and Exploratory Factor Analysis (EFA) will be conducted using SPSS to ascertain construct validity. Subsequently, structural equation modeling (SEM) via AMOS will be employed to rigorously validate the measurement and structural models. 3. Reliability The reliability of the questionnaire was assessed to ensure internal consistency across items, with Cronbach's alpha used as the primary measure 32 . Table 1 Reliability Statistics(Cronbach's Alpha) Construts No. of Items Cronbach's Alpha Sports Competence 6 .93 Physical Condition 6 .92 Body Attractiveness 6 .91 Physical Strength 6 .92 Physical Self-Worth 6 .92 Physical Self-Perception Profile (PSPP) 30 .96 Table 1 shows the reliability of the PSPP systematically evaluated through internal consistency metrics. The questionnaire comprises five subdomains, each containing six items, for a total of 30 items. Cronbach's alpha values were computed for each subdomain as well as for the overall questionnaire to ensure robust measurement across constructs. The alpha values obtained were as follows: Sports Competence (.93), Physical Condition (.92), Body Attractiveness (.91), Physical Strength (.92), and Physical Self-Worth (.92). The overall questionnaire demonstrated a high level of internal consistency with Cronbach’s alpha of .96. These results confirm that the PSPP maintains excellent reliability, making it a dependable tool for assessing various aspects of physical self-perception among Chinese university students. 4. Validity In Validity, the robustness of the PSPP is evaluated through EFA, Convergent Validity, Discriminant Validity, and Construct Validity, each demonstrating the instrument's capacity to capture the multifaceted nature of physical self-perception. Figure 1 illustrates the factor analysis model, hypothesizing the structure of physical self-perceptions. It visually depicts the relationships between the constructs such as Sports Competence, Physical Conditioning, Body Attractiveness, Physical Strength, and Physical Self-Worth . 4.1 EFA To establish the construct validity of the PSPP, an initial EFA)was conducted 33 . The Kaiser-Meyer-Olkin Measure of Sampling Adequacy (KMO) and Bartlett's Test of Sphericity, detailed in Table 2 , were first applied to assess the appropriateness of the factor analysis, yielding a KMO value of 0.934, indicating excellent sampling adequacy, and Bartlett's Test of Sphericity was significant (χ² = 3509.586, df = 435, p < 0.001), confirming strong correlations between items. Table 2 KMO and Bartlett's Test of the Questionnaire PSPP KMO and Bartlett's Test Kaiser-Meyer-Olkin Measure of Sampling Adequacy. 0.934 Bartlett's Test of Sphericity Approx. Chi-Square 3509.586 df 435 Sig. 0.001 The EFA revealed a clear five-factor structure, aligning well with the theoretical constructs proposed for the questionnaire. The pattern matrix in Table 3 further specifies the loadings of individual items on each identified component, supporting the multidimensional structure of the PSPP: Sports Competence showed factor loadings ranging from .683 to .817; Physical Strength had loadings between .726 and .810; Physical Conditioning items loaded with values from .761 to .860; Body Attractiveness items clustered with loadings from .700 to .756; and Physical Self-Worth revealed strong loadings from .733 to .803. Table 3 Exploratory Factor Analysis of the PSPP Pattern Matrix a Component 1 2 3 4 5 PSPP1 PSPP2 PSPP3 PSPP4 PSPP5 PSPP6 .817 .813 .722 .713 .709 .683 PSPP7 0.739 PSPP8 0.783 PSPP9 0.808 PSPP10 0.726 PSPP11 0.793 PSPP12 0.810 PSPP13 0.778 PSPP14 0.828 PSPP15 0.833 PSPP16 0.777 PSPP17 0.787 PSPP18 0.761 PSPP19 0.777 PSPP20 0.763 PSPP21 0.706 PSPP22 0.730 PSPP23 0.760 PSPP24 0.735 PSPP25 0.700 PSPP26 0.750 PSPP27 0.701 PSPP28 0.712 PSPP29 0.726 PSPP30 0.756 Note: PSPP = Physical Self-Perception Profile 4.2 Convergent validity Using AMOS software, Confirmatory Factor Analysis (CFA) was implemented to validate the constructs of the PSPP. This analysis constructed a structural equation model to test the hypothesized relationships between the latent variables represented by the questionnaire's factors. Key metrics calculated include composite reliability (CR) and average variance extracted (AVE), as detailed in Table 4 . which confirm the constructs' robustness and the model's predictive validity . Table 4 Convergent validity result of the PSPP Variable Factor loading CR AVE SC 0.843 0.9304 0.6905 0.821 0.854 0.800 0.809 0.857 PC 0.805 0.9197 0.6564 0.836 0.794 0.842 0.754 0.824 BA 0.760 0.8896 0.5737 0.682 0.779 0.783 0.794 0.741 PS 0.812 0.9179 0.6512 0.826 0.802 0.852 0.801 0.745 PSW 0.819 0.9264 0.6773 0.835 0.819 0.863 0.799 0.801 Note : PS = Physical Strength; PC = Physical Conditioning; PSW = Physical Self-Worth; SC = Sport Competence; BA = Body Attractiveness. The results demonstrate substantial convergent validity among Chinese university students, as evidenced in the reported metrics. The CR for each PSPP factor is well above the acceptable threshold of 0.7, indicating strong internal consistency. Additionally, the AVE values for all factors surpass the 0.5 threshold, confirming a high level of convergent validity, suitable for the constructs measured. 4.3 Discriminant Validity Discriminant validity of the PSPP was assessed using CFA in AMOS. As shown in Table 5, the square roots of the AVE values for each construct (diagonal elements) were all greater than the corresponding inter-construct correlations (off-diagonal elements), indicating that each latent construct shares more variance with its own indicators than with other constructs. This satisfies the Fornell-Larcker criterion for discriminant validity 34 . Table 5. Discriminant validity result of the PSPP SC PC BA PS PSW SC 0.831 PC 0.613 0.810 BA 0.485 0.510 0.757 PS 0.670 0.660 0.546 0.807 PSW 0.621 0.692 0.499 0.691 0.823 Specifically, the AVE square root values for all five subscales exceeded 0.75, while all inter-construct correlations were lower than the corresponding diagonal values. For example, the AVE square root for Sport Competence = 0.831, which is higher than its correlations with Physical Condition = 0.613, Body Attractiveness = 0.485, Physical Strength = 0.670, and Physical Self-Worth = 0.621. These results confirm that the PSPP exhibits good discriminant validity, indicating that the five subscales—SC, PC, BA, PS, and PSW—are conceptually and empirically distinct. This further supports the scale’s reliability and suitability for assessing different dimensions of physical self-perception among the target population. 4.4 Construct Validity The construct validity of the PSPP was rigorously assessed using AMOS, as demonstrated by key fit indices detailed in Table 6 . The CMIN/DF value of 1.424 significantly exceeds the standard criterion, indicating an excellent model fit typically desired to be less than 3. The RMSEA stands at 0.053, well within the acceptable limit of less than 0.08, suggesting a good fit. Both the Comparative Fit Index (CFI) and the Incremental Fit Index (IFI) are recorded at 0.950, highlighting strong structural integrity which surpasses the commonly accepted threshold of 0.90. Table 6 Construct result of the Physical Self-Perception Profile FI CMIN/DF RMSEA GFI NFI CFI IFI TLI SV <3or5 0.9 >0.9 >0.9 >0.9 >0.9 MAV 1.424 0.053 0.806 0.850 0.950 0.950 0.945 Additionally, the Tucker-Lewis Index (TLI) at 0.945 confirms the model's adequacy, collectively establishing the PSPP as a valid and reliable tool for evaluating physical self-perception among Chinese university students, suitable for extensive application in health and wellness academic research. 5. Discussion 5.1 Interpretation of Results The validation of the PSPP among Chinese university students, as examined through SPSS for reliability and EFA for exploring factor structures, suggests that the PSPP is a robust tool for evaluating physical self-perception in this population. High Cronbach's alpha values indicate excellent internal consistency, while the EFA supported the hypothesized dimensions of physical self-perception, mirroring findings from other cultural contexts which have also reported similar factor structures. Further validation was conducted using AMOS for structural equation modeling (SEM), which assessed the convergent validity, discriminant validity, and structural validity of the PSPP. This analysis confirmed the adequacy of the PSPP's constructs, with all constructs demonstrating good convergent validity as evidenced by high CR and AVE values exceeding standard thresholds 32 . These findings the PSPP's capability to offer a comprehensive and culturally relevant assessment of physical self-perception among Chinese university students, making it a valuable instrument for both academic research and practical applications. 