Integrated Nutrient Management, Soil Biological Functions, and their Linkages with Fruit Quality in Mango (Mangifera indica L.) under Medium-Density Planting

Integrated Nutrient Management, Soil Biological Functions, and their Linkages with Fruit Quality in Mango (Mangifera indica L.) under Medium-Density Planting | Research Square window.SnipcartSettings = { analytics: { enabled: false } }; (function() { var accessVector = localStorage.getItem('access_vector') || ''; window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; if (accessVector) { window.dataLayer.push({ user: { profile: { profileInfo: { snid: accessVector } } } }); } })(); (function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start':new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0],j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src='https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f);})(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-K279D39R'); Browse Preprints In Review Journals COVID-19 Preprints AJE Video Bytes Research Tools Research Promotion AJE Professional Editing AJE Rubriq About Preprint Platform In Review Editorial Policies Our Team Advisory Board Help Center Sign In Submit a Preprint Cite Share Download PDF Research Article Integrated Nutrient Management, Soil Biological Functions, and their Linkages with Fruit Quality in Mango ( Mangifera indica L.) under Medium-Density Planting Kuldeep, Ashok Kumar Singh, Omveer Singh This is a preprint; it has not been peer reviewed by a journal. https://doi.org/ 10.21203/rs.3.rs-9265673/v1 This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License Status: Posted Version 1 posted You are reading this latest preprint version Abstract Integrated nutrient management (INM) using reduced recommended doses of fertilizers (RDF) as well as soil and/or foliar micronutrients is now widely advocated for the maintenance of soil health and fruit quality in intensive tropical orchards. Two years of field investigation (2023-2024) were undertaken to evaluate the impacts of ten INM treatments on soil biochemical properties, microbial communities, enzymatic action, leaf & fruit nutrition, and fruit quality in a medium-density (5 × 5 m) mango ( Mangifera indica L. cv. Dashehari) orchard. Treatments included 100 %, 75 %, 50 %, and 25 % RDF with or without soil micronutrients and 1-2 foliar micronutrient sprays in a randomized block arrangement with three replications. Both reduced RDF + foliar micronutrients (T 8 : 75 % RDF + two foliar sprays and T 9 : 50 % RDF + two foliar sprays) enhanced post-harvest soil pH, organic carbon, available N, K, and micronutrients (Fe, Zn, Cu, B, Ca). These treatments also increased AMF spore density (>3-fold greater than 100 % RDF control), bacterial count, and key enzyme activities (dehydrogenase, urease, acid, and alkaline phosphatases). Multivariate analysis (PCA, RDA, Pearson correlation, & Regression model) also verified strong positive correlations between microbial/enzymatic factors and soil-plant nutrient pools. As a result, leaf micronutrient and chlorophyll contents, fruit TSS (up to 20.78 °Brix), sugars, ascorbic acid, carotenoids, shelf life, flavonoids, total phenols, and antioxidant enzyme activities significantly increased, with the greatest value always obtained in the T 8 and T 9 . The findings show that prudent reduction of macronutrient fertilizers along with foliar micronutrients recovers biological functions of soil, promotes plant-microbe feedbacks, and yields superior fruit nutritional and phytochemical quality. The INM approach is a feasible and sustainable approach to tropical perennial agroecosystems. Horticulture Integrated nutrient management foliar micronutrients arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi soil enzyme activities microbial communities fruit quality mango orchard sustainable nutrient management Figures Figure 1 Figure 2 Figure 3 Figure 4 Figure 5 1. Introduction Mango ( Mangifera indica L.) is a nutrient-rich tropical fruit with significant commercial value and is one of the most widely cultivated tropical fruits in the world. Globally, it is cultivated on about 5.8 million hectares and is important for food security, rural livelihoods, and export economies (FAO 2024 ; Galán Saúco and Lu 2023 ). With over 2.5 million hectares, India is the world’s largest producer, contributing nearly 40% to world production. The next largest producers were China, Thailand, Mexico, and Brazil (FAO 2024 ). Both India and other major producing countries in recent years have adopted high-density planting systems to maximize productivity per unit area, maintain optimal canopy architecture, allow mechanization, and improve the quality of fruits (Deb et al. 2024; Dhotra et al. 2021 ). RDF (conventional recommended dose) of fertilizer is the standard practice of nutrient management in these intensive systems. But overuse of RDF frequently interferes with rhizosphere chemistry, suppresses microbial activity, and compromises long-term soil health (Han et al. 2025 ; Kumar et al. 2021 ; Bargaz et al. 2018 ). In mango orchards, arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF), heterotrophic bacteria, and extracellular enzymes are instrumental in nutrient acquisition, organic-matter decomposition, and biogeochemical cycling (Smith and Smith 2011a , b ; McLaren et al. 2020 ; Turner et al. 2021 ; Bünemann et al. 2015; Spohn 2020). AMF create large extraradical hyphal networks that promote the uptake of micronutrients in exchange for plant-derived carbon, thereby improving nutrient-use efficiency when nutrients are limited (Smith and Smith 2011a ; Bargaz et al. 2018 ; Han et al. 2025 ). In soil, microbial communities mediate the actions of dehydrogenase, urease, and phosphatase, three important metabolic capacities and nutrient turnover (Kumar et al. 2021 ; Zeng et al. 2025 ; Turner et al. 2021 ). Overdoses of macronutrients, on the contrary, hinder rhizodeposition, change the pH of soil, create ionic imbalances leading to less AMF colonization, reduced bacterial biomass, and reduced enzyme activity (Han et al. 2025 ; Kumar et al. 2021 ; Zeng et al. 2025 ; McLaren et al. 2020 ). Innovative integrated nutrient management (INM) activities that utilize reduced RDF rates with either soil and/or foliar micronutrient delivery provide an effective alternative for restoration of soil biological functions whilst maintaining productivity (Ahmed et al. 2025 ; Makhasha et al. 2024 ; El-Salhy et al. 2025; Mohamed et al. 2025 ). Foliar micronutrients bypass the soil fixation reaction, help stimulate the plant physiological function (photosynthesis, enzyme activation), and promote rhizodeposition of labile carbon compounds for microbial growth and the biosynthesis of enzymes (Zeng et al. 2025 ; Bargaz et al. 2018 ; Han et al. 2025 ). The upward pressure of the belowground carbon allocation induces a positive feed-forward mechanism wherein increased resource allocation results in increased microbial activity, nutrient mobilization, and cycling with consequent positive impacts on nutrition and fruit quality of crops (Kumar et al. 2021 ; Turner et al. 2021 ; Bünemann et al. 2015; Spohn 2020). In medium- to high-density planting, the interactions are amplified by increasing root density and rhizosphere volume per unit area, potentially allowing for enhanced biological responses of the soil to nutrient management (Deb et al. 2024; Tsomu et al. 2024; Dhotra et al. 2021 ). Even though there is increasing recognition of these connections, mechanistic knowledge for tropical perennial systems is rather restricted. Previous research has generally investigated soil microbial responses or fruit quality in isolation, yet no work so far has attempted to associate belowground biological responses with aboveground performance in reduced input regimes (Gurjar et al. 2023 ; Kumar and Patel 2025 ; Attalla et al. 2025 ; Cavalcante et al. 2025). The foliar nutrient of the leaf has been largely neglected in the literature as a factor in AMF-bacterial synergy regulation, enzyme-regulated nutrient cycling, and their effects on the quality of fruit downstream. However, in medium-density mango orchards, its downstream effects remain largely undefined (Lei et al. 2025 ; He et al. 2023 ; Luo et al. 2025 ; Kleber et al. 2021 ; Angst et al. 2021 ; Kallenbach et al. 2016 ). This concept has been recently recognized in soil microbiology for trace elements as enzymatic cofactors and the agents for microbial growth and development (Zeng et al. 2025 ; Smith and Smith 2011b ; Turner et al. 2021 ; Bünemann 2015 ; Loeppmann et al. 2025 ; Farrell et al. 2014 ; Arenberg and Arai 2019 , 2021 ; Hernández-Romero et al. 2024 ). In P-limited tropical soils, AMF- and phosphatase-producing bacteria, for instance, collaborate to enhance phosphorus procurement; however, macronutrient overload can weaken these relationships and reduce the allocation of underground carbon (McLaren et al. 2020 ; Spohn 2020; Han et al. 2025 ; Kumar et al. 2021 ). This study aims to fill in this knowledge gap by evaluating integrated nutrient management in a medium-density mango orchard. We anticipated that foliar micronutrient supplementation, along with decreased RDF, would increase AMF spore density and bacterial counts, increase key enzyme activities (dehydrogenase, urease, acid and alkaline phosphatases), improve soil nutrient retention and cycling, and result in positive correlations between soil biological indicators and fruit quality parameters via optimized plant nutrient status and partitioning assimilation. Thus, the study's particular aims were to: (1) measure the impact of RDF reduction with soil and/or foliar micronutrient applications on soil chemical parameters, micronutrient resources, microorganism (AMF and bacterial) communities and enzymatic activity; (2) quantitatively assess leaf nutrient status and its relationship to belowground biological processes; (3) clarify inter- and interspersed/multivariate relationships between soil nutrients with their correlates, i.e. soil biological variables, resource pools (nutrient) types and fruit quality by principal component analysis (PCA), redundancy analysis (RDA) combined with regression modelling; and (4) identify the process pathways by which integrated nutrients management contributes to increase soil biological functions and lead to better fruit quality in a medium-density tropical mango system. This study provides fundamental mechanistic insight into soil biological control of nutrient dynamics. It offers a practical science-based guide for sustainable nutrient management that preserves productivity and promotes long-term soil health. 2. Materials and Methods 2.1 Orchard site and experimental period The study was conducted during 2023–2024 at the Horticulture Research Centre, Patharchatta, GBPUA&T, Pantnagar, Uttarakhand (≈ 29.5°N, 79.3°E; 244 m a.s.l.; Fig. S1). The experiment used a medium-density mango ( Mangifera indica L. cv. Dashehari) orchard of uniform 13-year-old trees planted at 5 × 5 m spacing (400 trees ha⁻¹;) (Fig. S2). 2.2 Soil and climate The site lies in the Tarai agro-ecological zone with a sub-humid subtropical climate. The experimental soil is silty clay loam (Patharchatta Series II, Mollisol). Baseline soil physical-chemical properties (pH, EC, organic carbon, available N, P, K, and extractable micronutrients) were determined before the start of the experiment. 2.3 Experimental design and treatments The experiment was laid out in a randomized block design (RBD) with 10 treatments and three replications. Treatments evaluated combinations of full, reduced (75%, 50%, 25%) recommended fertilizer dose (RDF = 1000 g N + 750 g P₂O₅ + 1000 g K₂O + 50 kg FYM tree⁻¹ year⁻¹) and soil-applied micronutrients (Fe, Cu, Zn each 100 g tree⁻¹ and B 50 g tree⁻¹), together with one or two foliar sprays of micronutrients. In brief treatment details: T 1 (Control): 100% RDF applied in the basin after harvest. T 2 -T 4 : 75%, 50%, 25% RDF, respectively, + soil micronutrients (Fe, Cu, Zn @100 g each + B @50 g tree⁻¹) + one foliar spray (Fe, Ca, Zn each 0.50% + B- 0.10%) (just before flowering and marble stages as a single event). T 5 -T 7 : 75%, 50%, 25% RDF, respectively, + soil micronutrients (as above) + two foliar sprays (same foliar composition; applied just before flowering and at marble stage). T 8 -T 10 : 75%, 50%, 25% RDF, respectively, without soil micronutrients but with two foliar sprays (just before flowering and at marble stage). 2.4 Orchard management and fertilizer application Basins (radius: 1.5 m from trunk) were prepared around each tree. Farmyard manure was applied in October. P, K, and micronutrient basal doses were incorporated into the basins in November. Nitrogen was applied in two equal splits: first immediately after flowering and the second at the mustard-to-pea stage of fruit development. Foliar sprays (10 L water tree⁻¹ per spray) were prepared by dissolving micronutrient salts and applied with a tractor sprayer at the timings (just before flowering and at marble stage). Standard cultural practices (irrigation, weeding, pruning, pest and disease control) were followed uniformly across treatments. 2.5 Sampling and laboratory analysis 2.5.1 Soil and plant sampling collection Soil samples for macro- and micronutrient analysis were collected after fruit harvest from each treatment replication for two consecutive years (2023 and 2024). Samples were obtained using a post-hole auger at a depth of 0–30 cm (Fig. S3), thoroughly mixed, placed in labeled bags, and air-dried in the shade. The dried soil was ground with a mortar and pestle, passed through a 2-mm sieve, and stored in labeled sample bags for analysis. For plant nutrient analysis, 4-5-month-old mature leaves (Fig. S3) considered to contain optimum nutrient concentrations, were collected after fruit harvest. The leaves were washed, oven-dried at 65 ± 1.0°C until constant weight, ground with a mortar and pestle, sieved through a 2-mm mesh, and stored in airtight bags for laboratory analysis. Before analysis, the stored samples were once again dried at 60 ± 1.0°C for 2 h to ensure optimal conditions for testing. The analysis focused on assessing both macro and micronutrients present in the samples. 2.5.2 Estimation of soil chemical properties Soil pH and electrical conductivity (EC) were determined in a 1:2.5 soil-to-water suspension using a digital pH meter (Model: Electronics India 101) and a conductivity meter (Model: Electronics India 602), respectively, following the procedure outlined by Jackson ( 1973 ). Oxidizable organic carbon was estimated by the wet oxidation method as described by Walkley and Black ( 1934 ). Available nitrogen was determined by the alkaline permanganate method using 0.32% KMnO₄, as suggested by Subbiah and Asija ( 1956 ). Available phosphorus was extracted with 0.5 M NaHCO₃ (pH 8.5) and determined calorimetrically following Olsen et al. ( 1954 ). Available potassium was extracted with neutral normal ammonium acetate and estimated using a flame photometer (Model: Electronics India 101) as described by Jackson ( 1973 ). Micronutrients (Fe, Zn, & Cu) were extracted using DTPA solution (pH 7.3, 0.005 M DTPA + 0.01 M CaCl₂ + 0.1 M TEA) following Lindsay and Norvell ( 1978 ), and the concentrations were measured with an Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer (Model: Systronics, ECIL 4141). Boron and calcium were estimated by the hot CaCl 2 extractable method given by Srivastava and Pachuri ( 2020 ) and quantified using a colorimeter at 420 nm (Model: GENESYS180). 2.5.3 Estimation of plant nutrient content For the determination of total nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), potassium (K), cationic micronutrients (Fe, Zn, and Cu), and secondary nutrient calcium (Ca), plant samples were digested with a di-acid mixture (HNO₃:HClO₄:: 9:4) using a digestion unit (Model: Peliican, KES 04L). Nitrogen (N) was quantified using a Kjeldahl nitrogen analyzer (Model: BK3KJS11-240), phosphorus (P) was estimated with a UV-Vis spectrophotometer (Make: Thermo Fisher Scientific, Model: GENESYS 180), potassium (K) was determined using a flame photometer (Make: Systronics, Model: Flame Photometer 128), and micronutrients along with secondary nutrients were estimated by an atomic absorption spectrophotometer (Make: Systronics, ECIL 4141) employing an air-acetylene flame. Boron (B) in plant samples was determined following the method of Srivastava and Pachuri ( 2020 ), which involves dry ashing of samples and subsequent estimation using the Azomethine-H method. 2.5.4 Fruit quality, physical and physiological attributes The total soluble solids (TSS) were measured using a hand refractometer (°Brix) (Ranganna, 1986 ). Titratable acidity was determined by titrating juice extract with 0.1 N NaOH using phenolphthalein as indicator and expressed as citric acid equivalent (Ranganna, 1986 ). Ascorbic acid content was quantified by 2,6-dichlorophenolindophenol titration (Ranganna, 1986 ). Reducing sugars were estimated by the dinitrosalicylic acid (DNS) method (Miller, 1959 ). Total sugars were determined by the anthrone method after acid hydrolysis and non-reducing sugars calculated by difference (Ranganna, 1986 ). Total carotenoids were extracted in acetone: petroleum ether and quantified spectrophotometrically at 450 nm (Ranganna, 1986 ). Cationic micronutrients (Fe, Zn, Cu) and calcium (Ca) were analysed after wet digestion of fruit samples with HNO₃:HClO₄ (9:4, v/v) (Blanchar et al., 1965 ) using atomic absorption spectrophotometry. Shelf life was recorded as the number of days to unacceptable softening and decay under ambient storage (25 ± 2°C). Leaf chlorophyll content was determined by extracting fresh leaf tissue in 80% (v/v) acetone (Arnon, 1949 ). 2.5.5 Soil microbial and Enzymatic activities Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) spores were extracted by the wet-sieving and decanting technique and counted under a stereomicroscope according to Gerdemann and Nicolson ( 1963 ). Total bacterial count was determined by the serial dilution pour-plate method on nutrient agar and expressed as ×10⁵ CFU g⁻¹ dry soil. Urease activity (µg NH₃-N g⁻¹ soil 2 h⁻¹) was assayed according to Tabatabai and Bremner ( 1972 ). Dehydrogenase activity (µg TPF g⁻¹ soil 16 h⁻¹) was determined by the method of Casida et al. ( 1964 ). Acid phosphatase activity (µg p-nitrophenol g⁻¹ soil h⁻¹) and alkaline phosphatase activity (µg p-nitrophenol g⁻¹ soil h⁻¹) were measured using p-nitrophenyl phosphate as substrate following the procedure of Tabatabai and Bremner ( 1969 ) at pH 6.5 and pH 11.0, respectively. 2.5.6 Fruit phytochemical and enzymes attributes Total flavonoids were quantified by the AlCl₃ colorimetric method (Zhishen et al., 1999 ) and expressed as mg quercetin equivalents (QE) 100 g⁻¹ fresh weight. Total phenolic content was determined by the Folin–Ciocalteu reagent and expressed as mg gallic acid equivalents (GAE) 100 g⁻¹ fresh weight according to Singleton and Rossi ( 1965 ). Total carbohydrates were estimated by the anthrone method (Yemm and Willis, 1954 ). Total protein content was determined according to Lowry et al. ( 1951 ). Total antioxidant activity was assayed by the DPPH radical-scavenging method and expressed as µmol Trolox equivalents g⁻¹ (Maldonado-Celis et al., 2019 ). Catalase (CAT) activity (U mg⁻¹ protein) was measured by monitoring the rate of H₂O₂ decomposition at 240 nm according to Aebi ( 1984 ). Peroxidase (POD) activity (U mg⁻¹ protein) was determined by the oxidation of guaiacol at 470 nm (Chance and Maehly, 1955 ). Superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity (U mg⁻¹ protein) was assayed by its ability to inhibit the photoreduction of nitroblue tetrazolium (Beauchamp and Fridovich, 1971 ). 3. Statistical analysis Data were subjected to one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) using IBM SPSS Statistics version 25 (IBM Corp., Armonk, NY, USA). Treatment means were separated by Tukey’s honestly significant difference (HSD) test at P ≤ 0.05. Pearson correlation coefficients and multiple linear regression (MLR) models were performed using XLSTAT version 4.2.0 (Addinsoft, Paris, France). Redundancy analysis (RDA) was conducted in XLSTAT with 999 permutations (P < 0.01) to explore relationships among soil properties, microbial parameters, and treatments. Principal component analysis (PCA) biplots were generated using IBM SPSS Statistics version 25. All figures were prepared using OriginPro (OriginLab Corporation, Northampton, MA, USA). 4. Results 4.1 Estimation of Soil Chemical Properties The integrated nutrient management (reduced recommended doses of fertilizers, RDF) combined with soil and/or foliar micronutrient applications improved the soil biochemical properties and micronutrient availability in the tropical mango orchard (Tables 1 – 2 ). Soil pH was moderate in all treatments after harvesting and significantly increased under full 100% RDF control (T 1 : 7.47 ± 0.03). The highest electrical conductivity was recorded in the 100% RDF control (0.33 ± 0.02 dS m⁻¹), while it was lower in all treatments supplemented with foliar sprays. Soil organic carbon showed negligible increases with multiple-foliar treatments, with maxima of 0.85 ± 0.01% in T 5 (75% RDF + soil micronutrients + one foliar spray of micronutrients) and T 9 (50% RDF + two foliar sprays of micronutrients). Nitrogen concentrations increased post-harvest in the majority of treatments, with the highest concentrations recorded in T 8 (203.25 ± 1.28 kg ha⁻¹) and T 6 (202.55 ± 0.72 kg ha⁻¹). The highest residual phosphorus content was measured in T8 (22.02 ± 0.01 kg ha⁻¹), T 5 (21.79 ± 0.01 kg ha⁻¹), and T 9 (21.76 ± 0.01 kg ha⁻¹). Potassium availability also showed an increase in foliar-enhanced treatments (maxima reached in T 8 : 147.87 ± 1.22 kg ha⁻¹ and T 5 : 147.22 ± 1.52 kg ha⁻¹). Foliar supplementation improved soil micronutrient availability. T 6 (6.15 ± 0.09 mg kg⁻¹) and T 3 (6.11 ± 0.27 mg kg⁻¹) had the highest available Fe. Maximum available Zn occurred after combining soil + foliar use, with the highest Zn availability in T 5 (0.78 ± 0.06 mg kg⁻¹), T 6 (0.77 ± 0.05 mg kg⁻¹), and T 7 (0.76 ± 0.03 mg kg⁻¹). Available Cu, B, and Ca values were also greatest in T 5 –T 7 (T 6 : maximum Cu 0.24 ± 0.02 mg kg⁻¹; T 5 : maximum B 0.54 ± 0.02 mg kg⁻¹; T 5 : maximum Ca 1045.67 ± 2.08 mg kg⁻¹). Table 1 Influence of macro and micronutrient application on initial and final status of soil chemical properties (pH, EC, organic carbon) and available nutrients (N, P, K) in a mango orchard (Mean of two years). Treatments # pH Organic carbon (%) EC (dS m − 1 ) Available Nitrogen (kg ha − 1 ) Available Phosphorus (kg ha − 1 ) Available Potassium (kg ha − 1 ) Initial After harvest Initial After harvest Initial After harvest Initial After harvest Initial After harvest Initial After harvest T 1 7.36 ± 1.02 a 7.47 ± 0.03 a 0.81±.01 a 0.83 ± 0.01 abcd 0.29±.03 a 0.33 ± 0.02 a 196.22 ± 1.35 a 202.34 ± 1.04 ab 138.44 ± 1.43 a 21.75 ± 0.14 b 20.81 ± 1.14 a 146.06 ± 2.07 abc T 2 6.64 ± 1.02 a 7.30 ± 0.04 cde 0.79±.03 a 0.82 ± 0.02 d 0.25±.04 a 0.26 ± 0.03 cde 195.91 ± 1.35 a 200.78 ± 1.23 b 137.45 ± 2.66 a 21.00 ± 0.13 c 19.88 ± 1.14 a 144.24 ± 1.07 cde T 3 7.11 ± 1.01a 7.24 ± 0.04 e 0.82±.06 a 0.84 ± 0.01 abc 0.27±.02 a 0.30 ± 0.01 b 196.86 ± 1.35 a 201.62 ± 1.08 ab 141.23 ± 2.66 a 21.62 ± 0.14 b 20.86 ± 1.14 a 145.09 ± 1.66 bcd T 4 6.95 ± 1.01 a 7.27 ± 0.01 de 0.82±.07 a 0.83 ± 0.01 cd 0.22±.03 a 0.24 ± 0.02 e 194.47 ± 1.35 a 197.48 ± 0.02 c 142.56 ± 2.65 a 21.05 ± 0.19 c 20.16 ± 1.14 a 143.73 ± 1.63 cde T 5 7.10 ± 1.02 a 7.28 ± 0.05 de 0.83±.01 a 0.85 ± 0.01 a 0.25±.04 a 0.29 ± 0.00 bc 195.95 ± 1.35 a 200.91 ± 0.84 b 140.22 ± 2.66 a 21.76 ± 0.25 ab 20.39 ± 1.14 a 147.22 ± 1.52 ab T 6 7.45 ± 1.02 a 7.37 ± 0.02 b 0.80±.02 a 0.83 ± 0.01 abcd 0.28±.03 a 0.29 ± 0.01 b 196.46 ± 1.35 a 202.55 ± 0.72 ab 141.52 ± 2.66 a 21.04 ± 0.15 c 19.93 ± 1.14 a 144.47 ± 1.48 cde T 7 7.60 ± 1.02 a 7.37 ± 0.03 b 0.82±.02 a 0.83 ± 0.01 bcd 0.27±.01 a 0.29 ± 0.01 b 193.25 ± 1.34 a 195.96 ± 1.34 c 139.66 ± 2.66 a 21.76 ± 0.07 ab 20.63 ± 1.14 a 141.81 ± 0.98 e T 8 7.28 ± 1.02a 7.35 ± 0.04 bc 0.81±.02 a 0.83 ± 0.00 bcd 0.26±.01 a 0.27 ± 0.02 bcd 196.88 ± 1.35 a 203.25 ± 1.28 a 141.23 ± 2.66 a 22.02 ± 0.01 a 20.56 ± 1.14 a 147.87 ± 1.22 a T 9 7.00 ± 1.02 a 7.31 ± 0.04 cd 0.82±.04 a 0.85 ± 0.01 ab 0.25±.02 a 0.28 ± 0.02 bcd 195.36 ± 1.35 a 202.00 ± 1.35 ab 142.25 ± 2.66 a 21.79 ± 0.13 ab 20.65 ± 1.14 a 146.30 ± 0.50 abc T 10 6.91 ± 1.02 a 7.27 ± 0.03 de 0.80±.02 a 0.82 ± 0.01 d 0.24±.03 a 0.26 ± 0.01 de 194.66 ± 1.35 a 197.23 ± 0.50 c 140.28 ± 2.66 a 20.95 ± 0.06 c 20.30 ± 1.14 a 142.93 ± 1.66 de *Values are mean ± SD. Different letters within a column indicate significant differences at P ≤ 0.05 (Tukey’s HSD test). Data are mean of two growing seasons (2023 and 2024). (T 1 :100% RDF alone, T 2 : 75% RDF + soil micronutrients + one foliar spray of micronutrients, T 3 : 50% RDF + soil micronutrients + one foliar spray of micronutrients, T 4 : 25% RDF + soil micronutrients + one foliar spray of micronutrients, T 5 : 75% RDF + soil micronutrients + two foliar spray of micronutrients, T 6 : 50% RDF + soil micronutrients + two foliar spray of micronutrients, T 7 : 25% RDF + soil micronutrients + two foliar spray of micronutrients, T 8 : 75% RDF + two foliar spray of micronutrients (no soil micronutrients), T 9 : 50% RDF + two foliar spray of micronutrients (no soil micronutrients), T 10 : 25% RDF + two foliar spray of micronutrients (no soil micronutrients)). Table 2 Influence of macro and micronutrient application on initial and final nutrient status of available soil micronutrients (Fe, Zn, Cu, B & Ca) in a mango orchard (Mean of two years). Treatments # Fe (mg kg − 1 ) Zn (mg kg − 1 ) Cu (mg kg − 1 ) B (mg kg − 1 ) Ca (mg kg − 1 ) Initial After harvest Initial After harvest Initial After harvest Initial After harvest Initial After harvest T 1 5.41 ± 0.91 a 5.51 ± 0.06 b 0.49 ± 0.03 a 0.54 ± 0.03 d 0.16 ± 0.02 a 0.18 ± 0.01 ef 0.46 ± 0.02 a 0.49 ± 0.02 cd 848.09 ± 71.18 a 888.00 ± 2.65 h T 2 5.45 ± 0.90 a 5.57 ± 0.06 b 0.49 ± 0.03 a 0.69 ± 0.03 bc 0.13 ± 0.03 a 0.17 ± 0.01 f 0.44 ± 0.01 a 0.51 ± 0.02 bc 894.72 ± 48.82 a 925.67 ± 0.58 f T 3 6.04 ± 0.91 a 6.11 ± 0.27 a 0.50 ± 0.02 a 0.68 ± 0.03 bc 0.17 ± 0.03 a 0.20 ± 0.01 bcd 0.45 ± 0.02 a 0.51 ± 0.01 bc 984.76 ± 71.18 a 1011.00 ± 1.73 c T 4 5.50 ± 0.91 a 5.65 ± 0.26 b 0.52 ± 0.03 a 0.69 ± 0.04 ab 0.16 ± 0.05 a 0.19 ± 0.01 de 0.45 ± 0.01 a 0.51 ± 0.02 bc 902.67 ± 91.06 a 926.00 ± 1.00 f T 5 5.23 ± 0.91 a 5.40 ± 0.20 b 0.49 ± 0.02 a 0.78 ± 0.06 a 0.15 ± 0.03 a 0.22 ± 0.01 ab 0.47 ± 0.01 a 0.54 ± 0.02 a 992.85 ± 24.99 a 1045.67 ± 2.08 a T 6 5.93 ± 0.90 a 6.15 ± 0.09 a 0.50 ± 0.03 a 0.77 ± 0.05 ab 0.18 ± 0.01 a 0.24 ± 0.02 a 0.44 ± 0.01 a 0.52 ± 0.01 ab 908.81 ± 71.18 a 968.33 ± 0.58 e T 7 5.76 ± 0.91 a 6.09 ± 0.26 a 0.49 ± 0.02 a 0.76 ± 0.03 ab 0.16 ± 0.03 a 0.21 ± 0.01 b 0.46 ± 0.02 a 0.52 ± 0.02 ab 972.27 ± 122.78 a 1019.67 ± 0.58 b T 8 5.45 ± 0.91 a 5.49 ± 0.26 b 0.51 ± 0.03 a 0.61 ± 0.06 cd 0.17 ± 0.02 a 0.18 ± 0.01 ef 0.45 ± 0.01 a 0.48 ± 0.02 de 940.94 ± 177.64 a 1005.33 ± 3.21 d T 9 5.62 ± 0.91 a 5.69 ± 0.19 b 0.50 ± 0.03 a 0.58 ± 0.06 d 0.19 ± 0.02 a 0.21 ± 0.01 bc 0.45 ± 0.02 a 0.47 ± 0.02 de 951.97 ± 152.94 a 1010.67 ± 1.53 c T 10 5.59 ± 0.91 a 5.62 ± 0.07 b 0.47 ± 0.03 a 0.56 ± 0.05 d 0.18 ± 0.02 a 0.19 ± 0.01 cde 0.45 ± 0.01 a 0.46 ± 0.02 e 846.76 ± 71.56 a 905.67 ± 4.73 g *Values are mean ± SD. Different letters within a column indicate significant differences at P ≤ 0.05 (Tukey’s HSD test). Data are mean of two growing seasons (2023 and 2024). (T 1 :100% RDF alone, T 2 : 75% RDF + soil micronutrients + one foliar spray of micronutrients, T 3 : 50% RDF + soil micronutrients + one foliar spray of micronutrients, T 4 : 25% RDF + soil micronutrients + one foliar spray of micronutrients, T 5 : 75% RDF + soil micronutrients + two foliar spray of micronutrients, T 6 : 50% RDF + soil micronutrients + two foliar spray of micronutrients, T 7 : 25% RDF + soil micronutrients + two foliar spray of micronutrients, T 8 : 75% RDF + two foliar spray of micronutrients (no soil micronutrients), T 9 : 50% RDF + two foliar spray of micronutrients (no soil micronutrients), T 10 : 25% RDF + two foliar spray of micronutrients (no soil micronutrients)). 