Evaluation of xylose assimilation by a strain of Desmodesmus sp. and the use of sugarcane bagasse hydrolysate as a carbon source for algal biomass production.

Evaluation of xylose assimilation by a strain of Desmodesmus sp. and the use of sugarcane bagasse hydrolysate as a carbon source for algal biomass production. | Research Square window.SnipcartSettings = { analytics: { enabled: false } }; (function() { var accessVector = localStorage.getItem('access_vector') || ''; window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; if (accessVector) { window.dataLayer.push({ user: { profile: { profileInfo: { snid: accessVector } } } }); } })(); (function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start':new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0],j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src='https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f);})(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-K279D39R'); Browse Preprints In Review Journals COVID-19 Preprints AJE Video Bytes Research Tools Research Promotion AJE Professional Editing AJE Rubriq About Preprint Platform In Review Editorial Policies Our Team Advisory Board Help Center Sign In Submit a Preprint Cite Share Download PDF Research Article Evaluation of xylose assimilation by a strain of Desmodesmus sp. and the use of sugarcane bagasse hydrolysate as a carbon source for algal biomass production. Marina Lemos Sartori, Lílian de Araújo Pantoja, Alexandre Soares Santos This is a preprint; it has not been peer reviewed by a journal. https://doi.org/ 10.21203/rs.3.rs-5242180/v1 This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License Status: Published Journal Publication published 06 Feb, 2025 Read the published version in Waste and Biomass Valorization → Version 1 posted 5 You are reading this latest preprint version Abstract Desmodesmus is a fast-growing photosynthetic microalga and is considered a promising feedstock due to its potential to produce protein, polysaccharides, and unsaturated fatty acids. However, the economic viability of bio-based products from microalgae depends on reducing the cost of cultivation. Some microalgae species can utilize low-cost agro-industrial and urban wastes to grow and produce desirable bioproducts. The objective of this study was to evaluate the ability of the freshwater microalga Desmodesmus sp. strain to utilize xylose and sugarcane bagasse hydrolysate as carbon sources to grow and accumulate oil, starch, and proteins. The effects of different growth conditions, including photoautotrophic, mixotrophic, and heterotrophic growth, were investigated. The productivity data obtained with xylose indicate that Desmodesmus sp. has a industrial profile for all targeted biobased contents under mixotrophic culture conditions. When grown on dilute sugarcane bagasse hydrolysate, the Desmodesmus sp. strain produced 47.6%, 5.0%, and 10.1% of protein, starch, and oil, respectively, based on its dry cell mass. This work demonstrated that the Desmodesmus strain evaluated could utilize xylose as the sole carbon source and utilize the sugars, including xylose, glucose, and arabinose, present in sugarcane bagasse hydrolysate, a potential co-product of second-generation ethanol plants in Brazil. Hemicellulose Pentoses Lipids Carbohydrates Microalgae Figures Figure 1 Figure 2 Figure 3 Figure 4 1. Introduction Microalgae are very efficient at capturing CO 2 and are a scalable feedstock to produce bio-based products with a near-zero carbon balance [ 1 – 4 ]. In addition, microalgae can be used to produce valuable products such as pharmaceuticals, cosmetics, food, feed, and biofuels [ 5 – 7 ]. The scale-up of industrial processes based on microalgae depends on their economic sustainability compared to other raw materials. The growth of microalgae and their biomass composition is influenced by interdependent biological, physical, and chemical parameters such as nutrient quality and concentration, pH, temperature, light availability, and dissolved O 2 and CO 2 [ 8 – 10 ] To significantly reduce the cost of algae cultivation, it is necessary to reduce the cost of inputs such as carbon and nitrogen sources, micronutrients, and water. The carbon source is one of the most important macronutrients for microalgal growth, as the dry weight of microalgal biomass is approximately 50% carbon [ 11 ]. The use of industrial organic carbon such as glucose, glycerol, or acetate in mixotrophic or heterotrophic microalgae cultivation, although possible and more productive than photoautotrophic CO 2 assimilation, makes the process more expensive. Conveniently, microalgae can assimilate organic or inorganic compounds from waste or industrial and agricultural residues and produce biomass for the elaboration of bio-based products [ 12 – 14 ]. Lignocellulosic feedstocks can provide carbon sources and essential nutrients for microalgal growth [ 15 , 16 ]. The use of soluble glucose-rich hydrolysates from corn, molasses, sorghum, sugarcane, rice straw, and wheat bran in mixotrophic or heterotrophic cultures could reduce the estimated production costs of third-generation biofuels [ 17 – 20 ]. The incorporation of xylose from hemicellulose, the second most abundant polysaccharide in nature, also has great potential for sustainable fuel production from microalgae [ 21 – 22 ]. However, the use of pentoses in microalgae cultivation has not been widely studied [ 23 , 24 ]. Some studies using xylose for microalgal cultivation showed an inhibitory growth effect [ 25 , 26 ]. Most microalgal species thrive on glucose, but there are a few known species that can use xylose as a carbon source in heterotrophic and/or mixotrophic cultivation systems, as in some cases among those of the genus Chlorella [ 27 – 30 ], Scenedesmus [ 17 ], and Desmodesmus [ 24 , 26 ]. Even so, there are results in the scientific literature that have shown that it is impossible or difficult for a few species of microalgae known to be competent at assimilating xylose to use it under conditions of absence of glucose or absence of light [ 31 ]. Therefore, many scientific and technological gaps exist in using xylose or xylose-rich raw materials to produce algal biomass. This work aimed to evaluate the use of pure xylose and hemicellulose hydrolysate obtained from the hydrothermal treatment of sugarcane bagasse, an agro-industrial residue produced by sugar and ethanol industrial plants in Brazil, to produce monoalgal biomass using an isolated freshwater microalga strain of the genus Desmodesmus [ 32 ] and to prospect its potential for lipid, carbohydrate, and single-cell protein production. 2. Materials and Methods 2.1. Microalgae culture The microalgae Desmodesmus sp. was obtained in the Collection of Microalgae Cultures from the Biofuels Microbiology Laboratory of the Federal University of the Jequitinhonha and Mucuri Valleys, Minas Gerais, Brazil. This strain was originally isolated and identified by Monção [ 32 ] from water samples collected in a fish tank of the Animal Science Department of the same university. The spread plate technique with modified Bold's Basal Medium (BBM) [ 33 ] containing 1.5% agar was used to obtain the unialgal culture. The modified BBM had the following composition (g L − 1 ): NaNO 3 , 0.1; MgSO 4 ·7H 2 O, 0.075; KH 2 PO 4 , 0.058; K 2 HPO 4 , 0.025; NaCl, 0.025; CaCl 2 .2H 2 O, 0.025; FeSO 4 ·7H 2 O, 0.005; EDTA, 0.05; KOH, 0.031; H 3 BO 3 , 0.0114; ZnSO 4 ·7H 2 O, 0.0088; CuSO 4 ·5H 2 O, 0.00157; MnCl 2 ·4H 2 O, 0.00144; Co(NO 3 ) 2 ·6H 2 O, 0.00049, and MoO 4 , 0.00071. Pure cultures were maintained in assay glass tubes containing liquid-modified BBM medium at 28 ± 1°C with a photoperiod of 12:12-h light/dark cycle under the white light illumination (450 µmol m − 2 .s − 1 ) and peaked every one month. Inoculum was prepared with the same medium and conditions mentioned above using 1.5 L glass bottles with 1.0 L of utile volume and continuously bubbly compressed air at 3 L.min. −1 . 2.2. Evaluation of the pure D-xylose assimilation on heterotrophic and mixotrophic conditions Modified BBM culture medium containing D-xylose (3, 6, and 9 g.L − 1 ) with a C/N ratio fixed in 20 was evaluated over heterotrophic and mixotrophic conditions to the assays of assimilation and biomass growth, as systematized in Table 1 . The initial centrifuged microalgae biomass corresponding to 0.9 g (dry weight basis) was inoculated at 1.0 L of each medium formulation maintained in 1.5 L colorless glass bottles. The bottles were kept at 28 ± 1°C coated in aluminum foil (for autotrophic and heterotrophic cultures) or exposed to a photoperiod of 12:12h light/dark cycle with a light intensity of approximately 450 µmol m − 2 .s − 1 (for photoautotrophic and mixotrophic cultures) by six days using a germination chamber with thermostatic and photoperiod control. Cultivations without xylose were used as controls. All experimental flasks were continuously aerated with an air compressor at 3 L.min. −1 . Table 1 D-xylose and nitrogen concentrations and C/N ratio used in mixotrophic and heterotrophic assays Growing condition Experiment Code D-xylose concentration (g.L − 1 ) Nitrate concentration (g.L − 1 ) C/N Ratio (mol.mol − 1 ) Photoautotrophic 0M 0.0 1.00 - Mixotrophic 3M 3.0 0.36 20 6M 6.0 0.73 20 9M 9.0 1.10 20 Autotrophic 0H 0.0 1.00 - Heterotrophic 3H 3.0 0.36 20 6H 6.0 0.73 20 9H 9.0 1.10 20 Cell growth was monitored daily by optical density determination at 680 nm on a 10 mm pass optical glass cuvette and expressed on dry cell weight (DCW) using a correlation curve obtained experimentally whose equation was defined as OD 680 = 1.088 x DCW + 0.832, with R 2 = 0.97. The consumption of xylose was indirectly determined as reducing sugar [ 34 ] using analytical grade xylose as the standard. Nitrate concentration was determined through a colorimetric method using a reaction with brucine sulfate as described by Santos, Pereira, and Freire [ 35 ]. At the end of the cultivation, the cells were recovered by centrifugation at 7,130 relative centrifuge force (RCF) for 10 minutes, transferred to Petri plates, and dried in a convection oven at 60°C up to constant weight. The cell biomass production (g.L − 1 ), cell biomass yield (Y X/S , g.g − 1 ), volumetric productivity of biomass (Q P , g.m − 3 .d − 1 ), and the specific cell growth rate on exponential phase (µ MAX , d − 1 ) were calculated. 2.3. Sugarcane bagasse processing and characterization The sugarcane bagasse used in this work was provided by USJ Bioenergia (sugar mill, ethanol, and electric power generation) - Unit of Cachoeira Dourada – State of Goiás, Brazil. The sugarcane bagasse was first washed with distilled water to remove the residual free sugars and other soluble substances and then packed in paper bags and dried at 65°C in a forced air circulation oven for 48 h. After drying, the bagasse was crushed in a knife-type mill and sieved in a 32 mesh to homogenize the particle size. Then, the sugarcane bagasse was stored in plastic containers at room temperature (25 ± 2ºC). 2.3.1. Chemical analysis of sugarcane bagasse The chemical characterization of sugarcane bagasse included the determination of the moisture contents, ash, total lipids [ 36 ], cellulose, lignin, hemicellulose [ 37 ], starch [ 38 ], and total soluble sugars [ 39 ]. 2.4. Preparation of hemicellulose hydrolysate The hydrolysis of the sugarcane bagasse was performed using a solution of 8% H 2 SO 4 (w/w) at a solid-liquid ratio of 1:4 (w/w). The reaction was carried out in conical flasks on a horizontal autoclave at 100 o C for 90 minutes. After cooling to room temperature, the pH of hydrolysate was adjusted to 6.0 with calcium hydroxide powder and vacuum filtered on Whatman filter paper N o 1. The soluble hydrolysate was characterized by the presence and concentration of glucose, xylose, arabinose, acetic acid, furfural, and 5-hydroxymethylfurfural by high-performance liquid chromatography as described in Matos et al. [ 40 ]. The hemicellulose hydrolysate was also analyzed for the total soluble protein content by biuret method [ 41 ] and for reducing sugar content [ 34 ]. 2.5. Evaluation of the hemicellulose hydrolysate as a carbon source The capacity of the microalgae Desmodesmus sp. to metabolize the sugars present in the hemicellulose hydrolysate was evaluated using the sugar concentration chosen after the previous assays with pure xylose. The hydrolysate was diluted with a modified BBM culture medium to reach the required sugar contents. The other cultivation conditions were carried out as described in the 2.2 item. All procedures for monitoring cell growth progress were performed as reported in 2.2. At the end of the cultivation, the cells were recovered by centrifugation at 7,130 RCF for 10 minutes, transferred to Petri plates, and dried in a convection oven at 60°C up to constant weight. The cell biomass production (g.L -1 ), cell biomass yield (Y X/S , g.g -1 ), and volumetric productivity of biomass (Q P , g.m -3 .d -1 ) were calculated. 2.6. Chemical characterization of microalgae biomass The dry algal biomass obtained in each assay was characterized to research total lipids, starch, soluble sugars, cell wall carbohydrates, and proteins. Each component's volumetric productivity (Q P , g.m -3 .d -1 ) was also calculated. 2.6.1. Total Lipid Analysis Accumulations of lipids in the cells were estimated as described by Bligh and Dyer [ 42 ]. To 50 mg of the dried biomass transferred to Falcon tubes, 1.6 ml of distilled water, 4 ml of methanol, and 2 ml of chloroform were added. The tubes were vortexed for approximately 15 minutes and standing in the dark for 24 hours. Then, 2 ml of chloroform and 2 ml of 1.5% sodium sulfate (Na 2 SO 4 ) solution were added, stirring for 2 minutes, and centrifuged at 7,130 RCF for 10 minutes. The organic phase containing the extracted lipids was transferred to a Petri plate and put to dry at 105°C until constant weight. The recovered lipid mass was measured on an analytical balance. 2.6.2. Starch and Total Soluble Sugars Analysis The content of starch and total soluble sugars in the microalgal biomass was determined by the methodology described by McCready et al. [ 38 ], adapted for the centrifuge microtubes scale. Therefore, 0.02 g of dried algal biomass and 1.5 mL of the 80% ethanol solution were added in 2.0 mL microcentrifuge tubes. The tubes were taken to the water bath at 90°C for 15 minutes and then centrifuged at 12,900 RCF for 10 min. The supernatant was transferred to a 50 mL volumetric flask. This ethanol washing procedure was repeated twice, and the volumetric flasks containing the supernatants were filled with distilled water end reserve for total soluble sugars quantification. The recovered insoluble material was used to extract the starch. Starch was extracted by adding 1.5 mL of 30% perchloric acid to the precipitate that remained in the microtubes followed by vigorous vortex stirring and then resting for 30 minutes. The tubes were centrifuged at 12,900 RCF for 10 minutes, and the supernatant was transferred to 50 ml volumetric flasks. The process was repeated twice, and the supernatants accumulated in the volumetric flasks were filled with distilled water. Starch and total soluble sugar were quantified with 0.1% anthrone prepared in a 76% sulfuric acid solution. The chromatic reaction was performed in glass tubes containing 0.5 ml of each sample and 2.5 ml of the anthrone solution. The tubes were incubated in a boiling water bath for 10 minutes, followed by cooling in an ice-water bath. The reacted solution was read at 620 nm on 10 mm glass cuvettes. The analytical curves were performed using a standard D-glucose solution (1 g.L − 1 ). 2.6.3. Total Proteins Analysis Total proteins were quantified using the biuret method described by Gornall et al. [ 41 ]. Briefly, 5 mg of dry algal biomass was transferred to a 2.0 mL microcentrifuge tube and subjected to alkaline hydrolysis with 2 mL of 1.0 N NaOH in boiling water for one hour. After cooling to room temperature, the samples were centrifuged at 12,900 RCF for 10 minutes. Then, 1.0 mL of the supernatant was mixture with 4.0 mL of the biuret reagent (CuSO 4 .5H 2 O 0.15%; KNaC 4 H 4 O 6 .4H 2 O 0.60%; KI 1.0% in NaOH 1 mol.L − 1 solution) and allowed to stand for 30 minutes in the absence of light. The absorbance was measured at 550 nm on 10 mm glass cuvettes. Bovine serum albumin (2 g.L − 1 ) was used as the analytical standard. 2.6.4. Total Cell Wall Carbohydrates Evaluation Total cell wall carbohydrate content in microalgae (including cellulose, hemicellulose, pectin, and algaenans) was determined by difference, subtracting the measured protein, lipids, starch, and total soluble sugars from total biomass dry weight. 2.7. Statistical analysis All cultivation assays and analytical determinations were performed in triplicate. The experimental data were submitted to analysis of variance (ANOVA) and Scott-Knott multiple average comparison test at a p-value of 0.05 using the free software Sisvar V 5.8 [ 43 ]. 