“From farm to garden” – Pesticides drift from farmlands to private gardens: a survey in Verona (Italy) in the years 2021-2022

“From farm to garden” – Pesticides drift from farmlands to private gardens: a survey in Verona (Italy) in the years 2021-2022 | Research Square window.SnipcartSettings = { analytics: { enabled: false } }; (function() { var accessVector = localStorage.getItem('access_vector') || ''; window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; if (accessVector) { window.dataLayer.push({ user: { profile: { profileInfo: { snid: accessVector } } } }); } })(); (function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start':new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0],j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src='https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f);})(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-K279D39R'); Browse Preprints In Review Journals COVID-19 Preprints AJE Video Bytes Research Tools Research Promotion AJE Professional Editing AJE Rubriq About Preprint Platform In Review Editorial Policies Our Team Advisory Board Help Center Sign In Submit a Preprint Cite Share Download PDF Research Article “From farm to garden” – Pesticides drift from farmlands to private gardens: a survey in Verona (Italy) in the years 2021-2022 Giovanni Beghini, Giacomo Danieli, Claudia Marcolungo, Renzo Caobelli, and 1 more This is a preprint; it has not been peer reviewed by a journal. https://doi.org/ 10.21203/rs.3.rs-4329703/v1 This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License Status: Posted Version 1 posted You are reading this latest preprint version Abstract A study in Veneto, Northern Italy, revealed significant pesticide exposure in residential gardens near vineyards and agricultural zones, showing over 70% of sampled gardens each year had detectable pesticide levels, contrary to expectations. Despite safety measures and EU guidelines, findings suggest inadequate protection against pesticide drift, with notable detections of Folpet-phthalimide among others. The research, encompassing various agricultural settings in Verona province, involved a detailed cross-sectional survey over 2021 and 2022, assessing pesticide dispersion through leaf sampling. The study found that over 70% of the sampled gardens each year contained one or more pesticides where none should be present. The median number of pesticides detected was 2 in 2021 and 1 in 2022. No significant differences were observed in pesticide presence between the July 2021 and July 2022 samples, or across the different months in 2022. Folpet-phthalimide was the most detected pesticide. Additionally, a small percentage of samples near cultivated fields contained pesticides with established toxicity, violating regional regulations, while a significant portion within 30 meters contained pesticides with potential but unconfirmed toxicity. The study advocates for stricter enforcement of pesticide regulations, increased community engagement in monitoring, and alignment with broader European environmental strategies to ensure a balanced approach to agricultural productivity and public health. pesticides pesticides derive agriculture environment Veneto Italy Introduction Growing evidence suggests that residents living near vineyards and other cultivations could be exposed to pesticides through non-occupational pathways such as pesticide volatilization or spray drift beyond the treated area (Dereumeaux et al. 2020; 2022; Linhart et al. 2021 ). In the Veneto region of Northern Italy – a five million inhabitants region with intensive agricultural exploitation and worldwide leading wine production according to Eurostat 2021(«Sparkling wine exports grew 29% in 2021» 2022 ), the issue of pollutants dispersion from neighboring cultivations has sparked controversy(Sammartano et al. 2020 ; Teysseire et al. 2021 ), with calls to reduce spray drift especially in vineyards (Otto et al. 2015 ). The updated official panel of restrictions levels and safety limits for Veneto Region are reported in the Veneto Regional Decree (DGR 1082/2019, s.d.). In this document, a buffer zone around the treated crop areas is ruled according to the toxicological classifications of the pesticides: a) 40 mt for pesticides with ascertained toxicity - H300, H310, H330, H340, H350, H360 -; b) to 30 mt for pesticides with possible toxicity, not yet fully ascertained - H301, H311, H317, H331, H334, H341, H351, H362, H370, H372. The European Union has intervened specifically in the use of pesticides, indicating the guidelines for a more correct and more sustainable use («Direttiva 2009 /128/CE», s.d.) and through EIP AGRI (Agricultural European Innovation Partnership) was supporting new practices and knowledge, in the field of pests too, until becoming part of EU CAP network in 2023 (EIP-AGRI, s.d.). Despite the significant efforts made to ensure the proper use of pesticides, including their selection, prohibition, and reduction, few studies have been conducted in Italy, particularly in Veneto, to investigate the airborne dispersion of toxic pesticide in residential spaces neighboring vineyards or other cultivated areas, a topic that has instead been studied in other geographical areas by various authors (Oerlemans et al. 2021 ; Figueiredo et al. 2021 ; Teysseire et al. 2021 ; Sammartano et al. 2020 ). Therefore, it is essential to conduct research studies on this topic in order to provide a solid base of knowledge to establish a standardized protocol for detecting the airborne pollution of pesticide derivatives in both residential living spaces and neighboring cultivated areas. In this report we aim to describe how residents neighboring vineyards and other cultivated areas in Verona province (Veneto-Northern Italy) – about one million inhabitants, with the wine sector as the leading economic activity- be exposed to a variety of chemical species of pesticides, by monitoring the presence in private gardens of pollution by pesticides volatilization or spray drift, beyond the agronomic treated area. Materials and methods Verona province has a complex agricultural reality, involving tree crops (vines, apple trees, peach trees, kiwifruit, olive trees), greenhouse (strawberry, tomato, courgette, pepper) or open fields vegetables (tomatoes, potatoes, cabbages), industrial crops (tobacco, sugar beet) and finally a wide range of arable crops (wheat, corn, soybeans, sunflowers) connected or not with a strong zootechnical activity. The different crops are fairly concentrated in areas of specific agri-environmental vocation (wine on the hilly areas around Lake Garda and Lessini mountains, apple tree and other fruit trees in the alluvial belt and the branch of the Adige River and all other open field crops in the southern strip of the Veronese plain). This makes the province of Verona an area with unique agricultural features and ideal for studying the drift of pesticides from farm to gardens. Study design We conducted a cross-sectional survey on two waves, year 2021 and year 2022. Based on the national survey on agricultural areas by the Regional Agricoltural Agency “Veneto Agricoltura 2019”. We selected the sampling areas in the province of Verona reflecting the observed heterogeneity in terms of treatments and crops variety. Once identified the sampling areas we engaged the resident population by meetings, social media, and other initiatives (no profit organizations, organic farming associations, etc.) and we ask for resident volunteers who agree to have their gardens to be considered for the study. We then sampled 50 sites from the total number of volunteers (55 in the year 2021 and 48 in the 2022) proportionally to the crop’s composition in the province and considering the average number of treatments per ha for each crop. Therefore, the study was conducted on 50 private gardens neighboring (within 40 meters) rural cultivated areas, randomly dispersed in the Verona province. The data were collected in full respect of European Regulation 2016/769. Sampling Raw specimens consisted in 300 g wet weight of deciduous leaves from each garden. The leaves were placed in bags supplied by the laboratory, sealed and identified with a numbered and tamper-proof string. Samples were collected and stored at + 2/4°C until chemical analysis. The collections were performed by the same operator to minimize the impact of interindividual variability. Collection was performed throughout July 2021 and June, July and August 2022. Of the 50 gardens (sample sites), 30 were sampled only in 2021 and 6 only in 2022. The remaining 14 sites were sampled in both years. In 2021, each site was sampled only once in the month of July, while in 2022, 8 sites were sampled only once in July (5 of which were already sampled in 2021), 1 site were sampled both in June and July and 2 sites were sampled both in July and August (these two sites were also sampled in 2021), and 9 sites were sampled 3 times in June, July and August (6 of them were already sampled in 2021). In total we had 85 samples, 44 in 2021 and 41 in 2022. For each site were registered the following features: prevalent crop in the neighboring area (150 meters radius), crop type and distance from fields around the garden, presence, type and height of a barrier around the garden, private pesticide or other chemical substance usage (es. antiparasitic for domestic animals or insecticide against mosquitoes). The collections were performed by the same operator to minimize the impact of interindividual variability. It had not rained in the days preceding the collection of each sample. Sample treatment and analysis The analytical methods to detect pesticides’ residues in raw plant materials and foods complied the [UNI-EN-15662-G] standard and referred to previously reported protocols (Careri et al., 1996; Kwon et al., 2012). Fundamentally, we used the QuEChERS (Quick Easy Cheap Effective Rugged and Safe) method equipped with LC/MS-MS technique (Barbieri et al., 2019) and using the EU guideline SANTE/11945/2015 known as “Guidance document on analytical quality control and method validation procedures for pesticides residues analysis in food and feed”. Pesticides are extracted by liquid-liquid extraction in acetonitrile (without the addition of salts). The optimal Q-oil was 2 g vegetal oil/10 ml acetonitrile. This extract called 'raw' is purified of lipid residues through dispersive SPE (PSA/ODS 25/25 mg/mL). For dispersive SPE each 15 ml centrifuge tube contains 900 mg MgSO4, 150 mg PSA, i.e., primary and secondary amine exchange material, 150 mg C18 (which considering 6 ml of extract is equivalent to MgSO4/PSA/ODS 150/25/25 mg/mL as requested in the note of par. 5.4.1 of the UNI-EN 15662-G). The internal standard is a 20 µg/ml of triphenyl phosphate standard solution. The final extract was used for liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry (LC/MS-MS) and gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS), when requested by the method. The LC/MS-MS has an ESI+/ESI- ionization, N2 as nebulizer and drying gas, Ar as CID gas MRM as acquisition mode. Detection limits and sensitivity The analytical sensitivity limit in any of the pesticide-derived compound detected was established as ≤ 0.010 mg/kg dry weight, with a measuring uncertainty regarding the assessed or highly probable presence of pesticide below 50%. In the case of Folpet-phthalimide with significant parent-degradation, the signal of the degradation consists of the signal from the degradation product (which was originally present in the sample) plus the signal of the degradation product that is formed in the analytical device, during the injection. For Folpet the accuracy of the method was checked between real (spiked) and “highly probable”, within the range of 10–12%. (EURL-SRM – Analytical Observation Report - Quantification of Residues of Folpet and Captan in QuEChERS Extracts Version 3.1; last update: 06.04.17) Statistical analysis The number (%) of samples for each sampling site where pesticide-derived compounds were detected, and summary statistics (median and interquartile range) on the count of compounds detected at each site were reported. The detection limit was 0.01 ppm (Reg. CE 1107/2009). For each pesticide, the average and the range of values were calculated purely for descriptive purposes. In the risk phrase analysis, the number (%) of risk phrases of the pesticides detected were reported. The statistical analysis was performed using R version 4.2.3 (2023-03-15 ucrt) on RStudio 2023.03.0 + 386 for Windows. Results Table 1 shows the number (%) of pesticide detected in all the 85 samples and per sampling years. In more than 70% of samples each year was detected one or more pesticide where no pesticides should be present. Overall, the median count of pesticides detected was 2 (IQR 1–3) in 2021 and 1 (IQR 0–3) in 2022. Table 2 shows that the median number of pesticides detected in the July 2021 samples did not vary significantly from those collected in July 2022 and Table 3 shows that there were no significant changes between the samples collected in June, July and August 2022 either. Table 4 shows the number (%) of positive samples for pesticide overall and per year. Folpet-phthalimide was detected in the majority of samples, i.e., 29/44 (65.9%) in 2021 and 18/41 (43.9%) in 2022, and a significant number of sites were polluted with zoxamide (31.8% in 2021, 7.3% in 2021), spiroxamine (13.6% in 2021, 26.8% in 2022), the contact fungicide boscalid (11.4% in 2021, 26.8% in 2022) and dimetomorf (13.6% in 2021, 9.8% in 2022). Table 5 relates the distance from a cultivated field to the presence of substances whose use should be prohibited within 30 or 40 m of a house (DGR 1082/2019). 