4.2 Estimation of Plant Nutrient Content Nutrient concentrations of leaves similarly expanded. The total leaf N rose to a maximum of 1.07 ± 0.81% in T 8 . Leaf P fell significantly in all treatments, with the highest retention obtained in T 8 (0.130 ± 0.17%). Leaf K had a maximum value of 0.60 ± 0.10% in T 8 . Leaf micronutrient concentrations also increased after harvest, particularly under foliar-supplemented regimes (Table 3 – 4 ). Post-harvest leaf Fe was highest in T 8 (80.70 ± 0.07 ppm), followed by T 5 (80.00 ± 0.08 ppm); leaf Zn peaked in T 8 (19.45 ± 0.04 ppm); leaf Cu was maximum in T 7 (12.20 ± 0.83 ppm) and T6 (11.61 ± 1.10 ppm); leaf B reached maxima in T 8 (54.03 ± 1.18 ppm) and T 9 (53.82 ± 1.91 ppm); and leaf Ca attained the overall highest value in T 8 (1.86 ± 0.07%). Initial leaf micronutrient levels showed no significant variation across treatments. Table 3 Influence of macro and micronutrient application on initial and final nutrient status of total macronutrient (N, P, K) content in mango cv. Dashehari leaves (Mean of two years). Treatments # Total Nitrogen (%) Total Phosphorus (%) Total Potassium (%) Initial After harvest Initial After harvest Initial After harvest T 1 0.90±.04 a 0.98±.30 abcd 0.510±.06 a 0.081±.17 c 0.42 ± 0.01 a 0.53±.30 cd T 2 0.89±.01 a 1.01±.17 abcd 0.493±.06 a 0.078±.07 c 0.48±.0.01 a 0.52±.15 d T 3 0.90±.04 a 1.04±.15 ab 0.480±.06 a 0.092±.09 bc 0.49 ± 0.01 a 0.50±.25 d T 4 0.89±.06 a 0.97±.30 cde 0.560±.06 a 0.074±.17 c 0.44 ± 0.01 a 0.58±.12 a T 5 0.86±.06 a 1.04±.12 ab 0.533±.06 a 0.079±.16 c 0.42 ± 0.01 a 0.56±.12 abc T 6 0.85±.06 a 1.03±.20 abc 0.543±.06 a 0.100±.07 bc 0.45 ± 0.01 a 0.57±.26 ab T 7 0.87±.08 a 0.96±.26 de 0.580±.06 a 0.112±.17 ab 0.43 ± 0.01 a 0.59±.31 a T 8 0.86±.06 a 1.07±.81 a 0.560±.06 a 0.130±.17 a 0.43 ± 0.01 a 0.60±.10 a T 9 0.88±.08 a 1.02±.23 abc 0.510±.06 a 0.110±.16 ab 0.44 ± 0.01 a 0.54±.21 bcd T 10 0.87±.06 a 0.94±.21 e 0.500±.06 a 0.075±.16 c 0.47 ± 0.01 a 0.52±.12 d *Values are mean ± SD. Different letters within a column indicate significant differences at P ≤ 0.05 (Tukey’s HSD test). Data are the means of two growing seasons (2023 and 2024). (T 1 :100% RDF alone, T 2 : 75% RDF + soil micronutrients + one foliar spray of micronutrients, T 3 : 50% RDF + soil micronutrients + one foliar spray of micronutrients, T 4 : 25% RDF + soil micronutrients + one foliar spray of micronutrients, T 5 : 75% RDF + soil micronutrients + two foliar spray of micronutrients, T 6 : 50% RDF + soil micronutrients + two foliar spray of micronutrients, T 7 : 25% RDF + soil micronutrients + two foliar spray of micronutrients, T 8 : 75% RDF + two foliar spray of micronutrients (no soil micronutrients), T 9 : 50% RDF + two foliar spray of micronutrients (no soil micronutrients), T 10 : 25% RDF + two foliar spray of micronutrients (no soil micronutrients)). Table 4 Influence of macro and micronutrient application on initial and final nutrient status of total micronutrient (Fe, Zn, Cu, B, & Ca) content in mango cv. Dashehari leaves (Mean of two years). Treatments # Fe (ppm) Zn (ppm) Cu (ppm) B (ppm) Ca (%) Initial After harvest Initial After harvest Initial After harvest Initial After harvest Initial After harvest T 1 77.50 ± 3.92 a 78.65 ± 0.06 f 16.77 ± 3.29 a 17.76 ± 0.02 d 8.21 ± 0.86 a 9.40 ± 0.80 c 44.85 ± 2.40 a 46.27 ± 1.12 bc 1.30 ± 0.15 a 1.38 ± 0.09 e T 2 76.23 ± 3.92 a 79.19 ± 0.05 d 14.21 ± 3.29 a 17.27 ± 0.11 f 9.36 ± 0.86 a 11.85 ± 0.02 a 43.25 ± 2.40 a 46.85 ± 3.07 bc 1.34 ± 0.15 a 1.68 ± 0.07 bcd T 3 76.92 ± 3.92 a 78.81 ± 0.01 e 13.91 ± 3.30 a 18.28 ± 0.09 c 7.32 ± 0.86 a 9.04 ± 0.61 c 46.36 ± 2.40 a 50.70 ± 2.48 ab 1.29 ± 0.15 a 1.60 ± 0.00 d T 4 75.70 ± 3.92 a 78.05 ± 0.03 h 15.26 ± 3.30 a 18.80 ± 0.06 b 8.45 ± 0.85 a 10.10 ± 0.74 bc 42.58 ± 2.40 a 47.34 ± 3.26 bc 1.33 ± 0.15 a 1.64 ± 0.05 cd T 5 78.10 ± 3.92 a 80.00 ± 0.08 b 14.77 ± 3.29 a 17.63 ± 0.00 e 8.86 ± 0.86 a 11.20 ± 0.52 ab 44.23 ± 2.40 a 50.25 ± 3.10 abc 1.30 ± 0.15 a 1.73 ± 0.06 bc T 6 76.60 ± 3.92 a 79.61 ± 0.03 c 14.35 ± 3.29 a 15.82 ± 0.11 g 7.89 ± 0.86 a 11.61 ± 1.10 a 47.56 ± 2.40 a 52.74 ± 1.83 a 1.29 ± 0.15 a 1.77 ± 0.03a b T 7 76.30 ± 3.92 a 77.88 ± 0.03 i 15.31 ± 3.29 a 18.74 ± 0.08 b 8.88 ± 0.86 a 12.20 ± 0.83 a 45.24 ± 2.40 a 53.51 ± 3.39 a 1.28 ± 0.15 a 1.67 ± 0.07 bcd T 8 77.84 ± 3.92 a 80.70 ± 0.07 a 16.24 ± 3.30 a 19.45 ± 0.04 a 8.15 ± 0.86 a 9.56 ± 0.99 c 43.96 ± 2.40 a 54.03 ± 1.18 a 1.32 ± 0.15 a 1.86 ± 0.07 a T 9 77.90 ± 3.92 a 78.48 ± 0.07 g 17.74 ± 3.30 a 18.85 ± 0.06 b 7.89 ± 0.86 a 8.97 ± 0.23 c 45.78 ± 2.40 a 53.82 ± 1.91 a 1.30 ± 0.15 a 1.78 ± 0.07 ab T 10 76.90 ± 3.92 a 77.53 ± 0.07 j 14.36 ± 3.30 a 15.78 ± 0.08 g 7.68 ± 0.86 a 9.02 ± 1.10 c 42.88 ± 2.40 a 45.76 ± 3.09 c 1.32 ± 0.15 a 1.59 ± 0.07 d *Values are mean ± SD. Different letters within a column indicate significant differences at P ≤ 0.05 (Tukey’s HSD test). Data are mean of two growing seasons (2023 and 2024). (T 1 :100% RDF alone, T 2 : 75% RDF + soil micronutrients + one foliar spray of micronutrients, T 3 : 50% RDF + soil micronutrients + one foliar spray of micronutrients, T 4 : 25% RDF + soil micronutrients + one foliar spray of micronutrients, T 5 : 75% RDF + soil micronutrients + two foliar spray of micronutrients, T 6 : 50% RDF + soil micronutrients + two foliar spray of micronutrients, T 7 : 25% RDF + soil micronutrients + two foliar spray of micronutrients, T 8 : 75% RDF + two foliar spray of micronutrients (no soil micronutrients), T 9 : 50% RDF + two foliar spray of micronutrients (no soil micronutrients), T 10 : 25% RDF + two foliar spray of micronutrients (no soil micronutrients)). 4.3 Soil Microbial and Enzymatic Activities Soil microbial density and enzymatic activities were greatest under both reduced RDF and foliar micronutrient conditions (Fig. 1 & Table S1). Maximum arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) spore density was observed in T 9 (3860.78 ± 21.38 spores kg⁻¹ soil) and T 4 (3813.86 ± 4.73 spores kg⁻¹ soil), which were > 3 times higher than the full RDF control. T 9 showed the maximum bacterial counts (88.88 ± 1.99 × 10⁵ CFU g⁻¹ soil). Figure 2 & Table S2 illustrated that the Urease activity was greatest in T 8 (27.46 ± 1.98 µg NH₃-N g⁻¹ 2 h⁻¹), and dehydrogenase activity was greatest in T 8 (119.92 ± 2.16 µg TPF g⁻¹ 16 h⁻¹). Acid and alkaline phosphatase activity were also highest in T 8 (75% RDF + two foliar sprays of micronutrients) and T 9 (50% RDF + two foliar sprays of micronutrients). Microbial numbers and microbial activity were lowest under full RDF (T 1 ) and the relatively narrow micronutrient range (T 10 : 25% RDF + two foliar sprays of micronutrients). 4.4 Fruit Quality, Physical and Physiological Attributes Fruit quality and physical attributes were markedly enhanced by the integrated treatments (Table 5 ). Total soluble solids (TSS) increased to maxima of 20.78 ± 0.32 °Brix in T 8 (75% RDF + two foliar sprays of micronutrients) and 20.37 ± 0.14 °Brix in T 9 (50% RDF + two foliar sprays of micronutrients). Titratable acidity was lowest in T 8 (0.11 ± 0.01%). Ascorbic acid content was highest in T 7 (44.85 ± 1.65 mg 100 g⁻¹) and T 8 (43.41 ± 1.70 mg 100 g⁻¹). Reducing sugar, total sugar, and non-reducing sugar contents were also greatest in T 8 (4.07 ± 0.04%, 13.71 ± 0.71%, and 9.64 ± 0.73%, respectively). Total carotenoids peaked in T 8 (6.34 ± 0.18 mg 100 g⁻¹ FW), while shelf life was longest in T 9 (11.42 ± 0.62 days) and T 8 (11.17 ± 0.57 days). Fruit micronutrient concentrations followed a similar trend (Table 6 ), with the highest Fe recorded in T 8 (0.31 ± 0.01 ppm) and T 9 (0.29 ± 0.01 ppm), Zn in T 8 (0.22 ± 0.01 ppm), Cu in T3 (0.39 ± 0.01 ppm), B in T 9 (19.26 ± 1.25 ppm), and Ca in T 8 (19.12 ± 0.66 mg 100 g⁻¹). Leaf chlorophyll contents were significantly elevated under reduced RDF with foliar micronutrients (Table 7 ). Chlorophyll a was highest in T 8 (3.63 ± 0.03 mg g⁻¹) and T 9 (3.58 ± 0.02 mg g⁻¹); chlorophyll b peaked in T 8 (1.15 ± 0.11 mg g⁻¹); and total chlorophyll reached maxima in T 8 (4.41 ± 0.02 mg g⁻¹) and T 9 (4.37 ± 0.03 mg g⁻¹). Table 5 Influence of macro and micronutrient application on quality and physical attributes of mango fruits. Treatments TSS ( 0 Brix) Titratable acidity (%) Ascorbic acid (mg − 1 100 g) Reducing sugar (%) Total Sugar (%) Non-reducing Sugar (%) Total Carotenoids (mg − 1 100 g FW) Shelf life (Days) T 1 18.16 ± 0.04 f 0.20±.01 a 30.95 ± 2.66 d 3.18 ± 0.08 d 11.77 ± 0.26 d 8.59 ± 0.20 a 4.97 ± 0.14 e 8.67 ± 0.51 d T 2 18.61 ± 0.34 ef 0.17±.01 b c 32.02 ± 1.96 cd 3.73 ± 0.05 c 12.33 ± 0.21 cd 8.59 ± 0.25 a 5.57 ± 0.38bc d 9.42 ± 0.14 cd T 3 18.84 ± 0.38 def 0.18±.01 b c 33.62 ± 1.22 cd 3.84 ± 0.09 bc 12.33 ± 0.21 cd 8.48 ± 0.13 a 5.45 ± 0.14 cde 9.50 ± 0.51 cd T 4 18.63 ± 0.48 ef 0.19±.01 a b 36.09 ± 1.72 bcd 3.81 ± 0.06 bc 12.46 ± 0.08 bcd 8.65 ± 0.10 a 5.63 ± 0.25 bcd 9.21 ± 0.45 cd T 5 19.21 ± 0.43 cde 0.16±.01 cd 36.92 ± 2.85 bc 3.86 ± 0.14 abc 12.48 ± 0.48 bcd 8.62 ± 0.61 a 5.76 ± 0.13 bcd 10.42 ± 0.19 abc T 6 19.82 ± 0.32 bc 0.17±.01 bc 40.75 ± 1.59 ab 3.96 ± 0.12 ab 13.07 ± 0.42 abc 9.12 ± 0.44 a 5.77 ± 0.12 bcd 10.50 ± 0.56 abc T 7 19.72 ± 0.08 bcd 0.16±.01 cd 44.85 ± 1.65 a 4.03 ± 0.04 ab 13.54 ± 0.53 ab 9.51 ± 0.55 a 6.01 ± 0.12 abc 11.08 ± 0.73 ab T 8 20.78 ± 0.32 a 0.11±.01 e 43.41 ± 1.70 a 4.07 ± 0.04 a 13.71 ± 0.71 a 9.64 ± 0.73 a 6.34 ± 0.18 a 11.17 ± 0.57 ab T 9 20.37 ± 0.14 ab 0.14±.01 d 40.23 ± 0.87 ab 4.03 ± 0.04 ab 13.61 ± 0.46 ab 9.58 ± 0.46 a 6.10 ± 0.20 ab 11.42 ± 0.62 a T 10 20.22 ± 0.24 ab 0.16±.01 cd 32.79 ± 2.23 cd 3.85 ± 0.02 bc 12.50 ± 0.21 bcd 8.65 ± 0.21 a 5.34 ± 0.14 de 9.67 ± 0.71 bcd *Values are mean ± SD. Different letters within a column indicate significant differences at P ≤ 0.05 (Tukey’s HSD test). Data are mean of two growing seasons (2023 and 2024). (T 1 :100% RDF alone, T 2 : 75% RDF + soil micronutrients + one foliar spray of micronutrients, T 3 : 50% RDF + soil micronutrients + one foliar spray of micronutrients, T 4 : 25% RDF + soil micronutrients + one foliar spray of micronutrients, T 5 : 75% RDF + soil micronutrients + two foliar spray of micronutrients, T 6 : 50% RDF + soil micronutrients + two foliar spray of micronutrients, T 7 : 25% RDF + soil micronutrients + two foliar spray of micronutrients, T 8 : 75% RDF + two foliar spray of micronutrients (no soil micronutrients), T 9 : 50% RDF + two foliar spray of micronutrients (no soil micronutrients), T 10 : 25% RDF + two foliar spray of micronutrients (no soil micronutrients)). Table 6 Influence of macro and micronutrient application on nutrient content (Fe, Zn, Cu, B & Ca) in mango fruits (Mean of two years). Treatments Fe (ppm) Zn (ppm) Cu (ppm) B (ppm) Ca (mg 100 − 1 ) T 1 0.18±.01 e 0.15±.02 d 0.26±.02 d 14.35 ± 1.71 c 10.65 ± 0.13 g T 2 0.20±.02 cde 0.16±.01 cd 0.36±.01 ab 14.95 ± 1.33 bc 13.28 ± 0.39 ef T 3 0.21±.01 cde 0.18±.01 bcd 0.39±.01 a 15.33 ± 1.71 abc 12.52 ± 0.89 f T 4 0.20±.02 cde 0.16±.01 cd 0.32±.01 bc 16.49 ± 1.49 abc 14.10 ± 0.26 de T 5 0.22±.01 cde 0.19±.01 abc 0.33±.01 bc 16.34 ± 1.69 abc 13.87 ± 0.81 def T 6 0.25±.01 bc 0.18±.02 abcd 0.33±.01 bc 18.34 ± 1.17 ab 14.34 ± 0.52 cde T 7 0.23±.01 cd 0.20±.03 ab 0.37±.04 ab 16.94 ± 0.92abc 15.12 ± 0.35 bcd T 8 0.31±.01 a 0.22±.01 a 0.29±.02 cd 17.98 ± 1.35 abc 19.12 ± 0.66 a T 9 0.29±.01 ab 0.21±.02 ab 0.30±.01 cd 19.26 ± 1.25 a 16.63 ± 0.48 b T 10 0.24±.04 bcd 0.21±.01 ab 0.29±.02 cd 16.10 ± 0.62 abc 15.89 ± 0.39 bc *Values are mean ± SD. Different letters within a column indicate significant differences at P ≤ 0.05 (Tukey’s HSD test). Data are mean of two growing seasons (2023 and 2024). (T 1 :100% RDF alone, T 2 : 75% RDF + soil micronutrients + one foliar spray of micronutrients, T 3 : 50% RDF + soil micronutrients + one foliar spray of micronutrients, T 4 : 25% RDF + soil micronutrients + one foliar spray of micronutrients, T 5 : 75% RDF + soil micronutrients + two foliar spray of micronutrients, T 6 : 50% RDF + soil micronutrients + two foliar spray of micronutrients, T 7 : 25% RDF + soil micronutrients + two foliar spray of micronutrients, T 8 : 75% RDF + two foliar spray of micronutrients (no soil micronutrients), T 9 : 50% RDF + two foliar spray of micronutrients (no soil micronutrients), T 10 : 25% RDF + two foliar spray of micronutrients (no soil micronutrients)). Table 7 Influence of macro and micronutrient application on Chlorophyll ‘a’, Chlorophyll ‘b’, and Total Chlorophyll Content in Mango Leaves (Mean of two years). Treatments Chlorophyll- ‘a’ (mg g − 1 ) Chlorophyll- ‘b’ (mg g − 1 ) Total Chlorophyll content (mg g − 1 ) T 1 3.33 ± 0.03 d .93±.06 c 4.14 ± 0.09 b T 2 3.43 ± 0.06 c .99±.03 bc 4.23 ± 0.09 ab T 3 3.42 ± 0.03 c .95±.04 bc 4.25 ± 0.05 ab T 4 3.54 ± 0.01 ab 1.01±.06 abc 4.30 ± 0.06 ab T 5 3.46 ± 0.02 bc .99±.05 bc 4.24 ± 0.08 ab T 6 3.49 ± 0.03 bc 1.03±.01 abc 4.32 ± 0.14 ab T 7 3.46 ± 0.01 bc 1.03±.07 abc 4.38 ± 0.04 a T 8 3.63 ± 0.03 a 1.15±.11 a 4.41 ± 0.02 a T 9 3.58 ± 0.02 a 1.11±.03 ab 4.37 ± 0.03 a T 10 3.42 ± 0.04 cd .98±.03 bc 4.26 ± 0.03 ab *Values are mean ± SD. Different letters within a column indicate significant differences at P ≤ 0.05 (Tukey’s HSD test). Data are the means of two growing seasons (2023 and 2024). (T 1 :100% RDF alone, T 2 : 75% RDF + soil micronutrients + one foliar spray of micronutrients, T 3 : 50% RDF + soil micronutrients + one foliar spray of micronutrients, T 4 : 25% RDF + soil micronutrients + one foliar spray of micronutrients, T 5 : 75% RDF + soil micronutrients + two foliar spray of micronutrients, T 6 : 50% RDF + soil micronutrients + two foliar spray of micronutrients, T 7 : 25% RDF + soil micronutrients + two foliar spray of micronutrients, T 8 : 75% RDF + two foliar spray of micronutrients (no soil micronutrients), T 9 : 50% RDF + two foliar spray of micronutrients (no soil micronutrients), T 10 : 25% RDF + two foliar spray of micronutrients (no soil micronutrients)). 4.5 Fruit Phytochemical and Enzyme Attributes Phytochemical attributes in mango fruits were substantially improved (Fig. 3 & Table S3). Flavonoids were highest in T 8 (24.29 ± 1.19 mg QE 100 g⁻¹ FW); total phenols peaked in T 9 (105.58 ± 1.24 mg GAE 100 g⁻¹ FW) and T 8 (102.36 ± 1.24 mg GAE 100 g⁻¹ FW); total carbohydrates were maximum in T 8 (26.45 ± 1.24 mg 100 g⁻¹ FW) and T 9 (25.89 ± 1.24 mg 100 g⁻¹ FW); total protein was highest in T 8 (0.67 ± 0.03 g 100 g⁻¹ FW); and total antioxidant activity was greatest in T 8 (2.28 ± 0.14 µmol Trolox g⁻¹) and T 9 (2.24 ± 0.08 µmol Trolox g⁻¹). Antioxidant enzyme activities in fruits were also stimulated (Fig. 4 & Table S4), with catalase highest in T 8 (14.29 ± 0.95 U mg⁻¹ protein), peroxidase highest in T 7 (3.29 ± 0.22 U mg⁻¹ protein), and superoxide dismutase highest in T 5 (77.47 ± 1.10 U mg⁻¹ protein) and T 8 (77.05 ± 1.41 U mg⁻¹ protein). 4.6 Statistical Analysis and Multivariate Insights (PCA, Multiple linear regression, Pearson correlation, and Redundancy analysis) PCA analyses consolidated T 8 and T 9 and vectorized the AMF spore density, bacterial counts, urease, dehydrogenase, acid and alkaline phosphatase activities, and soil/plant nutrient pools by region (Fig. 5 ). Scree plots validated that PC1 and PC2 covered the most variation. Redundancy analysis (RDA) revealed that the first two axes were responsible for 98.34% of the constrained inertia (88.02% for F1). Axis F1 was strongly positively loaded by alkaline phosphatase (0.608), acid phosphatase (0.517), urease (0.422), bacterial counts (0.407), and dehydrogenase (0.341), and was closely related to soil N and K; AMF spore density loaded negatively on F1. Multiple linear regression further clarified key relationships (Fig. 6 & Tables S5–S7). Total antioxidant activity in mango fruits was primarily driven by total phenols (standardized β = 0.659, p < 0.001), while total carbohydrates had no significant influence (Table S5). Soil calcium positively and soil boron negatively predicted total soluble solids (TSS) (Table S6). Dehydrogenase activity was the strongest predictor of bacterial population (β = 0.523, p < 0.001), with alkaline phosphatase activity showing a marginal effect (Table S7). Pearson correlations confirmed that dehydrogenase activity showed a strong positive correlation with bacterial counts (r = 0.669) as well as significant correlations with soil enzymes and nutrient pools and between microbial activity and plant nutrients (Table S8). Redundancy analysis (RDA) revealed significant relationships among soil physicochemical properties and micronutrients (response variables: pH, OC, EC, N, P, K, Fe, Zn, Cu, B) and microbial/enzyme activities (explanatory variables: AMF, TBC, UA, DA, APA, alkaline PA) across the ten treatment combinations. The first two RDA axes explained 98.34% of the constrained inertia (total constrained = 68.06%; eigenvalues: F1 = 6.286, 88.02%; F2 = 0.737, 10.32%), with the overall model significant (P < 0.01; 999 permutations; Fig. S5). Soil available N and K loaded strongly and positively on RDA1 (standardized canonical coefficients: 1.851 and 1.531, respectively), together with APA (1.726) and alkaline PA, whereas AMF showed a strong negative loading (− 1.093). Treatments separated clearly along the biplot, indicating distinct treatment-driven shifts in soil fertility and biological activity (Fig. S4). 5. Discussion 5.1 Soil Chemical Properties Nutrient management strategies, particularly reducing RDF in combination with foliar micronutrient supplementation, positively affected the soil chemical properties in this tropical mango ( Mangifera indica L.) orchard system (Eissa, 2025 ; Kuldeep Singh et al., 2026; Sable, 2024 ). The effective T8 (75% RDF combined with two foliar sprays of micronutrients) and T9 (50% RDF combined with two foliar sprays of micronutrients) were found to be able to optimize soil macronutrient pools post-harvest (N up to 203.25 kg ha⁻¹, P up to 22.02 kg ha⁻¹, K up to 147.87 kg ha⁻¹), micronutrient availability (Fe, Zn, Cu, B, Ca), soil organic carbon, and pH and electrical conductivity were moderate in comparison to the full RDF treatment control (Ge et al., 2022 ; Kuldeep Singh et al., 2026; Harsh et al., 2025; Kumar et al., 2024). In comparison, full RDF inhibited these by increasing salt accumulation and substrate limitation and the lowest RDF level with foliar micronutrients was found to have limited effect on parameters because of a lack of macronutrient support (Kuldeep Singh et al., 2026; Sable, 2024 ; Kumar et al., 2024). 5.2 Plant Nutrient Content These results can be attributed to synergistic effects of decreased macronutrient loading and targeted foliar micronutrient delivery (Umar et al., 2022; Kheir et al., 2021). High RDF rates promoted salt accumulation and suppressed nutrient uptake, whereas reduced RDF mitigated this suppression. Foliar micronutrients (Fe, Zn, Ca, B) rapidly corrected deficiencies and improved leaf nutrient concentrations and photosynthetic efficiency by increasing chlorophyll levels and plant vigor (Umar et al., 2022; Ahmad et al., 2018 ; Makhasha et al., 2024 ; Kheir et al., 2021). This vigor resulted in elevated rhizodeposition of labile carbon substrates (sugars, organic acids, amino acids) from the roots, which supported a higher leaf macronutrient and micronutrient status, resulting in enhanced assimilate partitioning and fruit nutrient enrichment (Ge et al., 2022 ; Daunoras et al., 2024; Bargaz et al., 2018 ). 5.3 Soil Microbial and Enzymatic Activities Micronutrients were essential cofactors or activators for both plant and microbial enzymes, with Zn and Fe supporting superoxide dismutase and catalase functions, B contributing to cell wall integrity and pollen viability, and Ca maintaining membrane stability (Umar et al., 2022; Makhasha et al., 2024 ; Ahmed et al., 2025 ). As a result, microbial biomass and diversity improved, with higher bacterial counts and AMF spore density, and AMF–bacterial synergies maximizing nutrient cycling in perennial systems (Ramazanoglu et al., 2025 ; Ge et al., 2022 ; Tahiri et al., 2022 ; Han et al., 2025 ; Smith and Smith, 2011). AMF promoted P and micronutrient uptake using hyphal networks and modulated bacterial communities toward suitable taxa for N and C transformations (Ramazanoglu et al., 2025 ; Tahiri et al., 2022 ) under moderate fertility regimes. The activity of enzymes directly documented such mechanisms (Daunoras et al., 2024; Bargaz et al., 2018 ; Spohn, 2020; Turner et al., 2021 ). For T 8 , dehydrogenase, a sensitive intracellular marker of microbial oxidative and respiratory metabolism, was maximized and was heavily correlated to bacterial counts and the major predictor of microbial abundance in multiple regression (Daunoras et al., 2024; Kumar et al., 2024; Zeng et al., 2025 ). Its increase was proof that carbon turnover & energy flux were accelerated after alleviating macronutrient overload and high labile C production from raised root exudation (Bowles et al., 2014; Zeng et al., 2025 ). Besides this, the high urease activity (particular to N mineralization) and acid/alkaline phosphatase activities (involving organic P hydrolysis) under T 8 and T 9 allowed for the optimal production of plant-available NH₄⁺/NO₃⁻ and orthophosphate from microbial necromass and root exudates (Ge et al., 2022 ; Daunoras et al., 2024; Turner et al., 2021 ). These extracellular enzymes exist natively in a microbial matrix and positively react with balanced nutrition, with Zn/Fe acting as cofactors and reduced chemical pressure preventing enzyme inhibition (Daunoras et al., 2024; Bargaz et al., 2018 ). Multivariate analyses (PCA and RDA) validated tight coupling, with T 8 and T 9 clustering with vectors for dehydrogenase activity, urease activity, phosphatase activities, bacterial counts, AMF spore density, and soil/plant nutrient pools, emphasizing microbial mediators of macronutrient (N, K) and micronutrient bioavailability (Kumar et al., 2024; Zeng et al., 2025 ). 5.4 Fruit Quality, Physical and Physiological Attributes Enhanced soil microbial activity cascaded to plant and fruit performance (Kuldeep Singh et al., 2026; Harsh et al., 2025; Umar et al., 2022; Ahmed et al., 2025 ). Improved leaf content in micronutrients increased chlorophyll and photosynthetic carbon assimilation and assimilate partitioning, leading to higher fruit quality parameters in terms of total soluble solids, sugars, carotenoids, ascorbic acid, and shelf life (Umar et al., 2022; Kheir et al., 2021). Fresh fruit micronutrient enrichment further reinforced oxidative stress tolerance through stimulated catalase, peroxidase, and superoxide dismutase activities (Umar et al., 2022; Ahmed et al., 2025 ). 5.5 Fruit Phytochemical and Enzyme Attributes Pearson correlations and regression analyses linked dehydrogenase activity to bacterial proliferation, enzyme function, soil nutrient pools, and plant/fruit quality traits, with total phenols as the strongest predictor of antioxidant activity (Kuldeep Singh et al., 2026; Kumar et al., 2024). These plant–microbe feedbacks align with broader evidence that foliar micronutrients in low-chemical regimes stimulate rhizodeposition, microbial enzyme synthesis, and biogeochemical cycling in tropical perennial agroecosystems, thereby sustaining soil organic carbon stabilization, nutrient-use efficiency, and long-term fertility with reduced fertilizer dependency (Eissa, 2025 ; Ma et al., 2024 ; Țopa et al., 2025; Dincă et al., 2022; Niu et al., 2021). 5.6 Mechanisms and Sustainable Implications The findings emphasize that T 8 and T 9 are more sustainable approaches in mango orchards (Harsh et al., 2025; Sable, 2024 ). T 8 optimized yield-quality trade-offs and microbial-enzyme synergy, whereas T 9 maximized AMF and bacterial proliferation under lower input (Han et al., 2025 ). These integrated approaches, in which excessive macronutrients are replaced with precision foliar micronutrients, provide positive effects for ecosystem services in resource-constrained tropical regions, including carbon sequestration, nutrient retention, and climate resilience (Ataya et al., 2025 ; Randhawa et al., 2026 ; Sande et al., 2024; Dhotra et al., 2021 ). These protocols will be refined in multi-year trials and molecular microbial profiling for long-term validation (Eissa, 2025 ; Solanki et al., 2024). 6. Conclusion This study clearly shows that a comprehensive nutrient management approach, a blend of lower RDF and soil and/or foliar micronutrient applications, positively affects soil biochemical characteristics, micronutrient availability, microbial assemblages, and enzyme activities in medium-density tropical mango orchards. Treatments that combined 75% or 50% RDF with two foliar micronutrient sprays (T 8 and T 9 ) achieved the best results: they led to a remarkable increase in AMF spore density, bacterial concentrations, and dehydrogenase, urease, and acid and alkaline phosphatase activities, as well as an increase in the soil N, K, and micronutrient pools. Such improvements at the soil level were associated with enhanced plant-microbe feedback (leaf micronutrient and chlorophyll contents), as well as improved fruit nutrition and phytochemical quality (higher TSS, sugars, ascorbic acid, carotenoids, flavonoids, total phenols, antioxidant capacity, and longer shelf-life). The multivariate analysis (PCA and RDA) confirmed that microbial and enzymatic factors were the main determinants contributing to soil biological parameters affecting plant nutrition and fruit quality. Through remediation of macronutrient-induced inhibition of rhizosphere responses and evoking favorable carbon-nutrient feedbacks, the optimized INM strategy is beneficial to farmers and provides a convenient and eco-friendly alternative to conventional heavy fertilization. This provides mechanistic evidence for the use of foliar micronutrients efficiently in reduced-input situations as well as a scientific platform for improving long-run soil health, nutrient usage efficiency, and quality of the fruit in tropical perennial agroecosystems. The implementation of such strategies may minimize the chemical fertilizer dependency as well as significantly retain productivity in resource-constrained tropical environments. Declarations Acknowledgement Acknowledgment is extended for the financial assistance and infrastructural support provided by the Horticulture Research Centre, Patharchatta, and the Department of Horticulture, GBPUA&T, Pantnagar, Uttarakhand, India. Funding This research received no external funding Data availability statements The original contributions made in the study are contained in the article/supplementary materials. Additional questions can be referred to the relevant authors. Author Contribution Statement Conceptualization, investigation, Statistical analysis, methodology, and original draft writing done by K. Review, editing, and supervision were done by AKS & OS. Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper. Ethics statement This study involved field experimentation on mango ( Mangifera Indica L.) plants and did not involve human participants or animals. Therefore, formal ethical approval was not required. All experimental procedures were conducted following standard agronomic research practices and the institutional guidelines of Govind Ballabh Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar, Uttarakhand, India. Declaration of AI-assisted writing The authors exclusively used OpenAI's ChatGPT (GPT-5 model) to improve the clarity, grammar, and style of the manuscript. The authors carefully reviewed, edited, and approved all AI-generated suggestions and take full responsibility for the final content of the paper. References Aebi H (1984) Catalase in vitro. Methods Enzymol 105:121–126. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0076-6879(84)05016-3 Ahmad I, Bibi F, Ullah H, Munir TM (2018) Mango fruit yield and critical quality parameters respond to foliar and soil applications of zinc and boron. Plants 7:97. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants7040097 Ahmed GA, El-Salhy AFM, Salem ENH (2025) Effect of foliar application of calcium, zinc and boron on growth and fruiting of Keitt mango trees. 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Supplementary Files Fig.S1.ExperimentalResearchUnit.jpg Experimental Research Unit Fig.S2.Plantinglayoutofmango.jpg Planting layout floatimage1.png Fig.S3.OverviewofSoilSampleCollection.jpg Overview of soil sample collection Fig.S4.RDA.png RDA Graphicalabstract.png Graphical abstract SupplementryTable.docx Supplementary result table Cite Share Download PDF Status: Posted Version 1 posted You are reading this latest preprint version Research Square lets you share your work early, gain feedback from the community, and start making changes to your manuscript prior to peer review in a journal. As a division of Research Square Company, we’re committed to making research communication faster, fairer, and more useful. We do this by developing innovative software and high quality services for the global research community. Our growing team is made up of researchers and industry professionals working together to solve the most critical problems facing scientific publishing. 