3. Results and Discussion 3.1. Use of D-xylose as an organic carbon source by Desmodesmus sp. The xylose concentration range experimented with in this work (0 to 9 g.L − 1 ) was based on the results obtained by Yang et al. [ 17 ] and Song and Pei [ 22 ]. Both studies assessed the growth of microalgae strains of the genus Scenedesmus , belonging to the same family of Desmodesmus genus, under mixotrophic conditions in a medium containing xylose as the sole source of organic carbon at concentrations ranging from 0 to 12 g.L − 1 . Both studies observed that the condition with the highest biomass production and maximum xylose consumption occurred at a concentration of 4 g.L − 1 of xylose. Furthermore, in these same studies, it was observed that xylose concentrations above 6 g.L − 1 promoted lower, or even inhibitory, growth results. At present work, the algal culture carried out without xylose and in the absence of light (assay 0H, autotrophic condition) showed a growth close to zero (Fig. 1 ). This behavior was expected, and this experiment was planned to count as a control. The photoautotrophic culture condition (assay 0M) partially consumed the nitrogen source (23.3 ± 2.5%), produced 0.96 ± 0.06 g.L − 1 of microalgal biomass, and presented 411 ± 52 g.m − 3 .d − 1 of biomass volumetric production (Table 2 ). When comparing the 0H and 0M assays (Table 2 ), it was possible to observe a gain of about eight times in biomass increment in the presence of light. Adding the organic carbon source favored cell growth in mixotrophic and heterotrophic cultures compared to the cultures carried out in xylose-free media under the same conditions (Fig. 1 , Table 2 ). No inhibition of cell growth was observed at any of the xylose concentrations examined. Microalgal growth was benefited proportionally by the increase in xylose concentration either in heterotrophic or mixotrophic conditions (Fig. 1 ). As noted in Table 2 , the growth rate determined during the exponential phase (µ MAX ) was positively affected in conditions where the addition of xylose was more than 3 g.L − 1 , especially in the mixotrophic cultures. Table 2 Response parameters from evaluated mixotrophic and heterotrophic cultivations of Desmodesmus sp. at the end of process. Assay Xylose consumption (%) Nitrate consumption (%) Biomass production (g.L − 1 ) Q P * (g.m − 3 .d − 1 ) Yx/s µ MAX (d − 1 ) average ± standard deviation 0M - 23.3 ± 2.5 d 0.96 ± 0.06 c 411 ± 52 d - 0.35 ± 0.05 c 3M 99.0 ± 0.0 a 96.3 ± 0.6ª 1.17 ± 0.30 b 675 ± 38 c 0.36 ± 0.09 b 0.29 ± 0.09 c 6M 96.3 ± 0.6ª 100 ± 0 a 1.38 ± 0.24 b 1069 ± 219 b 0.23 ± 0.04 c 0.47 ± 0.19 b 9M 98.3 ± 0.6 a 100 ± 0 a 1.83 ± 0.32 a 1344 ± 196ª 0.24 ± 0.04 c 0.75 ± 0.06 a 0H - 11.9 ± 2.5 e 0.12 ± 0.07 d 229 ± 13 e - 0.09 ± 0.03 c 3H 94.8 ± 0.4ª 95.9 ± 0.8ª 0.41 ± 0.10 d 429 ± 50 d 0.16 ± 0.05 d 0.23 ± 0.15 c 6H 89.2 ± 4.6 b 95.9 ± 0.8ª 0.68 ± 0.17 c 468 ± 82 d 0.12 ± 0.02 d 0.15 ± 0.17 c 9H 79.5 ± 6.4 c 87.4 ± 7.0 b 0.78 ± 0.02 c 429 ± 50 d 0.11 ± 0.01 d 0.44 ± 0.23 b MHH 97.2 ± 1.3 a 63.9 ± 1.1 c 1.28 ± 0.07 b 757 ± 33 c 0.46 ± 0.05 a 0.38 ± 0.10 c Results followed by the same letter in the same column do not differ by the Scott-Knott test at p = 0.05. Q P *: Volumetric biomass productivity (calculated at the early stationary growth phase); Yx/s: Biomass yield relative to the substrate consumed. 0M: culture without xylose (photoautotrophic); 3M: mixotrophic culture containing 3 g.L -1 xylose; 6M: mixotrophic culture containing 6 g.L -1 xylose; 9M: mixotrophic culture containing 9 g.L -1 xylose; 0H: culture without xylose (autotrophic); 3H: heterotrophic culture containing 3 g.L -1 xylose; 6H: heterotrophic culture containing 6 g.L -1 xylose; 9H: heterotrophic culture containing 9 g.L -1 xylose; MHH: mixotrophic culture supplemented with hemicellulose hydrolysate. The amount of biomass accumulated after six days on heterotrophic cultures was similar between the assays containing 6 and 9 g.L − 1 of initial xylose (6H and 9H) and higher than the value observed for the medium without xylose (0H) or with only 3 g.L − 1 of initial xylose (3H) (Table 2 ). On the other hand, cellular growth in any mixotrophic conditions (3M, 6M, and 9M) was higher than in all heterotrophic and photoautotrophic conditions (0M). It is assumed here that the photosynthesis performed in the mixotrophic condition may have contributed to the observed phenomenon by also allowing the use of CO 2 and favoring the redox balance necessary for integrating xylose into the energetic metabolism after passing through the pentose phosphate pathway. Zheng and coworkers [ 23 ], in their study of the mixotrophic growth of Chlorella on xylose, proposed that NADPH generated during the first stage of photosynthesis (light-dependent) would serve as the coenzyme for Xylose Reductase, which would direct xylose to the pentose phosphate pathway with the participation of a NAD + /NADP + facultative Xylitol Dehydrogenase. This aspect of xylose metabolism proposed for Chlorella may explain the different behavior of the growth process and xylose consumption by the Desmodesmus strain evaluated in the present study under mixotrophic conditions. It was observed that xylose consumption during the first two days of mixotrophic cultivation (Fig. 2 ) was much faster than in heterotrophic cultures (Fig. 3 ). After the second (mixotrophic cultures) or third day (heterotrophic cultures) of starting the bioprocess, the cultures entered the stationary phase (Fig. 1 ). The start of the stationary phase showed a correlation with the depletion of the nitrogen source observed in the same time interval (Figs. 2 and 3 ). The consumption of the nitrogen source was higher (0M vs. 0H, 9M vs. 9H) and faster (3M vs. 3H, 6M vs. 6H, 9M vs. 9H) in the processes carried out under mixotrophic conditions (Figs. 2 and 3 , and Table 2 ). It is possible that the presence of light favored the better assimilation of NO 3 - through the combined action of Nitrate Reductase and Nitrite Reductase, enzymes responsible for the conversion of NO 3 - to NH 4 + and whose activities are positively affected by light [ 44 , 45 ]. In the experiments carried out under heterotrophic conditions, the xylose consumption accelerated two days after starting the bioprocess, but this consumption was not followed by significant cell growth. It is possible, by hypothesis, that there was a metabolic adaptation that provided a solution to incorporating xylose into the cell metabolism to produce secondary metabolites. Another observation associated with the representative use of xylose in heterotrophic conditions was the increased share of protein content in the cell biomass, as opposed to the protein contents observed in the biomass grown under mixotrophic conditions (Table 2 ). Badary and collaborators [ 24 ], studying the growth of a Desmodesmus sp. strain on BBM medium supplemented with corn stover hydrolysate, observed a higher concentration of proteinogenic amino acids and some secondary metabolites in cellular biomass when cultivated under heterotrophic conditions. The highest values of biomass production and volumetric productivity were found in assays 6M and 9M after two days of processing (Table 2 ). Compared to heterotrophic conditions, there was an average increase of around 2.3 times in the volumetric productivity of the algal biomass grown under mixotrophic conditions (Table 2 ). Table 3 shows the lipid, total cell wall carbohydrates, total protein, starch, and total soluble sugars (TSS) accumulated by the microalgae Desmodesmus sp. in a culture medium with different concentrations of xylose and microalgae cultivation modes. The results showed that the lipid content was not statistically different among all tested conditions. On average, the microalgae accumulated about 12% of their dry weight in lipids. The highest starch contents in the microalgal biomass were obtained in the mixotrophic cultures, 8.9% on average, as opposed to about 3.3% in the algal biomass grown under heterotrophic conditions (Table 3 ). Possibly, the photosynthetic pathway leads to the production of fructose-6-phosphate, a precursor that contributes to the most significant accumulation of starch. The results did not clarify whether adding xylose in the mixotrophic or heterotrophic cultures would have contributed to starch synthesis since the contents were close to the value found in the photoautotrophic or autotrophic conditions (Table 3 ). However, as suggested by other studies [ 25 ], xylose has not inhibited cell growth or photosynthesis in cell culture conditions evaluated here. Table 3 Characterization (dry basis) of the biomass components of Desmodesmus sp. cells cultivated in different conditions. Assay Lipids (%) Starch (%) TSS (%) Total Proteins (%) Total Cell Wall Carbohydrates (%) average ± standard deviation 0M 11.8 ± 2.4ª 7.8 ± 1.8 b 7.9 ± 0.5ª 50.3 ± 4.7 b 22.2 ± 3.8 c 3M 10.5 ± 1.5ª 9.9 ± 1.5ª 6.7 ± 0.4 b 57.8 ± 7.4 a 15.0 ± 4.7 c 6M 11.1 ± 0.3ª 8.1 ± 0.7 b 4.5 ± 0.7 c 31.3 ± 6.5 c 44.9 ± 7.8 a 9M 14.1 ± 2.9ª 9.7 ± 0.1 a 4.9 ± 0.8 c 28.4 ± 2.1 c 42.9 ± 4.6 a 0H 13.6 ± 2.0 a 3.1 ± 0.6 c 3.0 ± 0.5 d 63.3 ± 4.5 a 16.9 ± 6.2 c 3H 13.0 ± 2.4ª 3.4 ± 0.4 c 0.4 ± 0.1 e 58.4 ± 4.1 a 24.9 ± 7.5 c 6H 13.3 ± 1.8ª 3.5 ± 0.2 c 0.6 ± 0.1 e 56.6 ± 4.2 a 26.0 ± 3.9 c 9H 12.5 ± 1.7ª 3.4 ± 0.0 c 0.2 ± 0.2 e 48.6 ± 8.8 b 35.2 ± 7.1 b MHH 10.1 ± 0.6ª 5.0 ± 1.5 c 5.1 ± 0.4 c 47.6 ± 4.3 b 32.2 ± 5.7 b Results followed by the same letter in the same column do not differ by the Scott-Knott test at p = 0.05. TSS: Total soluble sugars; 0M: culture without xylose (photoautotrophic); 3M: mixotrophic culture containing 3 g.L -1 xylose; 6M: mixotrophic culture containing 6 g.L -1 xylose; 9M: mixotrophic culture containing 9 g.L -1 xylose; 0H: culture without xylose (autotrophic); 3H: heterotrophic culture containing 3 g.L -1 xylose; 6H: heterotrophic culture containing 6 g.L -1 xylose; 9H: heterotrophic culture containing 9 g.L -1 xylose; MHH: mixotrophic culture supplemented with hemicellulose hydrolysate. The highest concentration of total soluble sugars was found in the photoautotrophic condition (0M assay) (Table 3 ). In the experiments conducted under mixotrophic conditions (6M and 9M), the TSS concentration was lower than in the 0M and 3M assays but higher than the values observed in the heterotrophic condition. The greater availability of xylose in the 6M and 9M trials probably favored biomass production over soluble sugar accumulation, as shown by the data of biomass volumetric productivity in Table 2 and by total cell wall carbohydrate values shown in Table 3 . The total protein content found in algal biomass was generally higher in heterotrophic cultivation (Table 3 ). On average, the Desmodesmus sp. strain cultivated under heterotrophic conditions presented 54% of its dried weight as total protein against 39% under mixotrophic conditions. On the other hand, the total cell wall carbohydrate content of the biomass grown under mixotrophic conditions was significantly higher than that of microalgae grown under heterotrophic conditions (Table 3 ), especially in conditions with 6 and 9 g.L − 1 xylose. Starch and total soluble sugars are produced more significantly in cells grown under mixotrophic conditions. Therefore, light has favored the production of cell walls and reserve carbohydrates. Since there were significant differences in some values of biomass volumetric productivity and other values related to the centesimal composition of biomasses obtained from different cultivation conditions, examining the productivity of compounds of interest for biobased products such as biofuels and food is natural. From the data shown in Table 4 , it was possible to notice that the highest productivities of each biochemical compound (lipids, starch, free sugars, proteins, and total cell wall carbohydrates) were found under mixotrophic conditions. The highest lipid (187 ± 32 g.m -3 .d -1 ), starch (122 ± 11 g.m -3 .d -1 ), TSS (65.6 ± 11.7 g.m -3 .d -1 ), and total cell wall carbohydrate (582 ± 143 g.m -3 .d -1 ) productivities occurred in the 9M assay. The highest protein productivity (410 ± 74 g.m -3 .d -1 ) occurred in mixotrophic cultures with 6 g.L -1 of xylose (assay 6M), which did not differ statistically from 3M and 9M trials. The lipid productivity observed in the 9M assay was bigger than the value (142.9 g.m -3 .d -1 ) found by Eze et al. [ 46 ] in a study aimed at increasing lipid production by a strain of Desmodesmus subspicatus in a batch cultivation process fed with glucose. Table 4 Volumetric productivity of the biochemical compounds presents in the biomass of Desmodesmus sp. from evaluated mixotrophic and heterotrophic cultivations. Assay Q L (g.m -3 .d -1 ) Q S (g.m -3 .d -1 ) Q TSS (g.m -3 .d -1 ) Q Prot (g.m -3 .d -1 ) Q C (g.m -3 .d -1 ) average ± standard deviation 0M 48.0 ± 6.2 c 31.4 ± 3.8 d 32.1 ± 2.7 b 208 ± 46 b 90.7 ± 16.8 d 3M 70.5 ± 6.1 c 66.8 ± 7.8 c 44.4 ± 0.6 b 392 ± 71 a 100 ± 26 d 6M 119 ± 26 b 97.0 ± 14.5 b 49.3 ± 17.6 b 410 ± 74 a 469 ± 41 b 9M 187 ± 32ª 122 ± 11ª 65.6 ± 11.7ª 379 ± 30 a 582 ± 143ª 0H 31.2 ± 4.0 c 7.11 ± 1.4 e 6.9 ± 0.8 c 145 ± 3 b 39.3 ± 16.7 d 3H 54.7 ± 7.6 c 15.0 ± 0.8 e 1.7 ± 0.5 c 249 ± 17 b 109 ± 44 d 6H 62.1 ± 12.1 c 16.4 ± 3.6 e 3.0 ± 0.6 c 263 ± 33 b 124 ± 39 d 9H 54.4 ± 14.1 c 15.3 ± 1.0 e 1.5 ± 0.5 c 205 ± 17 b 153 ± 50 d MHH 76.4 ± 7.1 c 37.7 ± 10.1 d 38.6 ± 1.4 b 359 ± 19 a 245 ± 54 c Results followed by the same letter in the same column do not differ by the Scott-Knott test at p = 0.05. Q L : Lipid volumetric productivity; Q S : Volumetric yield of starch; Q TSS : Volumetric yield of total soluble sugars; Q Prot : Volumetric yield of total proteins; Q C : Volumetric yield of total cell wall carbohydrates. 0M: culture without xylose (photoautotrophic); 3M: mixotrophic culture containing 3 g.L -1 xylose; 6M: mixotrophic culture containing 6 g.L -1 xylose; 9M: mixotrophic culture containing 9 g.L -1 xylose; 0H: culture without xylose (autotrophic); 3H: heterotrophic culture containing 3 g.L -1 xylose; 6H: heterotrophic culture containing 6 g.L -1 xylose; 9H: heterotrophic culture containing 9 g.L -1 xylose; MHH: mixotrophic culture supplemented with hemicellulose hydrolysate. Although the volumetric productivity values summarized in Table 4 highlight a single cultivation condition (Assay 9M) as convergent for the production of all the cell fractions of interest, the yield of biomass per unit of xylose (Y X/S ) must also be considered because it a measure of the efficiency of converting xylose into cell biomass. In addition, it is necessary to define one or more main products that guarantee the economic sustainability of the eventual biotechnological process. Although this definition depends on an in-depth technical and economic feasibility study, the option was made to obtain cellular proteins as the target product here. In this case, the mixotrophic cultivation condition with 3 g.L -1 of xylose stood out with the highest Y X/S yield value (Table 2 ). It reached an excellent cell protein volumetric productivity value, approximately 392 g.m -3 .d -1 , which was not statistically different from the 6M e 9M assays. In this way, the mixotrophic cultivation condition with 3 g.L -1 of xylose was used as a reference to replicate the same experimental conditions using diluted sugarcane bagasse hemicellulose hydrolysate as a source of xylose as the main sugar. 3.2. Utilization of the hemicellulose hydrolysate as a source of sugars by Desmodesmus sp. The chemical characterization of the sugarcane bagasse and its resulting hydrolysate recovered after thermochemical treatment, as well as its components’ effect on the microalgae Desmodesmus sp. growth, are presented below. 3.2.1. Chemical characterization of sugarcane bagasse Table 5 shows the chemical composition of the sugarcane bagasse used in the present study. The contents of hemicellulose, cellulose, and lignin fractions were 33.58 ± 0.22%, 43.09 ± 0.18%, and 10.20 ± 0.52%, respectively. These values are consistent with those reported in the scientific literature [ 47 ]. However, the lignin content was slightly lower than the reported compositional range. This centesimal level of lignin was appropriate because it is a structural component distinguished as one of the barriers to the chemical release of sugars in cellulose and hemicellulose. Table 5 Physicochemical composition of sugarcane bagasse Parameters Contents (%) Average ± SD Moisture 0.04 ± 0.00 Lipids 1.48 ± 0.25 Ash 4.01 ± 0.12 Total Soluble Sugars 1.62 ± 0.31 Starch 3.81 ± 0.48 Cellulose 43.09 ± 0.18 Hemicellulose 33.58 ± 0.22 Lignin 10.20 ± 0.52 3.2.2. Chemical characterization of the hemicellulose hydrolysate After the filtration necessary to separate the residual solid fraction after hydrolysis of the lignocellulosic biomass with H 2 SO 4 , 500 mL of hydrolysate was obtained from 200 g of sugarcane bagasse. Table 6 shows the concentrations of released sugars, some by-products from the acid treatment, and the total soluble protein in the sugarcane bagasse hydrolysate. The concentration of released sugars, especially xylose (31.3 g.L -1 ), showed that the acid hydrolysis process was able to selectively covert the hemicellulose present in the sugarcane bagasse, given the recognized recalcitrance of the cellulosic fraction to this treatment. In addition to the sugars, 7.9 g.L -1 of acetic acid was detected, a product of the hydrolysis of the acetyl groups of the hemicellulose, which can have a positive or negative effect on the metabolism depending on the species of microalgae evaluated [ 18 , 48 ]. Furfural (0.12 g.L -1 ) and 5-hydroxymethylfurfural (0.54 g.L -1 ), which result from the acid dehydration of pentoses and hexoses, respectively, were also found. These two furans have already been identified as growth and photosynthesis inhibitors for some cyanobacteria [ 49 ] and microalgae [ 18 ]. In addition to these components, the hydrolysate contained approximately 10 g.L -1 of soluble proteins. These proteins, possibly partially hydrolyzed by the performed thermochemical treatment, could be used by the microalgae as a nitrogen source [ 50 ]. Table 6 Composition of sugars and inhibitors present in sugarcane bagasse hydrolysate Component Concentration (g.L − 1 ) Average ± SD Glucose 9.42 ± 0.26 Glycerol 0.65 ± 0.02 Acetic acid 7.97 ± 0.17 Furfural 0.12 ± 0.01 HMF 0.54 ± 0.01 Xylose 31.35 ± 0.75 Arabinose 9.19 ± 0.25 Total Proteins 10.29 ± 0.64 HMF: 5-Hydroxymethylfurfural 3.2.3. Evaluation of the growth of Desmodesmus sp. in hemicellulose hydrolysate The hemicellulose hydrolysate was used as a supplement to the BBM medium to provide a final sugar concentration of 3 g.L -1 , as defined based on the evaluation results of using pure xylose as a carbon source. The behavior of cell growth and the consumption of sugars and nitrate by the microalgae Desmodesmus sp. in the culture