Soil Nourishment: Using Seaweed for Soil Fertilization and Soil Removing Heavy Metals from Soil

Soil Nourishment: Using Seaweed for Soil Fertilization and Soil Removing Heavy Metals from Soil | Research Square window.SnipcartSettings = { analytics: { enabled: false } }; (function() { var accessVector = localStorage.getItem('access_vector') || ''; window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; if (accessVector) { window.dataLayer.push({ user: { profile: { profileInfo: { snid: accessVector } } } }); } })(); (function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start':new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0],j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src='https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f);})(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-K279D39R'); Browse Preprints In Review Journals COVID-19 Preprints AJE Video Bytes Research Tools Research Promotion AJE Professional Editing AJE Rubriq About Preprint Platform In Review Editorial Policies Our Team Advisory Board Help Center Sign In Submit a Preprint Cite Share Download PDF Method Article Soil Nourishment: Using Seaweed for Soil Fertilization and Soil Removing Heavy Metals from Soil Salma Islam Radwan, Salma Ahmed Attia This is a preprint; it has not been peer reviewed by a journal. https://doi.org/ 10.21203/rs.3.rs-6303050/v1 This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License Status: Posted Version 1 posted You are reading this latest preprint version Abstract The increasing demand of food requires use of fertilizers, but it has led to many Disasters, which will lead to the degradation of agricultural land, especially the soil. So, this research was done to support using bio extracts from seaweed. The study includes the extraction of nutrients from seaweed by microwave-assisted extraction (MAE), to extract the nutritional benefits, essential minerals and active compounds of seaweed. The soil was fertilized with the extracts of each seaweed alone and with mixture. Seaweed extracted solution increased organic matter and nutrients content and induced proteins, polysaccharides, cytokinesis and growth hormones to the soil. The extracted solution of 30 ml amount contained NPK at the concentration 82.8 ppm, 13.28 mEq, 13.8ppm. In addition, the slow release of seaweed enhances soil efficiency and plant health and minimizes environmental pollution which continuously prevents soil erosion and salinity unlike chemical fertilizer. Seaweed mixture shows efficient heavy metal biosorption capacity due to the existence of active functional groups on their cell wall surfaces. This decreased the content of heavy metals (Pb, Cd, Hg, Cr) to tolerable limits which accumulate in the plant and affect the health of human and animals who feed on. The solution was prepared by microwave-assisted extraction (MAE) with conditions of 900 W, liquid/solid ratio 15ml/5g of dry mass, extraction time (30 min) at three different temperatures 25, 40, 60°C. Results show that the content of micro and macro-elements increase by temperature. Germination tests on mint plants show higher height, longer roots, and more nutrients. Results show that algal extracts obtained by MAE have the highest potential applied in agriculture as bio stimulants. Agroecology Agronomy Agroecology Agronomy Seaweeds Microwave Extraction Methods Pant Growth Heavy metal soil pollution Figures Figure 1 Figure 2 Figure 3 Figure 4 Figure 5 Introduction Population is continuously increasing with an elevating percentage, leading to an increase in food demand and agricultural products. Conventional agriculture, which heavily depends on synthetic chemical fertilizers, faces significant environmental and economic challenges leading to soil erosion. Chemical fertilizers negatively affect soil, the environment, and humans as they cause several environmental problems, including soil degradation, water pollution, greenhouse gas emissions, accumulation of metals in plants affecting the human health as neuro disorders, disturbance in kidney, liver and lungs leading to cancer (Chandini .., Kumar, Kumar, & Prakash, 2019 ). These are pressing issues; hence, there is a dire need to find alternative approaches for ensuring crop health and productivity by keeping the environment and human beings safe. To address these issues, Seaweed, a marine bioresource, offers a promising solution. Seaweed, especially brown and green species, are rich in essential nutrients whatever macronutrients (nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium) or micronutrients (Calcium, Magnesium, Sulfur and Zincf), growth hormones such as auxins, cytokinin and gibberellins, and bioactive compounds that can contribute to plant growth, improve soil health, stimulate root development and boost crop yields. Seaweed is converted by water and microwave-assisted (MAE) extractions, as an alternative for traditional extraction methods which involve large amounts of solvent, into a bio fertilizer which is safe for the environment and humans with a high percentage of nutrients and elements which beneficial to the soil ( Park, Han, & Shin, 2023 ). During MAE extraction, microwave radiation causes disruption of