1.5% of the collected samples within 40 m of the cultivated fields concern products with established toxicity (H300 e H330) whose use is prohibited within 40 m from a house, but about 70% of the collected samples within 30 m of the cultivated fields concern products with possible but not ascertained toxicity (H317, H351, H362) whose use is prohibited within 30 m from a house. Table 6 shows risk phrases and relative codification of detected pesticides. Discussion Our findings indicate that airborne pollution from pesticides in residential areas close to cultivated areas, especially vineyards, is a significant concern for both human health in neighboring residential areas and for edible crop plants and their food derivatives. Verona continues to be a prominent region for pesticide use («Fitosanitari», s.d.). Although we only investigated a limited number of sites, the results presented in this study are of great importance, as they demonstrate the presence of Folpet-phthalimide and other pesticides in residential areas adjacent to cultivated areas, particularly vineyards. In our study, the first ten most frequently detected pesticides in 2021 are all used in the defense of the vine; of these, six are for exclusive use on vines, three, although presenting other possibilities on the label, are marketed almost exclusively on the wine market, while the last one, glyphosate, is also widely used on other crops or uncultivated areas. From this list it is evident that the research results in 2021 are greatly affected by the sampling period (end of July); the molecules found are for the vast majority referable to pesticides that can be used on crops in the summer period, while pesticides for spring use are almost completely missing (e.g., dithiocarbamates). Also noteworthy is the presence of one molecule that is not permitted for use in agriculture (Clorpiriphos methil, prohibited in 2020). 2022 sampling carried out in three different times starting from the end of June also made it possible to identify the presence of typically spring pesticides, such as residues of dithiocarbamates (CS2), a fungicide family, or fluazinam, consistently with the findings of (Sammartano et al. 2020 ). Furthermore, the climatic trend of 2022, strongly characterized by high temperatures and the absence of summer rains, has in fact limited the use of summer antidowny mildews, all in favor of antioidics. However, the vine remains the main source of pollutants with eight exclusive presences in the top ten. For the pesticides which have been traced several times, their values vary greatly from one site to another: it is not possible to define the cause of this variability, as it could depend on numerous factors, such as the different time elapsed from the treatment to the sampling, the different distance from the place of the treatment and others. The rainfalls could be implicated but the collection without previously raining days and the climatic stability of the summers of 2021 and allow us to exclude or minimize their impact. Many of the detected pesticides are dangerous for the environment, and one third is dangerous for man. Most of the risk phrase detected is dangerous not only for the operator (e.g. the farmer) but also for people who don’t handle the pesticide. In particular, although most of the risk phrases are not dangerous or can be found according to the regulations in the vicinity of houses or sensitive places, 25% of the risk phrases of the products found within 30 m of the cultivated fields should not be detected in that area (possible, but not confirmed, toxicity). Fortunately, within 40 m only 2% of the risk phrases concern products with a proven risk of toxicity to humans. Human health Studies link pesticide exposure to respiratory issues, allergies, and neurotoxicity in children, potentially affecting cognitive functions (Buralli, Dultra, e Ribeiro 2020; Grandjean e Landrigan 2014; Miani et al. 2021 ). Folpet, a specific pesticide, has raised concerns regarding carcinogenicity. Additionally, the impact of pesticides on human fertility and their role as endocrine disruptors are under scrutiny, with inconsistent findings (Roeleveld e Bretveld 2008; Foster et al. 2008 ; Requena et al. 2019). Legal aspects What are the legal grounds that justify this obligation and also imply the right of citizens and individuals to see the necessary arrangements made? A rigorous normative about the use of pesticides in order to reduce to negligible levels these chemicals in resident neighboring areas, is crucial, both for human safety and agronomy. They are rooted in International Declarations(Stockholm, 1972)(Janeiro, 1992), in a variety of European regulations(1907/2006, s.d.)(1107/2009, s.d.) and directives (2009/128/EC, s.d.), which establish a framework to achieve the sustainable use of pesticides (SUD), and in some Italian laws (152/06). Moreover, in 2021, a United Nations Human Rights Council Resolution(Human Rights Council 48/13, 2021) unequivocally enshrined the right to a clean, healthy and sustainable environment. This statement marks the clear recognition of a healthy environment as a prerequisite for the enjoyment of human, civil, political, social and economic rights of all people on earth. All these regulations, together with the provisions on POPs, or persistent organic pollutants rest, precisely, on the identification of substances that have the potential to cause harm to the environment and humans(Stockholm Convention, 2001) (Regulation (EU) 2019/517, 2019). Potential biases and limitations The present study focused on private gardens contamination by pesticides. We selected sampling sites neighboring cultivated area; therefore we cannot extend our results to the general population in a risk assessment framework. We aimed to detect presence and number of pesticides as an indicator of a potential health hazard. Imputing such hazard to use of pesticides in farming depends on an adequate control of other sources of contamination (direct use in gardening, pets, etc.). Our questionnaire should had provided information on this. We cannot exclude some misclassification by the respondents. The fact that the study relied on spontaneous participation and community engagement could have produced biased responses in two opposite directions: volunteers could stress one sources of contamination and underestimated others (e.g., use of pesticides in gardening) or volunteers could be more motivated to provide accurate responses to the survey. We employ the Quality Assurance/Quality Control (QA/QC) technique for our analytical measurements to ensure the reliability and accuracy of our data. This rigorous approach enables us to confidently identify the presence or absence of pesticides in our samples, providing a solid foundation for subsequent hazard assessment. By adhering to QA/QC standards, we ensure that our findings are robust and credible, thereby facilitating a more informed and reliable hazard identification process, which is crucial for addressing public health and environmental safety concerns related to pesticide exposure. Moreover, in this study, we strategically focused on identifying the presence or absence of pesticides in residential gardens adjacent to agricultural areas, aligning our approach with hazard identification methodologies like those employed by the International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC). By determining whether specific pesticides are detectable in the environment, we aim to highlight potential exposures that could pose health risks to the local population. This step is crucial for understanding the broader implications of pesticide use in proximity to human habitats. However, it's important to note that our analysis does not delve into risk assessment, which would require a more detailed evaluation of the potential health impacts based on the levels of exposure and the toxicity of the detected pesticides. Our findings serve as a foundational step, indicating areas of concern that warrant further investigation to fully assess the risks and inform appropriate regulatory and public health responses. Conclusions In this research we found interesting data about the presence of pesticides in private gardens. Although only a limited number of sites is analyzed, the results demonstrate the presence of Folpet-phthalimide and other pesticides in residential areas adjacent to cultivated areas, particularly vineyards. It is important to keep in mind that in more than 70% of samples each year was detected one or more pesticide where no pesticides should be present. The two-year research we carried out has shown that there may be a drift of pesticides from cultivated areas to private homes. Among the samples tested, only seven in 2021 and twelve in 2022 do not present residues of pesticides. Examining the toxicological characteristics of the molecules detected, we found that many of them belong to the categories of highly toxic molecules (H300, H301, etc., see Table 5 ). This means that the minimum distance of 40 meters as provided by regional regulation is not sufficient to prevent drift, having detected more than 10% of the positive results in the samples at this distance. Furthermore, to ensure a better understanding of this phenomenon citizens play an important role, helping Public Administrations to improve the regulations and the control over pesticides’ use. Even if often forgotten by scientific research, they are of crucial help to these studies being able to understand where to search and what to search for on the basis of their more profound knowledge of the environment they live in. Among the most significant routes of exposure, it is necessary to consider the assumption by contact and above all inhalation of residual pesticide particles present in the air we breathe. Once applied on the crop fields, these substances can remain in the atmosphere in the form of vapor or aerosol or undergo volatilization processes once accumulated in the soil. This compels politicians and scientific experts in the field to encourage continuous monitoring of residential areas nearby and close to cultivated zones, such as vineyards. Our