conditions supplemented with hemicellulose hydrolysate (MHH) containing 3 g.L -1 sugars (2.0 g.L -1 xylose, 0,6 g.L -1 glucose and 0,3 g.L -1 arabinose) is described in Fig. 4 . In this experiment, it was observed that the microalgae Desmodesmus sp. were able to use all the sugars and a large part of the nitrate present in the hydrolysate as a nutrient source, consuming, at the end of six days of cultivation, 97.2 ± 1.3% and 63.9 ± 1.6% of sugars and nitrate, respectively (Table 2 ). The initial growth phase in the assay MHH was characterized by an exponential phase profile, typical of intense cellular reproduction. The exponential phase extended for three days and was soon followed by the stationary phase, which lasted until the end of the monitoring. The volumetric biomass productivity in assay MHH (757 ± 33 g.m -3 .d -1 ) was statistically equivalent to that found in 3M (675 ± 38 g.m -3 .d -1 ) and 1.7 times higher than that found in 0M (411 ± 52 g.m -3 .d -1 , photoautotrophic cultivation). The biomass yield (Y X/S ) in MHH was the highest compared to the other conditions. These observations show that using sugarcane bagasse hydrolysate, despite possible inhibitors, did not affect cell growth. The lipid content obtained in the MHH assay was 10.1 ± 0.6%, a value statistically similar to those found in the other experiments (Table 3 ). The starch content ​​measured on the MHH assay (5.0 ± 1.5%) was not statistically different from that obtained in the heterotrophic assays but lower than the values found in experiments 3M, 6M, and 9M. The TSS content found on the 3MH assay was greater than that found in heterotrophic conditions and statistically equal to the values found in the 6M and 9M assays. There was no significant difference in the volumetric protein productivity by the algal biomass grown in the MHH test compared to 3M, 6M, and 9M assays (Table 3 ). Relevant was the total cell wall carbohydrate content found in the algal biomass grown in the MHH assay (32.2 ± 5.7%), which was at least two times higher than found in the 3M assay (Table 3 ). The increase in cellular carbohydrate content may be related to the additional assimilation of glucose and arabinose in the hemicellulose hydrolysate. Another hypothesis would be related to the effect of the probable inhibitors (acetic acid, furfural, and HMF) present in the hydrolysate on the physiology and morphology of the cells, favoring the increase of cell wall structure. Culturing the Desmodesmus strain with sugarcane bagasse hydrolysate under mixotrophic conditions favored biomass production and the accumulation of cell wall carbohydrates, as seen from the data in Tables 3 and 4 . Furthermore, there was no reduction in the volumetric productivity of lipids, TSS, and protein in the 3MH test condition compared to the mixotrophic cultivation condition using pure xylose (3M). 4. Conclusion The microalgae Desmodesmus sp. evaluated in this study utilized pure xylose and all sugars present in sugarcane bagasse hydrolysate, mostly xylose, for cell growth under mixotrophic and heterotrophic conditions. Pure xylose as a carbon source did not result in a differential accumulation of lipids, carbohydrates, or proteins in the algal biomass. However, the production of cell biomass and carbohydrates, including starch, was significantly greater in the mixotrophic condition than in the heterotrophic condition. The mixotrophic cultivation of the microalga Desmodesmus sp. with sugarcane bagasse hydrolysate stood out regarding total cell wall carbohydrates accumulation. On sugarcane bagasse hydrolysate, the total protein and total cell wall carbohydrate contents reached about 48% and 32%, and the volumetric productivity values were 359 g.m -3 .d -1 and 245 g.m -3 .d -1 , respectively. The productivity data presented in this study suggests that sugarcane hydrolysate can be an alternative and inexpensive carbon source to produce single-cell protein and 3rd generation bioethanol from Desmodesmus sp. biomass. Furthermore, the authors propose that studies be conducted to optimize cultivation conditions and analyze the costs associated with algal biomass production utilizing sugarcane bagasse hydrolysate as a primary carbon source. Declarations Competing Interests The authors have no relevant financial or non-financial interests to disclose. Funding This study was financed in part by the Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior – Brasil (CAPES) – Finance Code 001, and by the Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa de Minas Gerais (FAPEMIG). Author Contributions Marina Lemos Sartori: Investigation, Methodology, Collection and assembly of data, Analysis and interpretation of the data, Writing – original draft. Lílian de Araújo Pantoja: Provision of study materials, Analysis and interpretation of the data, Writing – review & editing. Alexandre Soares dos Santos: Conceptualization, Resources, Supervision, Analysis and interpretation of the data, Writing – review & editing, Final approval of the article. Data Availability The datasets generated during the current study are not publicly available why it is still the subject of further studies but are available from the corresponding author on reasonable request. References Pires, J.C.M.: COP21: The algae opportunity? Renew. Sustain. Energy Rev. 79 , 867–877 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2017.05.197 Onyeaka, H., Miri, T., Obileke, K., Hart, A., Anumudu, C., Al-Sharify, Z.T.: Minimizing carbon footprint via microalgae as a biological capture. Carbon Capture Sci. 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Ser. 34 , 281–304 (1986). https://doi.org/10.3354/meps034281 Supplementary Files GraphycalAbstract.pdf Highlights.docx Cite Share Download PDF Status: Published Journal Publication published 06 Feb, 2025 Read the published version in Waste and Biomass Valorization → Version 1 posted Reviewers agreed at journal 03 Nov, 2024 Reviewers invited by journal 03 Nov, 2024 Editor invited by journal 26 Oct, 2024 Editor assigned by journal 12 Oct, 2024 First submitted to journal 10 Oct, 2024 You are reading this latest preprint version Research Square lets you share your work early, gain feedback from the community, and start making changes to your manuscript prior to peer review in a journal. As a division of Research Square Company, we’re committed to making research communication faster, fairer, and more useful. We do this by developing innovative software and high quality services for the global research community. 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Also discoverable on Platform About Our Team In Review Editorial Policies Advisory Board Help Center Resources Author Services Accessibility API Access RSS feed Manage Cookie Preferences © Research Square 2026 | ISSN 2693-5015 (online) Privacy Policy Terms of Service Do Not Sell My Personal Information {"props":{"pageProps":{"initialData":{"identity":"rs-5242180","acceptedTermsAndConditions":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"archivedVersions":[],"articleType":"Research Article","associatedPublications":[],"authors":[{"id":373479473,"identity":"46a1cd38-9829-4d7b-965c-73662de2804a","order_by":0,"name":"Marina Lemos Sartori","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"UFVJM: Universidade Federal dos Vales do Jequitinhonha e Mucuri","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Marina","middleName":"Lemos","lastName":"Sartori","suffix":""},{"id":373479474,"identity":"f60443ce-5575-479c-97b7-08d8e8ae9d72","order_by":1,"name":"Lílian de Araújo Pantoja","email":"","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8816-3282","institution":"Universidade Federal dos Vales do Jequitinhonha e Mucuri","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Lílian","middleName":"de Araújo","lastName":"Pantoja","suffix":""},{"id":373479475,"identity":"12b100dd-477b-4f43-869b-2b45cfd823ce","order_by":2,"name":"Alexandre Soares Santos","email":"data:image/png;base64,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","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2417-8084","institution":"Universidade Federal dos Vales do Jequitinhonha e Mucuri","correspondingAuthor":true,"prefix":"","firstName":"Alexandre","middleName":"Soares","lastName":"Santos","suffix":""}],"badges":[],"createdAt":"2024-10-10 21:33:24","currentVersionCode":1,"declarations":"","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-5242180/v1","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-5242180/v1","draftVersion":[],"editorialEvents":[{"content":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s12649-025-02933-w","type":"published","date":"2025-02-06T15:58:04+00:00"}],"editorialNote":"","failedWorkflow":false,"files":[{"id":68994035,"identity":"a9c380c7-06e7-4146-822b-afa50f2fb750","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-11-14 10:09:04","extension":"jpg","order_by":1,"title":"Figure 1","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":174849,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eCell growth of Desmodesmus sp. in mixotrophic and heterotrophic cultures in the absence and presence of xylose. Full lines represent the mixotrophic conditions: ─▲─ 0M, ─●─ 3M, ─○─ 6M, ─♦─ 9M; dashed lines represent the heterotrophic conditions: --▲-- 0H, --●-- 3H, --○-- 6H, --♦-- 9H.\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"1.jpg","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-5242180/v1/adb8a6bec6b9c7527b098dbe.jpg"},{"id":68994034,"identity":"0ceb997c-3fcd-42ef-949f-bf48cb1b45b4","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-11-14 10:09:04","extension":"jpg","order_by":2,"title":"Figure 2","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":63913,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eProgress curves of microalgae Desmodesmus sp. cultivation over mixotrophic conditions. (A) 0M; (B) 3M; (C) 6M; (D) 9M; -●- Cell Growth, -¾- Xylose consumption, -▲- Nitrate consumption.\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"2.jpg","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-5242180/v1/e08139cc5dbe3af0b6e73c81.jpg"},{"id":68994038,"identity":"5a6ba1cc-956c-4608-8cb9-e36b44bdab1a","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-11-14 10:09:05","extension":"jpg","order_by":3,"title":"Figure 3","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":63081,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eProgress curves of microalgae Desmodesmus sp. cultivation over heterotrophic conditions. (A) 0H; (B) 3H; (C) 6H; (D) 9H; -●- Cell Growth, -¾- Xylose consumption, -▲- Nitrate consumption.\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"3.jpg","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-5242180/v1/d2d28936f4970985959896ed.jpg"},{"id":68994041,"identity":"86254178-b4ef-4c92-ad29-ff2a436e3d12","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-11-14 10:09:05","extension":"jpg","order_by":4,"title":"Figure 4","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":103197,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eProgress curves of microalgae Desmodesmus sp. cultivation using diluted sugarcane hydrolysate over mixotrophic condition (MHH). -●- Cell Growth, -¾- Sugars consumption, -▲- Nitrate consumption.\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"4.jpg","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-5242180/v1/21caa1c4080e9bd0c8ccf6f6.jpg"},{"id":75930507,"identity":"d49c3730-096e-456e-9559-a9c272e8704f","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-02-10 16:12:37","extension":"pdf","order_by":0,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"manuscript-pdf","size":1960244,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"manuscript.pdf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-5242180/v1/21f9ed63-0fe8-440b-a945-d06af98ad06a.pdf"},{"id":68994037,"identity":"7babb5bc-1192-4bed-b97f-a074e0900423","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-11-14 10:09:05","extension":"pdf","order_by":1,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"supplement","size":193038,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"GraphycalAbstract.pdf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-5242180/v1/ec6c75fa7b60efb14dc619ab.pdf"},{"id":68994516,"identity":"c72dabc3-3c32-42ce-88f9-1ec67111a4ec","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-11-14 10:17:04","extension":"docx","order_by":2,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"supplement","size":17171,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"Highlights.docx","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-5242180/v1/411e760332d3924d357e663d.docx"}],"financialInterests":"","formattedTitle":"Evaluation of xylose assimilation by a strain of Desmodesmus sp. and the use of sugarcane bagasse hydrolysate as a carbon source for algal biomass production.","fulltext":[{"header":"1. Introduction","content":"\u003cp\u003eMicroalgae are very efficient at capturing CO\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e and are a scalable feedstock to produce bio-based products with a near-zero carbon balance [\u003cspan additionalcitationids=\"CR2 CR3\" citationid=\"CR1\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e\u0026ndash;\u003cspan citationid=\"CR4\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003e]. In addition, microalgae can be used to produce valuable products such as pharmaceuticals, cosmetics, food, feed, and biofuels [\u003cspan additionalcitationids=\"CR6\" citationid=\"CR5\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e5\u003c/span\u003e\u0026ndash;\u003cspan citationid=\"CR7\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e7\u003c/span\u003e]. The scale-up of industrial processes based on microalgae depends on their economic sustainability compared to other raw materials. The growth of microalgae and their biomass composition is influenced by interdependent biological, physical, and chemical parameters such as nutrient quality and concentration, pH, temperature, light availability, and dissolved O\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e and CO\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e [\u003cspan additionalcitationids=\"CR9\" citationid=\"CR8\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e8\u003c/span\u003e\u0026ndash;\u003cspan citationid=\"CR10\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e10\u003c/span\u003e] To significantly reduce the cost of algae cultivation, it is necessary to reduce the cost of inputs such as carbon and nitrogen sources, micronutrients, and water. The carbon source is one of the most important macronutrients for microalgal growth, as the dry weight of microalgal biomass is approximately 50% carbon [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR11\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e11\u003c/span\u003e]. The use of industrial organic carbon such as glucose, glycerol, or acetate in mixotrophic or heterotrophic microalgae cultivation, although possible and more productive than photoautotrophic CO\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e assimilation, makes the process more expensive. Conveniently, microalgae can assimilate organic or inorganic compounds from waste or industrial and agricultural residues and produce biomass for the elaboration of bio-based products [\u003cspan additionalcitationids=\"CR13\" citationid=\"CR12\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e12\u003c/span\u003e\u0026ndash;\u003cspan citationid=\"CR14\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e14\u003c/span\u003e]. Lignocellulosic feedstocks can provide carbon sources and essential nutrients for microalgal growth [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR15\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e15\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR16\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e16\u003c/span\u003e]. The use of soluble glucose-rich hydrolysates from corn, molasses, sorghum, sugarcane, rice straw, and wheat bran in mixotrophic or heterotrophic cultures could reduce the estimated production costs of third-generation biofuels [\u003cspan additionalcitationids=\"CR18 CR19\" citationid=\"CR17\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e17\u003c/span\u003e\u0026ndash;\u003cspan citationid=\"CR20\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e20\u003c/span\u003e]. The incorporation of xylose from hemicellulose, the second most abundant polysaccharide in nature, also has great potential for sustainable fuel production from microalgae [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR21\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e21\u003c/span\u003e\u0026ndash;\u003cspan citationid=\"CR22\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e22\u003c/span\u003e]. However, the use of pentoses in microalgae cultivation has not been widely studied [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR23\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e23\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR24\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e24\u003c/span\u003e]. Some studies using xylose for microalgal cultivation showed an inhibitory growth effect [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR25\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e25\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR26\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e26\u003c/span\u003e]. Most microalgal species thrive on glucose, but there are a few known species that can use xylose as a carbon source in heterotrophic and/or mixotrophic cultivation systems, as in some cases among those of the genus \u003cem\u003eChlorella\u003c/em\u003e [\u003cspan additionalcitationids=\"CR28 CR29\" citationid=\"CR27\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e27\u003c/span\u003e\u0026ndash;\u003cspan citationid=\"CR30\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e30\u003c/span\u003e], \u003cem\u003eScenedesmus\u003c/em\u003e [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR17\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e17\u003c/span\u003e], and \u003cem\u003eDesmodesmus\u003c/em\u003e [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR24\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e24\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR26\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e26\u003c/span\u003e]. Even so, there are results in the scientific literature that have shown that it is impossible or difficult for a few species of microalgae known to be competent at assimilating xylose to use it under conditions of absence of glucose or absence of light [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR31\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e31\u003c/span\u003e]. Therefore, many scientific and technological gaps exist in using xylose or xylose-rich raw materials to produce algal biomass.