Agreement of Wavefront-Based Refraction with Autorefraction and Manifest Refraction Across Refractive and Astigmatic Profiles in Refractive Surgery Candidates

Agreement of Wavefront-Based Refraction with Autorefraction and Manifest Refraction Across Refractive and Astigmatic Profiles in Refractive Surgery Candidates | Research Square window.SnipcartSettings = { analytics: { enabled: false } }; (function() { var accessVector = localStorage.getItem('access_vector') || ''; window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; if (accessVector) { window.dataLayer.push({ user: { profile: { profileInfo: { snid: accessVector } } } }); } })(); (function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start':new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0],j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src='https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f);})(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-K279D39R'); Browse Preprints In Review Journals COVID-19 Preprints AJE Video Bytes Research Tools Research Promotion AJE Professional Editing AJE Rubriq About Preprint Platform In Review Editorial Policies Our Team Advisory Board Help Center Sign In Submit a Preprint Cite Share Download PDF Research Article Agreement of Wavefront-Based Refraction with Autorefraction and Manifest Refraction Across Refractive and Astigmatic Profiles in Refractive Surgery Candidates Armin Doostparast, Siamak Zarei-Ghanavati, Farbod Semnani, Maryam Ghandhari, and 4 more This is a preprint; it has not been peer reviewed by a journal. https://doi.org/ 10.21203/rs.3.rs-7111598/v1 This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License Status: Posted Version 1 posted You are reading this latest preprint version Abstract Background: To assess the agreement between wavefront-based refraction (WFR) using a pyramidal aberrometer (PERAMIS) and conventional non-cycloplegic (NCR), cycloplegic (CR), and manifest refraction (MR) techniques across refractive types and astigmatic axes Methods: This cross-sectional study evaluated 111 right eyes of refractive surgery candidates. WFR from PERAMIS was compared with NCR, CR, and MR for sphere, cylinder, spherical equivalent (M), blur (B), and astigmatic vectors (J0, J45). Agreement was assessed using ICC, R², Bland-Altman analysis, and paired t-tests (Mean difference: MD). Subgroup analyses examined myopic vs. hyperopic eyes, ametropia severity, and astigmatic axis. Results: WFR demonstrated excellent agreement with NCR (ICC = 0.98), CR (ICC = 0.96), and MR (ICC = 0.97) for M. Agreement remained high for other refractive components (ICC > 0.90) except J45, where moderate agreement was observed (ICC: 0.75–0.82). A consistent refractive trend: CR < MR <NCR < WFR was observed for M, even within the subgroups. WFR consistently yielded more myopic measurements than CR, MR, and NCR (M-MD: −0.56D (p < 0.001), −0.39D (p < 0.001), and -0.1D (P0.90 except for J45; MDs almost <0.50D) compared to hyperopic eyes (ICC values ranging from 0.71 (WFR-MR cylinder) to 0.93 (WFR-NCR sphere, MDs < 0.75D). WFR showed greater myopic shifts with increasing ametropia severity, both in myopes (M-MDs reaching −0.99D for WFR-CR in severe myopia) and hyperopes (M-MDs up to −0.90D for WFR-CR in moderate hyperopia). Furthermore, WFR showed an excellent agreement with NCR, CR, and MR across astigmatism types (ICC-M: 0.93-0.99, M-MDs < 0.75D), although levels of agreement were narrower in with-the-rule than against-the-rule and oblique astigmatism groups. Conclusion: Pyramidal WFR yields highly consistent results and may be a valuable alternative to conventional autorefraction in myopic patients. However, its tendency toward myopic bias, particularly in hyperopia, limits its interchangeability with CR or MR. Clinicians should interpret WFR cautiously in hyperopic eyes and consider confirming measurements with subjective methods. These findings support the utility of WFR as an efficient initial estimate in refractive evaluations, especially for surgical screening, but not as a standalone replacement for traditional refraction. Manifest refraction wavefront refraction PERAMIS cycloplegic autorefraction non-cycloplegic autorefraction agreement consistency Figures Figure 1 Introduction There is a surge in the disease burden and global demand for refractive surgical procedures. It is projected that by 2050, nearly half of the worldwide population, corresponding to as many as 5 billion people, may be affected by myopia, with around 1 billion (nearly 10%) afflicted with high myopia [ 1 , 2 ]. The global refractive surgery market is projected to grow from 253.3 million in 2025 to 475.3 million (in US dollars) by 2032, showing a strong compound annual growth rate (CAGR) of 9.4% [ 3 ]. With the burgeoning impact of refractive disorders and related corrective surgeries, there lies the conspicuous significance of a meticulous refractive assessment. Manifest refraction (MR) is considered the gold standard for determining adult quality of vision by incorporating patient feedback to determine the optimal correction that provides the best visual acuity [ 4 ]. However, MR is time-consuming, subjective, and requires experienced clinicians [ 5 ]. On the other hand, objective refraction measurement instruments offer a rapid, objective estimate of refractive error, have better compliance in non-cooperative or pediatric patients, and lower dependence on operator expertise [ 5 – 8 ]. Autorefractometry is the most widely used objective measurement method, owing to its easy and rapid utility in clinical settings. Autorefraction estimates refraction by analyzing light reflection from the retina, measured without (NCR: Non-Cycloplegic Refraction) or under cycloplegia (CR: Cycloplegic Refraction). A significant limitation of NCR is its susceptibility to the influence of the eye's natural accommodative response, which can lead to overestimating myopia or underestimating hyperopia. This condition is particularly pronounced in younger individuals with greater accommodative amplitudes [ 9 ]. To mitigate this, CR is often employed, especially in pediatric or hyperopic populations, by temporarily paralyzing accommodation to reveal the latent refractive error. More recently, wavefront-based objective refraction has emerged as an advanced modality that uses aberrometry to measure the eye’s total optical aberrations. By analyzing second-order Zernike coefficients—defocus and astigmatism—wavefront refraction (WFR) can derive the spherical and cylindrical components of refractive error with high precision [ 5 ]. In addition to low-order aberrations, WFR provides information on higher-order aberrations that may impact visual quality, making it particularly relevant for customized vision correction strategies [ 10 ]. Despite these advantages, WFR remains less extensively studied compared with conventional refraction methods, particularly in real-world clinical settings. Moreover, among the limited studies that have assessed WFR, the majority have relied on Hartmann-Shack aberrometry—a well-established but relatively lower-resolution method. Wavefront refraction derived from pyramidal aberrometry, which features higher spatial sensitivity and a distinct optical design, remains even more scarcely investigated, and its agreement with standard techniques is not yet well defined. Furthermore, existing literature on WFR has predominantly focused on myopic populations [ 6 , 9 , 11 – 16 ], with a few studies available in hyperopic patients [ 17 ] or populations with hyperopic subgroups [ 18 , 19 ], leaving a gap in understanding its performance across a broader spectrum of refractive errors. Accordingly, the present study aims to assess whether wavefront-based objective refraction obtained through pyramidal aberrometry could serve as a suitable alternative to traditional techniques across both myopia and hyperopia, and determine the extent to which WFR correlates with or differs from manifest and automated techniques in terms of various refractive components. Methods This cross-sectional study was conducted at Noorafarin Eye Clinic, a tertiary referral center in Mashhad, Iran. 111 patients (222 eyes) were enrolled, with imaging performed between December 2023 and February 2024. The study protocol received approval from the Research Ethics Office of Mashhad University of Medical Sciences (Ethics ID: IR.MUMS.MEDICAL.REC.1404.123). All participants provided written informed consent after clearly explaining the study’s objectives and procedures. The research adhered to the ethical standards outlined in the Declaration of Helsinki. Eligible participants were individuals aged 35 to 55 years with healthy, unoperated eyes who were candidates for refractive surgery. This age range was selected to achieve a more homogeneous demographic profile, as age-related factors can influence aberrometry profiles [ 20 ]. All subjects shared the same ethnic background. Exclusion criteria included current pregnancy or breast-feeding, confirmed or suspected keratoconus, a prior diagnosis of dry eye disease, any history of corneal disorders or trauma, previous ocular surgery, inadequate fixation during imaging, use of rigid contact lenses within four weeks or soft lenses within two weeks before imaging, and any other abnormalities of the anterior segment. All imaging procedures were performed between 9 AM and 11:30 AM under appropriate lighting conditions. To assure the best acquisition quality, participants were asked to blink before each acquisition to spread a smooth and uniform tear film over the corneal surface, and the scanning sequence was initiated immediately. Participants were instructed to fixate on the target and keep their eyes fully open during the scans. Each participant's right eye was scanned three times consecutively in a room with a low mesopic light condition, with a brief rest between the measurements. WFR was measured by a pyramidal sensor-based aberrometer (PERAMIS, SCHWIND eye-tech-solutions GmbH, Kleinostheim, Germany; software: Phoenix v3.7.01.08). This device is designed to measure wavefront aberrations at over 45,000 points, which, due to its wide dynamic range, can capture both minor and major ocular aberrations in approximately 3 seconds on average [ 21 ]. As the pupil analysis area significantly influences the wavefront aberration (WA) values, a constant analysis area as large as 6 mm and a vertex distance of 12mm were selected for further evaluation. We ensured that the difference in spherical equivalent between the scans remains under 0.5 diopters to confirm the absence of accommodation during the measurement. If this condition was not met, the entire scan sequence was repeated. NCR and CR were measured using an autorefractometer (KR-1, Topcon Co., Tokyo, Japan). MR was performed with a trial frame set at a vertex distance of 12 mm. The initial values for MR were based on three autorefractometer readings, and the endpoint was defined as the lowest minus and maximum plus lens, which provided the best distance visual acuity for myopia and hyperopia, respectively. A Duochrome test was used to fine-tune the monocular spherical component, while a Jackson cross cylinder was applied to refine the astigmatism's power and axis. All procedures were carried out by a skilled and experienced optometrist under consistent room lighting. The testing sequence began with measuring WFR, followed by NCR, and then CR. Each method was performed three times, and the average of the three readings was used for analysis. Cycloplegia was achieved by instilling three drops of 1.0% tropicamide at 5-minute intervals, with CR performed 30 minutes after the final drop, once adequate pupil dilation was confirmed. For each of the four techniques, data were collected on sphere (S), cylinder (C), spherical equivalent (M), Blur (B), horizontal/vertical astigmatism (J0), and oblique astigmatism (J45). Blur was defined as the total blurring effect of the sphero-cylindrical aberrations of the eye using power vector analysis proposed by Thibos et al. [ 22 ]. Thus, M, B, J0, and J45 were calculated using the following formulas, where A represents the astigmatic axis: M = S + (C / 2), J0 = - (C / 2) × cos (2A), J45= - (C / 2) × sin (2A), B= \(\:\sqrt{(\text{M}²\:+\:\text{J}0²\:+\:\text{J}45²)}\) After calculating the M, Participants were stratified into myopic (M ≤ − 0.5 D) and hyperopic (M ≥ + 0.5 D) groups, with further severity-based subdivision: Myopia: Mild (M -5.0 D) [ 23 ] Hyperopia: Mild ( < + 2.0 D), moderate (+ 2.0 to + 5.0 D) [ 24 ] Astigmatism was categorized by axis [ 25 ]: With-the-rule (WTR): 60–120° Against-the-rule (ATR): 0–30°; 150–180° Oblique: 30–60°; 120–150° Agreement between refractive measurements was analyzed across all subgroups. Statistical Analysis: Data analysis and visualization were performed using the Pingouin and Seaborn libraries in Python version 3.1, respectively [ 26 , 27 ]. Intraclass Correlation Coefficients (ICC) were calculated to evaluate the measurement agreement between the two systems, following the guidelines established by McGraw and Wong in 1996 [ 28 , 29 ]. Assuming a two-way random-effects model with absolute agreement for single measurements, ICC(2,1), or in simpler terms ICC in our study, represents the absolute agreement of measurements and thus the extent of their clinical interchangeability. However, the interpretation of ICC values differs across studies due to methodological differences and the context-dependent nature of these interpretations. Hereby, we adopted the classification proposed by Koo and Li [ 29 ], defining ICC values of 0.90 as poor, moderate, good, and excellent agreement, respectively. A similar rule of thumb was considered for the determination coefficient (R²) values, derived from simple linear regression models. Moreover, WFR measurements (Diopters) were compared with other methods using the paired samples t-tests, followed by a subsequent effect size calculation (Hedges’ g) to elucidate the magnitude of difference besides the statistical significance [ 30 ]. Cut-offs of 0.8 were used to represent negligible, small, medium, and large magnitudes of effect, respectively [ 31 ]. Bland-Altman analysis was also conducted to assess measurement bias, calculate the 95% limits of agreement (LoA), and visualize the distribution of data within the LoA. Results A total of 111 right eyes from refractive surgery candidates were analyzed. The mean age was 41.4 ± 5.1 years; 31% were male. Mean manifest refraction was − 1.00 ± 2.40 D (sphere) and 1.30 ± 1.10 D (cylinder), with a mean LogMAR (logarithm of minimum angle of resolution) visual acuity of 0.01 ± 0.03. All methods followed a consistent refractive trend: CR < MR < NCR < WFR for both spherical equivalent (M) and blur (B), with WFR producing the most myopic values (p < 0.05 for all pairwise refractive comparisons except WFR vs. NCR sphere and B). Overall Agreement of Wavefront-Based Refraction with Conventional Methods According to Table 1 , across the full sample, WFR showed excellent agreement with NCR, CR, and MR, with ICC values > 0.90 and R2 values > 0.86 for all refractive components except for J45, which demonstrated a moderate to good overall agreement (ICC values: 0.75 to 0.82 and R2 values 0.59 to 0.70). LOA ranges were narrowest for WR–NCR (M: −1.05 to + 0.85 D) and widest for WR–CR (M: −1.67 to + 0.55 D). Table 1 Absolute Agreement, 95% Limits of Agreement, Consistency of Measurements, and Mean Difference ± Standard Deviation of Non-Cycloplegic Refraction (NCR), CR (Cycloplegic Refraction), and Manifest Refraction (MR) compared with Wavefront-based Refraction (WR) Among the Study Population NCR CR MR Params a ICC b LOA range c R2 d Mean diff ± SE(Hedges) e ICC b LOA range c R2 d Mean diff ± SE(Hedges) e ICC b LOA range c R2 d Mean diff ± SE(Hedges) e Sphere 0.98 1.84 (-0.96:0.87) 0.97 -0.05 ± 0.04 (-0.02) NS 0.96 2.09 (-1.52:0.57) 0.96 -0.48 ± 0.05 (-0.19) S3 0.97 1.95 (-1.29:0.65) 0.96 -0.32 ± 0.05 (-0.13) S3 Cylinder 0.94 1.79 (-1.00:0.79) 0.89 -0.1 ± 0.04 (-0.08) S1 0.94 1.75 (-1.03:0.72) 0.90 -0.15 ± 0.04 (-0.11) S3 0.95 1.68 (-0.97:0.71) 0.91 -0.13 ± 0.04 (-0.10) S3 M 0.98 1.90 (-1.05:0.85) 0.97 -0.1 ± 0.05 (-0.04) S1 0.96 2.22 (-1.67:0.55) 0.95 -0.56 ± 0.05 (-0.21) S3 0.97 2.04 (-1.41:0.63) 0.96 -0.39 ± 0.05 (-0.15) S3 B 0.96 2.00 (-0.93:1.07) 0.93 0.07 ± 0.05 (0.04) NS 0.90 2.93 (-1.16:1.78) 0.86 0.31 ± 0.07 (0.17) S3 0.93 2.40 (-0.88:1.51) 0.91 0.31 ± 0.06 (0.17) S3 J0 0.91 1.47 (-0.75:0.72) 0.83 -0.02 ± 0.04 (-0.02) NS 0.92 1.38 (-0.67:0.72) 0.84 0.02 ± 0.03 (0.03) NS 0.90 1.53 (-0.76:0.76) 0.81 0 ± 0.04 (0) NS J45 0.75 1.21 (-0.56:0.65) 0.59 0.04 ± 0.03 (0.10) NS 0.76 1.18 (-0.54:0.64) 0.61 0.05 ± 0.03 (0.11) NS 0.82 1.05 (-0.49:0.56) 0.70 0.04 ± 0.03 (0.08) NS a The studied parameters; M: Spherical Equivalent, B: Blur, J0: Jackson cross-cylinder at 0°/90°, J45: Jackson cross-cylinder at 45°/135° b ICC: Intraclass Correlation Coefficient (2,1) representing the absolute agreement of measurements c LOA: 95% Limits of Agreement Range (Lower LOA: Upper LOA) d The adjusted R 2 of simple linear regression e mean difference ± SE (standard error) reported as WR – NCR/CR/MR; the number within the parenthesis represents the effect size (Hedges' g); Measurements were compared using paired samples t-test; NS : A non-significant P-value (> 0.05); S1 : A significant P-value (< 0.05); S2 : A significant P-value (< 0.01); S3 : A significant P-value (< 0.001) *P-values for all ICC and Adjusted R 2 values were < 0.001 Mean differences were generally small, particularly for WFR-NCR (M: -0.1 ± 0.05 D), followed by WFR-MR (M: -0.39 ± 0.05 D) and WFR-CR (M: -0.56 ± 0.05 D). Across all refractive components, J0 and J45 consistently showed no significant difference; however, there were generally significant differences for other refractive components across the comparisons. Figure 1 illustrates the Bland-Altman plots for the agreement of various refractive components across the whole sample size. Subgroup Analysis by Refractive Status (Myopia vs. Hyperopia) Table 2 presents the agreement data stratified by refractive status. In myopic eyes (n = 87), WFR maintained excellent agreement with all other methods (ICC values > 0.90 except for J45; mean differences generally < 0.50 D; LOA less than 2.35 D). In hyperopic eyes (n = 24), however, the agreement was weaker (ICC values ranging from 0.71 (WFR-MR cylinder) to 0.93 (WFR-NCR sphere), with cylinder and J45 showing the weakest agreement). The myopic shift of WFR was more pronounced in hyperopes; for instance, the mean difference in M between WFR and CR was − 0.75 ± 0.10 D in hyperopes, compared to -0.50 ± 0.06 D in myopes. Hedges’ g values were also larger for these differences in hyperopes. Table 2 Absolute Agreement, 95% Limits of Agreement, Consistency of Measurements, and Mean Difference ± Standard Deviation of Non-Cycloplegic Refraction (NCR), CR (Cycloplegic Refraction), and Manifest Refraction (MR) compared with Wavefront-based Refraction (WR) Based on Refractive Status (Myopia/Hyperopia) NCR CR MR Params a ICC b LOA range c R2 d Mean diff ± SE(Hedges) e ICC b LOA range c R2 d Mean diff ± SE(Hedges) e ICC b LOA range c R2 d Mean diff ± SE(Hedges) e Myopia (n = 87) Sphere 0.97 1.83 (-0.91:0.92) 0.94 0.00 ± 0.05 (0.00) NS 0.94 2.14 (-1.49:0.65) 0.92 -0.42 ± 0.06 (-0.22) S3 0.95 1.91 (-1.26:0.65) 0.94 -0.31 ± 0.05 (-0.16) S3 Cylinder 0.95 1.90 (-1.05:0.85) 0.90 -0.10 ± 0.05 (-0.07) NS 0.94 1.85 (-1.09:0.76) 0.90 -0.17 ± 0.05 (-0.11) S3 0.95 1.74 (-1.01:0.73) 0.91 -0.14 ± 0.05 (-0.10) S3 M 0.97 1.86 (-0.97:0.88) 0.94 -0.04 ± 0.05 (-0.02) NS 0.92 2.25 (-1.63:0.62) 0.92 -0.50 ± 0.06 (-0.27) S3 0.94 2.08 (-1.42:0.66) 0.93 -0.38 ± 0.06 (-0.20) S3 B 0.96 2.01 (-0.87:1.14) 0.93 0.14 ± 0.06 (0.07) S1 0.91 2.35 (-0.63:1.73) 0.92 0.55 ± 0.06 (0.30) S3 0.92 2.22 (-0.65:1.57) 0.92 0.46 ± 0.06 (0.25) S3 J0 0.91 1.62 (-0.83:0.79) 0.82 -0.02 ± 0.04 (-0.02) NS 0.92 1.52 (-0.74:0.78) 0.84 0.02 ± 0.04 (0.02) NS 0.90 1.66 (-0.84:0.82) 0.81 -0.01 ± 0.05 (-0.01) NS J45 0.75 1.33 (-0.62:0.72) 0.60 0.05 ± 0.04 (0.10) NS 0.76 1.30 (-0.59:0.71) 0.62 0.06 ± 0.04 (0.12) NS 0.82 1.13 (-0.52:0.61) 0.71 0.04 ± 0.03 (0.09) NS Hyperopia (n = 24) Sphere 0.93 1.71 (-1.08:0.63) 0.88 -0.23 ± 0.09 (-0.18) S1 0.83 1.67 (-1.53:0.14) 0.90 -0.70 ± 0.09 (-0.53) S3 0.85 2.10 (-1.41:0.69) 0.81 -0.36 ± 0.11 (-0.31) S2 Cylinder 0.78 1.29 (-0.78:0.52) 0.63 -0.13 ± 0.07 (-0.25) NS 0.77 1.36 (-0.79:0.57) 0.60 -0.11 ± 0.07 (-0.20) NS 0.71 1.45 (-0.82:0.63) 0.49 -0.09 ± 0.08 (-0.19) NS M 0.91 1.92 (-1.25:0.67) 0.87 -0.29 ± 0.10 (-0.22) S2 0.81 1.95 (-1.73:0.23) 0.88 -0.75 ± 0.10 (-0.54) S3 0.87 1.90 (-1.36:0.54) 0.85 -0.41 ± 0.10 (-0.34) S3 B 0.92 1.66 (-1.01:0.65) 0.88 -0.18 ± 0.09 (-0.16) NS 0.80 2.21 (-1.67:0.55) 0.86 -0.56 ± 0.12 (-0.47) S3 0.87 1.79 (-1.11:0.68) 0.79 -0.22 ± 0.09 (-0.22) S1 J0 0.91 0.73 (-0.37:0.35) 0.83 -0.01 ± 0.04 (-0.02) NS 0.91 0.73 (-0.34:.39) 0.83 0.03 ± 0.04 (0.06) NS 0.86 0.89 (-0.42:0.48) 0.74 0.03 ± 0.05 (0.07) NS J45 0.76 0.58 (-0.28:0.30) 0.55 0.01 ± 0.03 (0.06) NS 0.77 0.55 (-0.25:0.30) 0.58 0.02 ± 0.03 (0.11) NS 0.73 0.64 (-0.31:0.33) 0.51 0.01 ± 0.03 (0.05) NS a The studied parameters; M: Spherical Equivalent, B: Blur, J0: Jackson cross-cylinder at 0°/90°, J45: Jackson cross-cylinder at 45°/135° b ICC: Intraclass Correlation Coefficient (2,1) representing the absolute agreement of measurements c LOA: 95% Limits of Agreement Range (Lower LOA: Upper LOA) d The adjusted R 2 of simple linear regression e mean difference ± SE (standard error) reported as WR – NCR/CR/MR; the number within the parenthesis represents the effect size (Hedges' g); Measurements were compared using paired samples t-test; NS : A non-significant P-value (> 0.05); S1 : A significant P-value (< 0.05); S2 : A significant P-value (< 0.01); S3 : A significant P-value (< 0.001) *P-values for all ICC and Adjusted R 2 values were < 0.001 Subgroup Analysis by Severity of Ametropia Tables 3 and 4 present the agreement based on the severity of myopia and hyperopia, respectively. In myopic eyes (Table 3 ), as the severity of myopia increased from mild (< 3 D) and moderate (3–5 D) to severe (≥ 5 D), the mean differences for M between WFR and CR became more negative (-0.44 ± 0.08 D and − 0.43 ± 0.09 D to -0.99 ± 0.16 D, respectively). A similar trend was observed for WFR-MR (M differences: -0.38 ± 0.08 D and − 0.21 ± 0.07 D to -0.81 ± 0.14 D). Despite these increasing mean differences, ICC values remained relatively high across myopia subgroups and parameters (generally > 0.85 except for M and B in WFR-CR and WFR-MR and J45 across most comparisons) Table 3 Absolute Agreement, 95% Limits of Agreement, Consistency of Measurements, and Mean Difference ± Standard Deviation of Non-Cycloplegic Refraction (NCR), CR (Cycloplegic Refraction), and Manifest Refraction (MR) compared with Wavefront-based Refraction (WR) Based on Myopia Severity Classification NCR CR MR Params a ICC b LOA range c R2 d Mean diff ± SE e ICC b LOA range c R2 d Mean diff ± SE e ICC b LOA range c R2 d Mean diff ± SE e Mild Myopia (< 3 Diopter) (n = 52) Sphere 0.95 1.36 0.90 0.05 ± 0.05 NS 0.82 2.20 0.76 -0.36 ± 0.08 S3 0.82 2.08 0.73 -0.30 ± 0.07 S3 Cylinder 0.97 1.25 0.95 -0.14 ± 0.04 S2 0.94 1.63 0.91 -0.17 ± 0.06 S2 0.96 1.28 0.95 -0.16 ± 0.05 S3 M 0.94 1.33 0.88 -0.03 ± 0.05 NS 0.68 2.36 0.58 -0.44 ± 0.08 S3 0.69 2.23 0.61 -0.38 ± 0.08 S3 B 0.90 1.70 0.83 0.13 ± 0.06 S1 0.68 2.36 0.70 0.47 ± 0.08 S3 0.69 2.32 0.72 0.45 ± 0.08 3 J0 0.88 1.66 0.77 -0.03 ± 0.06 NS 0.91 1.47 0.82 0.00 ± 0.05 NS 0.88 1.69 0.76 -0.02 ± 0.06 NS J45 0.74 1.14 0.58 0.03 ± 0.04 NS 0.68 1.28 0.49 0.06 ± 0.05 NS 0.82 0.97 0.71 0.03 ± 0.03 NS Moderate Myopia (3–5 Diopters) (n = 25) Sphere 0.88 2.23 0.75 0.08 ± 0.11 NS 0.90 1.67 0.87 -0.36 ± 0.09 S3 0.94 1.34 0.91 -0.18 ± 0.07 S1 Cylinder 0.92 2.69 0.84 0.06 ± 0.14 NS 0.94 2.27 0.88 -0.15 ± 0.12 NS 0.93 2.46 0.86 -0.07 ± 0.13 NS M 0.69 2.22 0.47 0.11 ± 0.11 NS 0.66 1.69 0.61 -0.43 ± 0.09 S3 0.76 1.42 0.67 -0.21 ± 0.07 S2 B 0.73 2.18 0.51 -0.02 ± 0.11 NS 0.53 2.03 0.46 0.51 ± 0.10 S3 0.64 1.76 0.57 0.31 ± 0.09 S2 J0 0.92 1.65 0.84 -0.03 ± 0.08 NS 0.91 1.66 0.82 0.03 ± 0.08 NS 0.91 1.69 0.81 0.00 ± 0.09 NS J45 0.73 1.59 0.54 0.14 ± 0.08 NS 0.77 1.37 0.66 0.10 ± 0.07 NS 0.79 1.43 0.63 0.11 ± 0.07 NS Severe Myopia ( > = 5 Diopters) (n = 11) Sphere 0.80 2.11 0.70 -0.40 ± 0.16 S1 0.60 2.06 0.70 -0.91 ± 0.16 S3 0.71 1.45 0.86 -0.71 ± 0.11 S3 Cylinder 0.92 2.12 0.85 -0.21 ± 0.16 NS 0.94 1.92 0.88 -0.17 ± 0.15 NS 0.95 1.72 0.91 -0.21 ± 0.13 NS M 0.88 2.08 0.85 -0.50 ± 0.16 S1 0.74 2.09 0.85 -0.99 ± 0.16 S3 0.80 1.81 0.90 -0.81 ± 0.14 S3 B 0.88 2.22 0.86 0.54 ± 0.17 S1 0.76 2.23 0.87 1.02 ± 0.17 S3 0.81 2.05 0.90 0.85 ± 0.16 S3 J0 0.93 1.41 0.84 0.03 ± 0.11 NS 0.92 1.44 0.83 0.08 ± 0.11 NS 0.92 1.48 0.83 0.01 ± 0.11 NS J45 0.76 1.38 0.67 -0.08 ± 0.11 NS 0.85 1.20 0.72 -0.05 ± 0.09 NS 0.88 1.02 0.86 -0.04 ± 0.08 NS a The studied parameters; M: Spherical Equivalent, B: Blur, J0: Jackson cross-cylinder at 0°/90°, J45: Jackson cross-cylinder at 45°/135° b ICC: Intraclass Correlation Coefficient (2,1) representing the absolute agreement of measurements c LOA: 95% Limits of Agreement Range d The adjusted R 2 of simple linear regression e mean difference ± SE (standard error) reported as WR – NCR/CR/MR; the number within the parenthesis represents the effect size (Hedges' g); Measurements were compared using paired samples t-test; NS : A non-significant P-value (> 0.05); S1 : A significant P-value (< 0.05); S2 : A significant P-value (< 0.01); S3 : A significant P-value (< 0.001) *P-values for all ICC and Adjusted R 2 values were < 0.001 Table 4 Absolute Agreement, 95% Limits of Agreement, Consistency of Measurements, and Mean Difference ± Standard Deviation of Non-Cycloplegic Refraction (NCR), CR (Cycloplegic Refraction), and Manifest Refraction (MR) compared with Wavefront-based Refraction (WR) Based on Hyperopia Severity Classification NCR CR MR Params a ICC b LOA range c R2 d Mean diff ± SE e ICC b LOA range c R2 d Mean diff ± SE e ICC b LOA range c R2 d Mean diff ± SE e Mild Hyperopia (< 2 Diopter) (n = 11) Sphere 0.65 S1 1.94 0.39 S1 -0.15 ± 0.15 NS 0.61 S3 1.13 0.80 S3 -0.59 ± 0.09 S3 0.26 NS 2.39 0.09 NS -0.52 ± 0.18 S1 Cylinder 0.79 S3 1.43 0.57 S3 -0.06 ± 0.11 NS 0.79 S3 1.39 0.57 S3 0.04 ± 0.11 NS 0.74 S3 1.49 0.49 S2 -0.03 ± 0.11 NS M 0.57 S1 2.05 0.26 NS -0.18 ± 0.16 NS 0.56 S3 1.19 0.71 S3 -0.57 ± 0.09 S3 0.29 NS 2.11 0.14 NS -0.53 ± 0.16 S2 B 0.79 S3 1.13 0.60 S3 -0.01 ± 0.09 NS 0.66 S3 1.15 0.60 S3 -0.32 ± 0.09 S2 0.24 NS 1.93 -0.01 NS -0.26 ± 0.15 NS J0 0.91 S3 0.73 0.84 S3 -0.10 ± 0.06 NS 0.94 S3 0.69 0.86 S3 -0.05 ± 0.05 NS 0.88 S3 0.91 0.75 S3 -0.04 ± 0.07 NS J45 0.41 NS 0.57 0.09 NS -0.04 ± 0.04 NS 0.75 S3 0.43 0.48 S2 -0.01 ± 0.03 NS 0.42 NS 0.67 0.08 NS -0.05 ± 0.05 NS Moderate Hyperopia (2–5 Diopters) (n = 12) Sphere 0.69 S3 1.58 0.56 S3 -0.29 ± 0.12 S1 0.48 S3 2.05 0.64 S3 -0.77 ± 0.15 S3 0.69 S3 1.66 0.45 S1 -0.18 ± 0.12 NS Cylinder 0.68 S3 1.16 0.55 S3 -0.22 ± 0.09 S1 0.67 S3 1.14 0.58 S3 -0.26 ± 0.08 S2 0.51 S1 1.46 0.23 NS -0.18 ± 0.11 NS M 0.62 S3 1.87 0.51 S2 -0.40 ± 0.14 S1 0.40 S1 2.39 0.52 S3 -0.90 ± 0.18 S3 0.65 S3 1.66 0.45 S2 -0.26 ± 0.12 NS B 0.62 S3 1.82 0.50 S2 -0.37 ± 0.13 S1 0.41 S1 2.33 0.54 S3 -0.86 ± 0.17 S3 0.64 S3 1.66 0.42 S2 -0.23 ± 0.12 NS J0 0.90 S3 0.61 0.84 S3 0.07 ± 0.05 NS 0.85 S3 0.71 0.78 S3 0.10 ± 0.05 NS 0.80 S3 0.85 0.68 S3 0.11 ± 0.06 NS J45 0.82 S3 0.55 0.69 S3 0.07 ± 0.04 NS 0.75 S3 0.65 0.57 S3 0.06 ± 0.05 NS 0.82 S3 0.59 0.66 S3 0.07 ± 0.04 NS a The studied parameters; M: Spherical Equivalent, B: Blur, J0: Jackson cross-cylinder at 0°/90°, J45: Jackson cross-cylinder at 45°/135° b ICC: Intraclass Correlation Coefficient (2,1) representing the absolute agreement of measurements c LOA: 95% Limits of Agreement Range d The adjusted R 2 of simple linear regression e mean difference ± SE (standard error) reported as WR – NCR/CR/MR; the number within the parenthesis represents the effect size (Hedges' g); Measurements were compared using paired samples t-test; NS : A non-significant P-value (> 0.05); S1 : A significant P-value (< 0.05); S2 : A significant P-value (< 0.01); S3 : A significant P-value (< 0.001) In hyperopic eyes (Table 4 ), moderate hyperopes (2–5 D) exhibited greater mean differences than mild hyperopes (< 2 D) when WFR was compared to NCR and CR (M: -0.40 ± 0.14 vs. -0.18 ± 0.16 and − 0.90 ± 0.18 vs. -0.57 ± 