data do not allow for a risk assessment, but it should be noted that among the pesticides found, several have proven human toxicity, so concerns persist about their cumulative effects on garden plants, especially around vulnerable groups like children and the elderly. The principles of prevention and precaution are essential before authorizing specific agricultural activities, treatments, or industrial processes, but also in assessing that the rules are respected and are sufficient to allow citizens to live in safety, especially in their homes. Knowing the existing contamination implies an adequate degree of scientific expertise; a considerable and suitable dataset is needed for a complete assessment to evaluate persistence, decay and degradation, type of toxicity, combined effects, possible implications on different environmental matrices and different target subjects; a constant monitoring based on sufficiently and technically accepted methodologies is due; just to mention a few relevant aspects. It is important to note the European Union framed the regulation of pesticides use to other strategies such as Green Deal (European Parlament 2021 ), 2030 Biodiversity Strategy ( COM/2019/640 Final 2019), EU’s chemicals strategy for sustainability towards a toxic-free environment, EU Adaptation Strategy ( COM(2020) 380 Final 2020), and, above all, Farm to Fork Strategy ( COM(2021) 82 Final 2021). The implementation of these strategies at the national level requires specific measures and legislative acts that sometimes are delayed or blocked by big corporations or lobbies ( COM(2020) 381 Final 2020) to the detriment of the citizens. The data exposed show how the drift phenomenon and the presence of vulnerable areas are affected, highlighting a problematic weak point. We hope that in the future there will be an increase in organic farming practices and a shift towards safer products to reduce the amount of chemicals detected in the environment. Declarations Ethical approval N.A. The paper does not deal with human patients and clinical data. Consent to participate N.A. The paper does not deal with human patients and clinical data. Consent to publish N.A. The paper does not deal with human patients and clinical data. Funding The authors declare that no funds, grants, or other support were received during the preparation of this manuscript. Competing Interests The authors have no relevant financial or non-financial interests to disclose. Author Contributions Giovanni Beghini and Renzo Caobelli contributed to the study conception and design. Material preparation and data collection were performed by Renzo Caobelli and Giovanni Beghini. Analyses were performed by Giacomo Danieli and Annibale Biggeri. The first draft of the manuscript was written by Giacomo Danieli, Giovanni Beghini, Renzo Caobelli and Claudia Marcolungo and all authors commented on previous versions of the manuscript. All authors read and approved the final manuscript. References Buralli, Rafael Junqueira, Amana Freitas Dultra, e Helena Ribeiro. 2020. «Respiratory and Allergic Effects in Children Exposed to Pesticides-A Systematic Review». International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 17 (8): 2740. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17082740. 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Province of Verona (Italy). 2021–2022 Number of pesticides detected Overall, N = 85 2021, N = 44 2022, N = 41 0 19 (22.0%) 7 (16.0%) 12 (29.0%) 1 20 (24.0%) 11 (25.0%) 9 (22.0%) 2 15 (18.0%) 9 (20.0%) 6 (15.0%) 3 14 (16.0%) 10 (23.0%) 4 (9.8%) 4 6 (7.1%) 4 (9.1%) 2 (4.9%) 5 3 (3.5%) 1 (2.3%) 2 (4.9%) 6 6 (7.1%) 2 (4.5%) 4 (9.8%) 7 1 (1.2%) 0 (0.0%) 1 (2.4%) 8 0 (0.0%) 0 (0.0%) 0 (0.0%) 9 1 (1.2%) 0 (0.0%) 1 (2.4%) Table 2 Comparison of number of detected pesticides in July 2021 and number of detected pesticides in July 2022 (Wilcoxon rank sum test). Province of Verona (Italy). 2021–2022 Overall, N = 64 July 2021, N = 44 July 2022, N = 20 p-value Number of pesticides Median 2, IQR (1, 3) Median 2, IQR (1, 3) Median 1, IQR (0, 3) 0.3 Table 3 Comparison of number of detected pesticides in in June, July, and August 2022. Only sites sampled in all those three periods were considered. Province of Verona (Italy). 2021–2022 Overall, N = 12 June 2022, N = 3 July 2022, N = 5 August 2022 N = 4 p-value Number of pesticides Median 2, IQR (1, 3) Median 2, IQR (2, 2.5) Median 2, IQR (1, 3) Median 1, IQR (0.75, 1.50) 0.5 Table 4 Number (%) samples positive for each pesticide per year. Province of Verona (Italy). 2021–2022 Pesticide Overall 2021 2022 acetamiprid 2 (2.4%) 1 (2.3%) 1 (2.4%) ametotradin 3 (3.5%) 3 (6.8%) 0 (0%) boscalid 16 (18.8%) 5 (11.4%) 11 (26.8%) captano_thpi 5 (5.9%) 1 (2.3%) 4 (9.8%) clorpiriphos 2 (2.4%) 1 (2.3%) 1 (2.4%) cyprodinil 3 (3.5%) 1 (2.3%) 2 (4.9%) deltametrina 3 (3.5%) 1 (2.3%) 2 (4.9%) difenconazolo 1 (1.2%) 0 (0%) 1 (2.4%) dimetomorf 10 (11.8%) 6 (13.6%) 4 (9.8%) ditiocarbammati 4 (4.7%) 0 (0%) 4 (9.8%) etofenprox 6 (7.1%) 2 (4.5%) 4 (9.8%) flonicamid_tfng_tfna 2 (2.4%) 2 (4.5%) 0 (0%) fluazinam 1 (1.2%) 0 (0%) 1 (2.4%) flupyradifurone 2 (2.4%) 0 (0%) 2 (4.9%) formetanato 1 (1.2%) 1 (2.3%) 0 (0%) ftalimide_folpet 47 (55.3%) 29 (65.9%) 18 (43.9%) glifosate 7 (8.2%) 4 (9.1%) 3 (7.3%) indoxacarb 4 (4.7%) 3 (6.8%) 1 (2.4%) lambda_cyalotrhina 1 (1.2%) 1 (2.3%) 0 (0%) mandipropamide 3 (3.5%) 3 (6.8%) 0 (0%) metalaxil 1 (1.2%) 1 (2.3%) 0 (0%) metoxifenozide 1 (1.2%) 0 (0%) 1 (2.4%) metribuzin 1 (1.2%) 1 (2.3%) 0 (0%) oxaithiopiprolin 2 (2.4%) 0 (0%) 2 (4.9%) oxamil 1 (1.2%) 0 (0%) 1 (2.4%) piretrine 1 (1.2%) 1 (2.3%) 0 (0%) piriproxifen 1 (1.2%) 0 (0%) 1 (2.4%) propamocarb 2 (2.4%) 1 (2.3%) 1 (2.4%) propizamide 1 (1.2%) 0 (0%) 1 (2.4%) pyrimetanil 1 (1.2%) 0 (0%) 1 (2.4%) spinosad 2 (2.4%) 0 (0%) 2 (4.9%) spiroxamina 17 (20%) 6 (13.6%) 11 (26.8%) tau_fluvalinate 4 (4.7%) 2 (4.5%) 2 (4.9%) tebuconazolo 1 (1.2%) 0 (0%) 1 (2.4%) tebufenozide 1 (1.2%) 1 (2.3%) 0 (0%) tetraconazolo 6 (7.1%) 1 (2.3%) 5 (12.2%) zoxamide 17 (20%) 14 (31.8%) 3 (7.3%) Table 5 Number (%) risk phrases of detected pesticides per distance of the sample sites from closest cultivated field. Province of Verona (Italy). 2021–2022 Indication DGR 1082/2019 Sampled within 30 m Sampled within 40 m Prohibited products within 30 m (H317, H351, H362, H372) 42 (68.9%) 45 (68.2%) Prohibited products within 40 m (H300, H330) 1 (1.6%) 1 (1.5%) Table 6 Concentrations (ppm) of detected pesticides. Only concentrations > 0.01 mg/kg were considered. Province of Verona (Italy). 2021–2022 Pesticide Number of samples Mean (min – max) acetamiprid 2 0.03 (0.02–0.03) ametotradin 3 0.03 (0.01–0.05) boscalid 16 0.06 (0.01–0.42) captano_thpi 5 0.31 (0.03–1.29) clorpiriphos 2 0.01 (0.01–0.01) cyprodinil 3 0.03 (0.01–0.05) deltametrina 3 0.03 (0.02–0.03) difenconazolo 1 0.02 (0.02–0.02) dimetomorf 10 0.11 (0.01–0.56) ditiocarbammati 4 0.06 (0.04–0.08) etofenprox 6 0.06 (0.02–0.12) flonicamid_tfng_tfna 2 0.03 (0.01–0.04) fluazinam 1 0.01 (0.01–0.01) flupyradifurone 2 0.01 (0.01–0.01) formetanato 1 0.03 (0.03–0.03) ftalimide_folpet 47 0.24 (0.03–3.42) glifosate 7 0.81 (0.01–3.44) indoxacarb 4 0.05 (0.01–0.14) lambda_cyalotrhina 1 0.03 (0.03–0.03) mandipropamide 3 0.08 (0.01–0.19) metalaxil 1 0.01 (0.01–0.01) metoxifenozide 1 0.01 (0.01–0.01) metribuzin 1 0.02 (0.02–0.02) oxaithiopiprolin 2 0.01 (0.01–0.01) oxamil 1 0.02 (0.02–0.02) piretrine 1 0.55 (0.55–0.55) piriproxifen 1 0.02 (0.02–0.02) propamocarb 2 0.02 (0.01–0.02) propizamide 1 0.03 (0.03–0.03) pyrimetanil 1 0.01 (0.01–0.01) spinosad 2 0.03 (0.01–0.04) spiroxamina 17 0.03 (0.01–0.15) tau_fluvalinate 4 0.02 (0.01–0.02) tebuconazolo 1 0.01 (0.01–0.01) tebufenozide 1 0.01 (0.01–0.01) tetraconazolo 6 0.05 (0.01–0.1) zoxamide 17 0.08 (0.01–0.3) Supplementary Files Supplementarymaterial.docx Cite Share Download PDF Status: Posted Version 1 posted You are reading this latest preprint version Research Square lets you share your work early, gain feedback from the community, and start making changes to your manuscript prior to peer review in a journal. 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Also discoverable on Platform About Our Team In Review Editorial Policies Advisory Board Help Center Resources Author Services Accessibility API Access RSS feed Manage Cookie Preferences © Research Square 2026 | ISSN 2693-5015 (online) Privacy Policy Terms of Service Do Not Sell My Personal Information {"props":{"pageProps":{"initialData":{"identity":"rs-4329703","acceptedTermsAndConditions":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"archivedVersions":[],"articleType":"Research Article","associatedPublications":[],"authors":[{"id":309084472,"identity":"049b9840-699a-4cec-8896-10a8cfdd9a74","order_by":0,"name":"Giovanni Beghini","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"International Society of Doctors for Environment","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Giovanni","middleName":"","lastName":"Beghini","suffix":""},{"id":309084473,"identity":"188bfd74-ea2a-4708-b667-2ef97d948534","order_by":1,"name":"Giacomo Danieli","email":"data:image/png;base64,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","orcid":"","institution":"Universita degli Studi di Padova","correspondingAuthor":true,"prefix":"","firstName":"Giacomo","middleName":"","lastName":"Danieli","suffix":""},{"id":309084474,"identity":"8d07f405-8973-41cc-95d0-983a42d9c319","order_by":2,"name":"Claudia Marcolungo","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"University of Padova: Universita degli Studi di Padova","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Claudia","middleName":"","lastName":"Marcolungo","suffix":""},{"id":309084475,"identity":"d2d80f25-3a9a-43cc-8f25-a2a8311f53be","order_by":3,"name":"Renzo Caobelli","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"International Society of Doctors for Environment","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Renzo","middleName":"","lastName":"Caobelli","suffix":""},{"id":309084476,"identity":"a7bf63dc-cd9c-43af-b9a0-67722d8a0c3a","order_by":4,"name":"Annibale Biggeri","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"University of Padova: Universita degli Studi di Padova","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Annibale","middleName":"","lastName":"Biggeri","suffix":""}],"badges":[],"createdAt":"2024-04-26 12:57:50","currentVersionCode":1,"declarations":"","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-4329703/v1","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-4329703/v1","draftVersion":[],"editorialEvents":[],"editorialNote":"","failedWorkflow":false,"files":[{"id":63716524,"identity":"3b6ab6ec-cefb-448a-9cbb-c23803dab4dd","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-09-01 06:10:42","extension":"pdf","order_by":0,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"manuscript-pdf","size":634451,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"manuscript.pdf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-4329703/v1/16ee0921-2313-425d-a753-a114e31c2061.pdf"},{"id":58283523,"identity":"a86eacd1-70eb-46da-8920-d362c34a32e1","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-06-13 11:29:45","extension":"docx","order_by":5,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"supplement","size":62774,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"Supplementarymaterial.docx","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-4329703/v1/6b64ce8618b1d031b199de7f.docx"}],"financialInterests":"","formattedTitle":"“From farm to garden” – Pesticides drift from farmlands to private gardens: a survey in Verona (Italy) in the years 2021-2022","fulltext":[{"header":"Introduction","content":"\u003cp\u003eGrowing evidence suggests that residents living near vineyards and other cultivations could be exposed to pesticides through non-occupational pathways such as pesticide volatilization or spray drift beyond the treated area (Dereumeaux et al. 2020; 2022; Linhart