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThis work aimed to evaluate the use of pure xylose and hemicellulose hydrolysate obtained from the hydrothermal treatment of sugarcane bagasse, an agro-industrial residue produced by sugar and ethanol industrial plants in Brazil, to produce monoalgal biomass using an isolated freshwater microalga strain of the genus \u003cem\u003eDesmodesmus\u003c/em\u003e [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR32\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e32\u003c/span\u003e] and to prospect its potential for lipid, carbohydrate, and single-cell protein production.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"2. Materials and Methods","content":"\u003cdiv id=\"Sec3\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e2.1. Microalgae culture\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe microalgae \u003cem\u003eDesmodesmus\u003c/em\u003e sp. was obtained in the Collection of Microalgae Cultures from the Biofuels Microbiology Laboratory of the Federal University of the Jequitinhonha and Mucuri Valleys, Minas Gerais, Brazil. This strain was originally isolated and identified by Mon\u0026ccedil;\u0026atilde;o [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR32\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e32\u003c/span\u003e] from water samples collected in a fish tank of the Animal Science Department of the same university. The spread plate technique with modified Bold's Basal Medium (BBM) [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR33\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e33\u003c/span\u003e] containing 1.5% agar was used to obtain the unialgal culture. The modified BBM had the following composition (g L\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e): NaNO\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e, 0.1; MgSO\u003csub\u003e4\u003c/sub\u003e\u0026middot;7H\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003eO, 0.075; KH\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003ePO\u003csub\u003e4\u003c/sub\u003e, 0.058; K\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003eHPO\u003csub\u003e4\u003c/sub\u003e, 0.025; NaCl, 0.025; CaCl\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e.2H\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003eO, 0.025; FeSO\u003csub\u003e4\u003c/sub\u003e\u0026middot;7H\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003eO, 0.005; EDTA, 0.05; KOH, 0.031; H\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003eBO\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e, 0.0114; ZnSO\u003csub\u003e4\u003c/sub\u003e\u0026middot;7H\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003eO, 0.0088; CuSO\u003csub\u003e4\u003c/sub\u003e\u0026middot;5H\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003eO, 0.00157; MnCl\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e\u0026middot;4H\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003eO, 0.00144; Co(NO\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e)\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e\u0026middot;6H\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003eO, 0.00049, and MoO\u003csub\u003e4\u003c/sub\u003e, 0.00071. Pure cultures were maintained in assay glass tubes containing liquid-modified BBM medium at 28\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1\u0026deg;C with a photoperiod of 12:12-h light/dark cycle under the white light illumination (450 \u0026micro;mol m\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;2\u003c/sup\u003e.s\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e) and peaked every one month. Inoculum was prepared with the same medium and conditions mentioned above using 1.5 L glass bottles with 1.0 L of utile volume and continuously bubbly compressed air at 3 L.min.\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;1\u003c/sup\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec4\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e2.2. Evaluation of the pure D-xylose assimilation on heterotrophic and mixotrophic conditions\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eModified BBM culture medium containing D-xylose (3, 6, and 9 g.L\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e) with a C/N ratio fixed in 20 was evaluated over heterotrophic and mixotrophic conditions to the assays of assimilation and biomass growth, as systematized in Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab1\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e. The initial centrifuged microalgae biomass corresponding to 0.9 g (dry weight basis) was inoculated at 1.0 L of each medium formulation maintained in 1.5 L colorless glass bottles. The bottles were kept at 28\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1\u0026deg;C coated in aluminum foil (for autotrophic and heterotrophic cultures) or exposed to a photoperiod of 12:12h light/dark cycle with a light intensity of approximately 450 \u0026micro;mol m\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;2\u003c/sup\u003e.s\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e (for photoautotrophic and mixotrophic cultures) by six days using a germination chamber with thermostatic and photoperiod control. Cultivations without xylose were used as controls. All experimental flasks were continuously aerated with an air compressor at 3 L.min.\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;1\u003c/sup\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab1\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 1\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eD-xylose and nitrogen concentrations and C/N ratio used in mixotrophic and heterotrophic assays\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"5\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eGrowing condition\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eExperiment Code\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eD-xylose concentration\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e(g.L\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNitrate concentration\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e(g.L\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eC/N Ratio\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e(mol.mol\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePhotoautotrophic\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0M\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.00\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"2\" rowspan=\"3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMixotrophic\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3M\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.36\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e20\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6M\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.73\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e20\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e9M\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.10\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e20\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAutotrophic\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0H\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.00\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"2\" rowspan=\"3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eHeterotrophic\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3H\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.36\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e20\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6H\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.73\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e20\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e9H\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.10\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e20\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eCell growth was monitored daily by optical density determination at 680 nm on a 10 mm pass optical glass cuvette and expressed on dry cell weight (DCW) using a correlation curve obtained experimentally whose equation was defined as OD\u003csub\u003e680\u003c/sub\u003e\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;1.088 x DCW\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;0.832, with R\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.97. The consumption of xylose was indirectly determined as reducing sugar [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR34\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e34\u003c/span\u003e] using analytical grade xylose as the standard. Nitrate concentration was determined through a colorimetric method using a reaction with brucine sulfate as described by Santos, Pereira, and Freire [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR35\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e35\u003c/span\u003e]. At the end of the cultivation, the cells were recovered by centrifugation at 7,130 relative centrifuge force (RCF) for 10 minutes, transferred to Petri plates, and dried in a convection oven at 60\u0026deg;C up to constant weight. The cell biomass production (g.L\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e), cell biomass yield (Y\u003csub\u003eX/S\u003c/sub\u003e, g.g\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e), volumetric productivity of biomass (Q\u003csub\u003eP\u003c/sub\u003e, g.m\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;3\u003c/sup\u003e.d\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e), and the specific cell growth rate on exponential phase (\u0026micro;\u003csub\u003eMAX\u003c/sub\u003e, d\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e) were calculated.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec5\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e2.3. Sugarcane bagasse processing and characterization\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"BlockQuote\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe sugarcane bagasse used in this work was provided by USJ Bioenergia (sugar mill, ethanol, and electric power generation) - Unit of Cachoeira Dourada \u0026ndash; State of Goi\u0026aacute;s, Brazil. The sugarcane bagasse was first washed with distilled water to remove the residual free sugars and other soluble substances and then packed in paper bags and dried at 65\u0026deg;C in a forced air circulation oven for 48 h. After drying, the bagasse was crushed in a knife-type mill and sieved in a 32 mesh to homogenize the particle size. Then, the sugarcane bagasse was stored in plastic containers at room temperature (25\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;2\u0026ordm;C).\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec6\" class=\"Section3\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e2.3.1. Chemical analysis of sugarcane bagasse\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe chemical characterization of sugarcane bagasse included the determination of the moisture contents, ash, total lipids [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR36\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e36\u003c/span\u003e], cellulose, lignin, hemicellulose [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR37\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e37\u003c/span\u003e], starch [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR38\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e38\u003c/span\u003e], and total soluble sugars [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR39\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e39\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec7\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e2.4. Preparation of hemicellulose hydrolysate\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe hydrolysis of the sugarcane bagasse was performed using a solution of 8% H\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003eSO\u003csub\u003e4\u003c/sub\u003e (w/w) at a solid-liquid ratio of 1:4 (w/w). The reaction was carried out in conical flasks on a horizontal autoclave at 100 \u003csup\u003eo\u003c/sup\u003eC for 90 minutes. After cooling to room temperature, the pH of hydrolysate was adjusted to 6.0 with calcium hydroxide powder and vacuum filtered on Whatman filter paper N\u003csup\u003eo\u003c/sup\u003e1. The soluble hydrolysate was characterized by the presence and concentration of glucose, xylose, arabinose, acetic acid, furfural, and 5-hydroxymethylfurfural by high-performance liquid chromatography as described in Matos et al. [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR40\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e40\u003c/span\u003e]. The hemicellulose hydrolysate was also analyzed for the total soluble protein content by biuret method [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR41\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e41\u003c/span\u003e] and for reducing sugar content [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR34\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e34\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec8\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e2.5. Evaluation of the hemicellulose hydrolysate as a carbon source\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe capacity of the microalgae \u003cem\u003eDesmodesmus\u003c/em\u003e sp. to metabolize the sugars present in the hemicellulose hydrolysate was evaluated using the sugar concentration chosen after the previous assays with pure xylose. The hydrolysate was diluted with a modified BBM culture medium to reach the required sugar contents. The other cultivation conditions were carried out as described in the 2.2 item. All procedures for monitoring cell growth progress were performed as reported in 2.2. At the end of the cultivation, the cells were recovered by centrifugation at 7,130 RCF for 10 minutes, transferred to Petri plates, and dried in a convection oven at 60\u0026deg;C up to constant weight. The cell biomass production (g.L\u003csup\u003e-1\u003c/sup\u003e), cell biomass yield (Y\u003csub\u003eX/S\u003c/sub\u003e, g.g\u003csup\u003e-1\u003c/sup\u003e), and volumetric productivity of biomass (Q\u003csub\u003eP\u003c/sub\u003e, g.m\u003csup\u003e-3\u003c/sup\u003e.d\u003csup\u003e-1\u003c/sup\u003e) were calculated.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec9\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e2.6. Chemical characterization of microalgae biomass\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe dry algal biomass obtained in each assay was characterized to research total lipids, starch, soluble sugars, cell wall carbohydrates, and proteins. Each component's volumetric productivity (Q\u003csub\u003eP\u003c/sub\u003e, g.m\u003csup\u003e-3\u003c/sup\u003e.d\u003csup\u003e-1\u003c/sup\u003e) was also calculated.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec10\" class=\"Section3\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e2.6.1. Total Lipid Analysis\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eAccumulations of lipids in the cells were estimated as described by Bligh and Dyer [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR42\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e42\u003c/span\u003e]. To 50 mg of the dried biomass transferred to Falcon tubes, 1.6 ml of distilled water, 4 ml of methanol, and 2 ml of chloroform were added. The tubes were vortexed for approximately 15 minutes and standing in the dark for 24 hours. Then, 2 ml of chloroform and 2 ml of 1.5% sodium sulfate (Na\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003eSO\u003csub\u003e4\u003c/sub\u003e) solution were added, stirring for 2 minutes, and centrifuged at 7,130 RCF for 10 minutes. The organic phase containing the extracted lipids was transferred to a Petri plate and put to dry at 105\u0026deg;C until constant weight. The recovered lipid mass was measured on an analytical balance.