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Article","associatedPublications":[],"authors":[{"id":614943085,"identity":"235fb28a-8814-4873-b7ff-82c3a3c6048f","order_by":0,"name":"Kuldeep","email":"data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAZAAAAAyAQMAAABI0h/eAAAABlBMVEX///8AAABVwtN+AAAACXBIWXMAAA7EAAAOxAGVKw4bAAABE0lEQVRIiWNgGAWjYBACCQbmBgkgnQDiHEiosJHjB7ESCvBpYYRpYWY48OBMmrFkA4hrQKQWxodthxM3HACJ49EiOSOx8caHijt5/NLnDx5IbDtsbHx+deKHBwYM8vxiB7BqkZZIbLacceZZsWRfMtAv59LlzG683SwBdJjhzNkJWLXISSS2SfOC3HMG6JeEMmtjsxtnN4C0JBjcxqPl7z+YFjbmxM0zzm7+gU+LNEgLYwNMS5tz4gb+3m14bZHsedhs2XPsWeLMHmaDAwnAQJa4wbvNIsFAAqdfJI4nH7zxo+ZOYj8P4+OPP0BR2X92800gQ55fGrsWKDiAbApYpQQ+5eha+A/gUDQKRsEoGAUjFQAAFCFsmR6Rt7kAAAAASUVORK5CYII=","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0002-1248-4535","institution":"Department of Horticulture, College of Agriculture, Govind Ballabh Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar, Udham Singh Nagar, 263145, Uttarakhand, India","correspondingAuthor":true,"prefix":"","firstName":"","middleName":"","lastName":"Kuldeep","suffix":""},{"id":614943086,"identity":"7cc849cb-68c4-476f-946f-868f37c09bab","order_by":1,"name":"Ashok Kumar Singh","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Department of Horticulture, College of Agriculture, Govind Ballabh Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar, Udham Singh Nagar, 263145, Uttarakhand, India","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Ashok","middleName":"Kumar","lastName":"Singh","suffix":""},{"id":614943087,"identity":"0853be5e-ca13-46e1-94d2-bb43e965ce15","order_by":2,"name":"Omveer Singh","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Department of Horticulture, College of Agriculture, Govind Ballabh Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar, Udham Singh Nagar, 263145, Uttarakhand, India","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Omveer","middleName":"","lastName":"Singh","suffix":""}],"badges":[],"createdAt":"2026-03-30 11:02:52","currentVersionCode":1,"declarations":{"humanSubjects":false,"vertebrateSubjects":true,"conflictsOfInterestStatement":false,"humanSubjectEthicalGuidelines":false,"humanSubjectConsent":false,"humanSubjectClinicalTrial":false,"humanSubjectCaseReport":false,"vertebrateSubjectEthicalGuidelines":true},"doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-9265673/v1","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-9265673/v1","draftVersion":[],"editorialEvents":[],"editorialNote":"","failedWorkflow":false,"files":[{"id":106354543,"identity":"d2f139b4-f525-4591-9a05-3ffab614f2db","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2026-04-07 18:18:32","extension":"jpg","order_by":1,"title":"Figure 1","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":115225,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eSee image above for figure legend.\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"1.jpg","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-9265673/v1/c88c566cd44126f65cab96e3.jpg"},{"id":106415042,"identity":"68329084-da8f-4ab3-8750-bf46e7a1a967","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2026-04-08 10:32:19","extension":"jpg","order_by":2,"title":"Figure 2","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":166462,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eSee image above for figure legend.\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"2.jpg","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-9265673/v1/a901cbf73facc1b7bf543442.jpg"},{"id":106354546,"identity":"eb1b6721-25ff-43b9-bf8d-a7c4bc2594f3","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2026-04-07 18:18:32","extension":"jpg","order_by":3,"title":"Figure 3","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":202638,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eSee image above for figure legend.\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"3.jpg","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-9265673/v1/111949e07b5e71d1a8a78598.jpg"},{"id":106403380,"identity":"465c1b24-ef47-4498-90c2-7286859c7eb8","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2026-04-08 09:14:11","extension":"jpg","order_by":4,"title":"Figure 4","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":129783,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eSee image above for figure legend.\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"4.jpg","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-9265673/v1/44bd6c08922753d6539aeaf8.jpg"},{"id":106354548,"identity":"e5135cad-fa14-4a9f-a629-85d23b6c17e4","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2026-04-07 18:18:32","extension":"jpg","order_by":5,"title":"Figure 5","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":128129,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eSee image above for figure legend.\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"5.jpg","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-9265673/v1/0085439b72f7301ca759911b.jpg"},{"id":107704923,"identity":"b79a1bd6-5b04-4d06-bc35-6b8e62b5a7d9","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2026-04-24 09:04:10","extension":"pdf","order_by":0,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"manuscript-pdf","size":1833823,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"manuscript.pdf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-9265673/v1/9a5396b0-4636-4176-9577-1766b1308444.pdf"},{"id":106354544,"identity":"d95e1735-6986-447c-b1d1-d092233c2643","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2026-04-07 18:18:32","extension":"jpg","order_by":1,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"supplement","size":226512,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eExperimental Research Unit\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"Fig.S1.ExperimentalResearchUnit.jpg","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-9265673/v1/67fd1a99d3f5b0bd8189c921.jpg"},{"id":106404777,"identity":"9871c034-269c-4be6-931d-b82cb19f6137","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2026-04-08 09:17:02","extension":"jpg","order_by":2,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"supplement","size":68132,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003ePlanting layout\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"Fig.S2.Plantinglayoutofmango.jpg","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-9265673/v1/0b130e63739b3fa358c5335b.jpg"},{"id":106354547,"identity":"95fc4e4d-f615-43fa-aabe-685780b6ecfd","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2026-04-07 18:18:32","extension":"png","order_by":3,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"supplement","size":391219,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"floatimage1.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-9265673/v1/69514e2a6e9e9a66750ab968.png"},{"id":106404608,"identity":"837f694c-c1d6-4d10-97ba-b3e490526ae3","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2026-04-08 09:16:21","extension":"jpg","order_by":4,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"supplement","size":390437,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eOverview of soil sample collection\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"Fig.S3.OverviewofSoilSampleCollection.jpg","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-9265673/v1/bde5a24f429f7ee5500c6e5f.jpg"},{"id":106403493,"identity":"582b2369-9f76-4130-8089-4097751386dc","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2026-04-08 09:14:23","extension":"png","order_by":5,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"supplement","size":229591,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eRDA\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"Fig.S4.RDA.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-9265673/v1/3432407bbf47998f83327bd2.png"},{"id":106354551,"identity":"c2d2616e-ee58-4003-96ac-e002ab445de8","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2026-04-07 18:18:32","extension":"png","order_by":6,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"supplement","size":1486399,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eGraphical abstract\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"Graphicalabstract.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-9265673/v1/3475c15e47aeae9aba636bb9.png"},{"id":106403525,"identity":"0633784f-630d-4ef2-931b-259e613a2569","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2026-04-08 09:14:27","extension":"docx","order_by":7,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"supplement","size":40302,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eSupplementary result table\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"SupplementryTable.docx","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-9265673/v1/334f38d80bf4e93c9c2c1daa.docx"}],"financialInterests":"The authors declare no competing interests.","formattedTitle":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eIntegrated Nutrient Management, Soil Biological Functions, and their Linkages with Fruit Quality in Mango (\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cem\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eMangifera indica \u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/em\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eL.) under Medium-Density Planting\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","fulltext":[{"header":"1. Introduction","content":"\u003cp\u003eMango (\u003cem\u003eMangifera indica\u003c/em\u003e L.) is a nutrient-rich tropical fruit with significant commercial value and is one of the most widely cultivated tropical fruits in the world. Globally, it is cultivated on about 5.8\u0026nbsp;million hectares and is important for food security, rural livelihoods, and export economies (FAO \u003cspan citationid=\"CR25\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2024\u003c/span\u003e; Gal\u0026aacute;n Sa\u0026uacute;co and Lu \u003cspan citationid=\"CR27\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2023\u003c/span\u003e). With over 2.5\u0026nbsp;million hectares, India is the world\u0026rsquo;s largest producer, contributing nearly 40% to world production. The next largest producers were China, Thailand, Mexico, and Brazil (FAO \u003cspan citationid=\"CR25\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2024\u003c/span\u003e). Both India and other major producing countries in recent years have adopted high-density planting systems to maximize productivity per unit area, maintain optimal canopy architecture, allow mechanization, and improve the quality of fruits (Deb et al. 2024; Dhotra et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR21\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2021\u003c/span\u003e). RDF (conventional recommended dose) of fertilizer is the standard practice of nutrient management in these intensive systems. But overuse of RDF frequently interferes with rhizosphere chemistry, suppresses microbial activity, and compromises long-term soil health (Han et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR32\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2025\u003c/span\u003e; Kumar et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR43\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2021\u003c/span\u003e; Bargaz et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR11\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2018\u003c/span\u003e). In mango orchards, arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF), heterotrophic bacteria, and extracellular enzymes are instrumental in nutrient acquisition, organic-matter decomposition, and biogeochemical cycling (Smith and Smith \u003cspan citationid=\"CR73\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2011a\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR74\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003eb\u003c/span\u003e; McLaren et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR58\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2020\u003c/span\u003e; Turner et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR86\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2021\u003c/span\u003e; B\u0026uuml;nemann et al. 2015; Spohn 2020). AMF create large extraradical hyphal networks that promote the uptake of micronutrients in exchange for plant-derived carbon, thereby improving nutrient-use efficiency when nutrients are limited (Smith and Smith \u003cspan citationid=\"CR73\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2011a\u003c/span\u003e; Bargaz et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR11\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2018\u003c/span\u003e; Han et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR32\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2025\u003c/span\u003e). In soil, microbial communities mediate the actions of dehydrogenase, urease, and phosphatase, three important metabolic capacities and nutrient turnover (Kumar et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR43\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2021\u003c/span\u003e; Zeng et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR94\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2025\u003c/span\u003e; Turner et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR86\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2021\u003c/span\u003e). Overdoses of macronutrients, on the contrary, hinder rhizodeposition, change the pH of soil, create ionic imbalances leading to less AMF colonization, reduced bacterial biomass, and reduced enzyme activity (Han et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR32\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2025\u003c/span\u003e; Kumar et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR43\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2021\u003c/span\u003e; Zeng et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR94\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2025\u003c/span\u003e; McLaren et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR58\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2020\u003c/span\u003e). Innovative integrated nutrient management (INM) activities that utilize reduced RDF rates with either soil and/or foliar micronutrient delivery provide an effective alternative for restoration of soil biological functions whilst maintaining productivity (Ahmed et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR4\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2025\u003c/span\u003e; Makhasha et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR55\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2024\u003c/span\u003e; El-Salhy et al. 2025; Mohamed et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR61\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2025\u003c/span\u003e). Foliar micronutrients bypass the soil fixation reaction, help stimulate the plant physiological function (photosynthesis, enzyme activation), and promote rhizodeposition of labile carbon compounds for microbial growth and the biosynthesis of enzymes (Zeng et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR94\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2025\u003c/span\u003e; Bargaz et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR11\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2018\u003c/span\u003e; Han et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR32\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2025\u003c/span\u003e). The upward pressure of the belowground carbon allocation induces a positive feed-forward mechanism wherein increased resource allocation results in increased microbial activity, nutrient mobilization, and cycling with consequent positive impacts on nutrition and fruit quality of crops (Kumar et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR43\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2021\u003c/span\u003e; Turner et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR86\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2021\u003c/span\u003e; B\u0026uuml;nemann et al. 2015; Spohn 2020). In medium- to high-density planting, the interactions are amplified by increasing root density and rhizosphere volume per unit area, potentially allowing for enhanced biological responses of the soil to nutrient management (Deb et al. 2024; Tsomu et al. 2024; Dhotra et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR21\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2021\u003c/span\u003e). Even though there is increasing recognition of these connections, mechanistic knowledge for tropical perennial systems is rather restricted. Previous research has generally investigated soil microbial responses or fruit quality in isolation, yet no work so far has attempted to associate belowground biological responses with aboveground performance in reduced input regimes (Gurjar et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR30\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2023\u003c/span\u003e; Kumar and Patel \u003cspan citationid=\"CR42\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2025\u003c/span\u003e; Attalla et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR10\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2025\u003c/span\u003e; Cavalcante et al. 2025). The foliar nutrient of the leaf has been largely neglected in the literature as a factor in AMF-bacterial synergy regulation, enzyme-regulated nutrient cycling, and their effects on the quality of fruit downstream. However, in medium-density mango orchards, its downstream effects remain largely undefined (Lei et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR46\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2025\u003c/span\u003e; He et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR34\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2023\u003c/span\u003e; Luo et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR52\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2025\u003c/span\u003e; Kleber et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR41\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2021\u003c/span\u003e; Angst et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR5\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2021\u003c/span\u003e; Kallenbach et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR39\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2016\u003c/span\u003e). This concept has been recently recognized in soil microbiology for trace elements as enzymatic cofactors and the agents for microbial growth and development (Zeng et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR94\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2025\u003c/span\u003e; Smith and Smith \u003cspan citationid=\"CR74\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2011b\u003c/span\u003e; Turner et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR86\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2021\u003c/span\u003e; B\u0026uuml;nemann \u003cspan citationid=\"CR14\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2015\u003c/span\u003e; Loeppmann et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR50\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2025\u003c/span\u003e; Farrell et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR26\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2014\u003c/span\u003e; Arenberg and Arai \u003cspan citationid=\"CR6\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2019\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR7\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2021\u003c/span\u003e; Hern\u0026aacute;ndez-Romero et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR35\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2024\u003c/span\u003e). In P-limited tropical soils, AMF- and phosphatase-producing bacteria, for instance, collaborate to enhance phosphorus procurement; however, macronutrient overload can weaken these relationships and reduce the allocation of underground carbon (McLaren et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR58\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2020\u003c/span\u003e; Spohn 2020; Han et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR32\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2025\u003c/span\u003e; Kumar et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR43\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2021\u003c/span\u003e). This study aims to fill in this knowledge gap by evaluating integrated nutrient management in a medium-density mango orchard. We anticipated that foliar micronutrient supplementation, along with decreased RDF, would increase AMF spore density and bacterial counts, increase key enzyme activities (dehydrogenase, urease, acid and alkaline phosphatases), improve soil nutrient retention and cycling, and result in positive correlations between soil biological indicators and fruit quality parameters via optimized plant nutrient status and partitioning assimilation. Thus, the study's particular aims were to: (1) measure the impact of RDF reduction with soil and/or foliar micronutrient applications on soil chemical parameters, micronutrient resources, microorganism (AMF and bacterial) communities and enzymatic activity; (2) quantitatively assess leaf nutrient status and its relationship to belowground biological processes; (3) clarify inter- and interspersed/multivariate relationships between soil nutrients with their correlates, i.e. soil biological variables, resource pools (nutrient) types and fruit quality by principal component analysis (PCA), redundancy analysis (RDA) combined with regression modelling; and (4) identify the process pathways by which integrated nutrients management contributes to increase soil biological functions and lead to better fruit quality in a medium-density tropical mango system. This study provides fundamental mechanistic insight into soil biological control of nutrient dynamics. It offers a practical science-based guide for sustainable nutrient management that preserves productivity and promotes long-term soil health.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"2. Materials and Methods","content":"\u003cdiv id=\"Sec3\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e2.1 Orchard site and experimental period\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe study was conducted during 2023\u0026ndash;2024 at the Horticulture Research Centre, Patharchatta, GBPUA\u0026amp;T, Pantnagar, Uttarakhand (\u0026asymp;\u0026thinsp;29.5\u0026deg;N, 79.3\u0026deg;E; 244 m a.s.l.; Fig. S1). The experiment used a medium-density mango (\u003cem\u003eMangifera indica\u003c/em\u003e L. cv. Dashehari) orchard of uniform 13-year-old trees planted at 5 \u0026times; 5 m spacing (400 trees ha⁻\u0026sup1;;) (Fig. S2).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec4\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e2.2 Soil and climate\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe site lies in the Tarai agro-ecological zone with a sub-humid subtropical climate. The experimental soil is silty clay loam (Patharchatta Series II, Mollisol). Baseline soil physical-chemical properties (pH, EC, organic carbon, available N, P, K, and extractable micronutrients) were determined before the start of the experiment.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec5\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e2.3 Experimental design and treatments\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe experiment was laid out in a randomized block design (RBD) with 10 treatments and three replications. Treatments evaluated combinations of full, reduced (75%, 50%, 25%) recommended fertilizer dose (RDF\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;1000 g N\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;750 g P₂O₅ + 1000 g K₂O\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;50 kg FYM tree⁻\u0026sup1; year⁻\u0026sup1;) and soil-applied micronutrients (Fe, Cu, Zn each 100 g tree⁻\u0026sup1; and B 50 g tree⁻\u0026sup1;), together with one or two foliar sprays of micronutrients. In brief treatment details:\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cul\u003e \u003cli\u003e \u003cp\u003eT\u003csub\u003e1\u003c/sub\u003e (Control): 100% RDF applied in the basin after harvest.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e \u003cp\u003eT\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e-T\u003csub\u003e4\u003c/sub\u003e: 75%, 50%, 25% RDF, respectively, + soil micronutrients (Fe, Cu, Zn @100 g each +\u0026thinsp;B @50 g tree⁻\u0026sup1;)\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;one foliar spray (Fe, Ca, Zn each 0.50% + B- 0.10%) (just before flowering and marble stages as a single event).\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e \u003cp\u003eT\u003csub\u003e5\u003c/sub\u003e-T\u003csub\u003e7\u003c/sub\u003e: 75%, 50%, 25% RDF, respectively, + soil micronutrients (as above)\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;two foliar sprays (same foliar composition; applied just before flowering and at marble stage).\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e \u003cp\u003eT\u003csub\u003e8\u003c/sub\u003e-T\u003csub\u003e10\u003c/sub\u003e: 75%, 50%, 25% RDF, respectively, without soil micronutrients but with two foliar sprays (just before flowering and at marble stage).\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/li\u003e \u003c/ul\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec6\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e2.4 Orchard management and fertilizer application\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eBasins (radius: 1.5 m from trunk) were prepared around each tree. Farmyard manure was applied in October. P, K, and micronutrient basal doses were incorporated into the basins in November. Nitrogen was applied in two equal splits: first immediately after flowering and the second at the mustard-to-pea stage of fruit development. Foliar sprays (10 L water tree⁻\u0026sup1; per spray) were prepared by dissolving micronutrient salts and applied with a tractor sprayer at the timings (just before flowering and at marble stage). Standard cultural practices (irrigation, weeding, pruning, pest and disease control) were followed uniformly across treatments.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec7\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e2.5 Sampling and laboratory analysis\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec8\" class=\"Section3\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e2.5.1 Soil and plant sampling collection\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eSoil samples for macro- and micronutrient analysis were collected after fruit harvest from each treatment replication for two consecutive years (2023 and 2024). Samples were obtained using a post-hole auger at a depth of 0\u0026ndash;30 cm (Fig. S3), thoroughly mixed, placed in labeled bags, and air-dried in the shade. The dried soil was ground with a mortar and pestle, passed through a 2-mm sieve, and stored in labeled sample bags for analysis.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eFor plant nutrient analysis, 4-5-month-old mature leaves (Fig. S3) considered to contain optimum nutrient concentrations, were collected after fruit harvest. The leaves were washed, oven-dried at 65\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.0\u0026deg;C until constant weight, ground with a mortar and pestle, sieved through a 2-mm mesh, and stored in airtight bags for laboratory analysis. Before analysis, the stored samples were once again dried at 60\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.0\u0026deg;C for 2 h to ensure optimal conditions for testing. The analysis focused on assessing both macro and micronutrients present in the samples.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec9\" class=\"Section3\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e2.5.2 Estimation of soil chemical properties\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eSoil pH and electrical conductivity (EC) were determined in a 1:2.5 soil-to-water suspension using a digital pH meter (Model: Electronics India 101) and a conductivity meter (Model: Electronics India 602), respectively, following the procedure outlined by Jackson (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR38\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1973\u003c/span\u003e). Oxidizable organic carbon was estimated by the wet oxidation method as described by Walkley and Black (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR88\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1934\u003c/span\u003e). Available nitrogen was determined by the alkaline permanganate method using 0.32% KMnO₄, as suggested by Subbiah and Asija (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR79\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1956\u003c/span\u003e). Available phosphorus was extracted with 0.5 M NaHCO₃ (pH 8.5) and determined calorimetrically following Olsen et al. (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR65\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1954\u003c/span\u003e). Available potassium was extracted with neutral normal ammonium acetate and estimated using a flame photometer (Model: Electronics India 101) as described by Jackson (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR38\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1973\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eMicronutrients (Fe, Zn, \u0026amp; Cu) were extracted using DTPA solution (pH 7.3, 0.005 M DTPA\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;0.01 M CaCl₂ + 0.1 M TEA) following Lindsay and Norvell (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR49\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1978\u003c/span\u003e), and the concentrations were measured with an Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer (Model: Systronics, ECIL 4141). Boron and calcium were estimated by the hot CaCl\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e extractable method given by Srivastava and Pachuri (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR78\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2020\u003c/span\u003e) and quantified using a colorimeter at 420 nm (Model: GENESYS180).