et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR15\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2021\u003c/span\u003e). In the Veneto region of Northern Italy \u0026ndash; a five million inhabitants region with intensive agricultural exploitation and worldwide leading wine production according to Eurostat 2021(\u0026laquo;Sparkling wine exports grew 29% in 2021\u0026raquo; \u003cspan citationid=\"CR22\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2022\u003c/span\u003e), the issue of pollutants dispersion from neighboring cultivations has sparked controversy(Sammartano et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR21\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2020\u003c/span\u003e; Teysseire et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR23\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2021\u003c/span\u003e), with calls to reduce spray drift especially in vineyards (Otto et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR18\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2015\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe updated official panel of restrictions levels and safety limits for Veneto Region are reported in the Veneto Regional Decree (DGR 1082/2019, s.d.). In this document, a buffer zone around the treated crop areas is ruled according to the toxicological classifications of the pesticides: a) 40 mt for pesticides with ascertained toxicity - H300, H310, H330, H340, H350, H360 -; b) to 30 mt for pesticides with possible toxicity, not yet fully ascertained - H301, H311, H317, H331, H334, H341, H351, H362, H370, H372. The European Union has intervened specifically in the use of pesticides, indicating the guidelines for a more correct and more sustainable use (\u0026laquo;Direttiva \u003cspan citationid=\"CR8\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2009\u003c/span\u003e/128/CE\u0026raquo;, s.d.) and through EIP AGRI (Agricultural European Innovation Partnership) was supporting new practices and knowledge, in the field of pests too, until becoming part of EU CAP network in 2023 (EIP-AGRI, s.d.).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eDespite the significant efforts made to ensure the proper use of pesticides, including their selection, prohibition, and reduction, few studies have been conducted in Italy, particularly in Veneto, to investigate the airborne dispersion of toxic pesticide in residential spaces neighboring vineyards or other cultivated areas, a topic that has instead been studied in other geographical areas by various authors (Oerlemans et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR17\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2021\u003c/span\u003e; Figueiredo et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR11\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2021\u003c/span\u003e; Teysseire et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR23\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2021\u003c/span\u003e; Sammartano et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR21\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2020\u003c/span\u003e). Therefore, it is essential to conduct research studies on this topic in order to provide a solid base of knowledge to establish a standardized protocol for detecting the airborne pollution of pesticide derivatives in both residential living spaces and neighboring cultivated areas.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIn this report we aim to describe how residents neighboring vineyards and other cultivated areas in Verona province (Veneto-Northern Italy) \u0026ndash; about one million inhabitants, with the wine sector as the leading economic activity- be exposed to a variety of chemical species of pesticides, by monitoring the presence in private gardens of pollution by pesticides volatilization or spray drift, beyond the agronomic treated area.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Materials and methods","content":"\u003cp\u003eVerona province has a complex agricultural reality, involving tree crops (vines, apple trees, peach trees, kiwifruit, olive trees), greenhouse (strawberry, tomato, courgette, pepper) or open fields vegetables (tomatoes, potatoes, cabbages), industrial crops (tobacco, sugar beet) and finally a wide range of arable crops (wheat, corn, soybeans, sunflowers) connected or not with a strong zootechnical activity. The different crops are fairly concentrated in areas of specific agri-environmental vocation (wine on the hilly areas around Lake Garda and Lessini mountains, apple tree and other fruit trees in the alluvial belt and the branch of the Adige River and all other open field crops in the southern strip of the Veronese plain). This makes the province of Verona an area with unique agricultural features and ideal for studying the drift of pesticides from farm to gardens.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec3\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eStudy design\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eWe conducted a cross-sectional survey on two waves, year 2021 and year 2022. Based on the national survey on agricultural areas by the Regional Agricoltural Agency \u0026ldquo;Veneto Agricoltura 2019\u0026rdquo;. We selected the sampling areas in the province of Verona reflecting the observed heterogeneity in terms of treatments and crops variety. Once identified the sampling areas we engaged the resident population by meetings, social media, and other initiatives (no profit organizations, organic farming associations, etc.) and we ask for resident volunteers who agree to have their gardens to be considered for the study.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eWe then sampled 50 sites from the total number of volunteers (55 in the year 2021 and 48 in the 2022) proportionally to the crop\u0026rsquo;s composition in the province and considering the average number of treatments per ha for each crop.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eTherefore, the study was conducted on 50 private gardens neighboring (within 40 meters) rural cultivated areas, randomly dispersed in the Verona province. The data were collected in full respect of European Regulation 2016/769.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec4\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eSampling\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eRaw specimens consisted in 300 g wet weight of deciduous leaves from each garden. The leaves were placed in bags supplied by the laboratory, sealed and identified with a numbered and tamper-proof string. Samples were collected and stored at +\u0026thinsp;2/4\u0026deg;C until chemical analysis. The collections were performed by the same operator to minimize the impact of interindividual variability.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eCollection was performed throughout July 2021 and June, July and August 2022. Of the 50 gardens (sample sites), 30 were sampled only in 2021 and 6 only in 2022. The remaining 14 sites were sampled in both years. In 2021, each site was sampled only once in the month of July, while in 2022, 8 sites were sampled only once in July (5 of which were already sampled in 2021), 1 site were sampled both in June and July and 2 sites were sampled both in July and August (these two sites were also sampled in 2021), and 9 sites were sampled 3 times in June, July and August (6 of them were already sampled in 2021). In total we had 85 samples, 44 in 2021 and 41 in 2022.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eFor each site were registered the following features: prevalent crop in the neighboring area (150 meters radius), crop type and distance from fields around the garden, presence, type and height of a barrier around the garden, private pesticide or other chemical substance usage (es. antiparasitic for domestic animals or insecticide against mosquitoes). The collections were performed by the same operator to minimize the impact of interindividual variability. It had not rained in the days preceding the collection of each sample.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec5\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eSample treatment and analysis\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003e The analytical methods to detect pesticides\u0026rsquo; residues in raw plant materials and foods complied the [UNI-EN-15662-G] standard and referred to previously reported protocols (Careri et al., 1996; Kwon et al., 2012). Fundamentally, we used the QuEChERS (Quick Easy Cheap Effective Rugged and Safe) method equipped with LC/MS-MS technique (Barbieri et al., 2019) and using the EU guideline SANTE/11945/2015 known as \u0026ldquo;Guidance document on analytical quality control and method validation procedures for pesticides residues analysis in food and feed\u0026rdquo;.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003ePesticides are extracted by liquid-liquid extraction in acetonitrile (without the addition of salts). The optimal Q-oil was 2 g vegetal oil/10 ml acetonitrile. This extract called 'raw' is purified of lipid residues through dispersive SPE (PSA/ODS 25/25 mg/mL). For dispersive SPE each 15 ml centrifuge tube contains 900 mg MgSO4, 150 mg PSA, i.e., primary and secondary amine exchange material, 150 mg C18 (which considering 6 ml of extract is equivalent to MgSO4/PSA/ODS 150/25/25 mg/mL as requested in the note of par. 5.4.1 of the UNI-EN 15662-G). The internal standard is a 20 \u0026micro;g/ml of triphenyl phosphate standard solution.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe final extract was used for liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry (LC/MS-MS) and gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS), when requested by the method. The LC/MS-MS has an ESI+/ESI- ionization, N2 as nebulizer and drying gas, Ar as CID gas MRM as acquisition mode.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec6\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eDetection limits and sensitivity\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe analytical sensitivity limit in any of the pesticide-derived compound detected was established as \u0026le;\u0026thinsp;0.010 mg/kg dry weight, with a measuring uncertainty regarding the assessed or highly probable presence of pesticide below 50%. In the case of Folpet-phthalimide with significant parent-degradation, the signal of the degradation consists of the signal from the degradation product (which was originally present in the sample) plus the signal of the degradation product that is formed in the analytical device, during the injection. For Folpet the accuracy of the method was checked between real (spiked) and \u0026ldquo;highly probable\u0026rdquo;, within the range of 10\u0026ndash;12%. (EURL-SRM \u0026ndash; Analytical Observation Report - Quantification of Residues of Folpet and Captan in QuEChERS Extracts Version 3.1; last update: 06.04.17)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec7\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eStatistical analysis\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe number (%) of samples for each sampling site where pesticide-derived compounds were detected, and summary statistics (median and interquartile range) on the count of compounds detected at each site were reported. The detection limit was 0.01 ppm (Reg. CE 1107/2009). For each pesticide, the average and the range of values were calculated purely for descriptive purposes. In the risk phrase analysis, the number (%) of risk phrases of the pesticides detected were reported. The statistical analysis was performed using R version 4.2.3 (2023-03-15 ucrt) on RStudio 2023.03.0\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;386 for Windows.