5.2 Theoretical and Practical Implications The study’s results have important theoretical implications for the understanding of self-perception theories within different cultural contexts. They suggest that the constructs underlying the PSPP are not only applicable but also relevant in capturing the nuances of how physical self-perception is structured among Chinese university students. Practically, these insights can be used to develop targeted interventions aimed at enhancing physical self-esteem and overall well-being in this demographic. 5.3 Limitation The sample, restricted to public universities, may not entirely represent all Chinese university students. Future research should extend these findings through more diverse samples, including students from private and vocational institutions and different regions of China. 6. Conclusion This study conducted a comprehensive psychometric evaluation of the PSPP among Chinese university students using CTT. The findings provided robust evidence supporting the scale’s internal consistency, factorial structure, and construct validity within the Chinese cultural and educational context. Both exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses confirmed the hypothesized multidimensional framework of the PSPP, and reliability indices across all subdomains exceeded conventional thresholds, underscoring the instrument’s psychometric strength. By validating the PSPP through culturally grounded methods, this study underscores the importance of adapting psychological assessment tools for specific sociocultural populations 35 , 36 . The results highlight that physical self-perception among Chinese university students is influenced by distinct cultural norms and self-presentation tendencies, which differ from those observed in Western populations. For instance, Chinese students tend to evaluate themselves more modestly and place greater emphasis on bodily attractiveness and social appearance approval, rather than overt confidence in athletic competence or physical strength as often emphasized in Western cultures 5 , 11 . This culturally embedded modesty may affect how individuals respond to items related to self-worth and physical condition, thus reinforcing the need for localized validation of the PSPP 37 . Consequently, the localized validation of the PSPP not only enhances its relevance for Chinese educational and psychological research but also supports more accurate identification of students’ self-concept and body image issues. In practical terms, the validated PSPP can be employed in a range of applied settings—including physical education, mental health counseling, and health promotion initiatives within Chinese universities—to monitor and support students’ psychological well-being and motivation for physical activity 38 – 40 . Furthermore, the scale may be useful in designing gender-sensitive or intervention-specific programs, particularly considering cultural differences in how male and female students perceive physical self-worth. Looking forward, future research should explore the longitudinal stability of the PSPP’s constructs to assess how physical self-perception evolves over time in response to life transitions, academic pressures, or health interventions. In addition, cross-regional studies across diverse university types in China—such as private universities, vocational colleges, and technical universities—could enhance generalizability and offer insights into socio-demographic moderators. Comparative studies with other East Asian populations may also shed light on the shared and unique cultural dynamics of physical self-concept. Ultimately, this work provides a solid foundation for advancing culturally responsive psychometric research and strengthens the theoretical and practical understanding of how physical self-perception contributes to psychological well-being, self-esteem, and physical activity engagement in China’s higher education landscape. Declarations The study was conducted in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki and approved by the Institutional Review Board (or Ethics Committee) of SEGi University. The approval was granted by the SEGi Research Ethics Committee under the protocol code SEGiEC/SR/FOELPM/91/2024–2025 on 30th April 2024. Funding: This research received no external funding. All publication-related expenses were personally covered by the first author, Dr. Hancheng Chen. Informed Consent Statement: Informed consent was obtained from all subjects involved in the study. Prior to participation, each student was thoroughly informed about the study's purpose, procedures, potential risks, and benefits. They were also assured that their participation was voluntary and that they could withdraw from the study at any time without any consequences. Consent forms were signed by all participants, affirming their voluntary agreement to participate in the research. Data Availability Statement: Data supporting the reported results are not publicly available due to privacy and ethical restrictions. However, the data are available from the corresponding author, Hancheng Chen, upon reasonable request and with permission of the SEGi Research Ethics Committee. Acknowledgments: I would like to express my gratitude to all those who provided their invaluable assistance throughout the research process. Special thanks go to the staff and faculty of SEGi University for their administrative and technical support, and to my peers for their insights and encouragement. Additionally, I appreciate the contributions of the participants who generously gave their time and effort to partake in this study. Conflicts of Interest: The authors declare no conflicts of interest. The funders, who are also the authors of this study, had no role in the design of the study; in the collection, analyses, or inter-pretation of data; in the writing of the manuscript; or in the decision to publish the results. This ensures an unbiased representation and interpretation of the reported research results. Author Contribution Conceptualization, H.C.; methodology, H.C. and Z.W.; software, Z.W.; validation, H.C. and Z.W.; formal analysis, H.C.; data curation, Z.W.; writing—original draft preparation, H.C.; writing—review and editing, H.C. and Z.W.; supervision, H.C. Both authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript. Acknowledgement I would like to express my gratitude to all those who provided their invaluable assistance throughout the research process. Special thanks go to the staff and faculty of SEGi University for their administrative and technical support, and to my peers for their insights and encouragement. Additionally, I appreciate the contributions of the participants who generously gave their time and effort to partake in this study. References Palenzuela-Luis N, Duarte-Clíments G, Gómez-Salgado J, Rodríguez-Gómez JÁ, Sánchez-Gómez MB. International comparison of self-concept, self-perception and lifestyle in adolescents: a systematic review. Int J Public Health. 2022;67:1604954. Morano M, Robazza C, Ruiz MC, Bortoli L. Sport participation in early and middle adolescence: the interplay between self-perception and psychobiosocial experiences in predicting burnout symptoms. Front Psychol. 2022;13:855179. 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13:52:23","extension":"html","order_by":6,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":118417,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"earlyproof.html","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7146684/v1/b615567d893811a323667418.html"},{"id":93785546,"identity":"a229116f-f0df-44d7-9f29-bf661bcfeb01","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-10-17 14:00:23","extension":"png","order_by":1,"title":"Figure 1","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":150207,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003efactor analysis model hypothesizing a structure of physical self-perceptions\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"floatimage1.