\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec10\" class=\"Section3\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e2.5.3 Estimation of plant nutrient content\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eFor the determination of total nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), potassium (K), cationic micronutrients (Fe, Zn, and Cu), and secondary nutrient calcium (Ca), plant samples were digested with a di-acid mixture (HNO₃:HClO₄:: 9:4) using a digestion unit (Model: Peliican, KES 04L). Nitrogen (N) was quantified using a Kjeldahl nitrogen analyzer (Model: BK3KJS11-240), phosphorus (P) was estimated with a UV-Vis spectrophotometer (Make: Thermo Fisher Scientific, Model: GENESYS 180), potassium (K) was determined using a flame photometer (Make: Systronics, Model: Flame Photometer 128), and micronutrients along with secondary nutrients were estimated by an atomic absorption spectrophotometer (Make: Systronics, ECIL 4141) employing an air-acetylene flame. Boron (B) in plant samples was determined following the method of Srivastava and Pachuri (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR78\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2020\u003c/span\u003e), which involves dry ashing of samples and subsequent estimation using the Azomethine-H method.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec11\" class=\"Section3\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e2.5.4 Fruit quality, physical and physiological attributes\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe total soluble solids (TSS) were measured using a hand refractometer (\u0026deg;Brix) (Ranganna, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR68\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1986\u003c/span\u003e). Titratable acidity was determined by titrating juice extract with 0.1 N NaOH using phenolphthalein as indicator and expressed as citric acid equivalent (Ranganna, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR68\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1986\u003c/span\u003e). Ascorbic acid content was quantified by 2,6-dichlorophenolindophenol titration (Ranganna, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR68\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1986\u003c/span\u003e). Reducing sugars were estimated by the dinitrosalicylic acid (DNS) method (Miller, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR59\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1959\u003c/span\u003e). Total sugars were determined by the anthrone method after acid hydrolysis and non-reducing sugars calculated by difference (Ranganna, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR68\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1986\u003c/span\u003e). Total carotenoids were extracted in acetone: petroleum ether and quantified spectrophotometrically at 450 nm (Ranganna, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR68\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1986\u003c/span\u003e). Cationic micronutrients (Fe, Zn, Cu) and calcium (Ca) were analysed after wet digestion of fruit samples with HNO₃:HClO₄ (9:4, v/v) (Blanchar et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR13\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1965\u003c/span\u003e) using atomic absorption spectrophotometry. Shelf life was recorded as the number of days to unacceptable softening and decay under ambient storage (25\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;2\u0026deg;C). Leaf chlorophyll content was determined by extracting fresh leaf tissue in 80% (v/v) acetone (Arnon, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR8\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1949\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec12\" class=\"Section3\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e2.5.5 Soil microbial and Enzymatic activities\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eArbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) spores were extracted by the wet-sieving and decanting technique and counted under a stereomicroscope according to Gerdemann and Nicolson (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR29\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1963\u003c/span\u003e). Total bacterial count was determined by the serial dilution pour-plate method on nutrient agar and expressed as \u0026times;10⁵ CFU g⁻\u0026sup1; dry soil. Urease activity (\u0026micro;g NH₃-N g⁻\u0026sup1; soil 2 h⁻\u0026sup1;) was assayed according to Tabatabai and Bremner (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR82\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1972\u003c/span\u003e). Dehydrogenase activity (\u0026micro;g TPF g⁻\u0026sup1; soil 16 h⁻\u0026sup1;) was determined by the method of Casida et al. (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR15\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1964\u003c/span\u003e). Acid phosphatase activity (\u0026micro;g p-nitrophenol g⁻\u0026sup1; soil h⁻\u0026sup1;) and alkaline phosphatase activity (\u0026micro;g p-nitrophenol g⁻\u0026sup1; soil h⁻\u0026sup1;) were measured using p-nitrophenyl phosphate as substrate following the procedure of Tabatabai and Bremner (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR81\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1969\u003c/span\u003e) at pH 6.5 and pH 11.0, respectively.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec13\" class=\"Section3\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e2.5.6 Fruit phytochemical and enzymes attributes\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eTotal flavonoids were quantified by the AlCl₃ colorimetric method (Zhishen et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR95\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1999\u003c/span\u003e) and expressed as mg quercetin equivalents (QE) 100 g⁻\u0026sup1; fresh weight. Total phenolic content was determined by the Folin\u0026ndash;Ciocalteu reagent and expressed as mg gallic acid equivalents (GAE) 100 g⁻\u0026sup1; fresh weight according to Singleton and Rossi (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR72\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1965\u003c/span\u003e). Total carbohydrates were estimated by the anthrone method (Yemm and Willis, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR91\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1954\u003c/span\u003e). Total protein content was determined according to Lowry et al. (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR51\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1951\u003c/span\u003e). Total antioxidant activity was assayed by the DPPH radical-scavenging method and expressed as \u0026micro;mol Trolox equivalents g⁻\u0026sup1; (Maldonado-Celis et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR57\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2019\u003c/span\u003e). Catalase (CAT) activity (U mg⁻\u0026sup1; protein) was measured by monitoring the rate of H₂O₂ decomposition at 240 nm according to Aebi (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR1\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1984\u003c/span\u003e). Peroxidase (POD) activity (U mg⁻\u0026sup1; protein) was determined by the oxidation of guaiacol at 470 nm (Chance and Maehly, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR17\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1955\u003c/span\u003e). Superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity (U mg⁻\u0026sup1; protein) was assayed by its ability to inhibit the photoreduction of nitroblue tetrazolium (Beauchamp and Fridovich, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR12\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1971\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/div\u003e"},{"header":"3. Statistical analysis","content":"\u003cp\u003eData were subjected to one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) using IBM SPSS Statistics version 25 (IBM Corp., Armonk, NY, USA). Treatment means were separated by Tukey\u0026rsquo;s honestly significant difference (HSD) test at P\u0026thinsp;\u0026le;\u0026thinsp;0.05. Pearson correlation coefficients and multiple linear regression (MLR) models were performed using XLSTAT version 4.2.0 (Addinsoft, Paris, France). Redundancy analysis (RDA) was conducted in XLSTAT with 999 permutations (P\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.01) to explore relationships among soil properties, microbial parameters, and treatments. Principal component analysis (PCA) biplots were generated using IBM SPSS Statistics version 25. All figures were prepared using OriginPro (OriginLab Corporation, Northampton, MA, USA).\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"4. Results","content":"\u003cdiv id=\"Sec16\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e\n \u003ch2\u003e4.1 Estimation of Soil Chemical Properties\u003c/h2\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eThe integrated nutrient management (reduced recommended doses of fertilizers, RDF) combined with soil and/or foliar micronutrient applications improved the soil biochemical properties and micronutrient availability in the tropical mango orchard (Tables \u003cspan refid=\"Tab1\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e\u0026ndash;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab2\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e). Soil pH was moderate in all treatments after harvesting and significantly increased under full 100% RDF control (T\u003csub\u003e1\u003c/sub\u003e: 7.47\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.03). The highest electrical conductivity was recorded in the 100% RDF control (0.33\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.02 dS m⁻\u0026sup1;), while it was lower in all treatments supplemented with foliar sprays. Soil organic carbon showed negligible increases with multiple-foliar treatments, with maxima of 0.85\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.01% in T\u003csub\u003e5\u003c/sub\u003e (75% RDF\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;soil micronutrients\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;one foliar spray of micronutrients) and T\u003csub\u003e9\u003c/sub\u003e (50% RDF\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;two foliar sprays of micronutrients). Nitrogen concentrations increased post-harvest in the majority of treatments, with the highest concentrations recorded in T\u003csub\u003e8\u003c/sub\u003e (203.25\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.28 kg ha⁻\u0026sup1;) and T\u003csub\u003e6\u003c/sub\u003e (202.55\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.72 kg ha⁻\u0026sup1;). The highest residual phosphorus content was measured in \u003csub\u003eT8\u003c/sub\u003e (22.02\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.01 kg ha⁻\u0026sup1;), T\u003csub\u003e5\u003c/sub\u003e (21.79\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.01 kg ha⁻\u0026sup1;), and T\u003csub\u003e9\u003c/sub\u003e (21.76\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.01 kg ha⁻\u0026sup1;). Potassium availability also showed an increase in foliar-enhanced treatments (maxima reached in T\u003csub\u003e8\u003c/sub\u003e: 147.87\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.22 kg ha⁻\u0026sup1; and T\u003csub\u003e5\u003c/sub\u003e: 147.22\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.52 kg ha⁻\u0026sup1;). Foliar supplementation improved soil micronutrient availability. T\u003csub\u003e6\u003c/sub\u003e (6.15\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.09 mg kg⁻\u0026sup1;) and T\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e (6.11\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.27 mg kg⁻\u0026sup1;) had the highest available Fe. Maximum available Zn occurred after combining soil\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;foliar use, with the highest Zn availability in T\u003csub\u003e5\u003c/sub\u003e (0.78\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.06 mg kg⁻\u0026sup1;), T\u003csub\u003e6\u003c/sub\u003e (0.77\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.05 mg kg⁻\u0026sup1;), and T\u003csub\u003e7\u003c/sub\u003e (0.76\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.03 mg kg⁻\u0026sup1;). Available Cu, B, and Ca values were also greatest in T\u003csub\u003e5\u003c/sub\u003e\u0026ndash;T\u003csub\u003e7\u003c/sub\u003e (T\u003csub\u003e6\u003c/sub\u003e: maximum Cu 0.24\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.02 mg kg⁻\u0026sup1;; T\u003csub\u003e5\u003c/sub\u003e: maximum B 0.54\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.02 mg kg⁻\u0026sup1;; T\u003csub\u003e5\u003c/sub\u003e: maximum Ca 1045.67\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;2.08 mg kg⁻\u0026sup1;).\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab1\" border=\"1\"\u003e\n \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 1\u003c/div\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eInfluence of macro and micronutrient application on initial and final status of soil chemical properties (pH, EC, organic carbon) and available nutrients (N, P, K) in a mango orchard (Mean of two years).\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/div\u003e\n \u003c/caption\u003e\n \u003ccolgroup cols=\"13\"\u003e\u003c/colgroup\u003e\n \u003cthead\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eTreatments\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e#\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c3\" namest=\"c2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003epH\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c5\" namest=\"c4\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eOrganic carbon (%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c7\" namest=\"c6\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eEC\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(dS m\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c9\" namest=\"c8\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAvailable Nitrogen\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(kg ha\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c11\" namest=\"c10\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAvailable Phosphorus\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(kg ha\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c13\" namest=\"c12\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAvailable Potassium\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(kg ha\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eInitial\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAfter harvest\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eInitial\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAfter harvest\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eInitial\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAfter harvest\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eInitial\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAfter harvest\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eInitial\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAfter harvest\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eInitial\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c13\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAfter harvest\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/thead\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eT\u003csub\u003e1\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7.36\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.02\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7.47\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.03\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.81\u0026plusmn;.01\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.83\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.01\u003csup\u003eabcd\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.29\u0026plusmn;.03\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.33\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.02\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e196.22\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.35\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e202.34\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.04\u003csup\u003eab\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e138.44\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.43\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e21.75\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.14\u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e20.81\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.14\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c13\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e146.06\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;2.07\u003csup\u003eabc\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eT\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6.64\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.02\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7.30\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.04\u003csup\u003ecde\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.79\u0026plusmn;.03\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.82\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.02\u003csup\u003ed\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.25\u0026plusmn;.04\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.26\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.03\u003csup\u003ecde\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e195.91\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.35\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e200.78\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.23\u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e137.45\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;2.66\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e21.00\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.13\u003csup\u003ec\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e19.88\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.14\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c13\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e144.24\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.07\u003csup\u003ecde\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eT\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7.11\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.01a\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7.24\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.04\u003csup\u003ee\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.82\u0026plusmn;.06\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.84\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.01\u003csup\u003eabc\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.27\u0026plusmn;.02\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.30\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.01\u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e196.86\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.35\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e201.62\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.08\u003csup\u003eab\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e141.23\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;2.66\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e21.62\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.14\u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e20.86\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.14\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c13\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e145.09\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.66\u003csup\u003ebcd\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eT\u003csub\u003e4\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6.95\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.01\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7.27\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.01\u003csup\u003ede\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.82\u0026plusmn;.07\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.83\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.01\u003csup\u003ecd\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.22\u0026plusmn;.03\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.24\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.02\u003csup\u003ee\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e194.47\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.35\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e197.48\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.02\u003csup\u003ec\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e142.56\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;2.65\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e21.05\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.19\u003csup\u003ec\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e20.16\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.14\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c13\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e143.73\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.63\u003csup\u003ecde\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eT\u003csub\u003e5\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7.10\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.02\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7.28\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.05\u003csup\u003ede\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.83\u0026plusmn;.01\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.85\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.01\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.25\u0026plusmn;.04\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.29\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.00\u003csup\u003ebc\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e195.95\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.35\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e200.91\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.84\u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e140.22\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;2.66\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e21.76\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.25\u003csup\u003eab\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e20.39\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.14\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c13\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e147.22\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.52\u003csup\u003eab\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eT\u003csub\u003e6\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7.45\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.02\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7.37\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.02\u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.80\u0026plusmn;.02\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.83\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.01\u003csup\u003eabcd\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.28\u0026plusmn;.03\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.29\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.01\u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e196.46\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.35\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e202.55\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.72\u003csup\u003eab\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e141.52\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;2.66\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e21.04\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.15\u003csup\u003ec\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e19.93\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.14\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c13\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e144.47\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.48\u003csup\u003ecde\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eT\u003csub\u003e7\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7.60\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.02\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7.37\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.03\u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.82\u0026plusmn;.02\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.83\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.01\u003csup\u003ebcd\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.27\u0026plusmn;.01\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.29\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.01\u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e193.25\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.34\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e195.96\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.34\u003csup\u003ec\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e139.66\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;2.66\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e21.76\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.07\u003csup\u003eab\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e20.63\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.14\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c13\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e141.81\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.98\u003csup\u003ee\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eT\u003csub\u003e8\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7.28\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.02a\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7.35\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.04\u003csup\u003ebc\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.81\u0026plusmn;.02\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.83\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.00\u003csup\u003ebcd\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.26\u0026plusmn;.01\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.27\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.02\u003csup\u003ebcd\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e196.88\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.35\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e203.25\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.28\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e141.23\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;2.66\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e22.02\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.01\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e20.56\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.14\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c13\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e147.87\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.22\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eT\u003csub\u003e9\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7.00\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.02\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7.31\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.04\u003csup\u003ecd\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.82\u0026plusmn;.04\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.85\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.01\u003csup\u003eab\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.25\u0026plusmn;.02\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.28\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.02\u003csup\u003ebcd\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e195.36\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.35\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e202.00\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.35\u003csup\u003eab\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e142.25\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;2.66\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e21.79\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.13\u003csup\u003eab\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e20.65\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.14\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c13\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e146.30\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.50\u003csup\u003eabc\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eT\u003csub\u003e10\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6.91\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.02\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7.27\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.03\u003csup\u003ede\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.80\u0026plusmn;.02\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.82\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.01\u003csup\u003ed\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.24\u0026plusmn;.03\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.26\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.01\u003csup\u003ede\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e194.66\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.35\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e197.23\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.50\u003csup\u003ec\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e140.28\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;2.66\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e20.95\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.06\u003csup\u003ec\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e20.30\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.14\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c13\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e142.93\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.66\u003csup\u003ede\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"13\" nameend=\"c13\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e*Values are mean\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;SD. Different letters within a column indicate significant differences at \u003cem\u003eP\u003c/em\u003e\u0026thinsp;\u0026le;\u0026thinsp;0.05 (Tukey\u0026rsquo;s HSD test). Data are mean of two growing seasons (2023 and 2024).