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec11\" class=\"Section3\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e2.6.2. Starch and Total Soluble Sugars Analysis\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe content of starch and total soluble sugars in the microalgal biomass was determined by the methodology described by McCready et al. [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR38\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e38\u003c/span\u003e], adapted for the centrifuge microtubes scale. Therefore, 0.02 g of dried algal biomass and 1.5 mL of the 80% ethanol solution were added in 2.0 mL microcentrifuge tubes. The tubes were taken to the water bath at 90\u0026deg;C for 15 minutes and then centrifuged at 12,900 RCF for 10 min. The supernatant was transferred to a 50 mL volumetric flask. This ethanol washing procedure was repeated twice, and the volumetric flasks containing the supernatants were filled with distilled water end reserve for total soluble sugars quantification. The recovered insoluble material was used to extract the starch. Starch was extracted by adding 1.5 mL of 30% perchloric acid to the precipitate that remained in the microtubes followed by vigorous vortex stirring and then resting for 30 minutes. The tubes were centrifuged at 12,900 RCF for 10 minutes, and the supernatant was transferred to 50 ml volumetric flasks. The process was repeated twice, and the supernatants accumulated in the volumetric flasks were filled with distilled water. Starch and total soluble sugar were quantified with 0.1% anthrone prepared in a 76% sulfuric acid solution. The chromatic reaction was performed in glass tubes containing 0.5 ml of each sample and 2.5 ml of the anthrone solution. The tubes were incubated in a boiling water bath for 10 minutes, followed by cooling in an ice-water bath. The reacted solution was read at 620 nm on 10 mm glass cuvettes. The analytical curves were performed using a standard D-glucose solution (1 g.L\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec12\" class=\"Section3\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e2.6.3. Total Proteins Analysis\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eTotal proteins were quantified using the biuret method described by Gornall et al. [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR41\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e41\u003c/span\u003e]. Briefly, 5 mg of dry algal biomass was transferred to a 2.0 mL microcentrifuge tube and subjected to alkaline hydrolysis with 2 mL of 1.0 N NaOH in boiling water for one hour. After cooling to room temperature, the samples were centrifuged at 12,900 RCF for 10 minutes. Then, 1.0 mL of the supernatant was mixture with 4.0 mL of the biuret reagent (CuSO\u003csub\u003e4\u003c/sub\u003e.5H\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003eO 0.15%; KNaC\u003csub\u003e4\u003c/sub\u003eH\u003csub\u003e4\u003c/sub\u003eO\u003csub\u003e6\u003c/sub\u003e.4H\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003eO 0.60%; KI 1.0% in NaOH 1 mol.L\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e solution) and allowed to stand for 30 minutes in the absence of light. The absorbance was measured at 550 nm on 10 mm glass cuvettes. Bovine serum albumin (2 g.L\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e) was used as the analytical standard.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec13\" class=\"Section3\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e2.6.4. Total Cell Wall Carbohydrates Evaluation\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eTotal cell wall carbohydrate content in microalgae (including cellulose, hemicellulose, pectin, and algaenans) was determined by difference, subtracting the measured protein, lipids, starch, and total soluble sugars from total biomass dry weight.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec14\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e2.7. Statistical analysis\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eAll cultivation assays and analytical determinations were performed in triplicate. The experimental data were submitted to analysis of variance (ANOVA) and Scott-Knott multiple average comparison test at a p-value of 0.05 using the free software Sisvar V 5.8 [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR43\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e43\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e"},{"header":"3. Results and Discussion","content":"\u003cdiv id=\"Sec16\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e3.1. Use of D-xylose as an organic carbon source by \u003cem\u003eDesmodesmus\u003c/em\u003e sp.\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe xylose concentration range experimented with in this work (0 to 9 g.L\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e) was based on the results obtained by Yang et al. [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR17\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e17\u003c/span\u003e] and Song and Pei [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR22\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e22\u003c/span\u003e]. Both studies assessed the growth of microalgae strains of the genus \u003cem\u003eScenedesmus\u003c/em\u003e, belonging to the same family of \u003cem\u003eDesmodesmus\u003c/em\u003e genus, under mixotrophic conditions in a medium containing xylose as the sole source of organic carbon at concentrations ranging from 0 to 12 g.L\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e. Both studies observed that the condition with the highest biomass production and maximum xylose consumption occurred at a concentration of 4 g.L\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e of xylose. Furthermore, in these same studies, it was observed that xylose concentrations above 6 g.L\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e promoted lower, or even inhibitory, growth results.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAt present work, the algal culture carried out without xylose and in the absence of light (assay 0H, autotrophic condition) showed a growth close to zero (Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig1\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e). This behavior was expected, and this experiment was planned to count as a control. The photoautotrophic culture condition (assay 0M) partially consumed the nitrogen source (23.3\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;2.5%), produced 0.96\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.06 g.L\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e of microalgal biomass, and presented 411\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;52 g.m\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;3\u003c/sup\u003e.d\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e of biomass volumetric production (Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab2\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e). When comparing the 0H and 0M assays (Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab2\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e), it was possible to observe a gain of about eight times in biomass increment in the presence of light. Adding the organic carbon source favored cell growth in mixotrophic and heterotrophic cultures compared to the cultures carried out in xylose-free media under the same conditions (Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig1\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e, Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab2\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e). No inhibition of cell growth was observed at any of the xylose concentrations examined. Microalgal growth was benefited proportionally by the increase in xylose concentration either in heterotrophic or mixotrophic conditions (Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig1\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e). As noted in Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab2\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e, the growth rate determined during the exponential phase (\u0026micro;\u003csub\u003eMAX\u003c/sub\u003e) was positively affected in conditions where the addition of xylose was more than 3 g.L\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e, especially in the mixotrophic cultures.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab2\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 2\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eResponse parameters from evaluated mixotrophic and heterotrophic cultivations of \u003cem\u003eDesmodesmus\u003c/em\u003e sp. at the end of process.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"7\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c6\" colnum=\"6\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c7\" colnum=\"7\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAssay\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eXylose consumption (%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNitrate consumption (%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eBiomass production (g.L\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eQ\u003csub\u003eP\u003c/sub\u003e*\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e(g.m\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;3\u003c/sup\u003e.d\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eYx/s\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026micro;\u003csub\u003eMAX\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e(d\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"6\" nameend=\"c7\" namest=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eaverage\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;standard deviation\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0M\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e23.3\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;2.5\u003csup\u003ed\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.96\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.06\u003csup\u003ec\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e411\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;52\u003csup\u003ed\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.35\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.05\u003csup\u003ec\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3M\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e99.0\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.0\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e96.3\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.6\u0026ordf;\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.17\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.30\u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e675\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;38\u003csup\u003ec\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.36\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.09\u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.29\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.09\u003csup\u003ec\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6M\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e96.3\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.6\u0026ordf;\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e100\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.38\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.24\u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1069\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;219\u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.23\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.04\u003csup\u003ec\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.47\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.19\u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e9M\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e98.3\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.6\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e100\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.83\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.32\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1344\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;196\u0026ordf;\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.24\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.04\u003csup\u003ec\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.75\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.06\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0H\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.9\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;2.5\u003csup\u003ee\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.12\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.07\u003csup\u003ed\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e229\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;13\u003csup\u003ee\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.09\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.03\u003csup\u003ec\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3H\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e94.8\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.4\u0026ordf;\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e95.9\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.8\u0026ordf;\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.41\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.10\u003csup\u003ed\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e429\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;50\u003csup\u003ed\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.16\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.05\u003csup\u003ed\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.23\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.15\u003csup\u003ec\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6H\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e89.2\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;4.6\u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e95.9\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.8\u0026ordf;\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.68\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.17\u003csup\u003ec\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e468\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;82\u003csup\u003ed\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.12\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.02\u003csup\u003ed\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.15\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.17\u003csup\u003ec\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e9H\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e79.5\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;6.4\u003csup\u003ec\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e87.4\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;7.0\u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.78\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.02\u003csup\u003ec\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e429\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;50\u003csup\u003ed\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.11\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.01\u003csup\u003ed\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.44\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.23\u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMHH\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e97.2\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.3\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e63.9\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.1\u003csup\u003ec\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.28\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.07\u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e757\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;33\u003csup\u003ec\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.46\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.05\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.38\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.10\u003csup\u003ec\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"BlockQuote\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eResults followed by the same letter in the same column do not differ by the Scott-Knott test at \u003cem\u003ep\u003c/em\u003e\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.05.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eQ\u003csub\u003eP\u003c/sub\u003e*: Volumetric biomass productivity (calculated at the early stationary growth phase); Yx/s: Biomass yield relative to the substrate consumed. 0M: culture without xylose (photoautotrophic); 3M: mixotrophic culture containing 3 g.L\u003csup\u003e-1\u003c/sup\u003e xylose; 6M: mixotrophic culture containing 6 g.L\u003csup\u003e-1\u003c/sup\u003e xylose; 9M: mixotrophic culture containing 9 g.L\u003csup\u003e-1\u003c/sup\u003e xylose; 0H: culture without xylose (autotrophic); 3H: heterotrophic culture containing 3 g.L\u003csup\u003e-1\u003c/sup\u003e xylose; 6H: heterotrophic culture containing 6 g.L\u003csup\u003e-1\u003c/sup\u003e xylose; 9H: heterotrophic culture containing 9 g.L\u003csup\u003e-1\u003c/sup\u003e xylose; MHH: mixotrophic culture supplemented with hemicellulose hydrolysate.