hydrogen bonds and the migration of dissolved ions. Therefore, the penetration of the solvent into the matrix is increased and the extraction of target compounds is facilitated. In addition, seaweed fertilizer improves soil health by enhancing water retention, developing microbial activity, and mitigating environmental problems such as water pollution and soil degradation. The plants then grow healthier and more quickly, with all the benefits provided by chemical fertilizers, but without any problems caused to the environment. Furthermore, seaweed is an excel lent source of micro and macro-elements required for plant nutrition. They help to enhance the biochemical constituents of carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, fibers, ash, phenol, and dietary fiber in plants. Soil fertilization by seaweeds improves seed germination, shoot and root elongation, water, and nutrient uptake, frost and saline resistance and resistance toward phytopathogenic organisms (Ahmed, Gheda, & Ismail, 2020 ) Here is the study works on not only organic fertilizer with advanced extraction methodology of nutrients depending on microwaves to create a fertilizer that is used in irrigation systems to control and optimize the intake of nutrients in the soil as one means of reducing fertilizer use, increasing crop productivity, and protecting soil health all critical for ensuring future food security sustainably. Methods The experiment was conducted to investigate the impact of the extracted seaweed fertilizer on the soil and plant as an alternative for chemical fertilizer. Firstly, two seaweeds species were collected: Sargassum lacerifolium seaweed (Phaeophyta) was collected from Hurghada beach (Red Sea), while Ulva fasciata (Chlorophyta), collected from Ras Al Bar beach (Mediterranean Sea). The taxonomical identification of the seaweed samples was confirmed by the help of professors in the Botany Department at Tanta University and by using Algae Base https://www.algaebase.org/ website. The seaweed washed and cleaned using tap water to remove sand, debris and gravels then the seaweeds are dried at 40°C. The dried seaweed is grinded to particles with size < 0.3 mm using electrical grinder to enhance extraction process and then kept until used in clean glass. Secondly, the algal powder was mixed with water with a ratio of 15 mL of boiled water/5.0 g of dry biomass and left for 6–10 hours. Thirdly, the mixture is exposed to microwaves rays which cause disruption of hydrogen bonds and the migration of dissolved ions, so it was put in a microwave reactor with power from 900W and extraction time of 30 minutes at three different temperatures (25, 40, and 60°C). The results showed that the micro and macro-elements release is increased by temperature. After extraction, each sample was centrifuged at 4500 rpm for 15 minutes in the lab of Faculty of Science, Tanta University and then filtered using Whatman filter paper to separate solid particles from liquid. As result, the solution was 100% liquid without suspended materials. To reach the most accurate results and compare between different species of seaweed and their effect on soil and plant, this solution was done for Ulva seaweed alone, Sargassum seaweed alone and mixture of both. The three solutions were experimented on different soil pots. (Michalak, Tuhy, & Chojnacka, 2015 ) Four pots with mint plant were prepared and the environmental control factors such as soil type, light intensity, extracted solution amount, water supply, pant type and pot volume were maintained consistently across all groups to ensure reliable comparisons and results. The soil chosen was degraded soil which was carried out from degraded field at Kom Hamada, Egypt and the seaweed extracted solution was used to treat the soil. Pot 1 was the control sample was not fertilized at all and were exposed to the normal factors and water supply. Pot 2 was fertilized with Ulva (green) Extracted solution for two weeks with 50 ml of extracted solution twice a week. Pot 3 was fertilized with Sargassum (brown) Extracted solution with the same amount of fertilizer. Pot 4 was fertilized with mixture of Ulva and Sargassum Extracted solution. All pots were supplied with the same amount of water and the fertilization process is managed after watering the soil to ensure better absorption. Both fertilization and watering processes were done during morning to avoid evaporation and water loss. The temperature during the experiment was between 23–29°C. Data collections were done by observing the difference in plant growth in the four pots and documentation by photos. In addition to the analysis of the extracted solution to analyze the concentration of NPK content. Results Table 1 Extracted solution analysis Elements Amount (mg/L) Nitrogen 82.8 Phosphorus 13.8 Potassium 419 Results of NPK analysis for the extracted solution Table 2 Soil analysis Soil Character Control Ulva fasciata Sargassum lacerifolium Seaweeds Mixture Clay 29.5 34.4 29.5 40.1 PH 8.2 7.3 8.5 7.65 N 214.5 217.7 219.6 226.4 P 180 189.5 185.6 195.7 K 440 460.2 452.5 485.5 Cd 11.4 1.74 1.89 1.61 Pb 62.2 44 46.7 38.6 Results of analysis for treated soil with the extracted seaweed solution Comparison of different