\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(T\u003csub\u003e1\u003c/sub\u003e:100% RDF alone, T\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e: 75% RDF\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;soil micronutrients\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;one foliar spray of micronutrients, T\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e: 50% RDF\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;soil micronutrients\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;one foliar spray of micronutrients, T\u003csub\u003e4\u003c/sub\u003e: 25% RDF\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;soil micronutrients\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;one foliar spray of micronutrients, T\u003csub\u003e5\u003c/sub\u003e: 75% RDF\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;soil micronutrients\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;two foliar spray of micronutrients, T\u003csub\u003e6\u003c/sub\u003e: 50% RDF\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;soil micronutrients\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;two foliar spray of micronutrients, T\u003csub\u003e7\u003c/sub\u003e: 25% RDF\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;soil micronutrients\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;two foliar spray of micronutrients, T\u003csub\u003e8\u003c/sub\u003e: 75% RDF\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;two foliar spray of micronutrients (no soil micronutrients), T\u003csub\u003e9\u003c/sub\u003e: 50% RDF\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;two foliar spray of micronutrients (no soil micronutrients), T\u003csub\u003e10\u003c/sub\u003e: 25% RDF\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;two foliar spray of micronutrients (no soil micronutrients)).\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n \u003c/table\u003e\n \u003c/div\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\n \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c11\" colnum=\"11\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab2\" border=\"1\"\u003e\n \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 2\u003c/div\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eInfluence of macro and micronutrient application on initial and final nutrient status of available soil micronutrients (Fe, Zn, Cu, B \u0026amp; Ca) in a mango orchard (Mean of two years).\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/div\u003e\n \u003c/caption\u003e\n \u003ccolgroup cols=\"11\"\u003e\u003c/colgroup\u003e\n \u003cthead\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eTreatments\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e#\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c3\" namest=\"c2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eFe (mg kg\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c5\" namest=\"c4\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eZn (mg kg\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c7\" namest=\"c6\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eCu (mg kg\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c9\" namest=\"c8\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eB (mg kg\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c11\" namest=\"c10\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eCa (mg kg\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eInitial\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAfter harvest\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eInitial\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAfter harvest\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eInitial\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAfter\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eharvest\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eInitial\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAfter harvest\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eInitial\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAfter\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eharvest\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/thead\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eT\u003csub\u003e1\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5.41\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.91\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5.51\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.06\u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.49\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.03\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.54\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.03\u003csup\u003ed\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.16\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.02\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.18\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.01\u003csup\u003eef\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.46\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.02\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.49\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.02\u003csup\u003ecd\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e848.09\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;71.18\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e888.00\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;2.65\u003csup\u003eh\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eT\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5.45\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.90\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5.57\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.06\u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.49\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.03\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.69\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.03\u003csup\u003ebc\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.13\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.03\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.17\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.01\u003csup\u003ef\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.44\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.01\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.51\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.02\u003csup\u003ebc\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e894.72\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;48.82\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e925.67\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.58\u003csup\u003ef\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eT\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6.04\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.91\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6.11\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.27\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.50\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.02\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.68\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.03\u003csup\u003ebc\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.17\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.03\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.20\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.01\u003csup\u003ebcd\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.45\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.02\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.51\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.01\u003csup\u003ebc\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e984.76\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;71.18\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1011.00\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.73\u003csup\u003ec\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eT\u003csub\u003e4\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5.50\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.91\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5.65\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.26\u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.52\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.03\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.69\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.04\u003csup\u003eab\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.16\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.05\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.19\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.01\u003csup\u003ede\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.45\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.01\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.51\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.02\u003csup\u003ebc\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e902.67\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;91.06\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e926.00\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.00\u003csup\u003ef\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eT\u003csub\u003e5\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5.23\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.91\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5.40\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.20\u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.49\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.02\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.78\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.06\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.15\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.03\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.22\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.01\u003csup\u003eab\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.47\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.01\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.54\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.02\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e992.85\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;24.99\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1045.67\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;2.08\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eT\u003csub\u003e6\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5.93\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.90\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6.15\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.09\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.50\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.03\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.77\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.05\u003csup\u003eab\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.18\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.01\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.24\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.02\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.44\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.01\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.52\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.01\u003csup\u003eab\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e908.81\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;71.18\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e968.33\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.58\u003csup\u003ee\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eT\u003csub\u003e7\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5.76\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.91\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6.09\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.26\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.49\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.02\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.76\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.03\u003csup\u003eab\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.16\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.03\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.21\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.01\u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.46\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.02\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.52\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.02\u003csup\u003eab\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e972.27\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;122.78\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1019.67\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.58\u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eT\u003csub\u003e8\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5.45\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.91\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5.49\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.26\u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.51\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.03\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.61\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.06\u003csup\u003ecd\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.17\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.02\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.18\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.01\u003csup\u003eef\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.45\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.01\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.48\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.02\u003csup\u003ede\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e940.94\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;177.64\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1005.33\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;3.21\u003csup\u003ed\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eT\u003csub\u003e9\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5.62\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.91\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5.69\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.19\u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.50\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.03\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.58\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.06\u003csup\u003ed\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.19\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.02\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.21\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.01\u003csup\u003ebc\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.45\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.02\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.47\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.02\u003csup\u003ede\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e951.97\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;152.94\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1010.67\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.53\u003csup\u003ec\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eT\u003csub\u003e10\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5.59\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.91\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5.62\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.07\u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.47\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.03\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.56\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.05\u003csup\u003ed\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.18\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.02\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.19\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.01\u003csup\u003ecde\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.45\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.01\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.46\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.02\u003csup\u003ee\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e846.76\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;71.56\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e905.67\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;4.73\u003csup\u003eg\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"11\" nameend=\"c11\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e*Values are mean\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;SD. Different letters within a column indicate significant differences at \u003cem\u003eP\u003c/em\u003e\u0026thinsp;\u0026le;\u0026thinsp;0.05 (Tukey\u0026rsquo;s HSD test). Data are mean of two growing seasons (2023 and 2024).\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(T\u003csub\u003e1\u003c/sub\u003e:100% RDF alone, T\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e: 75% RDF\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;soil micronutrients\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;one foliar spray of micronutrients, T\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e: 50% RDF\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;soil micronutrients\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;one foliar spray of micronutrients, T\u003csub\u003e4\u003c/sub\u003e: 25% RDF\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;soil micronutrients\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;one foliar spray of micronutrients, T\u003csub\u003e5\u003c/sub\u003e: 75% RDF\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;soil micronutrients\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;two foliar spray of micronutrients, T\u003csub\u003e6\u003c/sub\u003e: 50% RDF\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;soil micronutrients\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;two foliar spray of micronutrients, T\u003csub\u003e7\u003c/sub\u003e: 25% RDF\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;soil micronutrients\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;two foliar spray of micronutrients, T\u003csub\u003e8\u003c/sub\u003e: 75% RDF\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;two foliar spray of micronutrients (no soil micronutrients), T\u003csub\u003e9\u003c/sub\u003e: 50% RDF\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;two foliar spray of micronutrients (no soil micronutrients), T\u003csub\u003e10\u003c/sub\u003e: 25% RDF\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;two foliar spray of micronutrients (no soil micronutrients)).\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n \u003c/table\u003e\n \u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv id=\"Sec17\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e\n \u003ch2\u003e4.2 Estimation of Plant Nutrient Content\u003c/h2\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNutrient concentrations of leaves similarly expanded. The total leaf N rose to a maximum of 1.07\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.81% in T\u003csub\u003e8\u003c/sub\u003e. Leaf P fell significantly in all treatments, with the highest retention obtained in T\u003csub\u003e8\u003c/sub\u003e (0.130\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.17%). Leaf K had a maximum value of 0.60\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.10% in T\u003csub\u003e8\u003c/sub\u003e. Leaf micronutrient concentrations also increased after harvest, particularly under foliar-supplemented regimes (Table \u003cspan refid=\"Tab3\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e\u0026ndash;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab4\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003e). Post-harvest leaf Fe was highest in T\u003csub\u003e8\u003c/sub\u003e (80.70\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.07 ppm), followed by T\u003csub\u003e5\u003c/sub\u003e (80.00\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.08 ppm); leaf Zn peaked in T\u003csub\u003e8\u003c/sub\u003e (19.45\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.04 ppm); leaf Cu was maximum in T\u003csub\u003e7\u003c/sub\u003e (12.20\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.83 ppm) and T6 (11.61\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.10 ppm); leaf B reached maxima in T\u003csub\u003e8\u003c/sub\u003e (54.03\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.18 ppm) and T\u003csub\u003e9\u003c/sub\u003e (53.82\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.91 ppm); and leaf Ca attained the overall highest value in T\u003csub\u003e8\u003c/sub\u003e (1.86\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.07%). Initial leaf micronutrient levels showed no significant variation across treatments.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab3\" border=\"1\"\u003e\n \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 3\u003c/div\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eInfluence of macro and micronutrient application on initial and final nutrient status of total macronutrient (N, P, K) content in mango cv. Dashehari leaves (Mean of two years).\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/div\u003e\n \u003c/caption\u003e\n \u003ccolgroup cols=\"7\"\u003e\u003c/colgroup\u003e\n \u003cthead\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eTreatments\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e#\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c3\" namest=\"c2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eTotal Nitrogen (%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c5\" namest=\"c4\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eTotal Phosphorus (%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c7\" namest=\"c6\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eTotal Potassium (%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eInitial\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAfter harvest\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eInitial\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAfter harvest\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eInitial\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAfter harvest\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/thead\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eT\u003csub\u003e1\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.90\u0026plusmn;.04\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.98\u0026plusmn;.30\u003csup\u003eabcd\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.510\u0026plusmn;.06\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.081\u0026plusmn;.17\u003csup\u003ec\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.42\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.01\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.53\u0026plusmn;.30\u003csup\u003ecd\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eT\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.89\u0026plusmn;.01\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.01\u0026plusmn;.17\u003csup\u003eabcd\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.493\u0026plusmn;.06\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.078\u0026plusmn;.07\u003csup\u003ec\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.48\u0026plusmn;.0.01\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.52\u0026plusmn;.15\u003csup\u003ed\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eT\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.90\u0026plusmn;.04\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.04\u0026plusmn;.15\u003csup\u003eab\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.480\u0026plusmn;.06\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.092\u0026plusmn;.09\u003csup\u003ebc\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.49\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.01\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.50\u0026plusmn;.25\u003csup\u003ed\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eT\u003csub\u003e4\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.89\u0026plusmn;.06\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.97\u0026plusmn;.30\u003csup\u003ecde\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.560\u0026plusmn;.06\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.074\u0026plusmn;.17\u003csup\u003ec\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.44\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.01\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.58\u0026plusmn;.12\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eT\u003csub\u003e5\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.86\u0026plusmn;.06\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.04\u0026plusmn;.12\u003csup\u003eab\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.533\u0026plusmn;.06\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.079\u0026plusmn;.16\u003csup\u003ec\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.42\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.01\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.56\u0026plusmn;.12\u003csup\u003eabc\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eT\u003csub\u003e6\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.85\u0026plusmn;.06\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.03\u0026plusmn;.20\u003csup\u003eabc\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.543\u0026plusmn;.06\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.100\u0026plusmn;.07\u003csup\u003ebc\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.45\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.01\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.57\u0026plusmn;.26\u003csup\u003eab\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eT\u003csub\u003e7\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.87\u0026plusmn;.08\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.96\u0026plusmn;.26\u003csup\u003ede\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.580\u0026plusmn;.06\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.112\u0026plusmn;.17\u003csup\u003eab\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.43\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.01\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.59\u0026plusmn;.31\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eT\u003csub\u003e8\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.86\u0026plusmn;.06\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.07\u0026plusmn;.81\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.560\u0026plusmn;.06\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.130\u0026plusmn;.17\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.43\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.01\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.60\u0026plusmn;.10\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eT\u003csub\u003e9\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.88\u0026plusmn;.08\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.02\u0026plusmn;.23\u003csup\u003eabc\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.510\u0026plusmn;.06\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.110\u0026plusmn;.16\u003csup\u003eab\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.44\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.01\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.54\u0026plusmn;.21\u003csup\u003ebcd\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eT\u003csub\u003e10\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.87\u0026plusmn;.06\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.94\u0026plusmn;.21\u003csup\u003ee\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.500\u0026plusmn;.06\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.075\u0026plusmn;.16\u003csup\u003ec\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.47\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.01\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.52\u0026plusmn;.12\u003csup\u003ed\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"7\" nameend=\"c7\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e*Values are mean\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;SD. Different letters within a column indicate significant differences at \u003cem\u003eP\u003c/em\u003e\u0026thinsp;\u0026le;\u0026thinsp;0.05 (Tukey\u0026rsquo;s HSD test). Data are the means of two growing seasons (2023 and 2024).