0.09, respectively). This pattern was not observed for WFR-MR comparisons. Furthermore, ICC values and LoA ranges did not demonstrate a clear pattern with increasing hyperopia severity. Subgroup Analysis by Astigmatic Axis Analysis by astigmatic axis (WTR, ATR, oblique), summarized in Table 5 , revealed comparable agreement patterns across different methods, excellent for sphere, cylinder, M, and B (ICC values > 0.88), and moderate to good for J0/J45 (ICC values > 0.65). Nonetheless, slightly wider LOA ranges were observed in the ATR (M: 2.01 to 2.49 D) and oblique (M: 1.82 to 2.54 D) astigmatism groups compared with the WTR (M: 1.65 to 1.77 D) group. Table 5 Absolute Agreement, 95% Limits of Agreement, Consistency of Measurements, and Mean Difference ± Standard Deviation of Non-Cycloplegic Refraction (NCR), CR (Cycloplegic Refraction), and Manifest Refraction (MR) compared with Wavefront-based Refraction (WR) Based Astigmatic Axis Classification NCR CR MR Params a ICC b LOA range c R2 d Mean diff ± SE e ICC b LOA range c R2 d Mean diff ± SE e ICC b LOA range c R2 d Mean diff ± SE e With-the-Rule Astigmatism (WTR) (n = 47) Sphere 0.99 1.85 0.97 -0.07 ± 0.07 NS 0.97 1.83 0.97 -0.43 ± 0.07 S3 0.98 1.66 0.98 -0.42 ± 0.06 S3 Cylinder 0.91 1.39 0.85 -0.10 ± 0.05 NS 0.89 1.58 0.80 -0.06 ± 0.06 NS 0.89 1.58 0.80 -0.10 ± 0.06 NS M 0.99 1.77 0.98 -0.12 ± 0.07 NS 0.98 1.77 0.98 -0.46 ± 0.07 S3 0.98 1.65 0.98 -0.47 ± 0.06 S3 B 0.98 1.66 0.97 0.09 ± 0.06 NS 0.95 2.25 0.94 0.28 ± 0.08 S2 0.95 2.14 0.95 0.32 ± 0.08 S3 J0 0.77 1.22 0.59 0.02 ± 0.05 NS 0.78 1.18 0.61 0.04 ± 0.04 NS 0.71 1.34 0.51 0.02 ± 0.05 NS J45 0.70 0.70 0.63 -0.10 ± 0.03 S3 0.76 0.70 0.62 -0.07 ± 0.03 S1 0.74 0.68 0.65 -0.07 ± 0.03 S2 Against-the-Rule Astigmatism (ATR) (n = 52) Sphere 0.98 1.83 0.95 -0.01 ± 0.06 NS 0.94 2.27 0.94 -0.50 ± 0.08 S3 0.96 2.18 0.93 -0.21 ± 0.08 S2 Cylinder 0.94 2.18 0.88 -0.10 ± 0.08 NS 0.94 1.95 0.91 -0.24 ± 0.07 S2 0.95 1.85 0.92 -0.17 ± 0.07 S1 M 0.97 2.01 0.95 -0.06 ± 0.07 NS 0.93 2.49 0.92 -0.62 ± 0.09 S3 0.95 2.35 0.93 -0.29 ± 0.08 S3 B 0.94 2.22 0.88 0.13 ± 0.08 NS 0.82 3.30 0.74 0.40 ± 0.12 S3 0.88 2.64 0.85 0.35 ± 0.09 S3 J0 0.85 1.78 0.71 -0.06 ± 0.06 NS 0.86 1.66 0.74 0.02 ± 0.06 NS 0.83 1.81 0.69 -0.02 ± 0.06 NS J45 0.66 1.42 0.49 0.17 ± 0.05 S2 0.65 1.42 0.48 0.16 ± 0.05 S2 0.75 1.23 0.61 0.13 ± 0.04 S2 Oblique Astigmatism (n = 12) Sphere 0.99 1.91 0.98 -0.11 ± 0.14 NS 0.97 2.33 0.96 -0.57 ± 0.17 S2 0.98 1.61 0.98 -0.42 ± 0.12 S2 Cylinder 0.94 1.33 0.88 -0.15 ± 0.10 NS 0.94 1.24 0.90 -0.15 ± 0.09 NS 0.94 1.30 0.90 -0.11 ± 0.10 NS M 0.99 2.03 0.98 -0.18 ± 0.15 NS 0.96 2.54 0.96 -0.65 ± 0.19 S2 0.98 1.82 0.98 -0.48 ± 0.13 S2 B 0.97 1.90 0.95 -0.25 ± 0.14 NS 0.91 3.50 0.83 0.04 ± 0.26 NS 0.96 2.34 0.92 0.13 ± 0.17 NS J0 0.75 0.81 0.55 0.02 ± 0.06 NS 0.80 0.72 0.65 0.01 ± 0.05 NS 0.69 0.76 0.40 0.00 ± 0.06 NS J45 0.95 0.82 0.92 0.05 ± 0.06 NS 0.95 0.84 0.92 0.06 ± 0.06 NS 0.96 0.72 0.94 0.05 ± 0.05 NS a The studied parameters; M: Spherical Equivalent, B: Blur, J0: Jackson cross-cylinder at 0°/90°, J45: Jackson cross-cylinder at 45°/135° b ICC: Intraclass Correlation Coefficient (2,1) representing the absolute agreement of measurements c LOA: 95% Limits of Agreement Range d The adjusted R 2 of simple linear regression e mean difference ± SE (standard error) reported as WR – NCR/CR/MR; the number within the parenthesis represents the effect size (Hedges' g); Measurements were compared using paired samples t-test; NS : A non-significant P-value (> 0.05); S1 : A significant P-value (< 0.05); S2 : A significant P-value (< 0.01); S3 : A significant P-value (< 0.001) *P-values for all ICC and Adjusted R 2 values were < 0.01 Discussion Our findings mainly revealed that PERAMIS WFR demonstrated excellent consistency and agreement with NCR, CR, and MR across all parameters (sphere, cylinder, M, B, and J0) except J45, with relatively similar patterns among myopic patients. In hyperopes, however, the agreement of WFR with conventional methods was more inconsistent and less desirable, overall ranging from moderate to good. Generally, WFR demonstrated a myopic shift and tends to underestimate hyperopic and overestimate myopic refractive errors, particularly compared to CR, and is more consistent with conventional methods in lower refractive errors and less reliable in higher ametropia. Nonetheless, this agreement is not affected by the astigmatic axis, as comparable levels of agreement (excellent for sphere, cylinder, M, and B, and moderate-to-good for J0/J45) were obtained across WTR, ATR, and oblique astigmatism groups. Our findings align with previous research validating wavefront aberrometry as a reliable objective refraction measurement [ 5 , 6 , 11 , 14 ]. For instance, Bennett et al. [ 5 ] and Bamdad et al. [ 6 ] reported good correlation between WFR and MR, although methodological differences and the specific aberrometers used (e.g., Shack-Hartmann vs. pyramidal sensor in our study) can lead to variations in the degree of agreement. On the other hand, earlier reports set ± 0.50 D as the threshold for acceptable 95% LoA for M compared to MR. Still, more recent studies suggest ± 0.75 D is a more realistic benchmark owing to inter-examiner variability in subjective refraction (SR) [ 7 ]. The narrowest LoA range was observed with WFR-NCR, reflecting the similarity of non-cycloplegic conditions of WFR and NCR, while WFR-CR exhibited the widest LoA range. In between lied the MR measurements, probably due to the maximum plus approach and better coping with the accommodation [ 12 ]. Furthermore, the tendency of WFR to yield more myopic results than MR is well-documented in the literature for various aberrometers [ 12 , 13 , 15 , 17 ]. Based on our findings, the agreement of WFR to conventional methods varied significantly with refractive status. In myopic eyes, WFR showed excellent agreement with all methods, consistent with studies focusing on myopic populations [ 9 , 12 , 16 ]. Nonetheless, the LoA ranges were narrower in the hyperopic subgroup, similar to the study of Huelle et al. [ 32 ]. WFR significantly underestimated hyperopia compared to CR (mean M difference of -0.75 D in hyperopes vs. -0.50 D in myopes). This finding is critical, as underestimation of hyperopia can lead to asthenopia. Fu et al. [ 17 ] reported similar challenges with WASCA aberrometry in hyperopes, which supports that WFR often struggles more with hyperopic refraction [ 32 ]. The hierarchy of CR > MR > NCR > WFR values for M was also present in the hyperopic population. While the ICC values were generally acceptable (> 0.85) for S and M components, there was a statistically significant bias towards less hyperopic measurements, and the LOA ranges exceeded the clinically acceptable range of ± 0.75 D within MR measurements. This suggests that the accommodative effort typically exerted by hyperopic individuals, even in our study's 35–55 age range with a hypothetically lower accommodation concern, may not be fully overcome by WFR fogging techniques. In a study by Mimouni et al. (2016) involving young adults (18–40 years), the mean difference in M between NCR and CR in hypermetropic patients was a substantial − 1.30 ± 0.90 D. Notably, this underestimation was most pronounced in individuals with moderate hyperopia (2.00 D to 5.00 D), who exhibited a mean difference of -1.71 ± 1.18 D [ 33 ]. On the other hand, Frings et al. (2016) found that 13% of LASIK candidates had at least 1.00 D more hyperopia with cycloplegia, highlighting how accommodation can mask true refractive error, a similar finding to that of Heshemi et al [ 34 ]. This variability means MR may underestimate hyperopia if not performed meticulously, making the “gold standard” a questionable target in these cases. Thus, it underscores the WFR limitations in hyperopic populations, with WFR failing to detect the latent hyperopia, even with a higher extent of that in NCR and MR. Interestingly, a study using wavefront-supported custom ablation (WASCA) aberrometer under cycloplegic conditions, contrary to our design, still showed a significant underestimation of hyperopia in the WFR measurements compared to CR, while the M values were comparable to MR [ 17 ]. The observed hierarchy of M values (CR > MR > NCR > WFR) can be attributed to factors including instrument myopia [ 35 ], proximal accommodation (even with fogging) [ 12 ], and the wavelength [ 36 ] and specific algorithms aberrometers use to derive spherocylindrical refraction from the total wavefront map, which may not perfectly align with the patient's neuro-perceptual endpoint in MR. Moreover, when comparing objective refraction methods with subjective evaluation of MR, two key factors may affect results. First, SR can partially compensate for higher-order aberrations (HOAs) using spherical and cylindrical lenses, unlike wavefront methods, which separate these components [ 37 , 38 ]. Second, variations in pupil size during measurements may also contribute to discrepancies [ 39 ]. Aberrometers may focus on a retinal plane different from that used in SR. However, no uniform correction factor applies since the measurement surface varies between individuals. Additionally, aberrometers cannot adjust for accommodative fluctuations during testing [ 12 ]. The lack of a unanimously accepted far point for human eyes may exacerbate these differences [ 40 ]. Last but not least, each technique's degree of repeatability and precision is of utmost importance when it comes to comparing their agreement levels. Luckily, studies utilizing PERAMIS aberrometer suggest its high repeatability for both spherical and cylindrical refractive components [ 12 , 41 ]. The magnitude of ametropia influenced agreement as well. In myopes, the myopic shift of WFR (compared with CR, MR, and to a lesser extent NCR) increased with the severity of myopia, reaching nearly − 1.00 D for M (WFR-CR) in high myopes. This is in line with previous studies, where PERAMIS WFR has shown higher accuracy in measuring low-to-moderate spherocylindrical errors (myopia under 5.00 D). In contrast, earlier studies on Hartmann-Shack aberrometers like WASCA and Zywave reported reduced accuracy in this refractive range [ 42 , 43 ], which makes PERAMIS a more suitable device for regular use in ophthalmic clinics [ 12 ]. Regarding astigmatism, the cylindrical refractive component in all of the three of WFR, NCR, and CR had excellent agreement and consistency with MR in the overall sample and myopia. However, even steeper than sphere and M, the levels of agreement plummeted as low as moderate in the hyperopic subgroup. Pesudovs et al. [ 16 ] also found that WFR was less precise than standard autorefraction in estimating astigmatism, though the difference was not clinically significant. WFR demonstrated excellent agreement for the J0 vector when compared with CR and MR. However, agreement for the J45 vector was only good. This suggests WFR is more robust for horizontal/vertical astigmatism than for oblique astigmatism. Nevertheless, the measurement methods did not significantly differ in either J0 or J45 mean values, and the LoA were within ± 0.75, delineating an absence of systematic bias and suggesting a more scattered random variance. Similarly, a previous study showed that WFR-MR J45 has poorer concordance than J0 [ 43 ]. Additionally, another study comparing WASCA and MR measurements showed that while the mean differences for both J0 and J45 were within ± 0.50, WASCA J45 measurements were significantly biased towards more oblique astigmatism at around the 135° meridian [ 32 ]. Strengths and Limitations This study's strengths include its comprehensive comparison of WFR with three standard methods, detailed subgroup analyses by refractive error type, magnitude, and astigmatic axis, and the use of a modern pyramidal aberrometer. The standardized measurement time and using a single experienced optometrist also add to its rigor, minimizing inter-rater variability in MR measurements [ 44 ]. Limitations include the specific age range (35–55 years), which may not generalize to younger individuals with more vigorous accommodation or older patients with significant media opacities. Although efforts were made to control accommodation during WFR, residual accommodation cannot be entirely excluded without cycloplegia. The single-center design and specific ethnicity may limit broader generalizability. Sample sizes in some subgroups (e.g., moderate hyperopia, oblique astigmatism) were relatively small, potentially impacting the precision of estimates. Future longitudinal studies could assess the predictive value of WFR for refractive changes. Direct comparisons between different aberrometry technologies (e.g., Hartmann-Shack, ray tracing, pyramidal), particularly across various refractive conditions, would be of great importance. Investigating the impact of higher-order aberrations measured by PERAMIS on the differences observed with subjective refraction could also shed light on the underlying factors of the differences observed within WFR-MR measurements. Conclusion The PERAMIS aberrometer provides highly consistent objective measurements and performs particularly well in myopic eyes. However, it exhibits a systematic myopic bias and reduced agreement in hyperopia—especially moderate hyperopia—raising concerns for overcorrection or undercorrection if used in isolation. Its performance remained stable across different astigmatic axes, regardless of axis orientation. While excellent precision and detailed aberrometry make PERAMIS a valuable tool for refractive surgery planning, its spherocylindrical output should not replace manifest or cycloplegic refractions. Clinicians should interpret WFR data cautiously, particularly in hyperopic patients, and confirm refractive values through subjective methods. Ultimately, WFR is best suited as an adjunct to, not a substitute for, clinical refraction, supporting efficient workflow without compromising accuracy. The strong agreement in myopes supports its use as an efficient starting point instead of conventional autorefraction, but caution is imperative in hyperopes. Abbreviations MR Manifest refraction NCR Non-cycloplegic refraction CR Cycloplegic refraction WA Wavefront aberrometry WFR Wavefront-based refraction PWS Pyramidal wavefront-based sensor S Sphere C Cylinder M Spherical equivalent B Blur J0 Jackson cross-cylinder at 0°/90° J45 Jackson cross-cylinder at 45°/135° D Diopter WFG Wavefront-guided WFO Wavefront-optimized LASIK Laser-assisted in situ keratomileusis LoA Limits of agreement ICC Intraclass Correlation Coefficient logMAR Logarithm of the Minimum Angle of Resolution HOAs Higher-order aberrations WTR With-the-rule (astigmatism) ATR Against-the-rule (astigmatism) SE Standard error Declarations Disclosure of financial and proprietary interests for all authors: In accordance with ethical standards and transparency practices, all authors involved in this study have disclosed their financial and proprietary interests. Each author has provided a detailed account of any potential conflicts of interest or explicitly stated that they have no such interests to declare. Acknowledgments Not applicable. Authors’ contributions Armin Doostparast was responsible for the conceptualization, methodology, formal analysis, data visualization, table preparation, project administration, and drafting of the original manuscript, as well as its review and editing. Maryam Ghandhari, Ehsan Salar, Amir Hossein Khosronejad, and Muhammad Islampanah contributed to data preparation, project administration, and drafting of the original manuscript. Farbod Semnani contributed to the conceptualization, methodology, formal analysis, drafting, and critical revision of the manuscript. Alireza Eslampoor contributed to the conceptualization, methodology, resources, supervision, and critical review and editing of the manuscript. Siamak Zarei-Ghanavati contributed to the conceptualization, supervision, and manuscript review. All authors read and approved the final manuscript. Funding No funding or financial support was provided for this study. Availability of data and materials: The data supporting the findings of this study are not publicly accessible due to participant privacy concerns, but can be obtained from the corresponding author upon reasonable request. Ethics approval and consent to participate This study received approval from the Research Ethics Office of Mashhad University of Medical Sciences (Ethics ID: IR.MUMS.MEDICAL.REC.1403.123). All procedures were conducted in full accordance with the principles outlined in the Declaration of Helsinki. Written informed consent was directly obtained from all participants prior to enrollment. Consent for publication Not applicable. Competing interests The authors declare no conflicts to disclose. References Holden BA, et al. Global Prevalence of Myopia and High Myopia and Temporal Trends from 2000 through 2050. Ophthalmology. 2016;123:1036–42. Trends in prevalence of. blindness and distance and near vision impairment over 30 years: an analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study. Lancet Glob Health. 2020;9:e130–43. Ltd CMIP. Refractive Surgery Market Size & Opportunities, 2025–2032. Coherent Market Insights https://www.coherentmarketinsights.com/industry-reports/refractive-surgery-market (2025). Venkataraman AP, Brautaset R, Domínguez-Vicent A. Effect of six different autorefractor designs on the precision and accuracy of refractive error measurement. PLoS ONE. 2022;17:e0278269. Bennett JR, Stalboerger GM, Hodge DO, Schornack MM. Comparison of refractive assessment by wavefront aberrometry, autorefraction, and subjective refraction. J Optom. 2015;8:109–15. Bamdad S, Momeni-Moghaddam H, Abdolahian M, Piñero DP. Agreement of wavefront-based refraction, dry and cycloplegic autorefraction with subjective refraction. J Optom. 2022;15:100–6. Carpena-Torres C, Batres L, Serramito M, Carracedo G. Repeatability of Subjective Refraction in Different Age Groups. Photonics. 2024;11:634. Calvo-Maroto AM, et al. Comparative Study of Refraction between Wave Front-Based Refraction and Autorefraction without and with Cycloplegia in Children and Adolescents. Children. 2022;9:88. Khan HA, et al. Comparison between cycloplegic and noncycloplegic refraction in young adult myopes. Optom Vis Sci. 2024;101:470–6. Cook WH, McKelvie J, Wallace HB, Misra SL. Comparison of higher order wavefront aberrations with four aberrometers. Indian J Ophthalmol. 2019;67:1030–5. Lin HZ, Chen CC, Lee YC. Comparisons of wavefront refraction, autorefraction, and subjective manifest refraction. Tzu Chi Med J. 2013;25:43–6. Zarei-Ghanavati S, et al. Agreement of a Pyramidal Wavefront-Based Autorefraction with Dry, Cycloplegic, and Subjective Refraction in Myopic Refractive Surgery Candidates. J Curr Ophthalmol. 2024;36:54. Wang Y, et al. Comparison of Subjective and Wavefront-Measured Refractions by InnovEyes Platform in Myopic Patients. J Refract Surg Thorofare NJ 1995. 2024;40:e836–44. Balparda K, Acevedo-Urrego A, Silva-Quintero LA, Herrera-Chalarca T. The Pentacam® AXL Wave provides a reliable wavefront-based objective refraction when compared to manifest subjective refraction: A prospective study. Indian J Ophthalmol. 2022;70:1533–7. Lebow KA, Campbell CE. A comparison of a traditional and wavefront autorefraction. Optom Vis Sci Off Publ Am Acad Optom. 2014;91:1191–8. Pesudovs K, Parker KE, Cheng H, Applegate RA. The precision of wavefront refraction compared to subjective refraction and autorefraction. Optom Vis Sci Off Publ Am Acad Optom. 2007;84:387–92. Fu D, Ding X, Shang J, Yu Z, Zhou X. Accuracy of WASCA Aberrometer Refraction Compared to Manifest Refraction and Cycloplegic Refraction in Hyperopia Measurement. Transl Vis Sci Technol. 2020;9:5. Tabernero J, Otero C, Pardhan SA. Comparison Between Refraction From an Adaptive Optics Visual Simulator and Clinical Refractions. Transl Vis Sci Technol. 2020;9:23. Rao DP, et al. Validation of a simple-to-use, affordable, portable, wavefront aberrometry-based auto refractometer in the adult population: A prospective study. BMC Ophthalmol. 2022;22:498. Yang Y, et al. Evaluation of the Agreement Between a New Pyramid Wavefront Sensor Aberrometer and Scheiner-Smirnov Aberrometers. J Refract Surg. 2024;40(4):e218–28. 10.3928/1081597X-20240311-02https . ://journals.healio.com/doi/full/10.3928/1081597X-20240311-02 . Aghaei H, Aberration. Aberrometry and Aberrometers. In: Mohammadpour M, editor. Diagnostics in Ocular Imaging: Cornea, Retina, Glaucoma and Orbit. Cham: Springer International Publishing; 2021. pp. 381–406. 10.1007/978-3-030-54863-6_11 . Thibos LN, Wheeler W, Horner D. Power vectors: an application of Fourier analysis to the description and statistical analysis of refractive error. Optom Vis Sci Off Publ Am Acad Optom. 1997;74:367–75. Morgan IG, Ohno-Matsui K, Saw S-M, Myopia. Lancet Lond Engl. 2012;379:1739–48. Majumdar S, Tripathy K. Hyperopia. in StatPearls . Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing; 2025. Refai TA. Evaluation of the orientation of the steepest meridian of regular astigmatism among highly myopic Egyptian patients seeking non-ablative surgical correction of the refractive error. Electron Physician. 2015;7:1296–300. Vallat R. Pingouin: statistics in Python. J Open Source Softw. 2018;3:1026. Waskom ML. seaborn: statistical data visualization. J Open Source Softw. 2021;6:3021. McGraw KO, Wong SP. Forming inferences about some intraclass correlation coefficients. Psychol Methods. 1996;1:30–46. Koo TK, Li MY. A Guideline of Selecting and Reporting Intraclass Correlation Coefficients for Reliability Research. J Chiropr Med. 2016;15:155–63. Hedges LV. Distribution theory for Glass’s estimator of effect size and related estimators. J Educ Stat. 1981;6:107–28. Cohen J. Statistical Power Analysis for the Behavioral Sciences. New York: Routledge; 2013. 10.4324/9780203771587 . Huelle JO, et al. Accuracy of wavefront aberrometer refraction vs manifest refraction in cataract patients: impact of age, ametropia and visual function. Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol Albrecht Von Graefes Arch Klin Exp Ophthalmol. 2013;251:1163–73. Mimouni M, et al. Cycloplegic autorefraction in young adults: is it mandatory? Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol. 2016;254:395–8. Hashemi H, et al. Cycloplegic autorefraction versus subjective refraction: the Tehran Eye Study. Br J Ophthalmol. 2016;100:1122–7. Cervino A, Hosking SL, Rai GK, Naroo SA, Gilmartin B. Wavefront analyzers induce instrument myopia. J Refract Surg Thorofare NJ 1995. 2006;22:795–803. Martin J, Vasudevan B, Himebaugh N, Bradley A, Thibos L. Unbiased estimation of refractive state of aberrated eyes. Vis Res. 2011;51:1932–40. Thibos LN, Hong X, Bradley A, Applegate RA. Accuracy and precision of objective refraction from wavefront aberrations. J Vis. 2004;4:329–51. Netto MV, Ambrósio R, Shen TT, Wilson SE. Wavefront analysis in normal refractive surgery candidates. J Refract Surg Thorofare NJ 1995. 2005;21:332–8. Fan R, et al. Comparison of wavefront aberrations under cycloplegic, scotopic and photopic conditions using WaveScan. Arq Bras Oftalmol. 2012;75:116–21. Thibos LN. Unresolved issues in the prediction of subjective refraction from wavefront aberration maps. J Refract Surg Thorofare NJ. 2004;1995 20:S533–536. Frings A, Hassan H, Allan BD. Pyramidal Aberrometry in Wavefront-Guided Myopic LASIK. J Refract Surg Thorofare NJ 1995. 2020;36:442–8. Mirshahi A, Bühren J, Gerhardt D, Kohnen T. In vivo and in vitro repeatability of Hartmann-Shack aberrometry. J Cataract Refract Surg. 2003;29:2295–301. Zhu X, et al. Accuracy of WASCA aberrometer refraction compared to manifest refraction in Chinese adult myopes. J Refract Surg Thorofare NJ 1995. 2009;25:1026–33. MacKenzie GE. Reproducibility of sphero-cylindrical prescriptions. Ophthalmic Physiol Opt J Br Coll Ophthalmic Opt Optom. 2008;28:143–50. Additional Declarations No competing interests reported. Cite Share Download PDF Status: Posted Version 1 posted You are reading this latest preprint version Research Square lets you share your work early, gain feedback from the community, and start making changes to your manuscript prior to peer review in a journal. As a division of Research Square Company, we’re committed to making research communication faster, fairer, and more useful. We do this by developing innovative software and high quality services for the global research community. Our growing team is made up of researchers and industry professionals working together to solve the most critical problems facing scientific publishing. Also discoverable on Platform About Our Team In Review Editorial Policies Advisory Board Help Center Resources Author Services Accessibility API Access RSS feed Manage Cookie Preferences © Research Square 2026 | ISSN 2693-5015 (online) Privacy Policy Terms of Service Do Not Sell My Personal Information {"props":{"pageProps":{"initialData":{"identity":"rs-7111598","acceptedTermsAndConditions":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"archivedVersions":[],"articleType":"Research Article","associatedPublications":[],"authors":[{"id":487289288,"identity":"d0ba0e89-f0ff-49aa-88c7-ac1bfc8fd920","order_by":0,"name":"Armin Doostparast","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Mashhad University of Medical Sciences","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Armin","middleName":"","lastName":"Doostparast","suffix":""},{"id":487289289,"identity":"8daade3c-56f6-463b-abaf-e701353db052","order_by":1,"name":"Siamak Zarei-Ghanavati","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Mashhad University of Medical Sciences","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Siamak","middleName":"","lastName":"Zarei-Ghanavati","suffix":""},{"id":487289290,"identity":"a599051b-3d0c-41f7-bfef-54636ab1af73","order_by":2,"name":"Farbod Semnani","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"National Center for Health Insurance Research","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Farbod","middleName":"","lastName":"Semnani","suffix":""},{"id":487289291,"identity":"601cfeaa-36e0-47cf-b594-784a862b42a3","order_by":3,"name":"Maryam Ghandhari","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Mashhad University of Medical Sciences","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Maryam","middleName":"","lastName":"Ghandhari","suffix":""},{"id":487289292,"identity":"9f4e8d29-562e-46e4-b1b6-53b32a507005","order_by":4,"name":"Amir Hossein Khosronejad","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Amir","middleName":"Hossein","lastName":"Khosronejad","suffix":""},{"id":487289293,"identity":"23332cc2-6079-4bc2-9a92-070b49850b78","order_by":5,"name":"Ehsan Salar","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Mashhad University of Medical Sciences","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Ehsan","middleName":"","lastName":"Salar","suffix":""},{"id":487289295,"identity":"efcd367e-7c48-446a-9d64-c19cc2ce8b90","order_by":6,"name":"Muhammad Islampanah","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Mashhad University of Medical Sciences","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Muhammad","middleName":"","lastName":"Islampanah","suffix":""},{"id":487289298,"identity":"c42d328c-8ab8-428e-b8c0-61acc6c82ef0","order_by":7,"name":"Alireza Eslampoor","email":"data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAZAAAAAyAQMAAABI0h/eAAAABlBMVEX///8AAABVwtN+AAAACXBIWXMAAA7EAAAOxAGVKw4bAAAA60lEQVRIiWNgGAWjYBACezBZAOV9AGI2dgJaDBtApAGEwzgDpIWZgBaDA0hamHnAJCEttw8wPvxhYBdtzt587LPNr23yfMwMjB8+5uDRci6B2ZjHIDl3Z8+x5Nm5fbcN25gZmCVnbsOj5QwDmzSDAXPuhhs5xsy5PbcZgVrYmHnxa2H/+cOgHqLFsue2PTFa2Bh4DA5DtDD8uJ1IUIthD2OzNI/BcbBfGHsbbie3MTM24/WLPQ/zwY8/Kqpzt7M3H2b48ee27fz25oMfPuLRAoy/BogLwew2JBGCABKbf4hTPApGwSgYBSMLAADFPk1B18VRrQAAAABJRU5ErkJggg==","orcid":"","institution":"Mashhad University of Medical Sciences","correspondingAuthor":true,"prefix":"","firstName":"Alireza","middleName":"","lastName":"Eslampoor","suffix":""}],"badges":[],"createdAt":"2025-07-13 06:38:13","currentVersionCode":1,"declarations":"","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-7111598/v1","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-7111598/v1","draftVersion":[],"editorialEvents":[],"editorialNote":"","failedWorkflow":false,"files":[{"id":88222158,"identity":"eb5e99ce-7de2-4879-abb6-f416b4a8fe66","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-08-04 08:03:27","extension":"png","order_by":1,"title":"Figure 1","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":621722,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eBland–Altman Plots Comparing Wavefront-Based Refraction with NCR, CR, and MR for Sphere, Cylinder, M, Blur, J0, and J45\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"Figure1.