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7146684/v1/1be5b0ae09c6c4c32ea30e6c.png"},{"id":93785547,"identity":"aa280fbf-57de-44a8-8949-0a9ddb2ea634","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-10-17 14:00:27","extension":"pdf","order_by":0,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"manuscript-pdf","size":828373,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"manuscript.pdf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7146684/v1/3e577b64-537f-450a-b62c-7f0b3745600f.pdf"},{"id":93784543,"identity":"6abc5040-721b-46ec-bf19-0e44e0e9d3fb","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-10-17 13:52:22","extension":"docx","order_by":1,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"supplement","size":19884,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"AppendixA.docx","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7146684/v1/4740bc654e7d143fe688b85b.docx"}],"financialInterests":"No competing interests reported.","formattedTitle":"Confirming the Factor Structure and Validity of the Physical Self-Perception Profile Among Chinese University Students","fulltext":[{"header":"1. Introduction","content":"\u003cp\u003ePhysical self-perception is a key component of self-esteem and mental well-being, particularly during the university years\u0026mdash;a critical period for identity formation and psychological development \u003csup\u003e\u003cspan additionalcitationids=\"CR2 CR3\" citationid=\"CR1\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e\u0026ndash;\u003cspan citationid=\"CR4\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e. It reflects individuals\u0026rsquo; cognitive and emotional evaluations of their physical attributes, which are closely linked to physical activity engagement, motivation, and overall psychological health \u003csup\u003e\u003cspan additionalcitationids=\"CR5 CR6\" citationid=\"CR4\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003e\u0026ndash;\u003cspan citationid=\"CR7\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e7\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e. Moreover, extensive research has demonstrated a strong association between physical self-perception and physical activity participation (Marsh et al., 2006; Babic et al., 2014). Individuals who perceive themselves as more physically competent or attractive are more likely to engage in regular physical activity, which in turn reinforces positive self-perceptions\u0026mdash;an effect consistent with the reciprocal pathways proposed in the Exercise and Self-Esteem Model (EXSEM) model \u003csup\u003e\u003cspan citationid=\"CR8\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e8\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e. In university populations, this link is particularly salient, as physical activity has been shown to enhance not only physical self-worth but also broader aspects of psychological well-being, such as motivation, emotional regulation, and academic resilience \u003csup\u003e\u003cspan additionalcitationids=\"CR10 CR11\" citationid=\"CR9\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e9\u003c/span\u003e\u0026ndash;\u003cspan citationid=\"CR12\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e12\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e. The PSPP, by capturing key components of perceived physical competence and appearance, has thus been increasingly employed to investigate the motivational and behavioral mechanisms that underpin physical activity in emerging adulthood \u003csup\u003e\u003cspan additionalcitationids=\"CR14\" citationid=\"CR13\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e13\u003c/span\u003e\u0026ndash;\u003cspan citationid=\"CR15\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e15\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e. Validating this scale in the context of the Chinese university students setting can support a more accurate assessment of these psychosocial pathways and inform interventions aimed at promoting active lifestyles and mental health among young adults.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eOne of the most widely used tools to assess this construction is the Physical Self-Perception Profile (PSPP), originally developed by Fox and Corbin (1989). The PSPP measures five subdomains of physical self-perception: sports competence, physical strength, physical condition, bodily attractiveness, and physical self-worth \u003csup\u003e\u003cspan citationid=\"CR16\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e16\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e. Each subdomain includes six items, rated on a 4-point Likert scale from \"strongly disagree\" to \"strongly agree.\" Resulting in a total of 30 items (see Appendix A). The PSPP has demonstrated robust psychometric properties in various countries, including the United Kingdom, Sweden, and Turkey \u003csup\u003e\u003cspan citationid=\"CR17\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e17\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e. The PSPP is grounded in the theoretical framework of physical self-concept, where self-perceptions across various physical domains contribute to broader self-worth and psychological outcomes (Fox \u0026amp; Corbin, 1989). This structure aligns with the Exercise and Self-Esteem Model (EXSEM), which posits that physical competence influences self-esteem through physical self-concept pathways \u003csup\u003e\u003cspan citationid=\"CR8\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e8\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eAlthough widely applied internationally, the PSPP has not been thoroughly validated in Mainland China using classical test theory (CTT) methods \u003csup\u003e\u003cspan citationid=\"CR18\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e18\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e. Cultural context plays a significant role in shaping individuals' perceptions of their physical selves \u003csup\u003e\u003cspan additionalcitationids=\"CR20\" citationid=\"CR19\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e19\u003c/span\u003e\u0026ndash;\u003cspan citationid=\"CR21\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e21\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e, and Chinese university students, in particular, tend to be more modest and reserved in self-evaluations, especially in public or survey-based contexts \u003csup\u003e\u003cspan citationid=\"CR22\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e22\u003c/span\u003e,\u003cspan citationid=\"CR23\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e23\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e. Compared to their Western counterparts, this cultural tendency may lead to differences in how items are interpreted or how underlying constructs are structured \u003csup\u003e\u003cspan additionalcitationids=\"CR25 CR26 CR27\" citationid=\"CR24\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e24\u003c/span\u003e\u0026ndash;\u003cspan citationid=\"CR28\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e28\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e. Therefore, directly applying the PSPP in the Chinese context without adequate validation may result in biased assessments or inaccurate inferences.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eNotably, a recent study by Yang and Wu (2020) employed Rasch modeling to examine the psychometric properties of the Chinese version of the PSPP among university students \u003csup\u003e\u003cspan citationid=\"CR29\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e29\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e. Their findings supported the one-dimensionality and reliability of the scale, but also revealed differential item functioning (DIF) across gender \u003csup\u003e\u003cspan citationid=\"CR30\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e30\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e. While Rasch modeling offers item-level insights under item response theory (IRT), further validation using classical test theory approaches, including factor analysis and construct-level metrics, remains limited \u003csup\u003e\u003cspan citationid=\"CR31\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e31\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e. These methods are particularly useful for evaluating the factorial structure, convergent and discriminant validity, and internal consistency of multidimensional instruments such as the PSPP. In addition to its academic implications, the validated scale may serve as a useful assessment tool in psychological counseling, physical education programs, and health promotion initiatives targeting university students in China.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eAccordingly, the present study aims to psychometrically validate the PSPP among Chinese university students using classical test theory methods, including exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses, reliability testing, and construct validity assessment. This study not only addresses a critical gap in the literature but also contributes to a culturally grounded understanding of physical self-perception in the Chinese higher education context. The findings will support future cross-cultural comparisons and inform research and interventions targeting physical activity, self-concept, and mental well-being.