\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(T\u003csub\u003e1\u003c/sub\u003e:100% RDF alone, T\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e: 75% RDF\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;soil micronutrients\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;one foliar spray of micronutrients, T\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e: 50% RDF\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;soil micronutrients\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;one foliar spray of micronutrients, T\u003csub\u003e4\u003c/sub\u003e: 25% RDF\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;soil micronutrients\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;one foliar spray of micronutrients, T\u003csub\u003e5\u003c/sub\u003e: 75% RDF\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;soil micronutrients\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;two foliar spray of micronutrients, T\u003csub\u003e6\u003c/sub\u003e: 50% RDF\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;soil micronutrients\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;two foliar spray of micronutrients, T\u003csub\u003e7\u003c/sub\u003e: 25% RDF\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;soil micronutrients\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;two foliar spray of micronutrients, T\u003csub\u003e8\u003c/sub\u003e: 75% RDF\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;two foliar spray of micronutrients (no soil micronutrients), T\u003csub\u003e9\u003c/sub\u003e: 50% RDF\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;two foliar spray of micronutrients (no soil micronutrients), T\u003csub\u003e10\u003c/sub\u003e: 25% RDF\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;two foliar spray of micronutrients (no soil micronutrients)).\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n \u003c/table\u003e\n \u003c/div\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\n \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c11\" colnum=\"11\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab4\" border=\"1\"\u003e\n \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 4\u003c/div\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eInfluence of macro and micronutrient application on initial and final nutrient status of total micronutrient (Fe, Zn, Cu, B, \u0026amp; Ca) content in mango cv. Dashehari leaves (Mean of two years).\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/div\u003e\n \u003c/caption\u003e\n \u003ccolgroup cols=\"11\"\u003e\u003c/colgroup\u003e\n \u003cthead\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eTreatments\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e#\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c3\" namest=\"c2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eFe (ppm)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c5\" namest=\"c4\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eZn (ppm)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c7\" namest=\"c6\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eCu (ppm)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c9\" namest=\"c8\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eB (ppm)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c11\" namest=\"c10\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eCa (%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eInitial\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAfter harvest\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eInitial\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAfter harvest\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eInitial\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAfter\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eharvest\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eInitial\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAfter\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eharvest\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eInitial\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAfter\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eharvest\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/thead\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eT\u003csub\u003e1\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e77.50\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;3.92\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e78.65\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.06\u003csup\u003ef\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e16.77\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;3.29\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e17.76\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.02\u003csup\u003ed\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e8.21\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.86\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e9.40\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.80\u003csup\u003ec\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e44.85\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;2.40\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e46.27\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.12\u003csup\u003ebc\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.30\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.15\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.38\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.09\u003csup\u003ee\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eT\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e76.23\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;3.92\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e79.19\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.05\u003csup\u003ed\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e14.21\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;3.29\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e17.27\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.11\u003csup\u003ef\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e9.36\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.86\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e11.85\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.02\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e43.25\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;2.40\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e46.85\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;3.07\u003csup\u003ebc\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.34\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.15\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.68\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.07\u003csup\u003ebcd\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eT\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e76.92\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;3.92\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e78.81\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.01\u003csup\u003ee\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e13.91\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;3.30\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e18.28\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.09\u003csup\u003ec\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7.32\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.86\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e9.04\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.61\u003csup\u003ec\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e46.36\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;2.40\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e50.70\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;2.48\u003csup\u003eab\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.29\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.15\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.60\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.00\u003csup\u003ed\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eT\u003csub\u003e4\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e75.70\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;3.92\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e78.05\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.03\u003csup\u003eh\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e15.26\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;3.30\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e18.80\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.06\u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e8.45\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.85\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e10.10\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.74\u003csup\u003ebc\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e42.58\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;2.40\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e47.34\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;3.26\u003csup\u003ebc\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.33\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.15\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.64\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.05\u003csup\u003ecd\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eT\u003csub\u003e5\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e78.10\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;3.92\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e80.00\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.08\u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e14.77\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;3.29\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e17.63\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.00\u003csup\u003ee\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e8.86\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.86\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e11.20\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.52\u003csup\u003eab\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e44.23\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;2.40\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e50.25\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;3.10\u003csup\u003eabc\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.30\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.15\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.73\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.06\u003csup\u003ebc\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eT\u003csub\u003e6\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e76.60\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;3.92\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e79.61\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.03\u003csup\u003ec\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e14.35\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;3.29\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e15.82\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.11\u003csup\u003eg\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7.89\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.86\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e11.61\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.10\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e47.56\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;2.40\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e52.74\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.83\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.29\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.15\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.77\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.03a\u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eT\u003csub\u003e7\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e76.30\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;3.92\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e77.88\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.03\u003csup\u003ei\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e15.31\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;3.29\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e18.74\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.08\u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e8.88\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.86\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e12.20\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.83\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e45.24\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;2.40\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e53.51\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;3.39\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.28\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.15\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.67\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.07\u003csup\u003ebcd\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eT\u003csub\u003e8\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e77.84\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;3.92\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e80.70\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.07\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e16.24\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;3.30\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e19.45\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.04\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e8.15\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.86\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e9.56\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.99\u003csup\u003ec\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e43.96\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;2.40\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e54.03\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.18\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.32\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.15\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.86\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.07\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eT\u003csub\u003e9\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e77.90\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;3.92\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e78.48\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.07\u003csup\u003eg\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e17.74\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;3.30\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e18.85\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.06\u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7.89\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.86\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e8.97\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.23\u003csup\u003ec\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e45.78\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;2.40\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e53.82\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.91\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.30\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.15\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.78\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.07\u003csup\u003eab\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eT\u003csub\u003e10\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e76.90\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;3.92\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e77.53\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.07\u003csup\u003ej\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e14.36\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;3.30\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e15.78\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.08\u003csup\u003eg\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7.68\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.86\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e9.02\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.10\u003csup\u003ec\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e42.88\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;2.40\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e45.76\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;3.09\u003csup\u003ec\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.32\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.15\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.59\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.07\u003csup\u003ed\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"11\" nameend=\"c11\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e*Values are mean\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;SD. Different letters within a column indicate significant differences at \u003cem\u003eP\u003c/em\u003e\u0026thinsp;\u0026le;\u0026thinsp;0.05 (Tukey\u0026rsquo;s HSD test). Data are mean of two growing seasons (2023 and 2024).\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(T\u003csub\u003e1\u003c/sub\u003e:100% RDF alone, T\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e: 75% RDF\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;soil micronutrients\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;one foliar spray of micronutrients, T\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e: 50% RDF\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;soil micronutrients\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;one foliar spray of micronutrients, T\u003csub\u003e4\u003c/sub\u003e: 25% RDF\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;soil micronutrients\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;one foliar spray of micronutrients, T\u003csub\u003e5\u003c/sub\u003e: 75% RDF\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;soil micronutrients\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;two foliar spray of micronutrients, T\u003csub\u003e6\u003c/sub\u003e: 50% RDF\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;soil micronutrients\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;two foliar spray of micronutrients, T\u003csub\u003e7\u003c/sub\u003e: 25% RDF\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;soil micronutrients\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;two foliar spray of micronutrients, T\u003csub\u003e8\u003c/sub\u003e: 75% RDF\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;two foliar spray of micronutrients (no soil micronutrients), T\u003csub\u003e9\u003c/sub\u003e: 50% RDF\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;two foliar spray of micronutrients (no soil micronutrients), T\u003csub\u003e10\u003c/sub\u003e: 25% RDF\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;two foliar spray of micronutrients (no soil micronutrients)).\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n \u003c/table\u003e\n \u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv id=\"Sec18\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e\n \u003ch2\u003e4.3 Soil Microbial and Enzymatic Activities\u003c/h2\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSoil microbial density and enzymatic activities were greatest under both reduced RDF and foliar micronutrient conditions (Fig. \u003cspan refid=\"Fig4\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e \u0026amp; Table S1). Maximum arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) spore density was observed in T\u003csub\u003e9\u003c/sub\u003e (3860.78\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;21.38 spores kg⁻\u0026sup1; soil) and T\u003csub\u003e4\u003c/sub\u003e (3813.86\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;4.73 spores kg⁻\u0026sup1; soil), which were \u0026gt;\u0026thinsp;3 times higher than the full RDF control. T\u003csub\u003e9\u003c/sub\u003e showed the maximum bacterial counts (88.88\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.99 \u0026times; 10⁵ CFU g⁻\u0026sup1; soil). Figure \u003cspan refid=\"Fig5\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e \u0026amp; Table S2 illustrated that the Urease activity was greatest in T\u003csub\u003e8\u003c/sub\u003e (27.46\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.98 \u0026micro;g NH₃-N g⁻\u0026sup1; 2 h⁻\u0026sup1;), and dehydrogenase activity was greatest in T\u003csub\u003e8\u003c/sub\u003e (119.92\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;2.16 \u0026micro;g TPF g⁻\u0026sup1; 16 h⁻\u0026sup1;). Acid and alkaline phosphatase activity were also highest in T\u003csub\u003e8\u003c/sub\u003e (75% RDF\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;two foliar sprays of micronutrients) and T\u003csub\u003e9\u003c/sub\u003e (50% RDF\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;two foliar sprays of micronutrients). Microbial numbers and microbial activity were lowest under full RDF (T\u003csub\u003e1\u003c/sub\u003e) and the relatively narrow micronutrient range (T\u003csub\u003e10\u003c/sub\u003e: 25% RDF\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;two foliar sprays of micronutrients).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv id=\"Sec19\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e\n \u003ch2\u003e4.4 Fruit Quality, Physical and Physiological Attributes\u003c/h2\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eFruit quality and physical attributes were markedly enhanced by the integrated treatments (Table \u003cspan refid=\"Tab5\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e5\u003c/span\u003e). Total soluble solids (TSS) increased to maxima of 20.78\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.32 \u0026deg;Brix in T\u003csub\u003e8\u003c/sub\u003e (75% RDF\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;two foliar sprays of micronutrients) and 20.37\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.14 \u0026deg;Brix in T\u003csub\u003e9\u003c/sub\u003e (50% RDF\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;two foliar sprays of micronutrients). Titratable acidity was lowest in T\u003csub\u003e8\u003c/sub\u003e (0.11\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.01%). Ascorbic acid content was highest in T\u003csub\u003e7\u003c/sub\u003e (44.85\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.65 mg 100 g⁻\u0026sup1;) and T\u003csub\u003e8\u003c/sub\u003e (43.41\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.70 mg 100 g⁻\u0026sup1;). Reducing sugar, total sugar, and non-reducing sugar contents were also greatest in T\u003csub\u003e8\u003c/sub\u003e (4.07\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.04%, 13.71\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.71%, and 9.64\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.73%, respectively). Total carotenoids peaked in T\u003csub\u003e8\u003c/sub\u003e (6.34\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.18 mg 100 g⁻\u0026sup1; FW), while shelf life was longest in T\u003csub\u003e9\u003c/sub\u003e (11.42\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.62 days) and T\u003csub\u003e8\u003c/sub\u003e (11.17\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.57 days). Fruit micronutrient concentrations followed a similar trend (Table \u003cspan refid=\"Tab6\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e6\u003c/span\u003e), with the highest Fe recorded in T\u003csub\u003e8\u003c/sub\u003e (0.31\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.01 ppm) and T\u003csub\u003e9\u003c/sub\u003e (0.29\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.01 ppm), Zn in T\u003csub\u003e8\u003c/sub\u003e (0.22\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.01 ppm), Cu in T3 (0.39\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.01 ppm), B in T\u003csub\u003e9\u003c/sub\u003e (19.26\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.25 ppm), and Ca in T\u003csub\u003e8\u003c/sub\u003e (19.12\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.66 mg 100 g⁻\u0026sup1;). Leaf chlorophyll contents were significantly elevated under reduced RDF with foliar micronutrients (Table \u003cspan refid=\"Tab7\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e7\u003c/span\u003e). Chlorophyll a was highest in T\u003csub\u003e8\u003c/sub\u003e (3.63\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.03 mg g⁻\u0026sup1;) and T\u003csub\u003e9\u003c/sub\u003e (3.58\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.02 mg g⁻\u0026sup1;); chlorophyll b peaked in T\u003csub\u003e8\u003c/sub\u003e (1.15\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.11 mg g⁻\u0026sup1;); and total chlorophyll reached maxima in T\u003csub\u003e8\u003c/sub\u003e (4.41\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.02 mg g⁻\u0026sup1;) and T\u003csub\u003e9\u003c/sub\u003e (4.37\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.03 mg g⁻\u0026sup1;).\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab9\" border=\"1\"\u003e\n \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 5\u003c/div\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eInfluence of macro and micronutrient application on quality and physical attributes of mango fruits.