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7111598/v1/2125363c2e8bf30b2bb71574.png"},{"id":97251323,"identity":"dacdce34-d6c5-44f1-9970-215f77847152","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-12-02 13:16:46","extension":"pdf","order_by":0,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"manuscript-pdf","size":2086448,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"manuscript.pdf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7111598/v1/ac82f0a8-42ee-416d-b110-74416a3290b2.pdf"}],"financialInterests":"No competing interests reported.","formattedTitle":"Agreement of Wavefront-Based Refraction with Autorefraction and Manifest Refraction Across Refractive and Astigmatic Profiles in Refractive Surgery Candidates","fulltext":[{"header":"Introduction","content":"\u003cp\u003eThere is a surge in the disease burden and global demand for refractive surgical procedures. It is projected that by 2050, nearly half of the worldwide population, corresponding to as many as 5\u0026nbsp;billion people, may be affected by myopia, with around 1\u0026nbsp;billion (nearly 10%) afflicted with high myopia [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR1\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR2\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e]. The global refractive surgery market is projected to grow from 253.3\u0026nbsp;million in 2025 to 475.3\u0026nbsp;million (in US dollars) by 2032, showing a strong compound annual growth rate (CAGR) of 9.4% [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR3\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e]. With the burgeoning impact of refractive disorders and related corrective surgeries, there lies the conspicuous significance of a meticulous refractive assessment.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eManifest refraction (MR) is considered the gold standard for determining adult quality of vision by incorporating patient feedback to determine the optimal correction that provides the best visual acuity [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR4\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003e]. However, MR is time-consuming, subjective, and requires experienced clinicians [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR5\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e5\u003c/span\u003e]. On the other hand, objective refraction measurement instruments offer a rapid, objective estimate of refractive error, have better compliance in non-cooperative or pediatric patients, and lower dependence on operator expertise [\u003cspan additionalcitationids=\"CR6 CR7\" citationid=\"CR5\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e5\u003c/span\u003e–\u003cspan citationid=\"CR8\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e8\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eAutorefractometry is the most widely used objective measurement method, owing to its easy and rapid utility in clinical settings. Autorefraction estimates refraction by analyzing light reflection from the retina, measured without (NCR: Non-Cycloplegic Refraction) or under cycloplegia (CR: Cycloplegic Refraction). A significant limitation of NCR is its susceptibility to the influence of the eye's natural accommodative response, which can lead to overestimating myopia or underestimating hyperopia. This condition is particularly pronounced in younger individuals with greater accommodative amplitudes [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR9\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e9\u003c/span\u003e]. To mitigate this, CR is often employed, especially in pediatric or hyperopic populations, by temporarily paralyzing accommodation to reveal the latent refractive error.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eMore recently, wavefront-based objective refraction has emerged as an advanced modality that uses aberrometry to measure the eye’s total optical aberrations. By analyzing second-order Zernike coefficients—defocus and astigmatism—wavefront refraction (WFR) can derive the spherical and cylindrical components of refractive error with high precision [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR5\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e5\u003c/span\u003e]. In addition to low-order aberrations, WFR provides information on higher-order aberrations that may impact visual quality, making it particularly relevant for customized vision correction strategies [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR10\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e10\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eDespite these advantages, WFR remains less extensively studied compared with conventional refraction methods, particularly in real-world clinical settings. Moreover, among the limited studies that have assessed WFR, the majority have relied on Hartmann-Shack aberrometry—a well-established but relatively lower-resolution method. Wavefront refraction derived from pyramidal aberrometry, which features higher spatial sensitivity and a distinct optical design, remains even more scarcely investigated, and its agreement with standard techniques is not yet well defined. Furthermore, existing literature on WFR has predominantly focused on myopic populations [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR6\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e6\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR9\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e9\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan additionalcitationids=\"CR12 CR13 CR14 CR15\" citationid=\"CR11\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e11\u003c/span\u003e–\u003cspan citationid=\"CR16\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e16\u003c/span\u003e], with a few studies available in hyperopic patients [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR17\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e17\u003c/span\u003e] or populations with hyperopic subgroups [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR18\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e18\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR19\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e19\u003c/span\u003e], leaving a gap in understanding its performance across a broader spectrum of refractive errors.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eAccordingly, the present study aims to assess whether wavefront-based objective refraction obtained through pyramidal aberrometry could serve as a suitable alternative to traditional techniques across both myopia and hyperopia, and determine the extent to which WFR correlates with or differs from manifest and automated techniques in terms of various refractive components.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Methods","content":"\u003cp\u003eThis cross-sectional study was conducted at Noorafarin Eye Clinic, a tertiary referral center in Mashhad, Iran. 111 patients (222 eyes) were enrolled, with imaging performed between December 2023 and February 2024. The study protocol received approval from the Research Ethics Office of Mashhad University of Medical Sciences (Ethics ID: IR.MUMS.MEDICAL.REC.1404.123). All participants provided written informed consent after clearly explaining the study’s objectives and procedures. The research adhered to the ethical standards outlined in the Declaration of Helsinki.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eEligible participants were individuals aged 35 to 55 years with healthy, unoperated eyes who were candidates for refractive surgery. This age range was selected to achieve a more homogeneous demographic profile, as age-related factors can influence aberrometry profiles [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR20\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e20\u003c/span\u003e]. All subjects shared the same ethnic background. Exclusion criteria included current pregnancy or breast-feeding, confirmed or suspected keratoconus, a prior diagnosis of dry eye disease, any history of corneal disorders or trauma, previous ocular surgery, inadequate fixation during imaging, use of rigid contact lenses within four weeks or soft lenses within two weeks before imaging, and any other abnormalities of the anterior segment.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eAll imaging procedures were performed between 9 AM and 11:30 AM under appropriate lighting conditions. To assure the best acquisition quality, participants were asked to blink before each acquisition to spread a smooth and uniform tear film over the corneal surface, and the scanning sequence was initiated immediately. Participants were instructed to fixate on the target and keep their eyes fully open during the scans. Each participant's right eye was scanned three times consecutively in a room with a low mesopic light condition, with a brief rest between the measurements.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eWFR was measured by a pyramidal sensor-based aberrometer (PERAMIS, SCHWIND eye-tech-solutions GmbH, Kleinostheim, Germany; software: Phoenix v3.7.01.08). This device is designed to measure wavefront aberrations at over 45,000 points, which, due to its wide dynamic range, can capture both minor and major ocular aberrations in approximately 3 seconds on average [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR21\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e21\u003c/span\u003e]. As the pupil analysis area significantly influences the wavefront aberration (WA) values, a constant analysis area as large as 6 mm and a vertex distance of 12mm were selected for further evaluation. We ensured that the difference in spherical equivalent between the scans remains under 0.5 diopters to confirm the absence of accommodation during the measurement. If this condition was not met, the entire scan sequence was repeated.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eNCR and CR were measured using an autorefractometer (KR-1, Topcon Co., Tokyo, Japan). MR was performed with a trial frame set at a vertex distance of 12 mm. The initial values for MR were based on three autorefractometer readings, and the endpoint was defined as the lowest minus and maximum plus lens, which provided the best distance visual acuity for myopia and hyperopia, respectively. A Duochrome test was used to fine-tune the monocular spherical component, while a Jackson cross cylinder was applied to refine the astigmatism's power and axis. All procedures were carried out by a skilled and experienced optometrist under consistent room lighting. The testing sequence began with measuring WFR, followed by NCR, and then CR. Each method was performed three times, and the average of the three readings was used for analysis. Cycloplegia was achieved by instilling three drops of 1.0% tropicamide at 5-minute intervals, with CR performed 30 minutes after the final drop, once adequate pupil dilation was confirmed. For each of the four techniques, data were collected on sphere (S), cylinder (C), spherical equivalent (M), Blur (B), horizontal/vertical astigmatism (J0), and oblique astigmatism (J45). Blur was defined as the total blurring effect of the sphero-cylindrical aberrations of the eye using power vector analysis proposed by Thibos et al. [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR22\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e22\u003c/span\u003e]. Thus, M, B, J0, and J45 were calculated using the following formulas, where A represents the astigmatic axis:\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eM = S + (C / 2),\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eJ0 = - (C / 2) × cos (2A),\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eJ45= - (C / 2) × sin (2A),\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eB= \u003cspan class=\"InlineEquation\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"mathinline\"\u003e\\(\\:\\sqrt{(\\text{M}²\\:+\\:\\text{J}0²\\:+\\:\\text{J}45²)}\\)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eAfter calculating the M, Participants were stratified into myopic (M ≤ − 0.5 D) and hyperopic (M ≥ + 0.5 D) groups, with further severity-based subdivision:\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cul\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cp\u003eMyopia: Mild (M \u0026lt; -3.0 D), moderate (M: -3.0 to -5.0 D), severe (M \u0026gt;-5.0 D) [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR23\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e23\u003c/span\u003e]\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cp\u003eHyperopia: Mild ( \u0026lt; + 2.0 D), moderate (+ 2.0 to + 5.0 D) [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR24\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e24\u003c/span\u003e]\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003c/ul\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eAstigmatism was categorized by axis [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR25\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e25\u003c/span\u003e]:\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cul\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cp\u003eWith-the-rule (WTR): 60–120°\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cp\u003eAgainst-the-rule (ATR): 0–30°; 150–180°\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cp\u003eOblique: 30–60°; 120–150°\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003c/ul\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eAgreement between refractive measurements was analyzed across all subgroups.\u003c/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eStatistical Analysis:\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eData analysis and visualization were performed using the Pingouin and Seaborn libraries in Python version 3.1, respectively [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR26\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e26\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR27\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e27\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eIntraclass Correlation Coefficients (ICC) were calculated to evaluate the measurement agreement between the two systems, following the guidelines established by McGraw and Wong in 1996 [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR28\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e28\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR29\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e29\u003c/span\u003e]. Assuming a two-way random-effects model with absolute agreement for single measurements, ICC(2,1), or in simpler terms ICC in our study, represents the absolute agreement of measurements and thus the extent of their clinical interchangeability.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eHowever, the interpretation of ICC values differs across studies due to methodological differences and the context-dependent nature of these interpretations. Hereby, we adopted the classification proposed by Koo and Li [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR29\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e29\u003c/span\u003e], defining ICC values of \u0026lt; 0.50, 0.50 to 0.74, 0.75 to 0.9, and \u0026gt; 0.90 as poor, moderate, good, and excellent agreement, respectively. A similar rule of thumb was considered for the determination coefficient (R²) values, derived from simple linear regression models.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eMoreover, WFR measurements (Diopters) were compared with other methods using the paired samples t-tests, followed by a subsequent effect size calculation (Hedges’ g) to elucidate the magnitude of difference besides the statistical significance [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR30\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e30\u003c/span\u003e]. Cut-offs of \u0026lt; 0.2, 0.2 to 0.5, 0.5 to 0.8, and \u0026gt; 0.8 were used to represent negligible, small, medium, and large magnitudes of effect, respectively [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR31\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e31\u003c/span\u003e]. Bland-Altman analysis was also conducted to assess measurement bias, calculate the 95% limits of agreement (LoA), and visualize the distribution of data within the LoA.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Results","content":"\u003cp\u003eA total of 111 right eyes from refractive surgery candidates were analyzed. The mean age was 41.4\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;5.1 years; 31% were male. Mean manifest refraction was \u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1.00\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;2.40 D (sphere) and 1.30\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.10 D (cylinder), with a mean LogMAR (logarithm of minimum angle of resolution) visual acuity of 0.01\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.03. All methods followed a consistent refractive trend: CR\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;MR\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;NCR\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;WFR for both spherical equivalent (M) and blur (B), with WFR producing the most myopic values (p\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.05 for all pairwise refractive comparisons except WFR vs. NCR sphere and B).\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eOverall Agreement of Wavefront-Based Refraction with Conventional Methods\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eAccording to Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab1\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e, across the full sample, WFR showed excellent agreement with NCR, CR, and MR, with ICC values\u0026thinsp;\u0026gt;\u0026thinsp;0.90 and R2 values\u0026thinsp;\u0026gt;\u0026thinsp;0.86 for all refractive components except for J45, which demonstrated a moderate to good overall agreement (ICC values: 0.75 to 0.82 and R2 values 0.59 to 0.70). LOA ranges were narrowest for WR\u0026ndash;NCR (M: \u0026minus;1.05 to +\u0026thinsp;0.85 D) and widest for WR\u0026ndash;CR (M: \u0026minus;1.67 to +\u0026thinsp;0.55 D).\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab1\" border=\"1\"\u003e\u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 1\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eAbsolute Agreement, 95% Limits of Agreement, Consistency of Measurements, and Mean Difference\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;Standard Deviation of Non-Cycloplegic Refraction (NCR), CR (Cycloplegic Refraction), and Manifest Refraction (MR) compared with Wavefront-based Refraction (WR) Among the Study Population\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/caption\u003e\u003ccolgroup cols=\"14\"\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c6\" colnum=\"6\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c7\" colnum=\"7\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c8\" colnum=\"8\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c9\" colnum=\"9\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c10\" colnum=\"10\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c11\" colnum=\"11\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c12\" colnum=\"12\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c13\" colnum=\"13\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c14\" colnum=\"14\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cthead\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"4\" nameend=\"c5\" namest=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eNCR\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"4\" nameend=\"c9\" namest=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eCR\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"5\" nameend=\"c14\" namest=\"c10\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eMR\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/thead\u003e\u003ctbody\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eParams\u003csup\u003e\u003cem\u003ea\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eICC\u003csup\u003e\u003cem\u003eb\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eLOA range\u003csup\u003e\u003cem\u003ec\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eR2\u003csup\u003ed\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eMean diff\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;SE(Hedges)\u003csup\u003e\u003cem\u003ee\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eICC\u003csup\u003e\u003cem\u003eb\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eLOA range\u003csup\u003e\u003cem\u003ec\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eR2\u003csup\u003ed\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eMean diff\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;SE(Hedges)\u003csup\u003e\u003cem\u003ee\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eICC\u003csup\u003e\u003cem\u003eb\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eLOA range\u003csup\u003e\u003cem\u003ec\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eR2\u003csup\u003ed\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c13\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eMean diff\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;SE(Hedges)\u003csup\u003e\u003cem\u003ee\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"1\" nameend=\"c14\" namest=\"c14\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eSphere\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.98\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.84\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e(-0.96:0.87)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.97\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-0.05\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.04\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e(-0.02)\u003csup\u003eNS\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.96\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2.09\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e(-1.52:0.57)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.96\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-0.48\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.05 (-0.19)\u003csup\u003eS3\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.97\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.95\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e(-1.29:0.65)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.96\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c13\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-0.32\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.05\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e(-0.13)\u003csup\u003eS3\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"1\" nameend=\"c14\" namest=\"c14\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eCylinder\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.94\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.79\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e(-1.00:0.79)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.89\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-0.1\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.04\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e(-0.08)\u003csup\u003eS1\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.94\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.75\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e(-1.03:0.72)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.90\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-0.15\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.04 (-0.11)\u003csup\u003eS3\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.95\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.68\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e(-0.97:0.71)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.91\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c13\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-0.13\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.04\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e(-0.10)\u003csup\u003eS3\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"1\" nameend=\"c14\" namest=\"c14\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eM\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.98\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.90\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e(-1.05:0.85)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.97\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-0.1\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.05\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e(-0.04)\u003csup\u003eS1\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.96\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2.22\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e(-1.67:0.55)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.95\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-0.56\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.05\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e(-0.21)\u003csup\u003eS3\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.97\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2.04\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e(-1.41:0.63)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.96\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c13\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-0.39\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.05\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e(-0.15)\u003csup\u003eS3\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"1\" nameend=\"c14\" namest=\"c14\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eB\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.96\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2.00\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e(-0.93:1.07)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.93\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.07\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.05\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e(0.04)\u003csup\u003eNS\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.90\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2.93\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e(-1.16:1.78)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.86\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.31\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.07 (0.17)\u003csup\u003eS3\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.93\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2.40\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e(-0.88:1.51)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.91\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c13\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.31\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.06\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e(0.17)\u003csup\u003eS3\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"1\" nameend=\"c14\" namest=\"c14\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eJ0\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.91\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.47\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e(-0.75:0.72)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.83\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-0.02\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.04\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e(-0.02)\u003csup\u003eNS\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.92\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.38\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e(-0.67:0.72)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.84\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.02\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.03\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e(0.03)\u003csup\u003eNS\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.90\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.53\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e(-0.76:0.76)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.81\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c13\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.04\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e(0)\u003csup\u003eNS\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"1\" nameend=\"c14\" namest=\"c14\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eJ45\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.75\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.21\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e(-0.56:0.65)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.59\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.04\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.03\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e(0.10)\u003csup\u003eNS\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.76\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.18\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e(-0.54:0.64)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.61\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.05\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.03\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e(0.11)\u003csup\u003eNS\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.82\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.05\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e(-0.49:0.56)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.70\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c13\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.04\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.03\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e(0.08)\u003csup\u003eNS\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"1\" nameend=\"c14\" namest=\"c14\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"14\" nameend=\"c14\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003csup\u003e\u003cem\u003ea\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e The studied parameters; M: Spherical Equivalent, B: Blur, J0: Jackson cross-cylinder at 0\u0026deg;/90\u0026deg;, J45: Jackson cross-cylinder at 45\u0026deg;/135\u0026deg;\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003csup\u003e\u003cem\u003eb\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e ICC: Intraclass Correlation Coefficient (2,1) representing the absolute agreement of measurements\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003csup\u003e\u003cem\u003ec\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e LOA: 95% Limits of Agreement Range (Lower LOA: Upper LOA)\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003csup\u003e\u003cem\u003ed\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e The adjusted R\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e of simple linear regression\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003csup\u003ee\u003c/sup\u003e mean difference\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;SE (standard error) reported as WR \u0026ndash; NCR/CR/MR; the number within the parenthesis represents the effect size (Hedges' g); Measurements were compared using paired samples t-test; \u003csup\u003eNS\u003c/sup\u003e: A non-significant P-value (\u0026gt;\u0026thinsp;0.05); \u003csup\u003eS1\u003c/sup\u003e: A significant P-value (\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.05); \u003csup\u003eS2\u003c/sup\u003e: A significant P-value (\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.01); \u003csup\u003eS3\u003c/sup\u003e: A significant P-value (\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001)\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e*P-values for all ICC and Adjusted R\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e values were \u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/tbody\u003e\u003c/colgroup\u003e\u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eMean differences were generally small, particularly for WFR-NCR (M: -0.1\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.05 D), followed by WFR-MR (M: -0.39\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.05 D) and WFR-CR (M: -0.56\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.05 D). Across all refractive components, J0 and J45 consistently showed no significant difference; however, there were generally significant differences for other refractive components across the comparisons. Figure\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig1\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e illustrates the Bland-Altman plots for the agreement of various refractive components across the whole sample size.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eSubgroup Analysis by Refractive Status (Myopia vs. Hyperopia)\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eTable\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab2\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e presents the agreement data stratified by refractive status. In myopic eyes (n\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;87), WFR maintained excellent agreement with all other methods (ICC values\u0026thinsp;\u0026gt;\u0026thinsp;0.90 except for J45; mean differences generally\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.50 D; LOA less than 2.35 D). In hyperopic eyes (n\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;24), however, the agreement was weaker (ICC values ranging from 0.71 (WFR-MR cylinder) to 0.93 (WFR-NCR sphere), with cylinder and J45 showing the weakest agreement). The myopic shift of WFR was more pronounced in hyperopes; for instance, the mean difference in M between WFR and CR was \u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;0.75\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.10 D in hyperopes, compared to -0.50\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.06 D in myopes. Hedges\u0026rsquo; g values were also larger for these differences in hyperopes.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab2\" border=\"1\"\u003e\u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 2\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eAbsolute Agreement, 95% Limits of Agreement, Consistency of Measurements, and Mean Difference\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;Standard Deviation of Non-Cycloplegic Refraction (NCR), CR (Cycloplegic Refraction), and Manifest Refraction (MR) compared with Wavefront-based Refraction (WR) Based on Refractive Status (Myopia/Hyperopia)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/caption\u003e\u003ccolgroup cols=\"13\"\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c6\" colnum=\"6\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c7\" colnum=\"7\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c8\" colnum=\"8\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c9\" colnum=\"9\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c10\" colnum=\"10\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c11\" colnum=\"11\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c12\" colnum=\"12\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c13\" colnum=\"13\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cthead\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"4\" nameend=\"c5\" namest=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eNCR\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"4\" nameend=\"c9\" namest=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eCR\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"4\" nameend=\"c13\" namest=\"c10\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eMR\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/thead\u003e\u003ctbody\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eParams\u003csup\u003e\u003cem\u003ea\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eICC\u003csup\u003e\u003cem\u003eb\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eLOA range\u003csup\u003e\u003cem\u003ec\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eR2\u003csup\u003ed\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eMean diff\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;SE(Hedges)\u003csup\u003e\u003cem\u003ee\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eICC\u003csup\u003e\u003cem\u003eb\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eLOA range\u003csup\u003e\u003cem\u003ec\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eR2\u003csup\u003ed\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eMean diff\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;SE(Hedges)\u003csup\u003e\u003cem\u003ee\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eICC\u003csup\u003e\u003cem\u003eb\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eLOA range\u003csup\u003e\u003cem\u003ec\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eR2\u003csup\u003ed\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c13\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eMean diff\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;SE(Hedges)\u003csup\u003e\u003cem\u003ee\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"13\" nameend=\"c13\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eMyopia (n\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;87)\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eSphere\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.97\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.83\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e(-0.91:0.92)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.94\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.00\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.05\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e(0.00)\u003csup\u003eNS\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.94\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2.14\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e(-1.49:0.65)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.92\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-0.42\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.06\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e(-0.22)\u003csup\u003eS3\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.95\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.91\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e(-1.26:0.65)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.94\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c13\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-0.31\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.05 (-0.16)\u003csup\u003eS3\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eCylinder\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.95\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.90\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e(-1.05:0.85)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.90\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-0.10\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.05\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e(-0.07)\u003csup\u003eNS\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.94\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.85\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e(-1.09:0.76)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.90\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-0.17\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.05\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e(-0.11)\u003csup\u003eS3\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.95\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.74\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e(-1.01:0.73)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.91\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c13\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-0.14\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.05 (-0.10)\u003csup\u003eS3\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eM\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.97\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.86\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e(-0.97:0.88)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.94\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-0.04\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.05\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e(-0.02)\u003csup\u003eNS\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.92\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2.25\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e(-1.63:0.62)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.92\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-0.50\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.06\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e(-0.27)\u003csup\u003eS3\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.94\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2.08\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e(-1.42:0.66)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.93\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c13\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-0.38\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.06 (-0.20)\u003csup\u003eS3\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eB\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.96\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2.01\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e(-0.87:1.14)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.93\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.14\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.06\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e(0.07)\u003csup\u003eS1\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.91\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2.35\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e(-0.63:1.73)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.92\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.55\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.06\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e(0.30)\u003csup\u003eS3\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.92\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2.22\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e(-0.65:1.57)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.92\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c13\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.46\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.06 (0.25)\u003csup\u003eS3\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eJ0\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.91\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.62\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e(-0.83:0.79)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.82\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-0.02\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.04\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e(-0.02)\u003csup\u003eNS\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.92\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.52\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e(-0.74:0.78)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.84\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.02\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.04\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e(0.02)\u003csup\u003eNS\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.90\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.66\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e(-0.84:0.82)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.81\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c13\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-0.01\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.05 (-0.01)\u003csup\u003eNS\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eJ45\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.75\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.33\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e(-0.62:0.72)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.60\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.05\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.04\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e(0.10)\u003csup\u003eNS\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.76\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.30\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e(-0.59:0.71)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.62\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.06\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.04\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e(0.12)\u003csup\u003eNS\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.82\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.13\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e(-0.52:0.61)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.71\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c13\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.04\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.03 (0.09)\u003csup\u003eNS\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"13\" nameend=\"c13\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eHyperopia (n\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;24)\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eSphere\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.93\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.71\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e(-1.08:0.63)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.88\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-0.23\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.09\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e(-0.18)\u003csup\u003eS1\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.83\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.67\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e(-1.53:0.14)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.90\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-0.70\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.09\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e(-0.53)\u003csup\u003eS3\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.85\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2.10\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e(-1.41:0.69)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.81\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c13\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-0.36\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.11 (-0.31)\u003csup\u003eS2\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eCylinder\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.78\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.29\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e(-0.78:0.52)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.63\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-0.13\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.07\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e(-0.25)\u003csup\u003eNS\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.77\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.36\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e(-0.79:0.57)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.60\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-0.11\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.07\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e(-0.20)\u003csup\u003eNS\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.71\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.45\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e(-0.82:0.63)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.49\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c13\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-0.09\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.08 (-0.19)\u003csup\u003eNS\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eM\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.91\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.92\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e(-1.25:0.67)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.87\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-0.29\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.10\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e(-0.22)\u003csup\u003eS2\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.81\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.95\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e(-1.73:0.23)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.88\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-0.75\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.10\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e(-0.54)\u003csup\u003eS3\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.87\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.90\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e(-1.36:0.54)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.85\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c13\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-0.41\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.10 (-0.34)\u003csup\u003eS3\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eB\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.92\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.66\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e(-1.01:0.65)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.88\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-0.18\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.09\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e(-0.16)\u003csup\u003eNS\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.80\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2.21\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e(-1.67:0.55)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.86\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-0.56\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.12\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e(-0.47)\u003csup\u003eS3\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.87\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.79\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e(-1.11:0.68)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.79\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c13\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-0.22\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.09 (-0.22)\u003csup\u003eS1\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eJ0\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.91\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.73\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e(-0.37:0.35)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.83\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-0.01\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.04\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e(-0.02)\u003csup\u003eNS\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.91\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.73\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e(-0.34:.39)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.83\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.03\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.04\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e(0.06)\u003csup\u003eNS\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.86\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.89\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e(-0.42:0.48)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.74\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c13\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.03\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.05 (0.07)\u003csup\u003eNS\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eJ45\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.76\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.58\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e(-0.28:0.30)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.55\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.01\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.03\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e(0.06)\u003csup\u003eNS\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.77\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.55\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e(-0.25:0.30)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.58\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.02\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.03\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e(0.11)\u003csup\u003eNS\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.73\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.64\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e(-0.31:0.33)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.51\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c13\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.01\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.03 (0.05)\u003csup\u003eNS\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"13\" nameend=\"c13\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003csup\u003e\u003cem\u003ea\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e The studied parameters; M: Spherical Equivalent, B: Blur, J0: Jackson cross-cylinder at 0\u0026deg;/90\u0026deg;, J45: Jackson cross-cylinder at 45\u0026deg;/135\u0026deg;\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003csup\u003e\u003cem\u003eb\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e ICC: Intraclass Correlation Coefficient (2,1) representing the absolute agreement of measurements\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003csup\u003e\u003cem\u003ec\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e LOA: 95% Limits of Agreement Range (Lower LOA: Upper LOA)\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003csup\u003e\u003cem\u003ed\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e The adjusted R\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e of simple linear regression\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003csup\u003ee\u003c/sup\u003e mean difference\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;SE (standard error) reported as WR \u0026ndash; NCR/CR/MR; the number within the parenthesis represents the effect size (Hedges' g); Measurements were compared using paired samples t-test; \u003csup\u003eNS\u003c/sup\u003e: A non-significant P-value (\u0026gt;\u0026thinsp;0.05); \u003csup\u003eS1\u003c/sup\u003e: A significant P-value (\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.05); \u003csup\u003eS2\u003c/sup\u003e: A significant P-value (\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.01); \u003csup\u003eS3\u003c/sup\u003e: A significant P-value (\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001)\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e*P-values for all ICC and Adjusted R\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e values were \u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/tbody\u003e\u003c/colgroup\u003e\u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eSubgroup Analysis by Severity of