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"2. Methodology","content":"\u003cp\u003eData from 150 university students across 1 public universities in Mainland China will be collected to validate the PSPP questionnaire. Following the linguistic and cultural adaptation of the questionnaire, reliability and Exploratory Factor Analysis (EFA) will be conducted using SPSS to ascertain construct validity. Subsequently, structural equation modeling (SEM) via AMOS will be employed to rigorously validate the measurement and structural models.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"3. Reliability","content":"\u003cp\u003eThe reliability of the questionnaire was assessed to ensure internal consistency across items, with Cronbach's alpha used as the primary measure \u003csup\u003e\u003cspan citationid=\"CR32\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e32\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab1\" border=\"1\"\u003e\u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 1\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eReliability Statistics(Cronbach's Alpha)\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/caption\u003e\u003ccolgroup cols=\"3\"\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cthead\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eConstruts\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eNo. of Items\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eCronbach's Alpha\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/thead\u003e\u003ctbody\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eSports Competence\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e6\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e.93\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003ePhysical Condition\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e6\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e.92\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eBody Attractiveness\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e6\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e.91\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003ePhysical Strength\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e6\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e.92\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003ePhysical Self-Worth\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e6\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e.92\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003ePhysical Self-Perception Profile (PSPP)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e30\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e.96\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/tbody\u003e\u003c/colgroup\u003e\u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eTable\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab1\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e shows the reliability of the PSPP systematically evaluated through internal consistency metrics. The questionnaire comprises five subdomains, each containing six items, for a total of 30 items. Cronbach's alpha values were computed for each subdomain as well as for the overall questionnaire to ensure robust measurement across constructs. The alpha values obtained were as follows: Sports Competence (.93), Physical Condition (.92), Body Attractiveness (.91), Physical Strength (.92), and Physical Self-Worth (.92). The overall questionnaire demonstrated a high level of internal consistency with Cronbach\u0026rsquo;s alpha of .96. These results confirm that the PSPP maintains excellent reliability, making it a dependable tool for assessing various aspects of physical self-perception among Chinese university students.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"4. Validity","content":"\u003cp\u003eIn Validity, the robustness of the PSPP is evaluated through EFA, Convergent Validity, Discriminant Validity, and Construct Validity, each demonstrating the instrument\u0026apos;s capacity to capture the multifaceted nature of physical self-perception. Figure\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e illustrates the factor analysis model, hypothesizing the structure of physical self-perceptions. It visually depicts the relationships between the constructs such as Sports Competence, Physical Conditioning, Body Attractiveness, Physical Strength, and Physical Self-Worth .\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cdiv id=\"Sec5\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e\n \u003ch2\u003e4.1 EFA\u003c/h2\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eTo establish the construct validity of the PSPP, an initial EFA)was conducted \u003csup\u003e\u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e33\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e. The Kaiser-Meyer-Olkin Measure of Sampling Adequacy (KMO) and Bartlett\u0026apos;s Test of Sphericity, detailed in Table \u003cspan class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e, were first applied to assess the appropriateness of the factor analysis, yielding a KMO value of 0.934, indicating excellent sampling adequacy, and Bartlett\u0026apos;s Test of Sphericity was significant (\u0026chi;\u0026sup2; = 3509.586, df\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;435, p\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001), confirming strong correlations between items.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\n \u003ctable id=\"Tab2\" border=\"1\"\u003e\n \u003ccaption\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 2\u003c/div\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eKMO and Bartlett\u0026apos;s Test of the Questionnaire PSPP\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/div\u003e\n \u003c/caption\u003e\n \u003cthead\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003cth colspan=\"3\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eKMO and Bartlett\u0026apos;s Test\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/thead\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eKaiser-Meyer-Olkin Measure of Sampling Adequacy.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.934\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"3\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eBartlett\u0026apos;s Test of Sphericity\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eApprox. Chi-Square\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3509.586\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003edf\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e435\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSig.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.001\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n \u003c/table\u003e\n \u003c/div\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eThe EFA revealed a clear five-factor structure, aligning well with the theoretical constructs proposed for the questionnaire. The pattern matrix in Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e further specifies the loadings of individual items on each identified component, supporting the multidimensional structure of the PSPP: Sports Competence showed factor loadings ranging from .683 to .817; Physical Strength had loadings between .726 and .810; Physical Conditioning items loaded with values from .761 to .860; Body Attractiveness items clustered with loadings from .700 to .756; and Physical Self-Worth revealed strong loadings from .733 to .803.