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe amount of biomass accumulated after six days on heterotrophic cultures was similar between the assays containing 6 and 9 g.L\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e of initial xylose (6H and 9H) and higher than the value observed for the medium without xylose (0H) or with only 3 g.L\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e of initial xylose (3H) (Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab2\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e). On the other hand, cellular growth in any mixotrophic conditions (3M, 6M, and 9M) was higher than in all heterotrophic and photoautotrophic conditions (0M). It is assumed here that the photosynthesis performed in the mixotrophic condition may have contributed to the observed phenomenon by also allowing the use of CO\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e and favoring the redox balance necessary for integrating xylose into the energetic metabolism after passing through the pentose phosphate pathway. Zheng and coworkers [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR23\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e23\u003c/span\u003e], in their study of the mixotrophic growth of \u003cem\u003eChlorella\u003c/em\u003e on xylose, proposed that NADPH generated during the first stage of photosynthesis (light-dependent) would serve as the coenzyme for Xylose Reductase, which would direct xylose to the pentose phosphate pathway with the participation of a NAD\u003csup\u003e+\u003c/sup\u003e/NADP\u003csup\u003e+\u003c/sup\u003e facultative Xylitol Dehydrogenase. This aspect of xylose metabolism proposed for \u003cem\u003eChlorella\u003c/em\u003e may explain the different behavior of the growth process and xylose consumption by the \u003cem\u003eDesmodesmus\u003c/em\u003e strain evaluated in the present study under mixotrophic conditions. It was observed that xylose consumption during the first two days of mixotrophic cultivation (Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig2\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e) was much faster than in heterotrophic cultures (Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig3\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"BlockQuote\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAfter the second (mixotrophic cultures) or third day (heterotrophic cultures) of starting the bioprocess, the cultures entered the stationary phase (Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig1\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e). The start of the stationary phase showed a correlation with the depletion of the nitrogen source observed in the same time interval (Figs.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig2\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e and \u003cspan refid=\"Fig3\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e). The consumption of the nitrogen source was higher (0M vs. 0H, 9M vs. 9H) and faster (3M vs. 3H, 6M vs. 6H, 9M vs. 9H) in the processes carried out under mixotrophic conditions (Figs.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig2\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e and \u003cspan refid=\"Fig3\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e, and Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab2\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e). It is possible that the presence of light favored the better assimilation of NO\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e\u003csup\u003e-\u003c/sup\u003e through the combined action of Nitrate Reductase and Nitrite Reductase, enzymes responsible for the conversion of NO\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e\u003csup\u003e-\u003c/sup\u003e to NH\u003csub\u003e4\u003c/sub\u003e\u003csup\u003e+\u003c/sup\u003e and whose activities are positively affected by light [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR44\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e44\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR45\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e45\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIn the experiments carried out under heterotrophic conditions, the xylose consumption accelerated two days after starting the bioprocess, but this consumption was not followed by significant cell growth. It is possible, by hypothesis, that there was a metabolic adaptation that provided a solution to incorporating xylose into the cell metabolism to produce secondary metabolites. Another observation associated with the representative use of xylose in heterotrophic conditions was the increased share of protein content in the cell biomass, as opposed to the protein contents observed in the biomass grown under mixotrophic conditions (Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab2\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e). Badary and collaborators [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR24\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e24\u003c/span\u003e], studying the growth of a \u003cem\u003eDesmodesmus\u003c/em\u003e sp. strain on BBM medium supplemented with corn stover hydrolysate, observed a higher concentration of proteinogenic amino acids and some secondary metabolites in cellular biomass when cultivated under heterotrophic conditions.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe highest values of biomass production and volumetric productivity were found in assays 6M and 9M after two days of processing (Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab2\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e). Compared to heterotrophic conditions, there was an average increase of around 2.3 times in the volumetric productivity of the algal biomass grown under mixotrophic conditions (Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab2\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eTable\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab3\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e shows the lipid, total cell wall carbohydrates, total protein, starch, and total soluble sugars (TSS) accumulated by the microalgae \u003cem\u003eDesmodesmus\u003c/em\u003e sp. in a culture medium with different concentrations of xylose and microalgae cultivation modes. The results showed that the lipid content was not statistically different among all tested conditions. On average, the microalgae accumulated about 12% of their dry weight in lipids. The highest starch contents in the microalgal biomass were obtained in the mixotrophic cultures, 8.9% on average, as opposed to about 3.3% in the algal biomass grown under heterotrophic conditions (Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab3\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e). Possibly, the photosynthetic pathway leads to the production of fructose-6-phosphate, a precursor that contributes to the most significant accumulation of starch. The results did not clarify whether adding xylose in the mixotrophic or heterotrophic cultures would have contributed to starch synthesis since the contents were close to the value found in the photoautotrophic or autotrophic conditions (Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab3\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e). However, as suggested by other studies [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR25\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e25\u003c/span\u003e], xylose has not inhibited cell growth or photosynthesis in cell culture conditions evaluated here.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab3\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 3\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCharacterization (dry basis) of the biomass components of \u003cem\u003eDesmodesmus\u003c/em\u003e sp. cells cultivated in different conditions.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"6\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c6\" colnum=\"6\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAssay\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eLipids\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e(%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eStarch\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e(%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTSS\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e(%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTotal Proteins\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e(%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTotal Cell Wall Carbohydrates (%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"5\" nameend=\"c6\" namest=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eaverage\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;standard deviation\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0M\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.8\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;2.4\u0026ordf;\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.8\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.8\u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.9\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.5\u0026ordf;\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e50.3\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;4.7\u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e22.2\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;3.8\u003csup\u003ec\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3M\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.5\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.5\u0026ordf;\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.9\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.5\u0026ordf;\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.7\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.4\u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e57.8\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;7.4\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.0\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;4.7\u003csup\u003ec\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6M\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.1\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.3\u0026ordf;\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.1\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.7\u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.5\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.7\u003csup\u003ec\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e31.3\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;6.5\u003csup\u003ec\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e44.9\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;7.8\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e9M\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.1\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;2.9\u0026ordf;\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.7\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.1\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.9\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.8\u003csup\u003ec\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e28.4\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;2.1\u003csup\u003ec\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e42.9\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;4.6\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0H\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.6\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;2.0\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.1\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.6\u003csup\u003ec\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.0\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.5\u003csup\u003ed\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e63.3\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;4.5\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.9\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;6.2\u003csup\u003ec\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3H\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.0\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;2.4\u0026ordf;\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.4\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.4\u003csup\u003ec\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.4\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.1\u003csup\u003ee\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e58.4\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;4.1\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e24.9\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;7.5\u003csup\u003ec\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6H\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.3\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.8\u0026ordf;\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.5\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.2\u003csup\u003ec\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.6\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.1\u003csup\u003ee\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e56.6\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;4.2\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e26.0\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;3.9\u003csup\u003ec\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e9H\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.5\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.7\u0026ordf;\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.4\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.0\u003csup\u003ec\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.2\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.2\u003csup\u003ee\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e48.6\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;8.8\u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e35.2\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;7.1\u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMHH\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.1\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.6\u0026ordf;\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.0\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.5\u003csup\u003ec\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.1\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.4\u003csup\u003ec\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e47.6\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;4.3\u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e32.2\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;5.7\u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"BlockQuote\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eResults followed by the same letter in the same column do not differ by the Scott-Knott test at \u003cem\u003ep\u003c/em\u003e\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.05.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eTSS: Total soluble sugars; 0M: culture without xylose (photoautotrophic); 3M: mixotrophic culture containing 3 g.L\u003csup\u003e-1\u003c/sup\u003e xylose; 6M: mixotrophic culture containing 6 g.L\u003csup\u003e-1\u003c/sup\u003e xylose; 9M: mixotrophic culture containing 9 g.L\u003csup\u003e-1\u003c/sup\u003e xylose; 0H: culture without xylose (autotrophic); 3H: heterotrophic culture containing 3 g.L\u003csup\u003e-1\u003c/sup\u003e xylose; 6H: heterotrophic culture containing 6 g.L\u003csup\u003e-1\u003c/sup\u003e xylose; 9H: heterotrophic culture containing 9 g.L\u003csup\u003e-1\u003c/sup\u003e xylose; MHH: mixotrophic culture supplemented with hemicellulose hydrolysate.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe highest concentration of total soluble sugars was found in the photoautotrophic condition (0M assay) (Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab3\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e). In the experiments conducted under mixotrophic conditions (6M and 9M), the TSS concentration was lower than in the 0M and 3M assays but higher than the values observed in the heterotrophic condition. The greater availability of xylose in the 6M and 9M trials probably favored biomass production over soluble sugar accumulation, as shown by the data of biomass volumetric productivity in Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab2\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e and by total cell wall carbohydrate values shown in Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab3\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe total protein content found in algal biomass was generally higher in heterotrophic cultivation (Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab3\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e). On average, the \u003cem\u003eDesmodesmus\u003c/em\u003e sp. strain cultivated under heterotrophic conditions presented 54% of its dried weight as total protein against 39% under mixotrophic conditions. On the other hand, the total cell wall carbohydrate content of the biomass grown under mixotrophic conditions was significantly higher than that of microalgae grown under heterotrophic conditions (Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab3\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e), especially in conditions with 6 and 9 g.L\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e xylose. Starch and total soluble sugars are produced more significantly in cells grown under mixotrophic conditions. Therefore, light has favored the production of cell walls and reserve carbohydrates.\u003cdiv class=\"BlockQuote\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eSince there were significant differences in some values of biomass volumetric productivity and other values related to the centesimal composition of biomasses obtained from different cultivation conditions, examining the productivity of compounds of interest for biobased products such as biofuels and food is natural. From the data shown in Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab4\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003e, it was possible to notice that the highest productivities of each biochemical compound (lipids, starch, free sugars, proteins, and total cell wall carbohydrates) were found under mixotrophic conditions. The highest lipid (187\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;32 g.m\u003csup\u003e-3\u003c/sup\u003e.d\u003csup\u003e-1\u003c/sup\u003e), starch (122\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;11 g.m\u003csup\u003e-3\u003c/sup\u003e.d\u003csup\u003e-1\u003c/sup\u003e), TSS (65.6\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;11.7 g.m\u003csup\u003e-3\u003c/sup\u003e.d\u003csup\u003e-1\u003c/sup\u003e), and total cell wall carbohydrate (582\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;143 g.m\u003csup\u003e-3\u003c/sup\u003e.d\u003csup\u003e-1\u003c/sup\u003e) productivities occurred in the 9M assay. The highest protein productivity (410\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;74 g.m\u003csup\u003e-3\u003c/sup\u003e.d\u003csup\u003e-1\u003c/sup\u003e) occurred in mixotrophic cultures with 6 g.L\u003csup\u003e-1\u003c/sup\u003e of xylose (assay 6M), which did not differ statistically from 3M and 9M trials.