Ametropia\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eTables\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab3\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e and \u003cspan refid=\"Tab4\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003e present the agreement based on the severity of myopia and hyperopia, respectively. In myopic eyes (Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab3\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e), as the severity of myopia increased from mild (\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;3 D) and moderate (3\u0026ndash;5 D) to severe (\u0026ge;\u0026thinsp;5 D), the mean differences for M between WFR and CR became more negative (-0.44\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.08 D and \u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;0.43\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.09 D to -0.99\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.16 D, respectively). A similar trend was observed for WFR-MR (M differences: -0.38\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.08 D and \u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;0.21\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.07 D to -0.81\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.14 D). Despite these increasing mean differences, ICC values remained relatively high across myopia subgroups and parameters (generally\u0026thinsp;\u0026gt;\u0026thinsp;0.85 except for M and B in WFR-CR and WFR-MR and J45 across most comparisons)\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab3\" border=\"1\"\u003e\u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 3\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eAbsolute Agreement, 95% Limits of Agreement, Consistency of Measurements, and Mean Difference\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;Standard Deviation of Non-Cycloplegic Refraction (NCR), CR (Cycloplegic Refraction), and Manifest Refraction (MR) compared with Wavefront-based Refraction (WR) Based on Myopia Severity Classification\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/caption\u003e\u003ccolgroup cols=\"13\"\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c6\" colnum=\"6\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c7\" colnum=\"7\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c8\" colnum=\"8\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c9\" colnum=\"9\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c10\" colnum=\"10\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c11\" colnum=\"11\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c12\" colnum=\"12\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c13\" colnum=\"13\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cthead\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"4\" nameend=\"c5\" namest=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eNCR\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"4\" nameend=\"c9\" namest=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eCR\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"4\" nameend=\"c13\" namest=\"c10\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eMR\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/thead\u003e\u003ctbody\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eParams\u003csup\u003e\u003cem\u003ea\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eICC\u003csup\u003e\u003cem\u003eb\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eLOA range\u003csup\u003e\u003cem\u003ec\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eR2\u003csup\u003ed\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eMean diff\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026plusmn; SE\u003csup\u003e\u003cem\u003ee\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eICC\u003csup\u003e\u003cem\u003eb\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eLOA range\u003csup\u003e\u003cem\u003ec\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eR2\u003csup\u003ed\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eMean diff\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026plusmn; SE\u003csup\u003e\u003cem\u003ee\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eICC\u003csup\u003e\u003cem\u003eb\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eLOA range\u003csup\u003e\u003cem\u003ec\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eR2\u003csup\u003ed\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c13\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eMean diff\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026plusmn; SE\u003csup\u003e\u003cem\u003ee\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"13\" nameend=\"c13\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eMild Myopia (\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;3 Diopter) (n\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;52)\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eSphere\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.95\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.36\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.90\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.05\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.05\u003csup\u003eNS\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.82\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2.20\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.76\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-0.36\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.08\u003csup\u003eS3\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.82\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2.08\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.73\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c13\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-0.30\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.07\u003csup\u003eS3\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eCylinder\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.97\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.25\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.95\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-0.14\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.04\u003csup\u003eS2\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.94\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.63\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.91\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-0.17\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.06\u003csup\u003eS2\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.96\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.28\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.95\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c13\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-0.16\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.05\u003csup\u003eS3\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eM\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.94\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.33\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.88\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-0.03\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.05\u003csup\u003eNS\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.68\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2.36\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.58\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-0.44\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.08\u003csup\u003eS3\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.69\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2.23\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.61\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c13\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-0.38\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.08\u003csup\u003eS3\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eB\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.90\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.70\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.83\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.13\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.06\u003csup\u003eS1\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.68\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2.36\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.70\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.47\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.08\u003csup\u003eS3\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.69\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2.32\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.72\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c13\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.45\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.08\u003csup\u003e3\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eJ0\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.88\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.66\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.77\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-0.03\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.06\u003csup\u003eNS\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.91\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.47\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.82\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.00\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.05\u003csup\u003eNS\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.88\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.69\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.76\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c13\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-0.02\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.06\u003csup\u003eNS\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eJ45\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.74\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.14\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.58\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.03\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.04\u003csup\u003eNS\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.68\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.28\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.49\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.06\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.05\u003csup\u003eNS\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.82\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.97\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.71\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c13\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.03\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.03\u003csup\u003eNS\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"13\" nameend=\"c13\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eModerate Myopia (3\u0026ndash;5 Diopters) (n\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;25)\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eSphere\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.88\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2.23\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.75\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.08\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.11\u003csup\u003eNS\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.90\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.67\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.87\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-0.36\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.09\u003csup\u003eS3\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.94\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.34\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.91\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c13\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-0.18\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.07\u003csup\u003eS1\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eCylinder\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.92\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2.69\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.84\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.06\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.14\u003csup\u003eNS\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.94\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2.27\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.88\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-0.15\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.12\u003csup\u003eNS\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.93\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2.46\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.86\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c13\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-0.07\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.13\u003csup\u003eNS\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eM\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.69\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2.22\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.47\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.11\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.11\u003csup\u003eNS\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.66\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.69\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.61\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-0.43\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.09\u003csup\u003eS3\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.76\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.42\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.67\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c13\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-0.21\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.07\u003csup\u003eS2\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eB\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.73\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2.18\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.51\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-0.02\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.11\u003csup\u003eNS\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.53\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2.03\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.46\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.51\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.10\u003csup\u003eS3\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.64\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.76\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.57\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c13\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.31\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.09\u003csup\u003eS2\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eJ0\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.92\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.65\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.84\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-0.03\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.08\u003csup\u003eNS\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.91\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.66\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.82\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.03\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.08\u003csup\u003eNS\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.91\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.69\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.81\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c13\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.00\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.09\u003csup\u003eNS\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eJ45\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.73\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.59\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.54\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.14\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.08\u003csup\u003eNS\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.77\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.37\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.66\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.10\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.07\u003csup\u003eNS\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.79\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.43\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.63\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c13\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.11\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.07\u003csup\u003eNS\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"13\" nameend=\"c13\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eSevere Myopia (\u0026thinsp;\u0026gt;\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;5 Diopters) (n\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;11)\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eSphere\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.80\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2.11\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.70\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-0.40\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.16\u003csup\u003eS1\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.60\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2.06\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.70\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-0.91\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.16\u003csup\u003eS3\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.71\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.45\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.86\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c13\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-0.71\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.11\u003csup\u003eS3\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eCylinder\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.92\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2.12\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.85\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-0.21\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.16\u003csup\u003eNS\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.94\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.92\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.88\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-0.17\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.15\u003csup\u003eNS\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.95\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.72\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.91\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c13\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-0.21\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.13\u003csup\u003eNS\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eM\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.88\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2.08\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.85\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-0.50\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.16\u003csup\u003eS1\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.74\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2.09\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.85\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-0.99\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.16\u003csup\u003eS3\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.80\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.81\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.90\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c13\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-0.81\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.14\u003csup\u003eS3\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eB\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.88\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2.22\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.86\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.54\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.17\u003csup\u003eS1\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.76\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2.23\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.87\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.02\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.17\u003csup\u003eS3\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.81\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2.05\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.90\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c13\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.85\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.16\u003csup\u003eS3\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eJ0\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.93\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.41\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.84\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.03\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.11\u003csup\u003eNS\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.92\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.44\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.83\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.08\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.11\u003csup\u003eNS\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.92\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.48\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.83\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c13\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.01\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.11\u003csup\u003eNS\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eJ45\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.76\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.38\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.67\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-0.08\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.11\u003csup\u003eNS\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.85\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.20\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.72\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-0.05\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.09\u003csup\u003eNS\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.88\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.02\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.86\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c13\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-0.04\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.08\u003csup\u003eNS\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"13\" nameend=\"c13\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003csup\u003e\u003cem\u003ea\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e The studied parameters; M: Spherical Equivalent, B: Blur, J0: Jackson cross-cylinder at 0\u0026deg;/90\u0026deg;, J45: Jackson cross-cylinder at 45\u0026deg;/135\u0026deg;\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003csup\u003e\u003cem\u003eb\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e ICC: Intraclass Correlation Coefficient (2,1) representing the absolute agreement of measurements\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003csup\u003e\u003cem\u003ec\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e LOA: 95% Limits of Agreement Range\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003csup\u003e\u003cem\u003ed\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e The adjusted R\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e of simple linear regression\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003csup\u003ee\u003c/sup\u003e mean difference\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;SE (standard error) reported as WR \u0026ndash; NCR/CR/MR; the number within the parenthesis represents the effect size (Hedges' g); Measurements were compared using paired samples t-test; \u003csup\u003eNS\u003c/sup\u003e: A non-significant P-value (\u0026gt;\u0026thinsp;0.05); \u003csup\u003eS1\u003c/sup\u003e: A significant P-value (\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.05); \u003csup\u003eS2\u003c/sup\u003e: A significant P-value (\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.01); \u003csup\u003eS3\u003c/sup\u003e: A significant P-value (\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001)\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e*P-values for all ICC and Adjusted R\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e values were \u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/tbody\u003e\u003c/colgroup\u003e\u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab4\" border=\"1\"\u003e\u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 4\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eAbsolute Agreement, 95% Limits of Agreement, Consistency of Measurements, and Mean Difference\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;Standard Deviation of Non-Cycloplegic Refraction (NCR), CR (Cycloplegic Refraction), and Manifest Refraction (MR) compared with Wavefront-based Refraction (WR) Based on Hyperopia Severity Classification\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/caption\u003e\u003ccolgroup cols=\"13\"\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c6\" colnum=\"6\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c7\" colnum=\"7\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c8\" colnum=\"8\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c9\" colnum=\"9\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c10\" colnum=\"10\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c11\" colnum=\"11\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c12\" colnum=\"12\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c13\" colnum=\"13\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cthead\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"4\" nameend=\"c5\" namest=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eNCR\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"4\" nameend=\"c9\" namest=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eCR\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"4\" nameend=\"c13\" namest=\"c10\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eMR\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/thead\u003e\u003ctbody\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eParams\u003csup\u003e\u003cem\u003ea\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eICC\u003csup\u003e\u003cem\u003eb\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eLOA range\u003csup\u003e\u003cem\u003ec\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eR2\u003csup\u003ed\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eMean diff\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026plusmn; SE\u003csup\u003e\u003cem\u003ee\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eICC\u003csup\u003e\u003cem\u003eb\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eLOA range\u003csup\u003e\u003cem\u003ec\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eR2\u003csup\u003ed\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eMean