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\n \u003ctable id=\"Tab3\" border=\"1\"\u003e\n \u003ccaption\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 3\u003c/div\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eExploratory Factor Analysis of the PSPP\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/div\u003e\n \u003c/caption\u003e\n \u003cthead\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003cth colspan=\"6\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePattern Matrix\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/thead\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"2\" align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"5\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eComponent\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"6\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePSPP1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePSPP2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePSPP3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePSPP4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePSPP5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePSPP6\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.817\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.813\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.722\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.713\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.709\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.683\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePSPP7\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.739\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePSPP8\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.783\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePSPP9\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.808\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePSPP10\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.726\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePSPP11\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.793\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePSPP12\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.810\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePSPP13\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.778\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePSPP14\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.828\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePSPP15\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.833\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePSPP16\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.777\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePSPP17\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.787\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePSPP18\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.761\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePSPP19\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.777\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePSPP20\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.763\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePSPP21\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.706\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePSPP22\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.730\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePSPP23\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.760\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePSPP24\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.735\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePSPP25\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.700\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePSPP26\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.750\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePSPP27\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.701\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePSPP28\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.712\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePSPP29\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.726\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePSPP30\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.756\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n \u003ctfoot\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"6\"\u003eNote: PSPP\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;Physical Self-Perception Profile\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tfoot\u003e\n \u003c/table\u003e\n \u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv id=\"Sec6\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e\n \u003ch2\u003e4.2 Convergent validity\u003c/h2\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eUsing AMOS software, Confirmatory Factor Analysis (CFA) was implemented to validate the constructs of the PSPP. This analysis constructed a structural equation model to test the hypothesized relationships between the latent variables represented by the questionnaire\u0026apos;s factors. Key metrics calculated include composite reliability (CR) and average variance extracted (AVE), as detailed in Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003e. which confirm the constructs\u0026apos; robustness and the model\u0026apos;s predictive validity .\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\n \u003ctable id=\"Tab4\" border=\"1\"\u003e\n \u003ccaption\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 4\u003c/div\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eConvergent validity result of the PSPP\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/div\u003e\n \u003c/caption\u003e\n \u003cthead\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eVariable\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eFactor loading\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eCR\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAVE\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/thead\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"6\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSC\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.843\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"6\" align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.9304\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"6\" align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.6905\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.821\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.854\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.800\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.809\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.857\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"6\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePC\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.805\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"6\" align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.9197\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"6\" align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.6564\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.836\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.794\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.842\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.754\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.824\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"6\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eBA\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.760\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"6\" align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.8896\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"6\" align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.5737\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.682\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.779\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.783\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.794\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.741\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"6\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePS\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.812\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"6\" align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.9179\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"6\" align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.6512\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.826\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.802\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.852\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.801\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.745\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"6\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePSW\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.819\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"6\" align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.9264\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"6\" align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.6773\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.835\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.819\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.863\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.799\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.801\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n \u003ctfoot\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"4\"\u003e\u003cem\u003eNote\u003c/em\u003e: PS\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;Physical Strength; PC\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;Physical Conditioning; PSW\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;Physical Self-Worth; SC\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;Sport Competence; BA\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;Body Attractiveness.