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/div\u003e\n \u003c/caption\u003e\n \u003ccolgroup cols=\"9\"\u003e\u003c/colgroup\u003e\n \u003cthead\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eTreatments\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eTSS\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(\u003csup\u003e0\u003c/sup\u003eBrix)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eTitratable acidity (%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAscorbic acid (mg\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e 100 g)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eReducing sugar (%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eTotal Sugar\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNon-reducing Sugar (%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eTotal Carotenoids\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(mg\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e 100 g FW)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eShelf life\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(Days)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/thead\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eT\u003csub\u003e1\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e18.16\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.04\u003csup\u003ef\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.20\u0026plusmn;.01\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e30.95\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;2.66\u003csup\u003ed\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.18\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.08\u003csup\u003ed\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e11.77\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.26\u003csup\u003ed\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e8.59\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.20\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.97\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.14\u003csup\u003ee\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e8.67\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.51\u003csup\u003ed\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eT\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e18.61\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.34\u003csup\u003eef\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.17\u0026plusmn;.01\u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003ec\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e32.02\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.96\u003csup\u003ecd\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.73\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.05\u003csup\u003ec\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e12.33\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.21\u003csup\u003ecd\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e8.59\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.25\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5.57\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.38bc\u003csup\u003ed\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e9.42\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.14\u003csup\u003ecd\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eT\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e18.84\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.38\u003csup\u003edef\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.18\u0026plusmn;.01\u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003ec\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e33.62\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.22\u003csup\u003ecd\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.84\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.09\u003csup\u003ebc\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e12.33\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.21\u003csup\u003ecd\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e8.48\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.13\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5.45\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.14\u003csup\u003ecde\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e9.50\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.51\u003csup\u003ecd\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eT\u003csub\u003e4\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e18.63\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.48\u003csup\u003eef\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.19\u0026plusmn;.01\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003eb\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e36.09\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.72\u003csup\u003ebcd\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.81\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.06\u003csup\u003ebc\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e12.46\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.08\u003csup\u003ebcd\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e8.65\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.10\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5.63\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.25\u003csup\u003ebcd\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e9.21\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.45\u003csup\u003ecd\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eT\u003csub\u003e5\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e19.21\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.43\u003csup\u003ecde\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.16\u0026plusmn;.01\u003csup\u003ecd\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e36.92\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;2.85\u003csup\u003ebc\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.86\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.14\u003csup\u003eabc\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e12.48\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.48\u003csup\u003ebcd\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e8.62\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.61\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5.76\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.13\u003csup\u003ebcd\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e10.42\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.19\u003csup\u003eabc\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eT\u003csub\u003e6\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e19.82\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.32\u003csup\u003ebc\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.17\u0026plusmn;.01\u003csup\u003ebc\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e40.75\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.59\u003csup\u003eab\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.96\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.12\u003csup\u003eab\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e13.07\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.42\u003csup\u003eabc\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e9.12\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.44\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5.77\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.12\u003csup\u003ebcd\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e10.50\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.56\u003csup\u003eabc\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eT\u003csub\u003e7\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e19.72\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.08\u003csup\u003ebcd\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.16\u0026plusmn;.01\u003csup\u003ecd\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e44.85\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.65\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.03\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.04\u003csup\u003eab\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e13.54\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.53\u003csup\u003eab\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e9.51\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.55\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6.01\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.12\u003csup\u003eabc\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e11.08\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.73\u003csup\u003eab\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eT\u003csub\u003e8\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e20.78\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.32\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.11\u0026plusmn;.01\u003csup\u003ee\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e43.41\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.70\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.07\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.04\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e13.71\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.71\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e9.64\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.73\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6.34\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.18\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e11.17\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.57\u003csup\u003eab\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eT\u003csub\u003e9\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e20.37\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.14\u003csup\u003eab\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.14\u0026plusmn;.01\u003csup\u003ed\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e40.23\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.87\u003csup\u003eab\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.03\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.04\u003csup\u003eab\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e13.61\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.46\u003csup\u003eab\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e9.58\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.46\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6.10\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.20\u003csup\u003eab\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e11.42\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.62\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eT\u003csub\u003e10\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e20.22\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.24\u003csup\u003eab\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.16\u0026plusmn;.01\u003csup\u003ecd\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e32.79\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;2.23\u003csup\u003ecd\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.85\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.02\u003csup\u003ebc\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e12.50\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.21\u003csup\u003ebcd\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e8.65\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.21\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5.34\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.14\u003csup\u003ede\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e9.67\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.71\u003csup\u003ebcd\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"9\" nameend=\"c9\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e*Values are mean\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;SD. Different letters within a column indicate significant differences at \u003cem\u003eP\u003c/em\u003e\u0026thinsp;\u0026le;\u0026thinsp;0.05 (Tukey\u0026rsquo;s HSD test). Data are mean of two growing seasons (2023 and 2024).\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(T\u003csub\u003e1\u003c/sub\u003e:100% RDF alone, T\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e: 75% RDF\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;soil micronutrients\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;one foliar spray of micronutrients, T\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e: 50% RDF\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;soil micronutrients\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;one foliar spray of micronutrients, T\u003csub\u003e4\u003c/sub\u003e: 25% RDF\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;soil micronutrients\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;one foliar spray of micronutrients, T\u003csub\u003e5\u003c/sub\u003e: 75% RDF\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;soil micronutrients\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;two foliar spray of micronutrients, T\u003csub\u003e6\u003c/sub\u003e: 50% RDF\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;soil micronutrients\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;two foliar spray of micronutrients, T\u003csub\u003e7\u003c/sub\u003e: 25% RDF\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;soil micronutrients\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;two foliar spray of micronutrients, T\u003csub\u003e8\u003c/sub\u003e: 75% RDF\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;two foliar spray of micronutrients (no soil micronutrients), T\u003csub\u003e9\u003c/sub\u003e: 50% RDF\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;two foliar spray of micronutrients (no soil micronutrients), T\u003csub\u003e10\u003c/sub\u003e: 25% RDF\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;two foliar spray of micronutrients (no soil micronutrients)).\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n \u003c/table\u003e\n \u003c/div\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\n \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c6\" colnum=\"6\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab11\" border=\"1\"\u003e\n \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 6\u003c/div\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eInfluence of macro and micronutrient application on nutrient content (Fe, Zn, Cu, B \u0026amp; Ca) in mango fruits (Mean of two years).\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/div\u003e\n \u003c/caption\u003e\n \u003ccolgroup cols=\"6\"\u003e\u003c/colgroup\u003e\n \u003cthead\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eTreatments\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eFe (ppm)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eZn (ppm)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eCu (ppm)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eB (ppm)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eCa (mg 100\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/thead\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eT\u003csub\u003e1\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.18\u0026plusmn;.01\u003csup\u003ee\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.15\u0026plusmn;.02\u003csup\u003ed\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.26\u0026plusmn;.02\u003csup\u003ed\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e14.35\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.71\u003csup\u003ec\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e10.65\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.13\u003csup\u003eg\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eT\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.20\u0026plusmn;.02\u003csup\u003ecde\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.16\u0026plusmn;.01\u003csup\u003ecd\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.36\u0026plusmn;.01\u003csup\u003eab\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e14.95\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.33\u003csup\u003ebc\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e13.28\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.39\u003csup\u003eef\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eT\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.21\u0026plusmn;.01\u003csup\u003ecde\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.18\u0026plusmn;.01\u003csup\u003ebcd\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.39\u0026plusmn;.01\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e15.33\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.71\u003csup\u003eabc\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e12.52\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.89\u003csup\u003ef\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eT\u003csub\u003e4\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.20\u0026plusmn;.02\u003csup\u003ecde\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.16\u0026plusmn;.01\u003csup\u003ecd\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.32\u0026plusmn;.01\u003csup\u003ebc\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e16.49\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.49\u003csup\u003eabc\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e14.10\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.26\u003csup\u003ede\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eT\u003csub\u003e5\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.22\u0026plusmn;.01\u003csup\u003ecde\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.19\u0026plusmn;.01\u003csup\u003eabc\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.33\u0026plusmn;.01\u003csup\u003ebc\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e16.34\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.69\u003csup\u003eabc\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e13.87\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.81\u003csup\u003edef\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eT\u003csub\u003e6\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.25\u0026plusmn;.01\u003csup\u003ebc\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.18\u0026plusmn;.02\u003csup\u003eabcd\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.33\u0026plusmn;.01\u003csup\u003ebc\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e18.34\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.17\u003csup\u003eab\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e14.34\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.52\u003csup\u003ecde\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eT\u003csub\u003e7\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.23\u0026plusmn;.01\u003csup\u003ecd\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.20\u0026plusmn;.03\u003csup\u003eab\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.37\u0026plusmn;.04\u003csup\u003eab\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e16.94\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.92abc\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e15.12\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.35\u003csup\u003ebcd\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eT\u003csub\u003e8\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.31\u0026plusmn;.01\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.22\u0026plusmn;.01\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.29\u0026plusmn;.02\u003csup\u003ecd\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e17.98\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.35\u003csup\u003eabc\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e19.12\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.66\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eT\u003csub\u003e9\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.29\u0026plusmn;.01\u003csup\u003eab\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.21\u0026plusmn;.02\u003csup\u003eab\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.30\u0026plusmn;.01\u003csup\u003ecd\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e19.26\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.25\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e16.63\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.48\u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eT\u003csub\u003e10\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.24\u0026plusmn;.04\u003csup\u003ebcd\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.21\u0026plusmn;.01\u003csup\u003eab\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.29\u0026plusmn;.02\u003csup\u003ecd\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e16.10\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.62\u003csup\u003eabc\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e15.89\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.39\u003csup\u003ebc\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"6\" nameend=\"c6\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e*Values are mean\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;SD. Different letters within a column indicate significant differences at \u003cem\u003eP\u003c/em\u003e\u0026thinsp;\u0026le;\u0026thinsp;0.05 (Tukey\u0026rsquo;s HSD test). Data are mean of two growing seasons (2023 and 2024).\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(T\u003csub\u003e1\u003c/sub\u003e:100% RDF alone, T\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e: 75% RDF\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;soil micronutrients\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;one foliar spray of micronutrients, T\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e: 50% RDF\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;soil micronutrients\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;one foliar spray of micronutrients, T\u003csub\u003e4\u003c/sub\u003e: 25% RDF\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;soil micronutrients\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;one foliar spray of micronutrients, T\u003csub\u003e5\u003c/sub\u003e: 75% RDF\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;soil micronutrients\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;two foliar spray of micronutrients, T\u003csub\u003e6\u003c/sub\u003e: 50% RDF\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;soil micronutrients\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;two foliar spray of micronutrients, T\u003csub\u003e7\u003c/sub\u003e: 25% RDF\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;soil micronutrients\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;two foliar spray of micronutrients, T\u003csub\u003e8\u003c/sub\u003e: 75% RDF\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;two foliar spray of micronutrients (no soil micronutrients), T\u003csub\u003e9\u003c/sub\u003e: 50% RDF\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;two foliar spray of micronutrients (no soil micronutrients), T\u003csub\u003e10\u003c/sub\u003e: 25% RDF\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;two foliar spray of micronutrients (no soil micronutrients)).\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n \u003c/table\u003e\n \u003c/div\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\n \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab13\" border=\"1\"\u003e\n \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 7\u003c/div\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eInfluence of macro and micronutrient application on Chlorophyll \u0026lsquo;a\u0026rsquo;, Chlorophyll \u0026lsquo;b\u0026rsquo;, and Total Chlorophyll Content in Mango Leaves (Mean of two years).\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/div\u003e\n \u003c/caption\u003e\n \u003ccolgroup cols=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/colgroup\u003e\n \u003cthead\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eTreatments\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eChlorophyll- \u0026lsquo;a\u0026rsquo; (mg g\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eChlorophyll- \u0026lsquo;b\u0026rsquo; (mg g\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eTotal Chlorophyll content (mg g\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/thead\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eT\u003csub\u003e1\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.33\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.03\u003csup\u003ed\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.93\u0026plusmn;.06\u003csup\u003ec\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.14\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.09\u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eT\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.43\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.06\u003csup\u003ec\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.99\u0026plusmn;.03\u003csup\u003ebc\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.23\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.09\u003csup\u003eab\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eT\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.42\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.03\u003csup\u003ec\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.95\u0026plusmn;.04\u003csup\u003ebc\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.25\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.05\u003csup\u003eab\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eT\u003csub\u003e4\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.54\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.01\u003csup\u003eab\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.01\u0026plusmn;.06\u003csup\u003eabc\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.30\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.06\u003csup\u003eab\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eT\u003csub\u003e5\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.46\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.02\u003csup\u003ebc\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.99\u0026plusmn;.05\u003csup\u003ebc\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.24\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.08\u003csup\u003eab\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eT\u003csub\u003e6\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.49\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.03\u003csup\u003ebc\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.03\u0026plusmn;.01\u003csup\u003eabc\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.32\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.14\u003csup\u003eab\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eT\u003csub\u003e7\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.46\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.01\u003csup\u003ebc\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.03\u0026plusmn;.07\u003csup\u003eabc\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.38\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.04\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eT\u003csub\u003e8\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.63\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.03\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.15\u0026plusmn;.11\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.41\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.02\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eT\u003csub\u003e9\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.58\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.02\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.11\u0026plusmn;.03\u003csup\u003eab\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.37\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.03\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eT\u003csub\u003e10\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.42\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.04\u003csup\u003ecd\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.98\u0026plusmn;.03\u003csup\u003ebc\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.26\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.03\u003csup\u003eab\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"4\" nameend=\"c4\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e*Values are mean\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;SD. Different letters within a column indicate significant differences at \u003cem\u003eP\u003c/em\u003e\u0026thinsp;\u0026le;\u0026thinsp;0.05 (Tukey\u0026rsquo;s HSD test). Data are the means of two growing seasons (2023 and 2024).\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(T\u003csub\u003e1\u003c/sub\u003e:100% RDF alone, T\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e: 75% RDF\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;soil micronutrients\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;one foliar spray of micronutrients, T\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e: 50% RDF\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;soil micronutrients\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;one foliar spray of micronutrients, T\u003csub\u003e4\u003c/sub\u003e: 25% RDF\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;soil micronutrients\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;one foliar spray of micronutrients, T\u003csub\u003e5\u003c/sub\u003e: 75% RDF\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;soil micronutrients\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;two foliar spray of micronutrients, T\u003csub\u003e6\u003c/sub\u003e: 50% RDF\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;soil micronutrients\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;two foliar spray of micronutrients, T\u003csub\u003e7\u003c/sub\u003e: 25% RDF\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;soil micronutrients\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;two foliar spray of micronutrients, T\u003csub\u003e8\u003c/sub\u003e: 75% RDF\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;two foliar spray of micronutrients (no soil micronutrients), T\u003csub\u003e9\u003c/sub\u003e: 50% RDF\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;two foliar spray of micronutrients (no soil micronutrients), T\u003csub\u003e10\u003c/sub\u003e: 25% RDF\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;two foliar spray of micronutrients (no soil micronutrients)).