diff\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026plusmn; SE\u003csup\u003e\u003cem\u003ee\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eICC\u003csup\u003e\u003cem\u003eb\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eLOA range\u003csup\u003e\u003cem\u003ec\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eR2\u003csup\u003ed\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c13\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eMean diff\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026plusmn; SE\u003csup\u003e\u003cem\u003ee\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"13\" nameend=\"c13\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eMild Hyperopia (\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;2 Diopter) (n\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;11)\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eSphere\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.65\u003csup\u003eS1\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.94\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.39\u003csup\u003eS1\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-0.15\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.15\u003csup\u003eNS\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.61\u003csup\u003eS3\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.13\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.80\u003csup\u003eS3\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-0.59\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.09\u003csup\u003eS3\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.26\u003csup\u003eNS\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2.39\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.09\u003csup\u003eNS\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c13\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-0.52\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.18\u003csup\u003eS1\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eCylinder\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.79\u003csup\u003eS3\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.43\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.57\u003csup\u003eS3\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-0.06\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.11\u003csup\u003eNS\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.79\u003csup\u003eS3\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.39\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.57\u003csup\u003eS3\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.04\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.11\u003csup\u003eNS\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.74\u003csup\u003eS3\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.49\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.49\u003csup\u003eS2\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c13\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-0.03\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.11\u003csup\u003eNS\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eM\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.57\u003csup\u003eS1\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2.05\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.26\u003csup\u003eNS\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-0.18\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.16\u003csup\u003eNS\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.56\u003csup\u003eS3\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.19\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.71\u003csup\u003eS3\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-0.57\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.09\u003csup\u003eS3\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.29\u003csup\u003eNS\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2.11\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.14\u003csup\u003eNS\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c13\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-0.53\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.16\u003csup\u003eS2\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eB\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.79\u003csup\u003eS3\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.13\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.60\u003csup\u003eS3\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-0.01\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.09\u003csup\u003eNS\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.66\u003csup\u003eS3\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.15\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.60\u003csup\u003eS3\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-0.32\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.09\u003csup\u003eS2\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.24\u003csup\u003eNS\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.93\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-0.01\u003csup\u003eNS\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c13\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-0.26\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.15\u003csup\u003eNS\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eJ0\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.91\u003csup\u003eS3\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.73\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.84\u003csup\u003eS3\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-0.10\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.06\u003csup\u003eNS\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.94\u003csup\u003eS3\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.69\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.86\u003csup\u003eS3\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-0.05\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.05\u003csup\u003eNS\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.88\u003csup\u003eS3\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.91\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.75\u003csup\u003eS3\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c13\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-0.04\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.07\u003csup\u003eNS\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eJ45\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.41\u003csup\u003eNS\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.57\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.09\u003csup\u003eNS\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-0.04\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.04\u003csup\u003eNS\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.75\u003csup\u003eS3\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.43\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.48\u003csup\u003eS2\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-0.01\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.03\u003csup\u003eNS\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.42\u003csup\u003eNS\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.67\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.08\u003csup\u003eNS\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c13\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-0.05\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.05\u003csup\u003eNS\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"13\" nameend=\"c13\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eModerate Hyperopia (2\u0026ndash;5 Diopters) (n\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;12)\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eSphere\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.69\u003csup\u003eS3\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.58\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.56\u003csup\u003eS3\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-0.29\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.12\u003csup\u003eS1\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.48\u003csup\u003eS3\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2.05\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.64\u003csup\u003eS3\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-0.77\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.15\u003csup\u003eS3\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.69\u003csup\u003eS3\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.66\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.45\u003csup\u003eS1\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c13\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-0.18\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.12\u003csup\u003eNS\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eCylinder\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.68\u003csup\u003eS3\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.16\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.55\u003csup\u003eS3\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-0.22\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.09\u003csup\u003eS1\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.67\u003csup\u003eS3\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.14\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.58\u003csup\u003eS3\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-0.26\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.08\u003csup\u003eS2\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.51\u003csup\u003eS1\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.46\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.23\u003csup\u003eNS\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c13\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-0.18\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.11\u003csup\u003eNS\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eM\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.62\u003csup\u003eS3\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.87\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.51\u003csup\u003eS2\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-0.40\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.14\u003csup\u003eS1\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.40\u003csup\u003eS1\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2.39\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.52\u003csup\u003eS3\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-0.90\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.18\u003csup\u003eS3\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.65\u003csup\u003eS3\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.66\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.45\u003csup\u003eS2\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c13\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-0.26\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.12\u003csup\u003eNS\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eB\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.62\u003csup\u003eS3\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.82\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.50\u003csup\u003eS2\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-0.37\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.13\u003csup\u003eS1\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.41\u003csup\u003eS1\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2.33\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.54\u003csup\u003eS3\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-0.86\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.17\u003csup\u003eS3\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.64\u003csup\u003eS3\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.66\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.42\u003csup\u003eS2\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c13\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-0.23\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.12\u003csup\u003eNS\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eJ0\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.90\u003csup\u003eS3\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.61\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.84\u003csup\u003eS3\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.07\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.05\u003csup\u003eNS\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.85\u003csup\u003eS3\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.71\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.78\u003csup\u003eS3\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.10\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.05\u003csup\u003eNS\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.80\u003csup\u003eS3\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.85\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.68\u003csup\u003eS3\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c13\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.11\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.06\u003csup\u003eNS\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eJ45\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.82\u003csup\u003eS3\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.55\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.69\u003csup\u003eS3\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.07\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.04\u003csup\u003eNS\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.75\u003csup\u003eS3\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.65\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.57\u003csup\u003eS3\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.06\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.05\u003csup\u003eNS\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.82\u003csup\u003eS3\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.59\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.66\u003csup\u003eS3\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c13\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.07\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.04\u003csup\u003eNS\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"13\" nameend=\"c13\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003csup\u003e\u003cem\u003ea\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e The studied parameters; M: Spherical Equivalent, B: Blur, J0: Jackson cross-cylinder at 0\u0026deg;/90\u0026deg;, J45: Jackson cross-cylinder at 45\u0026deg;/135\u0026deg;\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003csup\u003e\u003cem\u003eb\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e ICC: Intraclass Correlation Coefficient (2,1) representing the absolute agreement of measurements\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003csup\u003e\u003cem\u003ec\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e LOA: 95% Limits of Agreement Range\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003csup\u003e\u003cem\u003ed\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e The adjusted R\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e of simple linear regression\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003csup\u003ee\u003c/sup\u003e mean difference\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;SE (standard error) reported as WR \u0026ndash; NCR/CR/MR; the number within the parenthesis represents the effect size (Hedges' g); Measurements were compared using paired samples t-test; \u003csup\u003eNS\u003c/sup\u003e: A non-significant P-value (\u0026gt;\u0026thinsp;0.05); \u003csup\u003eS1\u003c/sup\u003e: A significant P-value (\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.05); \u003csup\u003eS2\u003c/sup\u003e: A significant P-value (\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.01); \u003csup\u003eS3\u003c/sup\u003e: A significant P-value (\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/tbody\u003e\u003c/colgroup\u003e\u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eIn hyperopic eyes (Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab4\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003e), moderate hyperopes (2\u0026ndash;5 D) exhibited greater mean differences than mild hyperopes (\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;2 D) when WFR was compared to NCR and CR (M: -0.40\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.14 vs. -0.18\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.16 and \u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;0.90\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.18 vs. -0.57\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.09, respectively). This pattern was not observed for WFR-MR comparisons. Furthermore, ICC values and LoA ranges did not demonstrate a clear pattern with increasing hyperopia severity.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eSubgroup Analysis by Astigmatic Axis\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eAnalysis by astigmatic axis (WTR, ATR, oblique), summarized in Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab5\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e5\u003c/span\u003e, revealed comparable agreement patterns across different methods, excellent for sphere, cylinder, M, and B (ICC values\u0026thinsp;\u0026gt;\u0026thinsp;0.88), and moderate to good for J0/J45 (ICC values\u0026thinsp;\u0026gt;\u0026thinsp;0.65). Nonetheless, slightly wider LOA ranges were observed in the ATR (M: 2.01 to 2.49 D) and oblique (M: 1.82 to 2.54 D) astigmatism groups compared with the WTR (M: 1.65 to 1.77 D) group.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab5\" border=\"1\"\u003e\u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 5\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eAbsolute Agreement, 95% Limits of Agreement, Consistency of Measurements, and Mean Difference\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;Standard Deviation of Non-Cycloplegic Refraction (NCR), CR (Cycloplegic Refraction), and Manifest Refraction (MR) compared with Wavefront-based Refraction (WR) Based Astigmatic Axis Classification\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/caption\u003e\u003ccolgroup cols=\"13\"\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c6\" colnum=\"6\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c7\" colnum=\"7\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c8\" colnum=\"8\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c9\" colnum=\"9\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c10\" colnum=\"10\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c11\" colnum=\"11\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c12\" colnum=\"12\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c13\" colnum=\"13\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cthead\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"4\" nameend=\"c5\" namest=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eNCR\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"4\" nameend=\"c9\" namest=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eCR\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"4\" nameend=\"c13\" namest=\"c10\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eMR\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/thead\u003e\u003ctbody\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eParams\u003csup\u003e\u003cem\u003ea\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eICC\u003csup\u003e\u003cem\u003eb\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eLOA range\u003csup\u003e\u003cem\u003ec\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eR2\u003csup\u003ed\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eMean diff\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026plusmn; SE\u003csup\u003e\u003cem\u003ee\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eICC\u003csup\u003e\u003cem\u003eb\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eLOA range\u003csup\u003e\u003cem\u003ec\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eR2\u003csup\u003ed\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eMean diff\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026plusmn; SE\u003csup\u003e\u003cem\u003ee\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eICC\u003csup\u003e\u003cem\u003eb\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eLOA range\u003csup\u003e\u003cem\u003ec\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eR2\u003csup\u003ed\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c13\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eMean diff\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026plusmn; SE\u003csup\u003e\u003cem\u003ee\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"13\" nameend=\"c13\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eWith-the-Rule Astigmatism (WTR) (n\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;47)\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eSphere\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.99\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.85\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.97\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-0.07\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.07\u003csup\u003eNS\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.97\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.83\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.97\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-0.43\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.07\u003csup\u003eS3\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.98\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.66\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.98\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c13\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-0.42\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.06\u003csup\u003eS3\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eCylinder\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.91\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.39\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.85\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-0.10\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.05\u003csup\u003eNS\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.89\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.58\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.80\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-0.06\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.06\u003csup\u003eNS\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.89\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.58\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.80\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c13\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-0.10\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.06\u003csup\u003eNS\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eM\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.99\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.77\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.98\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-0.12\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.07\u003csup\u003eNS\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.98\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.77\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.98\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-0.46\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.07\u003csup\u003eS3\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.98\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.65\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.98\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c13\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-0.47\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.06\u003csup\u003eS3\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eB\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.98\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.66\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.97\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.09\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.06\u003csup\u003eNS\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.95\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2.25\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.94\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.28\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.08\u003csup\u003eS2\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.95\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2.14\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.95\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c13\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.32\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.08\u003csup\u003eS3\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eJ0\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.77\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.22\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.59\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.02\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.05\u003csup\u003eNS\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.78\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.18\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.61\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.04\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.04\u003csup\u003eNS\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.71\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.34\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.51\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c13\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.02\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.05\u003csup\u003eNS\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eJ45\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.70\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.70\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.63\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-0.10\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.03\u003csup\u003eS3\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.76\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.70\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.62\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-0.07\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.03\u003csup\u003eS1\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.74\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.68\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.65\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c13\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-0.07\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.03\u003csup\u003eS2\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"13\" nameend=\"c13\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eAgainst-the-Rule Astigmatism (ATR) (n\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;52)\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eSphere\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.98\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.83\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.95\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-0.01\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.06\u003csup\u003eNS\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.94\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2.27\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.94\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-0.50\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.08\u003csup\u003eS3\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.96\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2.18\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.93\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c13\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-0.21\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.08\u003csup\u003eS2\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eCylinder\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.94\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2.18\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.88\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-0.10\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.08\u003csup\u003eNS\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.94\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.95\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.91\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-0.24\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.07\u003csup\u003eS2\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.95\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.85\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.92\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c13\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-0.17\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.07\u003csup\u003eS1\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eM\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.97\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2.01\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.95\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-0.06\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.07\u003csup\u003eNS\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.93\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2.49\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.92\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-0.62\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.09\u003csup\u003eS3\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.95\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2.35\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.93\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c13\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-0.29\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.08\u003csup\u003eS3\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eB\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.94\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2.22\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.88\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.13\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.08\u003csup\u003eNS\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.82\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e3.30\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.74\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.40\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.12\u003csup\u003eS3\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.88\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2.64\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.85\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c13\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.35\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.09\u003csup\u003eS3\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eJ0\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.85\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.78\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.71\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-0.06\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.06\u003csup\u003eNS\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.86\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.66\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.74\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.02\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.06\u003csup\u003eNS\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.83\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.81\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.69\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c13\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-0.02\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.06\u003csup\u003eNS\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eJ45\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.66\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.42\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.49\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.17\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.05\u003csup\u003eS2\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.65\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.42\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.48\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.16\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.05\u003csup\u003eS2\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.75\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.23\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.61\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c13\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.13\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.04\u003csup\u003eS2\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"13\" nameend=\"c13\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eOblique Astigmatism (n\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;12)\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eSphere\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.99\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.91\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.98\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-0.11\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.14\u003csup\u003eNS\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.97\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2.33\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.96\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-0.57\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.17\u003csup\u003eS2\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.98\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.61\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.98\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c13\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-0.42\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.12\u003csup\u003eS2\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eCylinder\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.94\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.33\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.88\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-0.15\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.10\u003csup\u003eNS\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.94\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.24\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.90\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-0.15\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.09\u003csup\u003eNS\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.94\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.30\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.90\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c13\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-0.11\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.10\u003csup\u003eNS\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eM\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.99\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2.03\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.98\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-0.18\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.15\u003csup\u003eNS\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.96\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2.54\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.96\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-0.65\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.19\u003csup\u003eS2\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.98\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.82\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.98\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c13\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-0.48\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.13\u003csup\u003eS2\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eB\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.97\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.90\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.95\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-0.25\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.14\u003csup\u003eNS\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.91\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e3.50\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.83\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.04\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.26\u003csup\u003eNS\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.96\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2.34\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.92\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c13\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.13\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.17\u003csup\u003eNS\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eJ0\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.75\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.81\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.55\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.02\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.06\u003csup\u003eNS\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.80\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.72\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.65\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.01\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.05\u003csup\u003eNS\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.69\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.76\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.40\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c13\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.00\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.06\u003csup\u003eNS\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eJ45\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.95\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.82\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.92\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.05\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.06\u003csup\u003eNS\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.95\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.84\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.92\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.06\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.06\u003csup\u003eNS\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.96\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.72\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.94\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c13\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.05\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.05\u003csup\u003eNS\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"13\" nameend=\"c13\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003csup\u003e\u003cem\u003ea\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e The studied parameters; M: Spherical Equivalent, B: Blur, J0: Jackson cross-cylinder at 0\u0026deg;/90\u0026deg;, J45: Jackson cross-cylinder at 45\u0026deg;/135\u0026deg;\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003csup\u003e\u003cem\u003eb\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e ICC: Intraclass Correlation Coefficient (2,1) representing the absolute agreement of measurements\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003csup\u003e\u003cem\u003ec\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e LOA: 95% Limits of Agreement Range\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003csup\u003e\u003cem\u003ed\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e The adjusted R\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e of simple linear regression\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003csup\u003ee\u003c/sup\u003e mean difference\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;SE (standard error) reported as WR \u0026ndash; NCR/CR/MR; the number within the parenthesis represents the effect size (Hedges' g); Measurements were compared using paired samples t-test; \u003csup\u003eNS\u003c/sup\u003e: A non-significant P-value (\u0026gt;\u0026thinsp;0.05); \u003csup\u003eS1\u003c/sup\u003e: A significant P-value (\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.05); \u003csup\u003eS2\u003c/sup\u003e: A significant P-value (\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.01); \u003csup\u003eS3\u003c/sup\u003e: A significant P-value (\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001)\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e*P-values for all ICC and Adjusted R\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e values were \u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.01\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/tbody\u003e\u003c/colgroup\u003e\u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Discussion","content":"\u003cp\u003eOur findings mainly revealed that PERAMIS WFR demonstrated excellent consistency and agreement with NCR, CR, and MR across all parameters (sphere, cylinder, M, B, and J0) except J45, with relatively similar patterns among myopic patients. In hyperopes, however, the agreement of WFR with conventional methods was more inconsistent and less desirable, overall ranging from moderate to good. Generally, WFR demonstrated a myopic shift and tends to underestimate hyperopic and overestimate myopic refractive errors, particularly compared to CR, and is more consistent with conventional methods in lower refractive errors and less reliable in higher ametropia. Nonetheless, this agreement is not affected by the astigmatic axis, as comparable levels of agreement (excellent for sphere, cylinder, M, and B, and moderate-to-good for J0/J45) were obtained across WTR, ATR, and oblique astigmatism groups.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eOur findings align with previous research validating wavefront aberrometry as a reliable objective refraction measurement [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR5\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e5\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR6\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e6\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR11\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e11\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR14\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e14\u003c/span\u003e]. For instance, Bennett et al. [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR5\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e5\u003c/span\u003e] and Bamdad et al. [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR6\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e6\u003c/span\u003e] reported good correlation between WFR and MR, although methodological differences and the specific aberrometers used (e.g., Shack-Hartmann vs. pyramidal sensor in our study) can lead to variations in the degree of agreement. On the other hand, earlier reports set\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.50 D as the threshold for acceptable 95% LoA for M compared to MR. Still, more recent studies suggest\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.75 D is a more realistic benchmark owing to inter-examiner variability in subjective refraction (SR) [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR7\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e7\u003c/span\u003e]. The narrowest LoA range was observed with WFR-NCR, reflecting the similarity of non-cycloplegic conditions of WFR and NCR, while WFR-CR exhibited the widest LoA range. In between lied the MR measurements, probably due to the maximum plus approach and better coping with the accommodation [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR12\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e12\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eFurthermore, the tendency of WFR to yield more myopic results than MR is well-documented in the literature for various aberrometers [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR12\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e12\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR13\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e13\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR15\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e15\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR17\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e17\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eBased on our findings, the agreement of WFR to conventional methods varied significantly with refractive status. In myopic eyes, WFR showed excellent agreement with all methods, consistent with studies focusing on myopic populations [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR9\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e9\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR12\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e12\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR16\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e16\u003c/span\u003e]. Nonetheless, the LoA ranges were narrower in the hyperopic subgroup, similar to the study of Huelle et al. [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR32\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e32\u003c/span\u003e]. WFR significantly underestimated hyperopia compared to CR (mean M difference of -0.75 D in hyperopes vs. -0.50 D in myopes). This finding is critical, as underestimation of hyperopia can lead to asthenopia. Fu et al. [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR17\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e17\u003c/span\u003e] reported similar challenges with WASCA aberrometry in hyperopes, which supports that WFR often struggles more with hyperopic refraction [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR32\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e32\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe hierarchy of CR\u0026thinsp;\u0026gt;\u0026thinsp;MR\u0026thinsp;\u0026gt;\u0026thinsp;NCR\u0026thinsp;\u0026gt;\u0026thinsp;WFR values for M was also present in the hyperopic population. While the ICC values were generally acceptable (\u0026gt;\u0026thinsp;0.85) for S and M components, there was a statistically significant bias towards less hyperopic measurements, and the LOA ranges exceeded the clinically acceptable range of \u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.75 D within MR measurements. This suggests that the accommodative effort typically exerted by hyperopic individuals, even in our study's 35\u0026ndash;55 age range with a hypothetically lower accommodation concern, may not be fully overcome by WFR fogging techniques. In a study by Mimouni et al. (2016) involving young adults (18\u0026ndash;40 years), the mean difference in M between NCR and CR in hypermetropic patients was a substantial \u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1.30\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.90 D. Notably, this underestimation was most pronounced in individuals with moderate hyperopia (2.00 D to 5.00 D), who exhibited a mean difference of -1.71\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.18 D [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR33\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e33\u003c/span\u003e]. On the other hand, Frings et al. (2016) found that 13% of LASIK candidates had at least 1.00 D more hyperopia with cycloplegia, highlighting how accommodation can mask true refractive error, a similar finding to that of Heshemi et al [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR34\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e34\u003c/span\u003e]. This variability means MR may underestimate hyperopia if not performed meticulously, making the \u0026ldquo;gold standard\u0026rdquo; a questionable target in these cases. Thus, it underscores the WFR limitations in hyperopic populations, with WFR failing to detect the latent hyperopia, even with a higher extent of that in NCR and MR. Interestingly, a study using wavefront-supported custom ablation (WASCA) aberrometer under cycloplegic conditions, contrary to our design, still showed a significant underestimation of hyperopia in the WFR measurements compared to CR, while the M values were comparable to MR [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR17\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e17\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe observed hierarchy of M values (CR\u0026thinsp;\u0026gt;\u0026thinsp;MR\u0026thinsp;\u0026gt;\u0026thinsp;NCR\u0026thinsp;\u0026gt;\u0026thinsp;WFR) can be attributed to factors including instrument myopia [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR35\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e35\u003c/span\u003e], proximal accommodation (even with fogging) [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR12\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e12\u003c/span\u003e], and the wavelength [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR36\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e36\u003c/span\u003e] and specific algorithms aberrometers use to derive spherocylindrical refraction from the total wavefront map, which may not perfectly align with the patient's neuro-perceptual endpoint in MR. Moreover, when comparing objective refraction methods with subjective evaluation of MR, two key factors may affect results. First, SR can partially compensate for higher-order aberrations (HOAs) using spherical and cylindrical lenses, unlike wavefront methods, which separate these components [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR37\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e37\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR38\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e38\u003c/span\u003e]. Second, variations in pupil size during measurements may also contribute to discrepancies [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR39\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e39\u003c/span\u003e]. Aberrometers may focus on a retinal plane different from that used in SR. However, no uniform correction factor applies since the measurement surface varies between individuals. Additionally, aberrometers cannot adjust for accommodative fluctuations during testing [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR12\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e12\u003c/span\u003e]. The lack of a unanimously accepted far point for human eyes may exacerbate these differences [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR40\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e40\u003c/span\u003e]. Last but not least, each technique's degree of repeatability and precision is of utmost importance when it comes to comparing their agreement levels. Luckily, studies utilizing PERAMIS aberrometer suggest its high repeatability for both spherical and cylindrical refractive components [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR12\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e12\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR41\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e41\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe magnitude of ametropia influenced agreement as well. In myopes, the myopic shift of WFR (compared with CR, MR, and to a lesser extent NCR) increased with the severity of myopia, reaching nearly \u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1.00 D for M (WFR-CR) in high myopes. This is in line with previous studies, where PERAMIS WFR has shown higher accuracy in measuring low-to-moderate spherocylindrical errors (myopia under 5.00 D). In contrast, earlier studies on Hartmann-Shack aberrometers like WASCA and Zywave reported reduced accuracy in this refractive range [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR42\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e42\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR43\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e43\u003c/span\u003e], which makes PERAMIS a more suitable device for regular use in ophthalmic clinics [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR12\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e12\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e Regarding astigmatism, the cylindrical refractive component in all of the three of WFR, NCR, and CR had excellent agreement and consistency with MR in the overall sample and myopia. However, even steeper than sphere and M, the levels of agreement plummeted as low as moderate in the hyperopic subgroup. Pesudovs et al. [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR16\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e16\u003c/span\u003e] also found that WFR was less precise than standard autorefraction in estimating astigmatism, though the difference was not clinically significant. WFR demonstrated excellent agreement for the J0 vector when compared with CR and MR. However, agreement for the J45 vector was only good. This suggests WFR is more robust for horizontal/vertical astigmatism than for oblique astigmatism. Nevertheless, the measurement methods did not significantly differ in either J0 or J45 mean values, and the LoA were within \u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.75, delineating an absence of systematic bias and suggesting a more scattered random variance. Similarly, a previous study showed that WFR-MR J45 has poorer concordance than J0 [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR43\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e43\u003c/span\u003e]. Additionally, another study comparing WASCA and MR measurements showed that while the mean differences for both J0 and J45 were within \u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.50, WASCA J45 measurements were significantly biased towards more oblique astigmatism at around the 135\u0026deg; meridian [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR32\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e32\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eStrengths and Limitations\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThis study's strengths include its comprehensive comparison of WFR with three standard methods, detailed subgroup analyses by refractive error type, magnitude, and astigmatic axis, and the use of a modern pyramidal aberrometer. The standardized measurement time and using a single experienced optometrist also add to its rigor, minimizing inter-rater variability in MR measurements [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR44\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e44\u003c/span\u003e]. Limitations include the specific age range (35\u0026ndash;55 years), which may not generalize to younger individuals with more vigorous accommodation or older patients with significant media opacities. Although efforts were made to control accommodation during WFR, residual accommodation cannot be entirely excluded without cycloplegia. The single-center design and specific ethnicity may limit broader generalizability. Sample sizes in some subgroups (e.g., moderate hyperopia, oblique astigmatism) were relatively small, potentially impacting the precision of estimates. Future longitudinal studies could assess the predictive value of WFR for refractive changes. Direct comparisons between different aberrometry technologies (e.g., Hartmann-Shack, ray tracing, pyramidal), particularly across various refractive conditions, would be of great importance. Investigating the impact of higher-order aberrations measured by PERAMIS on the differences observed with subjective refraction could also shed light on the underlying factors of the differences observed within WFR-MR measurements.