\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tfoot\u003e\n \u003c/table\u003e\n \u003c/div\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eThe results demonstrate substantial convergent validity among Chinese university students, as evidenced in the reported metrics. The CR for each PSPP factor is well above the acceptable threshold of 0.7, indicating strong internal consistency. Additionally, the AVE values for all factors surpass the 0.5 threshold, confirming a high level of convergent validity, suitable for the constructs measured.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv id=\"Sec7\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e\n \u003ch2\u003e4.3 Discriminant Validity\u003c/h2\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"colspec\" align=\"left\"\u003eDiscriminant validity of the PSPP was assessed using CFA in AMOS. As shown in Table\u0026nbsp;5, the square roots of the AVE values for each construct (diagonal elements) were all greater than the corresponding inter-construct correlations (off-diagonal elements), indicating that each latent construct shares more variance with its own indicators than with other constructs. This satisfies the Fornell-Larcker criterion for discriminant validity \u003csup\u003e\u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e34\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e.\u003c/div\u003e\n \u003c/div\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eTable\u0026nbsp;5. Discriminant validity result of the PSPP\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"colspec\" align=\"char\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/div\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"colspec\" align=\"char\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/div\u003e\n \u003ctable id=\"Taba\" border=\"1\"\u003e\n \u003cthead\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSC\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePC\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eBA\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePS\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePSW\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/thead\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSC\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e0.831\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePC\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.613\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e0.810\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eBA\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.485\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.510\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e0.757\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePS\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.670\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.660\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.546\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e0.807\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePSW\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.621\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.692\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.499\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.691\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e0.823\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n \u003c/table\u003e\n \u003c/div\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSpecifically, the AVE square root values for all five subscales exceeded 0.75, while all inter-construct correlations were lower than the corresponding diagonal values. For example, the AVE square root for Sport Competence\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.831, which is higher than its correlations with Physical Condition\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.613, Body Attractiveness\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.485, Physical Strength\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.670, and Physical Self-Worth =\u0026thinsp;0.621.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eThese results confirm that the PSPP exhibits good discriminant validity, indicating that the five subscales\u0026mdash;SC, PC, BA, PS, and PSW\u0026mdash;are conceptually and empirically distinct. This further supports the scale\u0026rsquo;s reliability and suitability for assessing different dimensions of physical self-perception among the target population.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv id=\"Sec8\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e\n \u003ch2\u003e4.4 Construct Validity\u003c/h2\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eThe construct validity of the PSPP was rigorously assessed using AMOS, as demonstrated by key fit indices detailed in Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e6\u003c/span\u003e. The CMIN/DF value of 1.424 significantly exceeds the standard criterion, indicating an excellent model fit typically desired to be less than 3. The RMSEA stands at 0.053, well within the acceptable limit of less than 0.08, suggesting a good fit. Both the Comparative Fit Index (CFI) and the Incremental Fit Index (IFI) are recorded at 0.950, highlighting strong structural integrity which surpasses the commonly accepted threshold of 0.90.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\n \u003ctable id=\"Tab5\" border=\"1\"\u003e\n \u003ccaption\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 6\u003c/div\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eConstruct result of the Physical Self-Perception Profile\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/div\u003e\n \u003c/caption\u003e\n \u003cthead\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eFI\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eCMIN/DF\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eRMSEA\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eGFI\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNFI\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eCFI\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eIFI\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eTLI\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/thead\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSV\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;3or5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;0.0or0.1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026gt;0.9\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026gt;0.9\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026gt;0.9\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026gt;0.9\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026gt;0.9\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMAV\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.424\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.053\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.806\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.850\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.950\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.950\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.945\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n \u003c/table\u003e\n \u003c/div\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAdditionally, the Tucker-Lewis Index (TLI) at 0.945 confirms the model\u0026apos;s adequacy, collectively establishing the PSPP as a valid and reliable tool for evaluating physical self-perception among Chinese university students, suitable for extensive application in health and wellness academic research.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e"},{"header":"5. Discussion","content":"\u003cdiv id=\"Sec10\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e\u003ch2\u003e5.1 Interpretation of Results\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe validation of the PSPP among Chinese university students, as examined through SPSS for reliability and EFA for exploring factor structures, suggests that the PSPP is a robust tool for evaluating physical self-perception in this population. High Cronbach's alpha values indicate excellent internal consistency, while the EFA supported the hypothesized dimensions of physical self-perception, mirroring findings from other cultural contexts which have also reported similar factor structures.