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e"},{"header":"Results","content":"\u003cp\u003eTable\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab1\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e shows the number (%) of pesticide detected in all the 85 samples and per sampling years. In more than 70% of samples each year was detected one or more pesticide where no pesticides should be present. Overall, the median count of pesticides detected was 2 (IQR 1\u0026ndash;3) in 2021 and 1 (IQR 0\u0026ndash;3) in 2022. Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab2\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e shows that the median number of pesticides detected in the July 2021 samples did not vary significantly from those collected in July 2022 and Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab3\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e shows that there were no significant changes between the samples collected in June, July and August 2022 either. Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab4\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003e shows the number (%) of positive samples for pesticide overall and per year. Folpet-phthalimide was detected in the majority of samples, i.e., 29/44 (65.9%) in 2021 and 18/41 (43.9%) in 2022, and a significant number of sites were polluted with zoxamide (31.8% in 2021, 7.3% in 2021), spiroxamine (13.6% in 2021, 26.8% in 2022), the contact fungicide boscalid (11.4% in 2021, 26.8% in 2022) and dimetomorf (13.6% in 2021, 9.8% in 2022). Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab5\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e5\u003c/span\u003e relates the distance from a cultivated field to the presence of substances whose use should be prohibited within 30 or 40 m of a house (DGR 1082/2019). 1.5% of the collected samples within 40 m of the cultivated fields concern products with established toxicity (H300 e H330) whose use is prohibited within 40 m from a house, but about 70% of the collected samples within 30 m of the cultivated fields concern products with possible but not ascertained toxicity (H317, H351, H362) whose use is prohibited within 30 m from a house. Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab6\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e6\u003c/span\u003e shows risk phrases and relative codification of detected pesticides.\u003c/p\u003e "},{"header":"Discussion","content":"\u003cp\u003eOur findings indicate that airborne pollution from pesticides in residential areas close to cultivated areas, especially vineyards, is a significant concern for both human health in neighboring residential areas and for edible crop plants and their food derivatives. Verona continues to be a prominent region for pesticide use (\u0026laquo;Fitosanitari\u0026raquo;, s.d.). Although we only investigated a limited number of sites, the results presented in this study are of great importance, as they demonstrate the presence of Folpet-phthalimide and other pesticides in residential areas adjacent to cultivated areas, particularly vineyards.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIn our study, the first ten most frequently detected pesticides in 2021 are all used in the defense of the vine; of these, six are for exclusive use on vines, three, although presenting other possibilities on the label, are marketed almost exclusively on the wine market, while the last one, glyphosate, is also widely used on other crops or uncultivated areas. From this list it is evident that the research results in 2021 are greatly affected by the sampling period (end of July); the molecules found are for the vast majority referable to pesticides that can be used on crops in the summer period, while pesticides for spring use are almost completely missing (e.g., dithiocarbamates). Also noteworthy is the presence of one molecule that is not permitted for use in agriculture (Clorpiriphos methil, prohibited in 2020). 2022 sampling carried out in three different times starting from the end of June also made it possible to identify the presence of typically spring pesticides, such as residues of dithiocarbamates (CS2), a fungicide family, or fluazinam, consistently with the findings of (Sammartano et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR21\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2020\u003c/span\u003e). Furthermore, the climatic trend of 2022, strongly characterized by high temperatures and the absence of summer rains, has in fact limited the use of summer antidowny mildews, all in favor of antioidics. However, the vine remains the main source of pollutants with eight exclusive presences in the top ten. For the pesticides which have been traced several times, their values vary greatly from one site to another: it is not possible to define the cause of this variability, as it could depend on numerous factors, such as the different time elapsed from the treatment to the sampling, the different distance from the place of the treatment and others. The rainfalls could be implicated but the collection without previously raining days and the climatic stability of the summers of 2021 and allow us to exclude or minimize their impact.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eMany of the detected pesticides are dangerous for the environment, and one third is dangerous for man. Most of the risk phrase detected is dangerous not only for the operator (e.g. the farmer) but also for people who don\u0026rsquo;t handle the pesticide. In particular, although most of the risk phrases are not dangerous or can be found according to the regulations in the vicinity of houses or sensitive places, 25% of the risk phrases of the products found within 30 m of the cultivated fields should not be detected in that area (possible, but not confirmed, toxicity). Fortunately, within 40 m only 2% of the risk phrases concern products with a proven risk of toxicity to humans.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003eHuman health\u003c/h3\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eStudies link pesticide exposure to respiratory issues, allergies, and neurotoxicity in children, potentially affecting cognitive functions (Buralli, Dultra, e Ribeiro 2020; Grandjean e Landrigan 2014; Miani et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR16\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2021\u003c/span\u003e). Folpet, a specific pesticide, has raised concerns regarding carcinogenicity. Additionally, the impact of pesticides on human fertility and their role as endocrine disruptors are under scrutiny, with inconsistent findings (Roeleveld e Bretveld 2008; Foster et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR13\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2008\u003c/span\u003e; Requena et al. 2019).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec11\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eLegal aspects\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eWhat are the legal grounds that justify this obligation and also imply the right of citizens and individuals to see the necessary arrangements made? A rigorous normative about the use of pesticides in order to reduce to negligible levels these chemicals in resident neighboring areas, is crucial, both for human safety and agronomy. They are rooted in International Declarations(Stockholm, 1972)(Janeiro, 1992), in a variety of European regulations(1907/2006, s.d.)(1107/2009, s.d.) and directives (2009/128/EC, s.d.), which establish a framework to achieve the sustainable use of pesticides (SUD), and in some Italian laws (152/06). Moreover, in 2021, a United Nations Human Rights Council Resolution(Human Rights Council 48/13, 2021) unequivocally enshrined the right to a clean, healthy and sustainable environment. This statement marks the clear recognition of a healthy environment as a prerequisite for the enjoyment of human, civil, political, social and economic rights of all people on earth. All these regulations, together with the provisions on POPs, or persistent organic pollutants rest, precisely, on the identification of substances that have the potential to cause harm to the environment and humans(Stockholm Convention, 2001) (Regulation (EU) 2019/517, 2019).\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec12\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003ePotential biases and limitations\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe present study focused on private gardens contamination by pesticides. We selected sampling sites neighboring cultivated area; therefore we cannot extend our results to the general population in a risk assessment framework. We aimed to detect presence and number of pesticides as an indicator of a potential health hazard.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eImputing such hazard to use of pesticides in farming depends on an adequate control of other sources of contamination (direct use in gardening, pets, etc.). Our questionnaire should had provided information on this. We cannot exclude some misclassification by the respondents. The fact that the study relied on spontaneous participation and community engagement could have produced biased responses in two opposite directions: volunteers could stress one sources of contamination and underestimated others (e.g., use of pesticides in gardening) or volunteers could be more motivated to provide accurate responses to the survey.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eWe employ the Quality Assurance/Quality Control (QA/QC) technique for our analytical measurements to ensure the reliability and accuracy of our data. This rigorous approach enables us to confidently identify the presence or absence of pesticides in our samples, providing a solid foundation for subsequent hazard assessment. By adhering to QA/QC standards, we ensure that our findings are robust and credible, thereby facilitating a more informed and reliable hazard identification process, which is crucial for addressing public health and environmental safety concerns related to pesticide exposure.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eMoreover, in this study, we strategically focused on identifying the presence or absence of pesticides in residential gardens adjacent to agricultural areas, aligning our approach with hazard identification methodologies like those employed by the International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC). By determining whether specific pesticides are detectable in the environment, we aim to highlight potential exposures that could pose health risks to the local population. This step is crucial for understanding the broader implications of pesticide use in proximity to human habitats. However, it's important to note that our analysis does not delve into risk assessment, which would require a more detailed evaluation of the potential health impacts based on the levels of exposure and the toxicity of the detected pesticides. Our findings serve as a foundational step, indicating areas of concern that warrant further investigation to fully assess the risks and inform appropriate regulatory and public health responses.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e"},{"header":"Conclusions","content":"\u003cp\u003eIn this research we found interesting data about the presence of pesticides in private gardens. Although only a limited number of sites is analyzed, the results demonstrate the presence of Folpet-phthalimide and other pesticides in residential areas adjacent to cultivated areas, particularly vineyards. It is important to keep in mind that in more than 70% of samples each year was detected one or more pesticide where no pesticides should be present. The two-year research we carried out has shown that there may be a drift of pesticides from cultivated areas to private homes. Among the samples tested, only seven in 2021 and twelve in 2022 do not present residues of pesticides. Examining the toxicological characteristics of the molecules detected, we found that many of them belong to the categories of highly toxic molecules (H300, H301, etc., see Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab5\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e5\u003c/span\u003e). This means that the minimum distance of 40 meters as provided by regional regulation is not sufficient to prevent drift, having detected more than 10% of the positive results in the samples at this distance.