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Conclusion","content":"\u003cp\u003eThe PERAMIS aberrometer provides highly consistent objective measurements and performs particularly well in myopic eyes. However, it exhibits a systematic myopic bias and reduced agreement in hyperopia\u0026mdash;especially moderate hyperopia\u0026mdash;raising concerns for overcorrection or undercorrection if used in isolation. Its performance remained stable across different astigmatic axes, regardless of axis orientation. While excellent precision and detailed aberrometry make PERAMIS a valuable tool for refractive surgery planning, its spherocylindrical output should not replace manifest or cycloplegic refractions. Clinicians should interpret WFR data cautiously, particularly in hyperopic patients, and confirm refractive values through subjective methods. Ultimately, WFR is best suited as an adjunct to, not a substitute for, clinical refraction, supporting efficient workflow without compromising accuracy. The strong agreement in myopes supports its use as an efficient starting point instead of conventional autorefraction, but caution is imperative in hyperopes.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Abbreviations","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"DefinitionList\"\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"DefinitionListEntry\"\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"Term\"\u003eMR\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"Description\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eManifest refraction\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"DefinitionListEntry\"\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"Term\"\u003eNCR\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"Description\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eNon-cycloplegic refraction\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"DefinitionListEntry\"\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"Term\"\u003eCR\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"Description\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eCycloplegic refraction\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"DefinitionListEntry\"\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"Term\"\u003eWA\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"Description\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eWavefront aberrometry\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"DefinitionListEntry\"\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"Term\"\u003eWFR\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"Description\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eWavefront-based refraction\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"DefinitionListEntry\"\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"Term\"\u003ePWS\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"Description\"\u003e\u003cp\u003ePyramidal wavefront-based sensor\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"DefinitionListEntry\"\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"Term\"\u003eS\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"Description\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eSphere\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"DefinitionListEntry\"\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"Term\"\u003eC\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"Description\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eCylinder\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"DefinitionListEntry\"\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"Term\"\u003eM\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"Description\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eSpherical equivalent\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"DefinitionListEntry\"\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"Term\"\u003eB\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"Description\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eBlur\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"DefinitionListEntry\"\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"Term\"\u003eJ0\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"Description\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eJackson cross-cylinder at 0\u0026deg;/90\u0026deg;\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"DefinitionListEntry\"\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"Term\"\u003eJ45\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"Description\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eJackson cross-cylinder at 45\u0026deg;/135\u0026deg;\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"DefinitionListEntry\"\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"Term\"\u003eD\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"Description\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eDiopter\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"DefinitionListEntry\"\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"Term\"\u003eWFG\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"Description\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eWavefront-guided\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"DefinitionListEntry\"\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"Term\"\u003eWFO\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"Description\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eWavefront-optimized\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"DefinitionListEntry\"\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"Term\"\u003eLASIK\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"Description\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eLaser-assisted in situ keratomileusis\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"DefinitionListEntry\"\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"Term\"\u003eLoA\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"Description\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eLimits of agreement\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"DefinitionListEntry\"\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"Term\"\u003eICC\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"Description\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eIntraclass Correlation Coefficient\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"DefinitionListEntry\"\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"Term\"\u003elogMAR\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"Description\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eLogarithm of the Minimum Angle of Resolution\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"DefinitionListEntry\"\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"Term\"\u003eHOAs\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"Description\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eHigher-order aberrations\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"DefinitionListEntry\"\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"Term\"\u003eWTR\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"Description\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eWith-the-rule (astigmatism)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"DefinitionListEntry\"\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"Term\"\u003eATR\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"Description\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eAgainst-the-rule (astigmatism)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"DefinitionListEntry\"\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"Term\"\u003eSE\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"Description\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eStandard error\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/div\u003e"},{"header":"Declarations","content":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eDisclosure of financial and proprietary interests for all authors:\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eIn accordance with ethical standards and transparency practices, all authors involved in this study have disclosed their financial and proprietary interests. Each author has provided a detailed account of any potential conflicts of interest or explicitly stated that they have no such interests to declare.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAcknowledgments\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eNot applicable.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAuthors\u0026rsquo; contributions\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eArmin Doostparast was responsible for the conceptualization, methodology, formal analysis, data visualization, table preparation, project administration, and drafting of the original manuscript, as well as its review and editing. Maryam Ghandhari, Ehsan Salar, Amir Hossein Khosronejad, and Muhammad Islampanah contributed to data preparation, project administration, and drafting of the original manuscript. Farbod Semnani contributed to the conceptualization, methodology, formal analysis, drafting, and critical revision of the manuscript. Alireza Eslampoor contributed to the conceptualization, methodology, resources, supervision, and critical review and editing of the manuscript. Siamak Zarei-Ghanavati contributed to the conceptualization, supervision, and manuscript review. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eFunding\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eNo funding or financial support was provided for this study.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAvailability of data and materials:\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe data supporting the findings of this study are not publicly accessible due to participant privacy concerns, but can be obtained from the corresponding author upon reasonable request.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eEthics approval and consent to participate\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThis study received approval from the Research Ethics Office of Mashhad University of Medical Sciences (Ethics ID: IR.MUMS.MEDICAL.REC.1403.123). All procedures were conducted in full accordance with the principles outlined in the Declaration of Helsinki. Written informed consent was directly obtained from all participants prior to enrollment.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eConsent for publication\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eNot applicable.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eCompeting interests\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe authors declare no conflicts to disclose.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"References","content":"\u003col\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eHolden BA, et al. Global Prevalence of Myopia and High Myopia and Temporal Trends from 2000 through 2050. Ophthalmology. 2016;123:1036\u0026ndash;42.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eTrends in prevalence of. blindness and distance and near vision impairment over 30 years: an analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study. Lancet Glob Health. 2020;9:e130\u0026ndash;43.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eLtd CMIP. Refractive Surgery Market Size \u0026amp; Opportunities, 2025\u0026ndash;2032. \u003cem\u003eCoherent Market Insights\u003c/em\u003e \u003cspan class=\"ExternalRef\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"RefSource\"\u003ehttps://www.coherentmarketinsights.com/industry-reports/refractive-surgery-market\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan address=\"https://www.coherentmarketinsights.com/industry-reports/refractive-surgery-market\" targettype=\"URL\" class=\"RefTarget\"\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e (2025).\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eVenkataraman AP, Brautaset R, Dom\u0026iacute;nguez-Vicent A. Effect of six different autorefractor designs on the precision and accuracy of refractive error measurement. PLoS ONE. 2022;17:e0278269.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eBennett JR, Stalboerger GM, Hodge DO, Schornack MM. Comparison of refractive assessment by wavefront aberrometry, autorefraction, and subjective refraction. J Optom. 2015;8:109\u0026ndash;15.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eBamdad S, Momeni-Moghaddam H, Abdolahian M, Pi\u0026ntilde;ero DP. Agreement of wavefront-based refraction, dry and cycloplegic autorefraction with subjective refraction. J Optom. 2022;15:100\u0026ndash;6.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eCarpena-Torres C, Batres L, Serramito M, Carracedo G. Repeatability of Subjective Refraction in Different Age Groups. Photonics. 2024;11:634.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eCalvo-Maroto AM, et al. Comparative Study of Refraction between Wave Front-Based Refraction and Autorefraction without and with Cycloplegia in Children and Adolescents. Children. 2022;9:88.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eKhan HA, et al. Comparison between cycloplegic and noncycloplegic refraction in young adult myopes. Optom Vis Sci. 2024;101:470\u0026ndash;6.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eCook WH, McKelvie J, Wallace HB, Misra SL. Comparison of higher order wavefront aberrations with four aberrometers. Indian J Ophthalmol. 2019;67:1030\u0026ndash;5.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eLin HZ, Chen CC, Lee YC. Comparisons of wavefront refraction, autorefraction, and subjective manifest refraction. Tzu Chi Med J. 2013;25:43\u0026ndash;6.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eZarei-Ghanavati S, et al. Agreement of a Pyramidal Wavefront-Based Autorefraction with Dry, Cycloplegic, and Subjective Refraction in Myopic Refractive Surgery Candidates. J Curr Ophthalmol. 2024;36:54.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eWang Y, et al. Comparison of Subjective and Wavefront-Measured Refractions by InnovEyes Platform in Myopic Patients. J Refract Surg Thorofare NJ 1995. 2024;40:e836\u0026ndash;44.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eBalparda K, Acevedo-Urrego A, Silva-Quintero LA, Herrera-Chalarca T. The Pentacam\u0026reg; AXL Wave provides a reliable wavefront-based objective refraction when compared to manifest subjective refraction: A prospective study. Indian J Ophthalmol. 2022;70:1533\u0026ndash;7.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eLebow KA, Campbell CE. A comparison of a traditional and wavefront autorefraction. Optom Vis Sci Off Publ Am Acad Optom. 2014;91:1191\u0026ndash;8.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003ePesudovs K, Parker KE, Cheng H, Applegate RA. The precision of wavefront refraction compared to subjective refraction and autorefraction. Optom Vis Sci Off Publ Am Acad Optom. 2007;84:387\u0026ndash;92.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eFu D, Ding X, Shang J, Yu Z, Zhou X. Accuracy of WASCA Aberrometer Refraction Compared to Manifest Refraction and Cycloplegic Refraction in Hyperopia Measurement. Transl Vis Sci Technol. 2020;9:5.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eTabernero J, Otero C, Pardhan SA. Comparison Between Refraction From an Adaptive Optics Visual Simulator and Clinical Refractions. Transl Vis Sci Technol. 2020;9:23.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eRao DP, et al. Validation of a simple-to-use, affordable, portable, wavefront aberrometry-based auto refractometer in the adult population: A prospective study. BMC Ophthalmol. 2022;22:498.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eYang Y, et al. Evaluation of the Agreement Between a New Pyramid Wavefront Sensor Aberrometer and Scheiner-Smirnov Aberrometers. J Refract Surg. 2024;40(4):e218\u0026ndash;28. \u003cspan class=\"ExternalRef\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"RefSource\"\u003e10.3928/1081597X-20240311-02https\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan address=\"10.3928/1081597X-20240311-02https\" targettype=\"DOI\" class=\"RefTarget\"\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e. \u003cspan class=\"ExternalRef\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"RefSource\"\u003e://journals.healio.com/doi/full/10.3928/1081597X-20240311-02\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan address=\"http://://journals.healio.com/doi/full/10.3928/1081597X-20240311-02\" targettype=\"URL\" class=\"RefTarget\"\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eAghaei H, Aberration. Aberrometry and Aberrometers. In: Mohammadpour M, editor. Diagnostics in Ocular Imaging: Cornea, Retina, Glaucoma and Orbit. Cham: Springer International Publishing; 2021. pp. 381\u0026ndash;406. \u003cspan class=\"ExternalRef\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"RefSource\"\u003e10.1007/978-3-030-54863-6_11\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan address=\"10.1007/978-3-030-54863-6_11\" targettype=\"DOI\" class=\"RefTarget\"\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eThibos LN, Wheeler W, Horner D. Power vectors: an application of Fourier analysis to the description and statistical analysis of refractive error. Optom Vis Sci Off Publ Am Acad Optom. 1997;74:367\u0026ndash;75.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eMorgan IG, Ohno-Matsui K, Saw S-M, Myopia. Lancet Lond Engl. 2012;379:1739\u0026ndash;48.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eMajumdar S, Tripathy K. Hyperopia. in \u003cem\u003eStatPearls\u003c/em\u003e. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing; 2025.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eRefai TA. Evaluation of the orientation of the steepest meridian of regular astigmatism among highly myopic Egyptian patients seeking non-ablative surgical correction of the refractive error. Electron Physician. 2015;7:1296\u0026ndash;300.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eVallat R. Pingouin: statistics in Python. J Open Source Softw. 2018;3:1026.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eWaskom ML. seaborn: statistical data visualization. J Open Source Softw. 2021;6:3021.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eMcGraw KO, Wong SP. Forming inferences about some intraclass correlation coefficients. Psychol Methods. 1996;1:30\u0026ndash;46.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eKoo TK, Li MY. A Guideline of Selecting and Reporting Intraclass Correlation Coefficients for Reliability Research. J Chiropr Med. 2016;15:155\u0026ndash;63.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eHedges LV. Distribution theory for Glass\u0026rsquo;s estimator of effect size and related estimators. J Educ Stat. 1981;6:107\u0026ndash;28.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eCohen J. Statistical Power Analysis for the Behavioral Sciences. New York: Routledge; 2013. \u003cspan class=\"ExternalRef\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"RefSource\"\u003e10.4324/9780203771587\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan address=\"10.4324/9780203771587\" targettype=\"DOI\" class=\"RefTarget\"\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eHuelle JO, et al. Accuracy of wavefront aberrometer refraction vs manifest refraction in cataract patients: impact of age, ametropia and visual function. Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol Albrecht Von Graefes Arch Klin Exp Ophthalmol. 2013;251:1163\u0026ndash;73.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eMimouni M, et al. Cycloplegic autorefraction in young adults: is it mandatory? Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol. 2016;254:395\u0026ndash;8.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eHashemi H, et al. Cycloplegic autorefraction versus subjective refraction: the Tehran Eye Study. Br J Ophthalmol. 2016;100:1122\u0026ndash;7.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eCervino A, Hosking SL, Rai GK, Naroo SA, Gilmartin B. Wavefront analyzers induce instrument myopia. J Refract Surg Thorofare NJ 1995. 2006;22:795\u0026ndash;803.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eMartin J, Vasudevan B, Himebaugh N, Bradley A, Thibos L. Unbiased estimation of refractive state of aberrated eyes. Vis Res. 2011;51:1932\u0026ndash;40.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eThibos LN, Hong X, Bradley A, Applegate RA. Accuracy and precision of objective refraction from wavefront aberrations. J Vis. 2004;4:329\u0026ndash;51.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eNetto MV, Ambr\u0026oacute;sio R, Shen TT, Wilson SE. Wavefront analysis in normal refractive surgery candidates. J Refract Surg Thorofare NJ 1995. 2005;21:332\u0026ndash;8.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eFan R, et al. Comparison of wavefront aberrations under cycloplegic, scotopic and photopic conditions using WaveScan. Arq Bras Oftalmol. 2012;75:116\u0026ndash;21.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eThibos LN. Unresolved issues in the prediction of subjective refraction from wavefront aberration maps. J Refract Surg Thorofare NJ. 2004;1995 20:S533\u0026ndash;536.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eFrings A, Hassan H, Allan BD. Pyramidal Aberrometry in Wavefront-Guided Myopic LASIK. J Refract Surg Thorofare NJ 1995. 2020;36:442\u0026ndash;8.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eMirshahi A, B\u0026uuml;hren J, Gerhardt D, Kohnen T. In vivo and in vitro repeatability of Hartmann-Shack aberrometry. J Cataract Refract Surg. 2003;29:2295\u0026ndash;301.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eZhu X, et al. Accuracy of WASCA aberrometer refraction compared to manifest refraction in Chinese adult myopes. J Refract Surg Thorofare NJ 1995. 2009;25:1026\u0026ndash;33.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eMacKenzie GE. Reproducibility of sphero-cylindrical prescriptions. Ophthalmic Physiol Opt J Br Coll Ophthalmic Opt Optom. 2008;28:143\u0026ndash;50.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003c/ol\u003e"}],"fulltextSource":"","fullText":"","funders":[],"hasAdminPriorityOnWorkflow":false,"hasManuscriptDocX":true,"hasOptedInToPreprint":true,"hasPassedJournalQc":"","hasAnyPriority":true,"hideJournal":true,"highlight":"","institution":"","isAcceptedByJournal":false,"isAuthorSuppliedPdf":false,"isDeskRejected":"","isHiddenFromSearch":false,"isInQc":false,"isInWorkflow":false,"isPdf":false,"isPdfUpToDate":true,"isWithdrawnOrRetracted":false,"journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"researchsquare","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"/submission","title":"Research Square","twitterHandle":"researchsquare","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"","reportingPortfolio":"","inReviewEnabled":false,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true},"keywords":"Manifest refraction, wavefront refraction, PERAMIS, cycloplegic autorefraction, non-cycloplegic autorefraction, agreement, consistency","lastPublishedDoi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-7111598/v1","lastPublishedDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-7111598/v1","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"},"manuscriptAbstract":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eBackground:\u003c/strong\u003e To assess the agreement between wavefront-based refraction (WFR) using a pyramidal aberrometer (PERAMIS) and conventional non-cycloplegic (NCR), cycloplegic (CR), and manifest refraction (MR) techniques across refractive types and astigmatic axes\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eMethods:\u003c/strong\u003e This cross-sectional study evaluated 111 right eyes of refractive surgery candidates. WFR from PERAMIS was compared with NCR, CR, and MR for sphere, cylinder, spherical equivalent (M), blur (B), and astigmatic vectors (J0, J45). Agreement was assessed using ICC, R², Bland-Altman analysis, and paired t-tests (Mean difference: MD). Subgroup analyses examined myopic vs. hyperopic eyes, ametropia severity, and astigmatic axis.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eResults:\u003c/strong\u003e \u0026nbsp;WFR demonstrated excellent agreement with NCR (ICC = 0.98), CR (ICC = 0.96), and MR (ICC = 0.97) for M. Agreement remained high for other refractive components (ICC \u0026gt; 0.90) except J45, where moderate agreement was observed (ICC: 0.75–0.82). A consistent refractive trend: CR \u0026lt; MR \u0026lt;NCR \u0026lt; WFR was observed for M, even within the subgroups. WFR consistently yielded more myopic measurements than CR, MR, and NCR (M-MD: −0.56D (p \u0026lt; 0.001), −0.39D (p \u0026lt; 0.001), and -0.1D (P\u0026lt;0.05), respectively). Agreement was superior in myopic eyes (ICC values \u0026gt;0.90 except for J45; MDs almost \u0026lt;0.50D) compared to hyperopic eyes (ICC values ranging from 0.71 (WFR-MR cylinder) to 0.93 (WFR-NCR sphere, MDs \u0026lt; 0.75D).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eWFR showed greater myopic shifts with increasing ametropia severity, both in myopes (M-MDs reaching −0.99D for WFR-CR in severe myopia) and hyperopes (M-MDs up to −0.90D for WFR-CR in moderate hyperopia). Furthermore, WFR showed an excellent agreement with NCR, CR, and MR across astigmatism types (ICC-M: 0.93-0.99, M-MDs \u0026lt; 0.75D), although levels of agreement were narrower in with-the-rule than against-the-rule and oblique astigmatism groups.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eConclusion:\u003c/strong\u003e Pyramidal WFR yields highly consistent results and may be a valuable alternative to conventional autorefraction in myopic patients. However, its tendency toward myopic bias, particularly in hyperopia, limits its interchangeability with CR or MR. Clinicians should interpret WFR cautiously in hyperopic eyes and consider confirming measurements with subjective methods. These findings support the utility of WFR as an efficient initial estimate in refractive evaluations, especially for surgical screening, but not as a standalone replacement for traditional refraction.\u003c/p\u003e","manuscriptTitle":"Agreement of Wavefront-Based Refraction with Autorefraction and Manifest Refraction Across Refractive and Astigmatic Profiles in Refractive Surgery Candidates","msid":"","msnumber":"","nonDraftVersions":[{"code":1,"date":"2025-08-04 08:03:22","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-7111598/v1","editorialEvents":[{"type":"communityComments","content":0}],"status":"published","journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"researchsquare","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"/submission","title":"Research Square","twitterHandle":"researchsquare","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"","reportingPortfolio":"","inReviewEnabled":false,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true}}],"origin":"","ownerIdentity":"9aa5ac94-96aa-4171-8953-6e8ee2cc7043","owner":[],"postedDate":"August 4th, 2025","published":true,"recentEditorialEvents":[],"rejectedJournal":[],"revision":"","amendment":"","status":"posted","subjectAreas":[],"tags":[],"updatedAt":"2025-12-02T06:08:58+00:00","versionOfRecord":[],"versionCreatedAt":"2025-08-04 08:03:22","video":"","vorDoi":"","vorDoiUrl":"","workflowStages":[]},"version":"v1","identity":"rs-7111598","journalConfig":"researchsquare"},"__N_SSP":true},"page":"/article/[identity]/[[...version]]","query":{"redirect":"/article/rs-7111598","identity":"rs-7111598","version":["v1"]},"buildId":"8U1c8b4HqxoKbykW_rLl7","isFallback":false,"isExperimentalCompile":false,"dynamicIds":[84888],"gssp":true,"scriptLoader":[]}