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eFurther validation was conducted using AMOS for structural equation modeling (SEM), which assessed the convergent validity, discriminant validity, and structural validity of the PSPP. This analysis confirmed the adequacy of the PSPP's constructs, with all constructs demonstrating good convergent validity as evidenced by high CR and AVE values exceeding standard thresholds \u003csup\u003e\u003cspan citationid=\"CR32\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e32\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThese findings the PSPP's capability to offer a comprehensive and culturally relevant assessment of physical self-perception among Chinese university students, making it a valuable instrument for both academic research and practical applications.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv id=\"Sec11\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e\u003ch2\u003e5.2 Theoretical and Practical Implications\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe study\u0026rsquo;s results have important theoretical implications for the understanding of self-perception theories within different cultural contexts. They suggest that the constructs underlying the PSPP are not only applicable but also relevant in capturing the nuances of how physical self-perception is structured among Chinese university students. Practically, these insights can be used to develop targeted interventions aimed at enhancing physical self-esteem and overall well-being in this demographic.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv id=\"Sec12\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e\u003ch2\u003e5.3 Limitation\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe sample, restricted to public universities, may not entirely represent all Chinese university students. Future research should extend these findings through more diverse samples, including students from private and vocational institutions and different regions of China.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e"},{"header":"6. Conclusion","content":"\u003cp\u003eThis study conducted a comprehensive psychometric evaluation of the PSPP among Chinese university students using CTT. The findings provided robust evidence supporting the scale\u0026rsquo;s internal consistency, factorial structure, and construct validity within the Chinese cultural and educational context. Both exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses confirmed the hypothesized multidimensional framework of the PSPP, and reliability indices across all subdomains exceeded conventional thresholds, underscoring the instrument\u0026rsquo;s psychometric strength.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eBy validating the PSPP through culturally grounded methods, this study underscores the importance of adapting psychological assessment tools for specific sociocultural populations \u003csup\u003e\u003cspan citationid=\"CR35\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e35\u003c/span\u003e,\u003cspan citationid=\"CR36\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e36\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e. The results highlight that physical self-perception among Chinese university students is influenced by distinct cultural norms and self-presentation tendencies, which differ from those observed in Western populations. For instance, Chinese students tend to evaluate themselves more modestly and place greater emphasis on bodily attractiveness and social appearance approval, rather than overt confidence in athletic competence or physical strength as often emphasized in Western cultures \u003csup\u003e\u003cspan citationid=\"CR5\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e5\u003c/span\u003e,\u003cspan citationid=\"CR11\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e11\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e. This culturally embedded modesty may affect how individuals respond to items related to self-worth and physical condition, thus reinforcing the need for localized validation of the PSPP \u003csup\u003e\u003cspan citationid=\"CR37\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e37\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e. Consequently, the localized validation of the PSPP not only enhances its relevance for Chinese educational and psychological research but also supports more accurate identification of students\u0026rsquo; self-concept and body image issues.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eIn practical terms, the validated PSPP can be employed in a range of applied settings\u0026mdash;including physical education, mental health counseling, and health promotion initiatives within Chinese universities\u0026mdash;to monitor and support students\u0026rsquo; psychological well-being and motivation for physical activity \u003csup\u003e\u003cspan additionalcitationids=\"CR39\" citationid=\"CR38\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e38\u003c/span\u003e\u0026ndash;\u003cspan citationid=\"CR40\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e40\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e. Furthermore, the scale may be useful in designing gender-sensitive or intervention-specific programs, particularly considering cultural differences in how male and female students perceive physical self-worth.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eLooking forward, future research should explore the longitudinal stability of the PSPP\u0026rsquo;s constructs to assess how physical self-perception evolves over time in response to life transitions, academic pressures, or health interventions. In addition, cross-regional studies across diverse university types in China\u0026mdash;such as private universities, vocational colleges, and technical universities\u0026mdash;could enhance generalizability and offer insights into socio-demographic moderators. Comparative studies with other East Asian populations may also shed light on the shared and unique cultural dynamics of physical self-concept.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eUltimately, this work provides a solid foundation for advancing culturally responsive psychometric research and strengthens the theoretical and practical understanding of how physical self-perception contributes to psychological well-being, self-esteem, and physical activity engagement in China\u0026rsquo;s higher education landscape.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Declarations","content":"\u003cp\u003eThe study was conducted in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki and approved by the Institutional Review Board (or Ethics Committee) of SEGi University. The approval was granted by the SEGi Research Ethics Committee under the protocol code SEGiEC/SR/FOELPM/91/2024\u0026ndash;2025 on 30th April 2024.\u003c/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eFunding:\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eThis research received no external funding. All publication-related expenses were personally covered by the first author, Dr. Hancheng Chen.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eInformed Consent Statement: Informed consent was obtained from all subjects involved in the study. Prior to participation, each student was thoroughly informed about the study's purpose, procedures, potential risks, and benefits. They were also assured that their participation was voluntary and that they could withdraw from the study at any time without any consequences. Consent forms were signed by all participants, affirming their voluntary agreement to participate in the research.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eData Availability Statement: Data supporting the reported results are not publicly available due to privacy and ethical restrictions. However, the data are available from the corresponding author, Hancheng Chen, upon reasonable request and with permission of the SEGi Research Ethics Committee.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eAcknowledgments: I would like to express my gratitude to all those who provided their invaluable assistance throughout the research process. Special thanks go to the staff and faculty of SEGi University for their administrative and technical support, and to my peers for their insights and encouragement. Additionally, I appreciate the contributions of the participants who generously gave their time and effort to partake in this study.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eConflicts of Interest: The authors declare no conflicts of interest. The funders, who are also the authors of this study, had no role in the design of the study; in the collection, analyses, or inter-pretation of data; in the writing of the manuscript; or in the decision to publish the results. This ensures an unbiased representation and interpretation of the reported research results.