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eFurthermore, to ensure a better understanding of this phenomenon citizens play an important role, helping Public Administrations to improve the regulations and the control over pesticides\u0026rsquo; use. Even if often forgotten by scientific research, they are of crucial help to these studies being able to understand where to search and what to search for on the basis of their more profound knowledge of the environment they live in. Among the most significant routes of exposure, it is necessary to consider the assumption by contact and above all inhalation of residual pesticide particles present in the air we breathe. Once applied on the crop fields, these substances can remain in the atmosphere in the form of vapor or aerosol or undergo volatilization processes once accumulated in the soil. This compels politicians and scientific experts in the field to encourage continuous monitoring of residential areas nearby and close to cultivated zones, such as vineyards.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eOur data do not allow for a risk assessment, but it should be noted that among the pesticides found, several have proven human toxicity, so concerns persist about their cumulative effects on garden plants, especially around vulnerable groups like children and the elderly.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe principles of prevention and precaution are essential before authorizing specific agricultural activities, treatments, or industrial processes, but also in assessing that the rules are respected and are sufficient to allow citizens to live in safety, especially in their homes.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eKnowing the existing contamination implies an adequate degree of scientific expertise; a considerable and suitable dataset is needed for a complete assessment to evaluate persistence, decay and degradation, type of toxicity, combined effects, possible implications on different environmental matrices and different target subjects; a constant monitoring based on sufficiently and technically accepted methodologies is due; just to mention a few relevant aspects.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIt is important to note the European Union framed the regulation of pesticides use to other strategies such as Green Deal (European Parlament \u003cspan citationid=\"CR10\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2021\u003c/span\u003e), 2030 Biodiversity Strategy (\u003cem\u003eCOM/2019/640 Final\u003c/em\u003e 2019), EU\u0026rsquo;s chemicals strategy for sustainability towards a toxic-free environment, EU Adaptation Strategy (\u003cem\u003eCOM(2020) 380 Final\u003c/em\u003e 2020), and, above all, Farm to Fork Strategy (\u003cem\u003eCOM(2021) 82 Final\u003c/em\u003e 2021). The implementation of these strategies at the national level requires specific measures and legislative acts that sometimes are delayed or blocked by big corporations or lobbies (\u003cem\u003eCOM(2020) 381 Final\u003c/em\u003e 2020) to the detriment of the citizens.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe data exposed show how the drift phenomenon and the presence of vulnerable areas are affected, highlighting a problematic weak point. We hope that in the future there will be an increase in organic farming practices and a shift towards safer products to reduce the amount of chemicals detected in the environment.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Declarations","content":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eEthical approval\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eN.A. The paper does not deal with human patients and clinical data.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eConsent to participate\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eN.A. The paper does not deal with human patients and clinical data.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eConsent to publish\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eN.A. The paper does not deal with human patients and clinical data.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eFunding\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe authors declare that no funds, grants, or other support were received during the preparation of this manuscript.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eCompeting Interests\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe authors have no relevant financial or non-financial interests to disclose.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAuthor Contributions\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eGiovanni Beghini and Renzo Caobelli contributed to the study conception and design. Material preparation and data collection were performed by Renzo Caobelli and Giovanni Beghini. Analyses were performed by Giacomo Danieli and Annibale Biggeri. The first draft of the manuscript was written by Giacomo Danieli, Giovanni Beghini, Renzo Caobelli and Claudia Marcolungo and all authors commented on previous versions of the manuscript. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"References","content":"\u003col\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eBuralli, Rafael Junqueira, Amana Freitas Dultra, e Helena Ribeiro. 2020. \u0026laquo;Respiratory and Allergic Effects in Children Exposed to Pesticides-A Systematic Review\u0026raquo;. \u003cem\u003eInternational Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health\u003c/em\u003e 17 (8): 2740. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17082740.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003cem\u003eCOM/2019/640 Final\u003c/em\u003e. 2019. https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=COM%3A2019%3A640%3AFIN.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003cem\u003eCOM(2020) 380 Final\u003c/em\u003e. 2020. https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=CELEX:52020DC0380.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003cem\u003eCOM(2020) 381 Final\u003c/em\u003e. 2020. https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=CELEX%3A52020DC0381.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003cem\u003eCOM(2021) 82 Final\u003c/em\u003e. 2021. https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/ALL/?uri=CELEX:52021DC0082.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eDereumeaux, Cl\u0026eacute;mentine, Cl\u0026eacute;mence Fillol, Philippe Quenel, e S\u0026eacute;bastien Denys. 2020. \u0026laquo;Pesticide Exposures for Residents Living Close to Agricultural Lands: A Review\u0026raquo;. \u003cem\u003eEnvironment International\u003c/em\u003e 134 (gennaio): 105210. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envint.2019.105210.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eDereumeaux, Cl\u0026eacute;mentine, Fabien Mercier, Pauline Soulard, Marion Hulin, Amivi Oleko, Marie Pecheux, Cl\u0026eacute;mence Fillol, S\u0026eacute;bastien Denys, e Philippe Quenel. 2022. \u0026laquo;Identification of Pesticides Exposure Biomarkers for Residents Living Close to Vineyards in France\u0026raquo;. \u003cem\u003eEnvironment International\u003c/em\u003e 159 (gennaio): 107013. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envint.2021.107013.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u0026laquo;Direttiva 2009/128/CE\u0026raquo;. s.d. \u003cem\u003eDirettiva 2009/128/CE del Parlamento europeo e del Consiglio, del 21 ottobre 2009, che istituisce un quadro per l\u0026rsquo;azione comunitaria ai fini dell\u0026rsquo;utilizzo sostenibile dei pesticidi\u003c/em\u003e.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eEIP-AGRI. s.d. \u0026laquo;EIP-AGRI\u0026raquo;. 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Duyzer, et al. 2021. \u0026laquo;Personal Exposure Assessment of Pesticides in Residents: The Association between Hand Wipes and Urinary Biomarkers\u0026raquo;. \u003cem\u003eEnvironmental Research\u003c/em\u003e 199 (agosto): 111282. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envres.2021.111282.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eOtto, S., D. Loddo, C. Baldoin, e G. Zanin. 2015. \u0026laquo;Spray Drift Reduction Techniques for Vineyards in Fragmented Landscapes\u0026raquo;. \u003cem\u003eJournal of Environmental Management\u003c/em\u003e 162 (ottobre): 290\u0026ndash;98. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2015.07.060.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eRequena, Mar, Antonia L\u0026oacute;pez-Vill\u0026eacute;n, Antonio F. Hern\u0026aacute;ndez, Tesif\u0026oacute;n Parr\u0026oacute;n, \u0026Aacute;ngela Navarro, e Raquel Alarc\u0026oacute;n. 2019. \u0026laquo;Environmental Exposure to Pesticides and Risk of Thyroid Diseases\u0026raquo;. \u003cem\u003eToxicology Letters\u003c/em\u003e 315 (ottobre): 55\u0026ndash;63. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.toxlet.2019.08.017.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eRoeleveld, Nel, e Reini Bretveld. 2008. \u0026laquo;The Impact of Pesticides on Male Fertility\u0026raquo;. \u003cem\u003eCurrent Opinion in Obstetrics \u0026amp; Gynecology\u003c/em\u003e 20 (3): 229\u0026ndash;33. https://doi.org/10.1097/GCO.0b013e3282fcc334.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eSammartano, Francesca, Luigi Castriotta, Ester Chermaz, Giovanni Moro, Sabina Bolzan, Martina Bortoletto, D\u0026rsquo;Anna Little, et al. 2020. \u0026laquo;Levels of Ethylenethiourea (u-ETU) in a Population Living Near Vineyards\u0026raquo;. \u003cem\u003eExposure and Health\u003c/em\u003e 12 (giugno). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12403-019-00307-x.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u0026laquo;Sparkling wine exports grew 29% in 2021\u0026raquo;. 2022. https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/web/products-eurostat-news/w/ddn-20221230-1.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eTeysseire, Rapha\u0026euml;lle, Guyguy Manangama, Isabelle Baldi, Camille Carles, Patrick Brochard, Carole Bedos, e Fleur Delva. 2021. \u0026laquo;Determinants of Non-Dietary Exposure to Agricultural Pesticides in Populations Living Close to Fields: A Systematic Review\u0026raquo;. \u003cem\u003eThe Science of the Total Environment\u003c/em\u003e 761 (marzo): 143294. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.143294.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003c/ol\u003e"},{"header":"Tables","content":"\u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab1\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 1\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNumber (%) of detected pesticides overall and per calendar year. Survey of private gardens. Province of Verona (Italy). 