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe lipid productivity observed in the 9M assay was bigger than the value (142.9 g.m\u003csup\u003e-3\u003c/sup\u003e.d\u003csup\u003e-1\u003c/sup\u003e) found by Eze et al. [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR46\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e46\u003c/span\u003e] in a study aimed at increasing lipid production by a strain of \u003cem\u003eDesmodesmus subspicatus\u003c/em\u003e in a batch cultivation process fed with glucose.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab4\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 4\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eVolumetric productivity of the biochemical compounds presents in the biomass of \u003cem\u003eDesmodesmus\u003c/em\u003e sp. from evaluated mixotrophic and heterotrophic cultivations.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"6\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c6\" colnum=\"6\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAssay\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eQ\u003csub\u003eL\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e(g.m\u003csup\u003e-3\u003c/sup\u003e.d\u003csup\u003e-1\u003c/sup\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eQ\u003csub\u003eS\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e(g.m\u003csup\u003e-3\u003c/sup\u003e.d\u003csup\u003e-1\u003c/sup\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eQ\u003csub\u003eTSS\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e(g.m\u003csup\u003e-3\u003c/sup\u003e.d\u003csup\u003e-1\u003c/sup\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eQ\u003csub\u003eProt\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e(g.m\u003csup\u003e-3\u003c/sup\u003e.d\u003csup\u003e-1\u003c/sup\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eQ\u003csub\u003eC\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e(g.m\u003csup\u003e-3\u003c/sup\u003e.d\u003csup\u003e-1\u003c/sup\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"5\" nameend=\"c6\" namest=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eaverage\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;standard deviation\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0M\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e48.0\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;6.2\u003csup\u003ec\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e31.4\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;3.8\u003csup\u003ed\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e32.1\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;2.7\u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e208\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;46\u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e90.7\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;16.8\u003csup\u003ed\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3M\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e70.5\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;6.1\u003csup\u003ec\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e66.8\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;7.8\u003csup\u003ec\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e44.4\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.6\u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e392\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;71\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e100\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;26\u003csup\u003ed\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6M\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e119\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;26\u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e97.0\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;14.5\u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e49.3\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;17.6\u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e410\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;74\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e469\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;41\u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e9M\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e187\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;32\u0026ordf;\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e122\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;11\u0026ordf;\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e65.6\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;11.7\u0026ordf;\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e379\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;30\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e582\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;143\u0026ordf;\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0H\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e31.2\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;4.0\u003csup\u003ec\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.11\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.4\u003csup\u003ee\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.9\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.8\u003csup\u003ec\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e145\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;3\u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e39.3\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;16.7\u003csup\u003ed\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3H\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e54.7\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;7.6\u003csup\u003ec\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.0\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.8\u003csup\u003ee\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.7\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.5\u003csup\u003ec\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e249\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;17\u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e109\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;44\u003csup\u003ed\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6H\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e62.1\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;12.1\u003csup\u003ec\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.4\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;3.6\u003csup\u003ee\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.0\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.6\u003csup\u003ec\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e263\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;33\u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e124\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;39\u003csup\u003ed\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e9H\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e54.4\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;14.1\u003csup\u003ec\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.3\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.0\u003csup\u003ee\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.5\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.5\u003csup\u003ec\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e205\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;17\u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e153\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;50\u003csup\u003ed\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMHH\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e76.4\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;7.1\u003csup\u003ec\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e37.7\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;10.1\u003csup\u003ed\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e38.6\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.4\u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e359\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;19\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e245\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;54\u003csup\u003ec\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"BlockQuote\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eResults followed by the same letter in the same column do not differ by the Scott-Knott test at \u003cem\u003ep\u003c/em\u003e\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.05.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eQ\u003csub\u003eL\u003c/sub\u003e: Lipid volumetric productivity; Q\u003csub\u003eS\u003c/sub\u003e: Volumetric yield of starch; Q\u003csub\u003eTSS\u003c/sub\u003e: Volumetric yield of total soluble sugars; Q\u003csub\u003eProt\u003c/sub\u003e: Volumetric yield of total proteins; Q\u003csub\u003eC\u003c/sub\u003e: Volumetric yield of total cell wall carbohydrates. 0M: culture without xylose (photoautotrophic); 3M: mixotrophic culture containing 3 g.L\u003csup\u003e-1\u003c/sup\u003e xylose; 6M: mixotrophic culture containing 6 g.L\u003csup\u003e-1\u003c/sup\u003e xylose; 9M: mixotrophic culture containing 9 g.L\u003csup\u003e-1\u003c/sup\u003e xylose; 0H: culture without xylose (autotrophic); 3H: heterotrophic culture containing 3 g.L\u003csup\u003e-1\u003c/sup\u003e xylose; 6H: heterotrophic culture containing 6 g.L\u003csup\u003e-1\u003c/sup\u003e xylose; 9H: heterotrophic culture containing 9 g.L\u003csup\u003e-1\u003c/sup\u003e xylose; MHH: mixotrophic culture supplemented with hemicellulose hydrolysate.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAlthough the volumetric productivity values summarized in Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab4\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003e highlight a single cultivation condition (Assay 9M) as convergent for the production of all the cell fractions of interest, the yield of biomass per unit of xylose (Y\u003csub\u003eX/S\u003c/sub\u003e) must also be considered because it a measure of the efficiency of converting xylose into cell biomass. In addition, it is necessary to define one or more main products that guarantee the economic sustainability of the eventual biotechnological process. Although this definition depends on an in-depth technical and economic feasibility study, the option was made to obtain cellular proteins as the target product here. In this case, the mixotrophic cultivation condition with 3 g.L\u003csup\u003e-1\u003c/sup\u003e of xylose stood out with the highest Y\u003csub\u003eX/S\u003c/sub\u003e yield value (Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab2\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e). It reached an excellent cell protein volumetric productivity value, approximately 392 g.m\u003csup\u003e-3\u003c/sup\u003e.d\u003csup\u003e-1\u003c/sup\u003e, which was not statistically different from the 6M e 9M assays. In this way, the mixotrophic cultivation condition with 3 g.L\u003csup\u003e-1\u003c/sup\u003e of xylose was used as a reference to replicate the same experimental conditions using diluted sugarcane bagasse hemicellulose hydrolysate as a source of xylose as the main sugar.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec17\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e3.2. Utilization of the hemicellulose hydrolysate as a source of sugars by \u003cem\u003eDesmodesmus\u003c/em\u003e sp.\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"BlockQuote\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe chemical characterization of the sugarcane bagasse and its resulting hydrolysate recovered after thermochemical treatment, as well as its components\u0026rsquo; effect on the microalgae \u003cem\u003eDesmodesmus\u003c/em\u003e sp. growth, are presented below.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec18\" class=\"Section3\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e3.2.1. Chemical characterization of sugarcane bagasse\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"BlockQuote\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTable\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab5\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e5\u003c/span\u003e shows the chemical composition of the sugarcane bagasse used in the present study. The contents of hemicellulose, cellulose, and lignin fractions were 33.58\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.22%, 43.09\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.18%, and 10.20\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.52%, respectively. These values are consistent with those reported in the scientific literature [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR47\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e47\u003c/span\u003e]. However, the lignin content was slightly lower than the reported compositional range. This centesimal level of lignin was appropriate because it is a structural component distinguished as one of the barriers to the chemical release of sugars in cellulose and hemicellulose.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab5\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 5\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePhysicochemical composition of sugarcane bagasse\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"2\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eParameters\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eContents (%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAverage\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;SD\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMoisture\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.04\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.00\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eLipids\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.48\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.25\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAsh\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.01\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.12\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTotal Soluble Sugars\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.62\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.31\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eStarch\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.81\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.48\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCellulose\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e43.09\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.18\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eHemicellulose\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e33.58\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.22\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eLignin\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.20\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.52\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec19\" class=\"Section3\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e3.2.2. Chemical characterization of the hemicellulose hydrolysate\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"BlockQuote\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAfter the filtration necessary to separate the residual solid fraction after hydrolysis of the lignocellulosic biomass with H\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003eSO\u003csub\u003e4\u003c/sub\u003e, 500 mL of hydrolysate was obtained from 200 g of sugarcane bagasse. Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab6\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e6\u003c/span\u003e shows the concentrations of released sugars, some by-products from the acid treatment, and the total soluble protein in the sugarcane bagasse hydrolysate. The concentration of released sugars, especially xylose (31.3 g.L\u003csup\u003e-1\u003c/sup\u003e), showed that the acid hydrolysis process was able to selectively covert the hemicellulose present in the sugarcane bagasse, given the recognized recalcitrance of the cellulosic fraction to this treatment. In addition to the sugars, 7.9 g.L\u003csup\u003e-1\u003c/sup\u003e of acetic acid was detected, a product of the hydrolysis of the acetyl groups of the hemicellulose, which can have a positive or negative effect on the metabolism depending on the species of microalgae evaluated [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR18\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e18\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR48\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e48\u003c/span\u003e]. Furfural (0.12 g.L\u003csup\u003e-1\u003c/sup\u003e) and 5-hydroxymethylfurfural (0.54 g.L\u003csup\u003e-1\u003c/sup\u003e), which result from the acid dehydration of pentoses and hexoses, respectively, were also found. These two furans have already been identified as growth and photosynthesis inhibitors for some cyanobacteria [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR49\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e49\u003c/span\u003e] and microalgae [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR18\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e18\u003c/span\u003e]. In addition to these components, the hydrolysate contained approximately 10 g.L\u003csup\u003e-1\u003c/sup\u003e of soluble proteins. These proteins, possibly partially hydrolyzed by the performed thermochemical treatment, could be used by the microalgae as a nitrogen source [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR50\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e50\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab6\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 6\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eComposition of sugars and inhibitors present in sugarcane bagasse hydrolysate\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"2\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eComponent\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eConcentration (g.L\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAverage\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;SD\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eGlucose\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.42\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.26\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eGlycerol\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.65\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.02\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAcetic acid\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.97\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.17\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFurfural\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.12\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.01\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eHMF\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.54\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.01\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eXylose\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e31.35\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.75\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eArabinose\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.19\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.25\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTotal Proteins\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.29\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.64\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003ctfoot\u003e \u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd colspan=\"2\"\u003eHMF: 5-Hydroxymethylfurfural\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tfoot\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec20\" class=\"Section3\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e3.2.3. Evaluation of the growth of Desmodesmus sp. in hemicellulose hydrolysate\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"BlockQuote\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe hemicellulose hydrolysate was used as a supplement to the BBM medium to provide a final sugar concentration of 3 g.L\u003csup\u003e-1\u003c/sup\u003e, as defined based on the evaluation results of using pure xylose as a carbon source. The behavior of cell growth and the consumption of sugars and nitrate by the microalgae \u003cem\u003eDesmodesmus\u003c/em\u003e sp. in the culture conditions supplemented with hemicellulose hydrolysate (MHH) containing 3 g.L\u003csup\u003e-1\u003c/sup\u003e sugars (2.0 g.L\u003csup\u003e-1\u003c/sup\u003e xylose, 0,6 g.L\u003csup\u003e-1\u003c/sup\u003e glucose and 0,3 g.L\u003csup\u003e-1\u003c/sup\u003e arabinose) is described in Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig4\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003e. In this experiment, it was observed that the microalgae \u003cem\u003eDesmodesmus\u003c/em\u003e sp. were able to use all the sugars and a large part of the nitrate present in the hydrolysate as a nutrient source, consuming, at the end of six days of cultivation, 97.2\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.3% and 63.9\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.6% of sugars and nitrate, respectively (Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab2\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e). The initial growth phase in the assay MHH was characterized by an exponential phase profile, typical of intense cellular reproduction. The exponential phase extended for three days and was soon followed by the stationary phase, which lasted until the end of the monitoring.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"BlockQuote\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe volumetric biomass productivity in assay MHH (757\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;33 g.m\u003csup\u003e-3\u003c/sup\u003e.d\u003csup\u003e-1\u003c/sup\u003e) was statistically equivalent to that found in 3M (675\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;38 g.m\u003csup\u003e-3\u003c/sup\u003e.d\u003csup\u003e-1\u003c/sup\u003e) and 1.7 times higher than that found in 0M (411\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;52 g.m\u003csup\u003e-3\u003c/sup\u003e.d\u003csup\u003e-1\u003c/sup\u003e, photoautotrophic cultivation). The biomass yield (Y\u003csub\u003eX/S\u003c/sub\u003e) in MHH was the highest compared to the other conditions. These observations show that using sugarcane bagasse hydrolysate, despite possible inhibitors, did not affect cell growth.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe lipid content obtained in the MHH assay was 10.1\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.6%, a value statistically similar to those found in the other experiments (Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab3\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e). The starch content ​​measured on the MHH assay (5.0\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.5%) was not statistically different from that obtained in the heterotrophic assays but lower than the values found in experiments 3M, 6M, and 9M. The TSS content found on the 3MH assay was greater than that found in heterotrophic conditions and statistically equal to the values found in the 6M and 9M assays. There was no significant difference in the volumetric protein productivity by the algal biomass grown in the MHH test compared to 3M, 6M, and 9M assays (Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab3\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e). Relevant was the total cell wall carbohydrate content found in the algal biomass grown in the MHH assay (32.2\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;5.7%), which was at least two times higher than found in the 3M assay (Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab3\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e). The increase in cellular carbohydrate content may be related to the additional assimilation of glucose and arabinose in the hemicellulose hydrolysate. Another hypothesis would be related to the effect of the probable inhibitors (acetic acid, furfural, and HMF) present in the hydrolysate on the physiology and morphology of the cells, favoring the increase of cell wall structure.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eCulturing the \u003cem\u003eDesmodesmus\u003c/em\u003e strain with sugarcane bagasse hydrolysate under mixotrophic conditions favored biomass production and the accumulation of cell wall carbohydrates, as seen from the data in Tables\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab3\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e and \u003cspan refid=\"Tab4\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003e. Furthermore, there was no reduction in the volumetric productivity of lipids, TSS, and protein in the 3MH test condition compared to the mixotrophic cultivation condition using pure xylose (3M).\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/div\u003e"},{"header":"4. Conclusion","content":"\u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"BlockQuote\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe microalgae \u003cem\u003eDesmodesmus\u003c/em\u003e sp. evaluated in this study utilized pure xylose and all sugars present in sugarcane bagasse hydrolysate, mostly xylose, for cell growth under mixotrophic and heterotrophic conditions. Pure xylose as a carbon source did not result in a differential accumulation of lipids, carbohydrates, or proteins in the algal biomass. However, the production of cell biomass and carbohydrates, including starch, was significantly greater in the mixotrophic condition than in the heterotrophic condition. The mixotrophic cultivation of the microalga \u003cem\u003eDesmodesmus\u003c/em\u003e sp. with sugarcane bagasse hydrolysate stood out regarding total cell wall carbohydrates accumulation. On sugarcane bagasse hydrolysate, the total protein and total cell wall carbohydrate contents reached about 48% and 32%, and the volumetric productivity values were 359 g.m\u003csup\u003e-3\u003c/sup\u003e.d\u003csup\u003e-1\u003c/sup\u003e and 245 g.m\u003csup\u003e-3\u003c/sup\u003e.d\u003csup\u003e-1\u003c/sup\u003e, respectively. The productivity data presented in this study suggests that sugarcane hydrolysate can be an alternative and inexpensive carbon source to produce single-cell protein and 3rd generation bioethanol from \u003cem\u003eDesmodesmus\u003c/em\u003e sp. biomass. Furthermore, the authors propose that studies be conducted to optimize cultivation conditions and analyze the costs associated with algal biomass production utilizing sugarcane bagasse hydrolysate as a primary carbon source.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Declarations","content":"\u003cp\u003e \u003ch2\u003eCompeting Interests\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe authors have no relevant financial or non-financial interests to disclose.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eFunding\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThis study was financed in part by the Coordena\u0026ccedil;\u0026atilde;o de Aperfei\u0026ccedil;oamento de Pessoal de N\u0026iacute;vel Superior \u0026ndash; Brasil (CAPES) \u0026ndash; Finance Code 001, and by the Funda\u0026ccedil;\u0026atilde;o de Amparo \u0026agrave; Pesquisa de Minas Gerais (FAPEMIG).\u003c/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eAuthor Contributions\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eMarina Lemos Sartori: Investigation, Methodology, Collection and assembly of data, Analysis and interpretation of the data, Writing \u0026ndash; original draft. L\u0026iacute;lian de Ara\u0026uacute;jo Pantoja: Provision of study materials, Analysis and interpretation of the data, Writing \u0026ndash; review \u0026amp; editing. Alexandre Soares dos Santos: Conceptualization, Resources, Supervision, Analysis and interpretation of the data, Writing \u0026ndash; review \u0026amp; editing, Final approval of the article.\u003c/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eData Availability\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe datasets generated during the current study are not publicly available why it is still the subject of further studies but are available from the corresponding author on reasonable request.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"References","content":"\u003col\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003ePires, J.C.M.: COP21: The algae opportunity? Renew. Sustain. 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Ser. \u003cb\u003e34\u003c/b\u003e, 281\u0026ndash;304 (1986). \u003cspan class=\"ExternalRef\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"RefSource\"\u003ehttps://doi.org/10.3354/meps034281\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan address=\"10.3354/meps034281\" targettype=\"DOI\" class=\"RefTarget\"\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003c/ol\u003e"}],"fulltextSource":"","fullText":"","funders":[],"hasAdminPriorityOnWorkflow":false,"hasManuscriptDocX":true,"hasOptedInToPreprint":true,"hasPassedJournalQc":"","hasAnyPriority":false,"hideJournal":false,"highlight":"","institution":"","isAcceptedByJournal":true,"isAuthorSuppliedPdf":false,"isDeskRejected":"","isHiddenFromSearch":false,"isInQc":false,"isInWorkflow":false,"isPdf":false,"isPdfUpToDate":true,"isWithdrawnOrRetracted":false,"journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"waste-and-biomass-valorization","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"externalIdentity":"wave","sideBox":"Learn more about [Waste and Biomass Valorization](http://link.springer.com/journal/12649)","snPcode":"12649","submissionUrl":"https://submission.nature.com/new-submission/12649/3","title":"Waste and Biomass Valorization","twitterHandle":"","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":true,"editorialSystem":"em","reportingPortfolio":"Springer Hybrid","inReviewEnabled":true,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":false},"keywords":"Hemicellulose, Pentoses, Lipids, Carbohydrates, Microalgae","lastPublishedDoi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-5242180/v1","lastPublishedDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-5242180/v1","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"},"manuscriptAbstract":"\u003cp\u003e \u003cem\u003eDesmodesmus\u003c/em\u003e is a fast-growing photosynthetic microalga and is considered a promising feedstock due to its potential to produce protein, polysaccharides, and unsaturated fatty acids. However, the economic viability of bio-based products from microalgae depends on reducing the cost of cultivation. Some microalgae species can utilize low-cost agro-industrial and urban wastes to grow and produce desirable bioproducts. The objective of this study was to evaluate the ability of the freshwater microalga \u003cem\u003eDesmodesmus\u003c/em\u003e sp. strain to utilize xylose and sugarcane bagasse hydrolysate as carbon sources to grow and accumulate oil, starch, and proteins. The effects of different growth conditions, including photoautotrophic, mixotrophic, and heterotrophic growth, were investigated. The productivity data obtained with xylose indicate that \u003cem\u003eDesmodesmus\u003c/em\u003e sp. has a industrial profile for all targeted biobased contents under mixotrophic culture conditions. When grown on dilute sugarcane bagasse hydrolysate, the \u003cem\u003eDesmodesmus\u003c/em\u003e sp. strain produced 47.6%, 5.0%, and 10.1% of protein, starch, and oil, respectively, based on its dry cell mass. This work demonstrated that the \u003cem\u003eDesmodesmus\u003c/em\u003e strain evaluated could utilize xylose as the sole carbon source and utilize the sugars, including xylose, glucose, and arabinose, present in sugarcane bagasse hydrolysate, a potential co-product of second-generation ethanol plants in Brazil.\u003c/p\u003e","manuscriptTitle":"Evaluation of xylose assimilation by a strain of Desmodesmus sp. and the use of sugarcane bagasse hydrolysate as a carbon source for algal biomass production.","msid":"","msnumber":"","nonDraftVersions":[{"code":1,"date":"2024-11-14 10:08:59","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-5242180/v1","editorialEvents":[{"type":"communityComments","content":0},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"","date":"2024-11-03T17:10:19+00:00","index":0,"fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewersInvited","content":"","date":"2024-11-03T16:33:18+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorInvited","content":"Waste and Biomass Valorization","date":"2024-10-26T13:06:36+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorAssigned","content":"","date":"2024-10-12T10:43:12+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"submitted","content":"Waste and Biomass Valorization","date":"2024-10-10T17:33:12+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""}],"status":"published","journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"waste-and-biomass-valorization","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"externalIdentity":"wave","sideBox":"Learn more about [Waste and Biomass Valorization](http://link.springer.com/journal/12649)","snPcode":"12649","submissionUrl":"https://submission.nature.com/new-submission/12649/3","title":"Waste and Biomass Valorization","twitterHandle":"","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":true,"editorialSystem":"em","reportingPortfolio":"Springer Hybrid","inReviewEnabled":true,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":false}}],"origin":"","ownerIdentity":"cf703a87-1c3b-4c38-bf5d-559ff4e57242","owner":[],"postedDate":"November 14th, 2024","published":true,"recentEditorialEvents":[],"rejectedJournal":[],"revision":"","amendment":"","status":"published-in-journal","subjectAreas":[],"tags":[],"updatedAt":"2025-02-10T16:04:36+00:00","versionOfRecord":{"articleIdentity":"rs-5242180","link":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s12649-025-02933-w","journal":{"identity":"waste-and-biomass-valorization","isVorOnly":false,"title":"Waste and Biomass Valorization"},"publishedOn":"2025-02-06 15:58:04","publishedOnDateReadable":"February 6th, 2025"},"versionCreatedAt":"2024-11-14 10:08:59","video":"","vorDoi":"10.1007/s12649-025-02933-w","vorDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s12649-025-02933-w","workflowStages":[]},"version":"v1","identity":"rs-5242180","journalConfig":"researchsquare"},"__N_SSP":true},"page":"/article/[identity]/[[...version]]","query":{"redirect":"/article/rs-5242180","identity":"rs-5242180","version":["v1"]},"buildId":"qtupq5eGEP_6zYnWcrvyt","isFallback":false,"isExperimentalCompile":false,"dynamicIds":[84888],"gssp":true,"scriptLoader":[]}