\u003c/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eAuthor Contribution\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eConceptualization, H.C.; methodology, H.C. and Z.W.; software, Z.W.; validation, H.C. and Z.W.; formal analysis, H.C.; data curation, Z.W.; writing\u0026mdash;original draft preparation, H.C.; writing\u0026mdash;review and editing, H.C. and Z.W.; supervision, H.C. Both authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.\u003c/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eAcknowledgement\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eI would like to express my gratitude to all those who provided their invaluable assistance throughout the research process. Special thanks go to the staff and faculty of SEGi University for their administrative and technical support, and to my peers for their insights and encouragement. Additionally, I appreciate the contributions of the participants who generously gave their time and effort to partake in this study.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"References","content":"\u003col\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003ePalenzuela-Luis N, Duarte-Cl\u0026iacute;ments G, G\u0026oacute;mez-Salgado J, Rodr\u0026iacute;guez-G\u0026oacute;mez J\u0026Aacute;, S\u0026aacute;nchez-G\u0026oacute;mez MB. International comparison of self-concept, self-perception and lifestyle in adolescents: a systematic review. Int J Public Health. 2022;67:1604954.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eMorano M, Robazza C, Ruiz MC, Bortoli L. Sport participation in early and middle adolescence: the interplay between self-perception and psychobiosocial experiences in predicting burnout symptoms. Front Psychol. 2022;13:855179.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eLu TC, Wang CX, Tao BL, Sui HR, Yan J. 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The relationship between students\u0026rsquo; physical self-concept and their physical activity levels and sedentary behavior: the role of students\u0026rsquo; motivation. \u003cem\u003eInternational journal of environmental research and public health\u003c/em\u003e 18, 7775 (2021).\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eN\u0026uacute;\u0026ntilde;ez JL, et al. Influence of physical self-concept and motivational processes on moderate-to-vigorous physical activity of adolescents. Front Psychol. 2021;12:685612.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eSonstroem RJ, Morgan WP. Exercise and self-esteem: rationale and model. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 1989;21:329\u0026ndash;37.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eBasson M. Coping, resilience, self-esteem and age as predictors of psychological well-being amongst undergraduate university students. (2021).\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eSalem MB. 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Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2022;19:11596.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003c/ol\u003e"}],"fulltextSource":"","fullText":"","funders":[],"hasAdminPriorityOnWorkflow":false,"hasManuscriptDocX":true,"hasOptedInToPreprint":true,"hasPassedJournalQc":"","hasAnyPriority":false,"hideJournal":false,"highlight":"","institution":"","isAcceptedByJournal":false,"isAuthorSuppliedPdf":false,"isDeskRejected":"","isHiddenFromSearch":false,"isInQc":false,"isInWorkflow":false,"isPdf":false,"isPdfUpToDate":true,"isWithdrawnOrRetracted":false,"journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"bmc-psychology","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"externalIdentity":"psyo","sideBox":"Learn more about [BMC Psychology](http://bmcpsychology.biomedcentral.com/)","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"","title":"BMC Psychology","twitterHandle":"BMC_series","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":true,"editorialSystem":"stoa","reportingPortfolio":"BMC Series","inReviewEnabled":true,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true},"keywords":"Physical Self-Perception Profile, University Students in China, Exploratory Factor Analysis, Confirmatory Factor Analysis","lastPublishedDoi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-7146684/v1","lastPublishedDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-7146684/v1","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"},"manuscriptAbstract":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eObjective\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThis study aimed to conduct a psychometric validation of the Physical Self-Perception Profile (PSPP), with particular emphasis on its cultural relevance and measurement accuracy in the context of Chinese university students.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eMethods\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eA stratified random sample of 150 students from a public university in Deyang, China, completed the PSPP. Reliability was assessed using Cronbach\u0026rsquo;s alpha, while the factor structure was examined through Exploratory Factor Analysis (EFA) and Confirmatory Factor Analysis (CFA) using SPSS and AMOS, respectively.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eResults\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe PSPP exhibited strong internal consistency, with Cronbach\u0026rsquo;s alpha values ranging from 0.91 to 0.96 across all subscales. EFA extracted five factors consistent with the original theoretical structure, and CFA confirmed an acceptable model fit (RMSEA\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.053, CFI\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.850, TLI\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.950). These findings support the structural validity of the scale within the Chinese university context\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eConclusion\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe validated PSPP is a reliable and culturally appropriate instrument for assessing physical self-perception among Chinese university students. Its applicability extends to both educational and psychological research, particularly in exploring links between self-perception, motivation for physical activity, and mental health outcomes such as self-esteem and well-being.\u003c/p\u003e","manuscriptTitle":"Confirming the Factor Structure and Validity of the Physical Self-Perception Profile Among Chinese University Students","msid":"","msnumber":"","nonDraftVersions":[{"code":1,"date":"2025-10-17 13:52:18","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-7146684/v1","editorialEvents":[{"type":"communityComments","content":0},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"64984967851793718175922343365475201770","date":"2025-10-08T18:39:09+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewersInvited","content":"","date":"2025-10-06T17:01:09+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorInvited","content":"","date":"2025-07-24T15:36:04+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorAssigned","content":"","date":"2025-07-18T08:39:39+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"checksComplete","content":"","date":"2025-07-18T08:34:38+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"submitted","content":"BMC Psychology","date":"2025-07-17T08:23:24+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""}],"status":"published","journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"bmc-psychology","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"externalIdentity":"psyo","sideBox":"Learn more about [BMC Psychology](http://bmcpsychology.biomedcentral.com/)","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"","title":"BMC Psychology","twitterHandle":"BMC_series","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":true,"editorialSystem":"stoa","reportingPortfolio":"BMC Series","inReviewEnabled":true,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true}}],"origin":"","ownerIdentity":"58477252-bb61-49b0-8243-f890182d4872","owner":[],"postedDate":"October 17th, 2025","published":true,"recentEditorialEvents":[],"rejectedJournal":[],"revision":"","amendment":"","status":"under-review","subjectAreas":[],"tags":[],"updatedAt":"2025-10-17T13:52:18+00:00","versionOfRecord":[],"versionCreatedAt":"2025-10-17 13:52:18","video":"","vorDoi":"","vorDoiUrl":"","workflowStages":[]},"version":"v1","identity":"rs-7146684","journalConfig":"researchsquare"},"__N_SSP":true},"page":"/article/[identity]/[[...version]]","query":{"redirect":"/article/rs-7146684","identity":"rs-7146684","version":["v1"]},"buildId":"8U1c8b4HqxoKbykW_rLl7","isFallback":false,"isExperimentalCompile":false,"dynamicIds":[84888],"gssp":true,"scriptLoader":[]}