2021\u0026ndash;2022\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"4\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNumber of pesticides detected\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eOverall, N\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;85\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2021, N\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;44\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2022, N\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;41\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e19 (22.0%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7 (16.0%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e12 (29.0%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e20 (24.0%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e11 (25.0%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e9 (22.0%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e15 (18.0%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e9 (20.0%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6 (15.0%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e14 (16.0%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e10 (23.0%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4 (9.8%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6 (7.1%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4 (9.1%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2 (4.9%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3 (3.5%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1 (2.3%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2 (4.9%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6 (7.1%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2 (4.5%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4 (9.8%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1 (1.2%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0 (0.0%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1 (2.4%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e8\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0 (0.0%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0 (0.0%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0 (0.0%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e9\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1 (1.2%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0 (0.0%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1 (2.4%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab2\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 2\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eComparison of number of detected pesticides in July 2021 and number of detected pesticides in July 2022 (Wilcoxon rank sum test). Province of Verona (Italy). 2021\u0026ndash;2022\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"5\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eOverall, N\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;64\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eJuly 2021, N\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;44\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eJuly 2022, N\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;20\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ep-value\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eNumber of pesticides\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMedian 2, IQR (1, 3)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMedian 2, IQR (1, 3)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMedian 1, IQR (0, 3)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab3\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 3\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eComparison of number of detected pesticides in in June, July, and August 2022. Only sites sampled in all those three periods were considered. Province of Verona (Italy). 2021\u0026ndash;2022\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"6\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c6\" colnum=\"6\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eOverall, N\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;12\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eJune 2022, N\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eJuly 2022, N\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAugust 2022 N\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ep-value\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eNumber of pesticides\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMedian 2, IQR (1, 3)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMedian 2, IQR (2, 2.5)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMedian 2, IQR (1, 3)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMedian 1, IQR (0.75, 1.50)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab4\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 4\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNumber (%) samples positive for each pesticide per year. Province of Verona (Italy). 2021\u0026ndash;2022\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"4\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePesticide\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eOverall\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2021\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2022\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eacetamiprid\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2 (2.4%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1 (2.3%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1 (2.4%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eametotradin\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3 (3.5%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3 (6.8%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0 (0%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eboscalid\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e16 (18.8%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5 (11.4%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e11 (26.8%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ecaptano_thpi\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5 (5.9%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1 (2.3%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4 (9.8%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eclorpiriphos\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2 (2.4%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1 (2.3%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1 (2.4%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ecyprodinil\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3 (3.5%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1 (2.3%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2 (4.9%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003edeltametrina\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3 (3.5%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1 (2.3%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2 (4.9%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003edifenconazolo\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1 (1.2%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0 (0%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1 (2.4%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003edimetomorf\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e10 (11.8%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6 (13.6%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4 (9.8%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003editiocarbammati\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4 (4.7%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0 (0%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4 (9.8%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eetofenprox\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6 (7.1%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2 (4.5%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4 (9.8%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eflonicamid_tfng_tfna\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2 (2.4%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2 (4.5%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0 (0%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003efluazinam\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1 (1.2%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0 (0%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1 (2.4%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eflupyradifurone\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2 (2.4%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0 (0%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2 (4.9%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eformetanato\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1 (1.2%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1 (2.3%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0 (0%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eftalimide_folpet\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e47 (55.3%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e29 (65.9%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e18 (43.9%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eglifosate\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7 (8.2%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4 (9.1%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3 (7.3%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eindoxacarb\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4 (4.7%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3 (6.8%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1 (2.4%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003elambda_cyalotrhina\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1 (1.2%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1 (2.3%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0 (0%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003emandipropamide\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3 (3.5%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3 (6.8%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0 (0%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003emetalaxil\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1 (1.2%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1 (2.3%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0 (0%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003emetoxifenozide\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1 (1.2%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0 (0%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1 (2.4%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003emetribuzin\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1 (1.2%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1 (2.3%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0 (0%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eoxaithiopiprolin\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2 (2.4%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0 (0%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2 (4.9%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eoxamil\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1 (1.2%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0 (0%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1 (2.4%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003epiretrine\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1 (1.2%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1 (2.3%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0 (0%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003epiriproxifen\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1 (1.2%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0 (0%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1 (2.4%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003epropamocarb\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2 (2.4%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1 (2.3%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1 (2.4%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003epropizamide\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1 (1.2%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0 (0%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1 (2.4%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003epyrimetanil\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1 (1.2%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0 (0%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1 (2.4%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003espinosad\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2 (2.4%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0 (0%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2 (4.9%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003espiroxamina\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e17 (20%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6 (13.6%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e11 (26.8%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003etau_fluvalinate\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4 (4.7%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2 (4.5%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2 (4.9%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003etebuconazolo\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1 (1.2%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0 (0%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1 (2.4%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003etebufenozide\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1 (1.2%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1 (2.3%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0 (0%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003etetraconazolo\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6 (7.1%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1 (2.3%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5 (12.2%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ezoxamide\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e17 (20%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e14 (31.8%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3 (7.3%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab5\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 5\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNumber (%) risk phrases of detected pesticides per distance of the sample sites from closest cultivated field. Province of Verona (Italy). 2021\u0026ndash;2022\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"3\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eIndication DGR 1082/2019\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSampled within 30 m\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSampled within 40 m\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eProhibited products within 30 m (H317, H351, H362, H372)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e42 (68.9%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e45 (68.2%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eProhibited products within 40 m (H300, H330)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1 (1.6%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1 (1.5%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab6\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 6\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eConcentrations (ppm) of detected pesticides. Only concentrations\u0026thinsp;\u0026gt;\u0026thinsp;0.01 mg/kg were considered. Province of Verona (Italy). 2021\u0026ndash;2022\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"3\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePesticide\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNumber of samples\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMean (min \u0026ndash; max)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eacetamiprid\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.03 (0.02\u0026ndash;0.03)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eametotradin\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.03 (0.01\u0026ndash;0.05)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eboscalid\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e16\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.06 (0.01\u0026ndash;0.42)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ecaptano_thpi\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.31 (0.03\u0026ndash;1.29)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eclorpiriphos\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.01 (0.01\u0026ndash;0.01)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ecyprodinil\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.03 (0.01\u0026ndash;0.05)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003edeltametrina\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.03 (0.02\u0026ndash;0.03)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003edifenconazolo\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.02 (0.02\u0026ndash;0.02)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003edimetomorf\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e10\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.11 (0.01\u0026ndash;0.56)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003editiocarbammati\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.06 (0.04\u0026ndash;0.08)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eetofenprox\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.06 (0.02\u0026ndash;0.12)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eflonicamid_tfng_tfna\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.03 (0.01\u0026ndash;0.04)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003efluazinam\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.01 (0.01\u0026ndash;0.01)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eflupyradifurone\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.01 (0.01\u0026ndash;0.01)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eformetanato\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.03 (0.03\u0026ndash;0.03)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eftalimide_folpet\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e47\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.24 (0.03\u0026ndash;3.42)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eglifosate\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.81 (0.01\u0026ndash;3.44)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eindoxacarb\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.05 (0.01\u0026ndash;0.14)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003elambda_cyalotrhina\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.03 (0.03\u0026ndash;0.03)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003emandipropamide\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.08 (0.01\u0026ndash;0.19)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003emetalaxil\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.01 (0.01\u0026ndash;0.01)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003emetoxifenozide\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.01 (0.01\u0026ndash;0.01)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003emetribuzin\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.02 (0.02\u0026ndash;0.02)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eoxaithiopiprolin\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.01 (0.01\u0026ndash;0.01)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eoxamil\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.02 (0.02\u0026ndash;0.02)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003epiretrine\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.55 (0.55\u0026ndash;0.55)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003epiriproxifen\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.02 (0.02\u0026ndash;0.02)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003epropamocarb\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.02 (0.01\u0026ndash;0.02)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003epropizamide\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.03 (0.03\u0026ndash;0.03)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003epyrimetanil\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.01 (0.01\u0026ndash;0.01)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003espinosad\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.03 (0.01\u0026ndash;0.04)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003espiroxamina\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e17\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.03 (0.01\u0026ndash;0.15)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003etau_fluvalinate\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.02 (0.01\u0026ndash;0.02)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003etebuconazolo\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" 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Italy","lastPublishedDoi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-4329703/v1","lastPublishedDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-4329703/v1","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"},"manuscriptAbstract":"\u003cp\u003eA study in Veneto, Northern Italy, revealed significant pesticide exposure in residential gardens near vineyards and agricultural zones, showing over 70% of sampled gardens each year had detectable pesticide levels, contrary to expectations. Despite safety measures and EU guidelines, findings suggest inadequate protection against pesticide drift, with notable detections of Folpet-phthalimide among others. The research, encompassing various agricultural settings in Verona province, involved a detailed cross-sectional survey over 2021 and 2022, assessing pesticide dispersion through leaf sampling. The study found that over 70% of the sampled gardens each year contained one or more pesticides where none should be present. The median number of pesticides detected was 2 in 2021 and 1 in 2022. No significant differences were observed in pesticide presence between the July 2021 and July 2022 samples, or across the different months in 2022. Folpet-phthalimide was the most detected pesticide. Additionally, a small percentage of samples near cultivated fields contained pesticides with established toxicity, violating regional regulations, while a significant portion within 30 meters contained pesticides with potential but unconfirmed toxicity. The study advocates for stricter enforcement of pesticide regulations, increased community engagement in monitoring, and alignment with broader European environmental strategies to ensure a balanced approach to agricultural productivity and public health.\u003c/p\u003e","manuscriptTitle":"“From farm to garden” – Pesticides drift from farmlands to private gardens: a survey in Verona (Italy) in the years 2021-2022","msid":"","msnumber":"","nonDraftVersions":[{"code":1,"date":"2024-06-13 11:29:40","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-4329703/v1","editorialEvents":[{"type":"communityComments","content":0}],"status":"published","journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"researchsquare","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"/submission","title":"Research Square","twitterHandle":"researchsquare","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"","reportingPortfolio":"","inReviewEnabled":false,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true}}],"origin":"","ownerIdentity":"fd08d9a6-a036-4524-9fe0-4a4a46411548","owner":[],"postedDate":"June 13th, 2024","published":true,"recentEditorialEvents":[],"rejectedJournal":[],"revision":"","amendment":"","status":"posted","subjectAreas":[],"tags":[],"updatedAt":"2025-03-09T11:38:58+00:00","versionOfRecord":[],"versionCreatedAt":"2024-06-13 11:29:40","video":"","vorDoi":"","vorDoiUrl":"","workflowStages":[]},"version":"v1","identity":"rs-4329703","journalConfig":"researchsquare"},"__N_SSP":true},"page":"/article/[identity]/[[...version]]","query":{"redirect":"/article/rs-4329703","identity":"rs-4329703","version":["v1"]},"buildId":"qtupq5eGEP_6zYnWcrvyt","isFallback":false,"isExperimentalCompile":false,"dynamicIds":[84888],"gssp":true,"scriptLoader":[]}