\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n \u003c/table\u003e\n \u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv id=\"Sec20\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e\n \u003ch2\u003e4.5 Fruit Phytochemical and Enzyme Attributes\u003c/h2\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePhytochemical attributes in mango fruits were substantially improved (Fig. \u003cspan refid=\"Fig6\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e \u0026amp; Table S3). Flavonoids were highest in T\u003csub\u003e8\u003c/sub\u003e (24.29\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.19 mg QE 100 g⁻\u0026sup1; FW); total phenols peaked in T\u003csub\u003e9\u003c/sub\u003e (105.58\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.24 mg GAE 100 g⁻\u0026sup1; FW) and T\u003csub\u003e8\u003c/sub\u003e (102.36\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.24 mg GAE 100 g⁻\u0026sup1; FW); total carbohydrates were maximum in T\u003csub\u003e8\u003c/sub\u003e (26.45\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.24 mg 100 g⁻\u0026sup1; FW) and T\u003csub\u003e9\u003c/sub\u003e (25.89\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.24 mg 100 g⁻\u0026sup1; FW); total protein was highest in T\u003csub\u003e8\u003c/sub\u003e (0.67\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.03 g 100 g⁻\u0026sup1; FW); and total antioxidant activity was greatest in T\u003csub\u003e8\u003c/sub\u003e (2.28\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.14 \u0026micro;mol Trolox g⁻\u0026sup1;) and T\u003csub\u003e9\u003c/sub\u003e (2.24\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.08 \u0026micro;mol Trolox g⁻\u0026sup1;). Antioxidant enzyme activities in fruits were also stimulated (Fig. \u003cspan refid=\"Fig7\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003e \u0026amp; Table S4), with catalase highest in T\u003csub\u003e8\u003c/sub\u003e (14.29\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.95 U mg⁻\u0026sup1; protein), peroxidase highest in T\u003csub\u003e7\u003c/sub\u003e (3.29\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.22 U mg⁻\u0026sup1; protein), and superoxide dismutase highest in T\u003csub\u003e5\u003c/sub\u003e (77.47\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.10 U mg⁻\u0026sup1; protein) and T\u003csub\u003e8\u003c/sub\u003e (77.05\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.41 U mg⁻\u0026sup1; protein).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv id=\"Sec21\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e\n \u003ch2\u003e4.6 Statistical Analysis and Multivariate Insights (PCA, Multiple linear regression, Pearson correlation, and Redundancy analysis)\u003c/h2\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePCA analyses consolidated T\u003csub\u003e8\u003c/sub\u003e and T\u003csub\u003e9\u003c/sub\u003e and vectorized the AMF spore density, bacterial counts, urease, dehydrogenase, acid and alkaline phosphatase activities, and soil/plant nutrient pools by region (Fig. \u003cspan refid=\"Fig8\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e5\u003c/span\u003e). Scree plots validated that PC1 and PC2 covered the most variation. Redundancy analysis (RDA) revealed that the first two axes were responsible for 98.34% of the constrained inertia (88.02% for F1). Axis F1 was strongly positively loaded by alkaline phosphatase (0.608), acid phosphatase (0.517), urease (0.422), bacterial counts (0.407), and dehydrogenase (0.341), and was closely related to soil N and K; AMF spore density loaded negatively on F1. Multiple linear regression further clarified key relationships (Fig. \u003cspan refid=\"Fig9\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e6\u003c/span\u003e \u0026amp; Tables S5\u0026ndash;S7). Total antioxidant activity in mango fruits was primarily driven by total phenols (standardized \u0026beta;\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.659, p\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001), while total carbohydrates had no significant influence (Table S5). Soil calcium positively and soil boron negatively predicted total soluble solids (TSS) (Table S6). Dehydrogenase activity was the strongest predictor of bacterial population (\u0026beta;\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.523, p\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001), with alkaline phosphatase activity showing a marginal effect (Table S7). Pearson correlations confirmed that dehydrogenase activity showed a strong positive correlation with bacterial counts (r\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.669) as well as significant correlations with soil enzymes and nutrient pools and between microbial activity and plant nutrients (Table S8). Redundancy analysis (RDA) revealed significant relationships among soil physicochemical properties and micronutrients (response variables: pH, OC, EC, N, P, K, Fe, Zn, Cu, B) and microbial/enzyme activities (explanatory variables: AMF, TBC, UA, DA, APA, alkaline PA) across the ten treatment combinations. The first two RDA axes explained 98.34% of the constrained inertia (total constrained\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;68.06%; eigenvalues: F1\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;6.286, 88.02%; F2\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.737, 10.32%), with the overall model significant (P\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.01; 999 permutations; Fig. S5). Soil available N and K loaded strongly and positively on RDA1 (standardized canonical coefficients: 1.851 and 1.531, respectively), together with APA (1.726) and alkaline PA, whereas AMF showed a strong negative loading (\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1.093). Treatments separated clearly along the biplot, indicating distinct treatment-driven shifts in soil fertility and biological activity (Fig. S4).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e"},{"header":"5. Discussion","content":"\u003cdiv id=\"Sec23\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e5.1 Soil Chemical Properties\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eNutrient management strategies, particularly reducing RDF in combination with foliar micronutrient supplementation, positively affected the soil chemical properties in this tropical mango (\u003cem\u003eMangifera indica\u003c/em\u003e L.) orchard system (Eissa, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR23\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2025\u003c/span\u003e; Kuldeep Singh et al., 2026; Sable, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR69\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2024\u003c/span\u003e). The effective T8 (75% RDF combined with two foliar sprays of micronutrients) and T9 (50% RDF combined with two foliar sprays of micronutrients) were found to be able to optimize soil macronutrient pools post-harvest (N up to 203.25 kg ha⁻\u0026sup1;, P up to 22.02 kg ha⁻\u0026sup1;, K up to 147.87 kg ha⁻\u0026sup1;), micronutrient availability (Fe, Zn, Cu, B, Ca), soil organic carbon, and pH and electrical conductivity were moderate in comparison to the full RDF treatment control (Ge et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR28\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2022\u003c/span\u003e; Kuldeep Singh et al., 2026; Harsh et al., 2025; Kumar et al., 2024). In comparison, full RDF inhibited these by increasing salt accumulation and substrate limitation and the lowest RDF level with foliar micronutrients was found to have limited effect on parameters because of a lack of macronutrient support (Kuldeep Singh et al., 2026; Sable, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR69\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2024\u003c/span\u003e; Kumar et al., 2024).\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec24\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e5.2 Plant Nutrient Content\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThese results can be attributed to synergistic effects of decreased macronutrient loading and targeted foliar micronutrient delivery (Umar et al., 2022; Kheir et al., 2021). High RDF rates promoted salt accumulation and suppressed nutrient uptake, whereas reduced RDF mitigated this suppression. Foliar micronutrients (Fe, Zn, Ca, B) rapidly corrected deficiencies and improved leaf nutrient concentrations and photosynthetic efficiency by increasing chlorophyll levels and plant vigor (Umar et al., 2022; Ahmad et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR2\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2018\u003c/span\u003e; Makhasha et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR55\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2024\u003c/span\u003e; Kheir et al., 2021). This vigor resulted in elevated rhizodeposition of labile carbon substrates (sugars, organic acids, amino acids) from the roots, which supported a higher leaf macronutrient and micronutrient status, resulting in enhanced assimilate partitioning and fruit nutrient enrichment (Ge et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR28\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2022\u003c/span\u003e; Daunoras et al., 2024; Bargaz et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR11\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2018\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec25\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e5.3 Soil Microbial and Enzymatic Activities\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eMicronutrients were essential cofactors or activators for both plant and microbial enzymes, with Zn and Fe supporting superoxide dismutase and catalase functions, B contributing to cell wall integrity and pollen viability, and Ca maintaining membrane stability (Umar et al., 2022; Makhasha et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR55\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2024\u003c/span\u003e; Ahmed et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR4\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2025\u003c/span\u003e). As a result, microbial biomass and diversity improved, with higher bacterial counts and AMF spore density, and AMF\u0026ndash;bacterial synergies maximizing nutrient cycling in perennial systems (Ramazanoglu et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR66\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2025\u003c/span\u003e; Ge et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR28\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2022\u003c/span\u003e; Tahiri et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR83\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2022\u003c/span\u003e; Han et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR32\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2025\u003c/span\u003e; Smith and Smith, 2011). AMF promoted P and micronutrient uptake using hyphal networks and modulated bacterial communities toward suitable taxa for N and C transformations (Ramazanoglu et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR66\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2025\u003c/span\u003e; Tahiri et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR83\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2022\u003c/span\u003e) under moderate fertility regimes. The activity of enzymes directly documented such mechanisms (Daunoras et al., 2024; Bargaz et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR11\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2018\u003c/span\u003e; Spohn, 2020; Turner et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR86\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2021\u003c/span\u003e). For T\u003csub\u003e8\u003c/sub\u003e, dehydrogenase, a sensitive intracellular marker of microbial oxidative and respiratory metabolism, was maximized and was heavily correlated to bacterial counts and the major predictor of microbial abundance in multiple regression (Daunoras et al., 2024; Kumar et al., 2024; Zeng et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR94\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2025\u003c/span\u003e). Its increase was proof that carbon turnover \u0026amp; energy flux were accelerated after alleviating macronutrient overload and high labile C production from raised root exudation (Bowles et al., 2014; Zeng et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR94\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2025\u003c/span\u003e). Besides this, the high urease activity (particular to N mineralization) and acid/alkaline phosphatase activities (involving organic P hydrolysis) under T\u003csub\u003e8\u003c/sub\u003e and T\u003csub\u003e9\u003c/sub\u003e allowed for the optimal production of plant-available NH₄⁺/NO₃⁻ and orthophosphate from microbial necromass and root exudates (Ge et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR28\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2022\u003c/span\u003e; Daunoras et al., 2024; Turner et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR86\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2021\u003c/span\u003e). These extracellular enzymes exist natively in a microbial matrix and positively react with balanced nutrition, with Zn/Fe acting as cofactors and reduced chemical pressure preventing enzyme inhibition (Daunoras et al., 2024; Bargaz et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR11\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2018\u003c/span\u003e). Multivariate analyses (PCA and RDA) validated tight coupling, with T\u003csub\u003e8\u003c/sub\u003e and T\u003csub\u003e9\u003c/sub\u003e clustering with vectors for dehydrogenase activity, urease activity, phosphatase activities, bacterial counts, AMF spore density, and soil/plant nutrient pools, emphasizing microbial mediators of macronutrient (N, K) and micronutrient bioavailability (Kumar et al., 2024; Zeng et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR94\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2025\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec26\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e5.4 Fruit Quality, Physical and Physiological Attributes\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eEnhanced soil microbial activity cascaded to plant and fruit performance (Kuldeep Singh et al., 2026; Harsh et al., 2025; Umar et al., 2022; Ahmed et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR4\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2025\u003c/span\u003e). Improved leaf content in micronutrients increased chlorophyll and photosynthetic carbon assimilation and assimilate partitioning, leading to higher fruit quality parameters in terms of total soluble solids, sugars, carotenoids, ascorbic acid, and shelf life (Umar et al., 2022; Kheir et al., 2021). Fresh fruit micronutrient enrichment further reinforced oxidative stress tolerance through stimulated catalase, peroxidase, and superoxide dismutase activities (Umar et al., 2022; Ahmed et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR4\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2025\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec27\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e5.5 Fruit Phytochemical and Enzyme Attributes\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003ePearson correlations and regression analyses linked dehydrogenase activity to bacterial proliferation, enzyme function, soil nutrient pools, and plant/fruit quality traits, with total phenols as the strongest predictor of antioxidant activity (Kuldeep Singh et al., 2026; Kumar et al., 2024). These plant\u0026ndash;microbe feedbacks align with broader evidence that foliar micronutrients in low-chemical regimes stimulate rhizodeposition, microbial enzyme synthesis, and biogeochemical cycling in tropical perennial agroecosystems, thereby sustaining soil organic carbon stabilization, nutrient-use efficiency, and long-term fertility with reduced fertilizer dependency (Eissa, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR23\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2025\u003c/span\u003e; Ma et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR53\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2024\u003c/span\u003e; Țopa et al., 2025; Dincă et al., 2022; Niu et al., 2021).\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec28\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e5.6 Mechanisms and Sustainable Implications\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe findings emphasize that T\u003csub\u003e8\u003c/sub\u003e and T\u003csub\u003e9\u003c/sub\u003e are more sustainable approaches in mango orchards (Harsh et al., 2025; Sable, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR69\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2024\u003c/span\u003e). T\u003csub\u003e8\u003c/sub\u003e optimized yield-quality trade-offs and microbial-enzyme synergy, whereas T\u003csub\u003e9\u003c/sub\u003e maximized AMF and bacterial proliferation under lower input (Han et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR32\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2025\u003c/span\u003e). These integrated approaches, in which excessive macronutrients are replaced with precision foliar micronutrients, provide positive effects for ecosystem services in resource-constrained tropical regions, including carbon sequestration, nutrient retention, and climate resilience (Ataya et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR9\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2025\u003c/span\u003e; Randhawa et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR67\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2026\u003c/span\u003e; Sande et al., 2024; Dhotra et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR21\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2021\u003c/span\u003e). These protocols will be refined in multi-year trials and molecular microbial profiling for long-term validation (Eissa, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR23\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2025\u003c/span\u003e; Solanki et al., 2024).\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e"},{"header":"6. Conclusion","content":"\u003cp\u003eThis study clearly shows that a comprehensive nutrient management approach, a blend of lower RDF and soil and/or foliar micronutrient applications, positively affects soil biochemical characteristics, micronutrient availability, microbial assemblages, and enzyme activities in medium-density tropical mango orchards. Treatments that combined 75% or 50% RDF with two foliar micronutrient sprays (T\u003csub\u003e8\u003c/sub\u003e and T\u003csub\u003e9\u003c/sub\u003e) achieved the best results: they led to a remarkable increase in AMF spore density, bacterial concentrations, and dehydrogenase, urease, and acid and alkaline phosphatase activities, as well as an increase in the soil N, K, and micronutrient pools. Such improvements at the soil level were associated with enhanced plant-microbe feedback (leaf micronutrient and chlorophyll contents), as well as improved fruit nutrition and phytochemical quality (higher TSS, sugars, ascorbic acid, carotenoids, flavonoids, total phenols, antioxidant capacity, and longer shelf-life). The multivariate analysis (PCA and RDA) confirmed that microbial and enzymatic factors were the main determinants contributing to soil biological parameters affecting plant nutrition and fruit quality. Through remediation of macronutrient-induced inhibition of rhizosphere responses and evoking favorable carbon-nutrient feedbacks, the optimized INM strategy is beneficial to farmers and provides a convenient and eco-friendly alternative to conventional heavy fertilization. This provides mechanistic evidence for the use of foliar micronutrients efficiently in reduced-input situations as well as a scientific platform for improving long-run soil health, nutrient usage efficiency, and quality of the fruit in tropical perennial agroecosystems. The implementation of such strategies may minimize the chemical fertilizer dependency as well as significantly retain productivity in resource-constrained tropical environments.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Declarations","content":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAcknowledgement\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAcknowledgment is extended for the financial assistance and infrastructural support provided by the Horticulture Research Centre, Patharchatta, and the Department of Horticulture, GBPUA\u0026amp;T, Pantnagar, Uttarakhand, India.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eFunding\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThis research received no external funding\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eData availability statements\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe original contributions made in the study are contained in the article/supplementary materials. \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;Additional questions can be referred to the relevant authors.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAuthor Contribution Statement\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eConceptualization, investigation, Statistical analysis, methodology, and original draft writing done by K. Review, editing, and supervision were done by AKS \u0026amp; OS.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eDeclaration of competing interest\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eEthics statement\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThis study involved field experimentation on mango (\u003cem\u003eMangifera Indica\u003c/em\u003e L.) plants and did not involve human participants or animals. Therefore, formal ethical approval was not required. All experimental procedures were conducted following standard agronomic research practices and the institutional guidelines of Govind Ballabh Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar, Uttarakhand, India.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eDeclaration of AI-assisted writing\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe authors exclusively used OpenAI's ChatGPT (GPT-5 model) to improve the clarity, grammar, and style of the manuscript. The authors carefully reviewed, edited, and approved all AI-generated suggestions and take full responsibility for the final content of the paper.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"References","content":"\u003col\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eAebi H (1984) Catalase in vitro. 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Food Chem 64:555\u0026ndash;559. \u003cspan class=\"ExternalRef\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"RefSource\"\u003ehttps://doi.org/10.1016/S0308-8146(98)00102-2\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan address=\"10.1016/S0308-8146(98)00102-2\" targettype=\"DOI\" class=\"RefTarget\"\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003c/ol\u003e"}],"fulltextSource":"","fullText":"","funders":[],"hasAdminPriorityOnWorkflow":false,"hasManuscriptDocX":true,"hasOptedInToPreprint":true,"hasPassedJournalQc":"","hasAnyPriority":true,"hideJournal":true,"highlight":"","institution":"Govind Ballabh Pant University of Agriculture and Technology","isAcceptedByJournal":false,"isAuthorSuppliedPdf":false,"isDeskRejected":"","isHiddenFromSearch":false,"isInQc":false,"isInWorkflow":false,"isPdf":false,"isPdfUpToDate":true,"isWithdrawnOrRetracted":false,"journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"researchsquare","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"/submission","title":"Research Square","twitterHandle":"researchsquare","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"","reportingPortfolio":"","inReviewEnabled":false,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true},"keywords":"Integrated nutrient management, foliar micronutrients, arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi, soil enzyme activities, microbial communities, fruit quality, mango orchard, sustainable nutrient management","lastPublishedDoi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-9265673/v1","lastPublishedDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-9265673/v1","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"},"manuscriptAbstract":"\u003cp\u003eIntegrated nutrient management (INM) using reduced recommended doses of fertilizers (RDF) as well as soil and/or foliar micronutrients is now widely advocated for the maintenance of soil health and fruit quality in intensive tropical orchards. Two years of field investigation (2023-2024) were undertaken to evaluate the impacts of ten INM treatments on soil biochemical properties, microbial communities, enzymatic action, leaf \u0026amp; fruit nutrition, and fruit quality in a medium-density (5 × 5 m) mango (\u003cem\u003eMangifera indica\u003c/em\u003e L. cv. Dashehari) orchard. Treatments included 100 %, 75 %, 50 %, and 25 % RDF with or without soil micronutrients and 1-2 foliar micronutrient sprays in a randomized block arrangement with three replications. Both reduced RDF + foliar micronutrients (T\u003csub\u003e8\u003c/sub\u003e: 75 % RDF + two foliar sprays and T\u003csub\u003e9\u003c/sub\u003e: 50 % RDF + two foliar sprays) enhanced post-harvest soil pH, organic carbon, available N, K, and micronutrients (Fe, Zn, Cu, B, Ca). These treatments also increased AMF spore density (\u0026gt;3-fold greater than 100 % RDF control), bacterial count, and key enzyme activities \u0026nbsp;(dehydrogenase, urease, acid, and alkaline phosphatases). Multivariate analysis (PCA, RDA, Pearson correlation, \u0026amp; Regression model) also verified strong positive correlations between microbial/enzymatic factors and soil-plant nutrient pools. As a result, leaf micronutrient and chlorophyll contents, fruit TSS (up to 20.78 °Brix), sugars, ascorbic acid, carotenoids, shelf life, flavonoids, total phenols, and antioxidant enzyme activities significantly increased, with the greatest value always obtained in the T\u003csub\u003e8\u003c/sub\u003e and T\u003csub\u003e9\u003c/sub\u003e. The findings show that prudent reduction of macronutrient fertilizers along with foliar micronutrients recovers biological functions of soil, promotes plant-microbe feedbacks, and yields superior fruit nutritional and phytochemical quality. The INM approach is a feasible and sustainable approach to tropical perennial agroecosystems.\u003c/p\u003e","manuscriptTitle":"Integrated Nutrient Management, Soil Biological Functions, and their Linkages with Fruit Quality in Mango (Mangifera indica L.) under Medium-Density Planting","msid":"","msnumber":"","nonDraftVersions":[{"code":1,"date":"2026-04-07 18:18:27","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-9265673/v1","editorialEvents":[{"type":"communityComments","content":0}],"status":"published","journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"researchsquare","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"/submission","title":"Research Square","twitterHandle":"researchsquare","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"","reportingPortfolio":"","inReviewEnabled":false,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true}}],"origin":"","ownerIdentity":"c1ff0287-dd58-4efd-8aab-1d8ed3b2b927","owner":[],"postedDate":"April 7th, 2026","published":true,"recentEditorialEvents":[],"rejectedJournal":[],"revision":"","amendment":"","status":"posted","subjectAreas":[{"id":65434380,"name":"Horticulture"}],"tags":[],"updatedAt":"2026-04-07T18:18:27+00:00","versionOfRecord":[],"versionCreatedAt":"2026-04-07 18:18:27","video":"","vorDoi":"","vorDoiUrl":"","workflowStages":[]},"version":"v1","identity":"rs-9265673","journalConfig":"researchsquare"},"__N_SSP":true},"page":"/article/[identity]/[[...version]]","query":{"redirect":"/article/rs-9265673","identity":"rs-9265673","version":["v1"]},"buildId":"XKTyCvWXoU3ODBz1xrDgd","isFallback":false,"isExperimentalCompile":false,"dynamicIds":[84888],"gssp":true,"scriptLoader":[]}