parameters between control sample and treated sample. Discussion The research finds that seaweed extracts can be used as an alternative to chemical fertilizers. Microwave assisted extraction (MAE) with concentrations is investigated in the research to extract nutrients and elements in the seaweed to form a solution that can be alternative for chemical fertilizer. The NPK analysis of the extracted solution was done, and the results are 82.8 mg/L, 13.8 mg/L, and 419 mg/L, respectively; all three are needed for soil fertility and plant growth. The seaweed mixture had the most impact on soil fertilization and nutrient enrichment, compared to the various other seaweed extracts' effects on soil parameters. In the case of Ulva fasciata, soil pH was brought to 7.3, whereas under the effect of Sargassum lacerifolium, near neutrality was established at pH 8.5, both are optimal conditions for plant growth. The higher clay content (40.1%) was also indicative that the seaweed blends improved soil structure and thus water holding capacity and aeration. The ability of a seaweed mixture to bio absorb heavy metals is a novel finding of this study. The outcomes showed a significant reduction in heavy metals with lead (Pb) going from 62.2 mg/L to 38.6 mg/L and cadmium (Cd) going from 11.4 mg/L (control) to 1.61 mg/L. This indicates that seaweed extracts can be used as organic soil purifiers that mitigate the accumulation of toxic metals detrimental to human and plant health. A volume of 30 milliliters of the seaweed extract solution was used, and the slow-release effect was of great importance as there would be a constant supply of nutrients to the soil, without inducing soil salinity, soil erosion, and environmental pollution which are caused by chemical fertilizers. The bioactive compounds made up of cytokinin, proteins, polysaccharides, and growth hormones, have likely caused the increase of soil fertility and plant growth. The effectiveness of seaweed. extracts were similarly shown in mint germination testing with an increase in nutrient content of plants, an increase in roots, and height growth development. A comparison was made between the 4th pot which was fertilized with extracted mixture solution and the control pot to find the impact of the extracted mixture solution on the plant growth. After one week, the control sample shown in Fig. 1 was in its early stage of growth producing short shoots and less leaves while the 4th pot shown in Fig. 2 shows faster growth with higher shots and more leaves After another week, the observations were not expected as the more and higher shots grew in the 4th pot shown in Fig. 4 making the difference easily and highly observed. Furthermore, the soil shows enhanced water retention compared with the control sample as shown in Fig. 3. These results confirmed the positive impact of the extracted solution on the soil and the plants Conclusion The idea offers a solution for the treatment of the degraded soil to boost its health and continuously increase the agriculture productivity. Using seaweed as an organic matter to increase the percentage of nutrients and required elements in the soil is an alternative solution for chemical fertilizer which pollutes water, soil and causes health problems like kidney damage, liver damage or even cancer. Ulva fasciata and Sargassum lacerifolium seaweeds (as dry matter) offer significant sources for required compounds in the soil without inducing environmental or health problems. Using water extraction and microwave assisted extraction methods show a great absorption of elements in seaweed in a solution to integrate it with an irrigation system. Degraded soil sample which exposed to the aqueous solution extracted from seaweed shows increased percentage of nutrients in both roots and shoots of radish plant, decrease in heavy metals like Pb, Cu, Zn, and Ni in soil, decrease soil PH towards neutral soil conditions. It is worth noting that the seaweed extraction shows an increase in N, p and K percentage in the soil and plant absorption which obviously affect the plant growth, and its rate compared to the control sample. Further studies are still needed using different seaweed concentrations to determine the safe concentration which can be used for soil treatment. Declarations Acknowledgement Despite the considerable labor and effort invested, the collaborative support of several individuals significantly influenced the project. The team expresses immense appreciation for the guidance and assistance provided: Botany Department, the Faculty of Science, Tanta University especially Dr. Nasser Sowalem, and Dr.Gehan Ismail. References Park JS, Han JM, Shin YN (2023) Exploring Bioactive Compounds in Brown Seaweeds Using Subcritical Water: A Comprehensive Analysis. MDPI Ahmed DA-A, Gheda SF, Ismail GA (2020) Efficacy of two seaweeds dry mass in bioremediation of heavy metal. Res Gate Kumar C, Kumar R, R., Prakash O (2019) The Impact of Chemical Fertilizers on our Environment and Ecosystem. Research Gate Michalak I, Tuhy Ł, Chojnacka K (2015) Seaweed extract by microwave assisted extraction as plant growth biostimulant. de Gruyter Vives MI, Labandeira SS, Labrada MF, Mosquera ME (2022) SustainableSeaweed Technologies. Agricultural uses of seaweed, 591–612. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-817943 7.00020-2 Additional Declarations The authors declare no competing interests. Cite Share Download PDF Status: Posted Version 1 posted You are reading this latest preprint version Research Square lets you share your work early, gain feedback from the community, and start making changes to your manuscript prior to peer review in a journal. As a division of Research Square Company, we’re committed to making research communication faster, fairer, and more useful. We do this by developing innovative software and high quality services for the global research community. Our growing team is made up of researchers and industry professionals working together to solve the most critical problems facing scientific publishing. Also discoverable on Platform About Our Team In Review Editorial Policies Advisory Board Help Center Resources Author Services Accessibility API Access RSS feed Manage Cookie Preferences © Research Square 2026 | ISSN 2693-5015 (online) Privacy Policy Terms of Service Do Not Sell My Personal Information {"props":{"pageProps":{"initialData":{"identity":"rs-6303050","acceptedTermsAndConditions":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"archivedVersions":[],"articleType":"Method Article","associatedPublications":[],"authors":[{"id":433702005,"identity":"cfcacad5-6081-4343-9c9e-abfb86ad6f91","order_by":0,"name":"Salma Islam Radwan","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Gharbiya STEM School","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Salma","middleName":"Islam","lastName":"Radwan","suffix":""},{"id":433702006,"identity":"d10af4aa-3037-4ebf-9681-5fd9fe6488ca","order_by":1,"name":"Salma Ahmed 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legend\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"1.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-6303050/v1/2b3907758d87686eff3b8e91.png"},{"id":79240023,"identity":"39f39632-064f-443c-8919-b5e52628cd1e","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-03-26 05:32:30","extension":"png","order_by":2,"title":"Figure 2","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":235752,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eFigure 1 Control sample\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eControl sample after one week.\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"2.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-6303050/v1/45a842d1b83377b8498f356d.png"},{"id":79240577,"identity":"1a4391fc-9b5c-4fe5-9e0f-dd48e0935614","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-03-26 05:40:30","extension":"png","order_by":3,"title":"Figure 3","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":212049,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eFigure 2 Treated sample\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eTreated sample after one week.\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"3.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-6303050/v1/dcfeb3feafe45f561ea4a235.png"},{"id":79240579,"identity":"cdc15972-fa14-4467-a162-eabc73d5cd3f","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-03-26 05:40:30","extension":"png","order_by":4,"title":"Figure 4","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":204955,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eFigure 3 Control sample\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eControl sample after two weeks.\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"4.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-6303050/v1/b135aa131b83c05ff926722a.png"},{"id":79240030,"identity":"2e99a365-7f65-4edf-b781-c6d65469932e","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-03-26 05:32:30","extension":"png","order_by":5,"title":"Figure 5","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":262389,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eFigure 4 Treated sample\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eTreated sample after two weeks.\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"5.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-6303050/v1/2743833e4e58d4514151b663.png"},{"id":79240585,"identity":"022850da-434b-4554-b803-c8ebe24b8ddf","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-03-26 05:40:35","extension":"pdf","order_by":0,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"manuscript-pdf","size":1702761,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"manuscript.pdf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-6303050/v1/04a20018-95c1-4376-95a1-5811161e2c6b.pdf"}],"financialInterests":"The authors declare no competing interests.","formattedTitle":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eSoil Nourishment: Using Seaweed for Soil Fertilization and Soil Removing Heavy Metals from Soil\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","fulltext":[{"header":"Introduction","content":"\u003cp\u003ePopulation is continuously increasing with an elevating percentage, leading to an increase in food demand and agricultural products. Conventional agriculture, which heavily depends on synthetic chemical fertilizers, faces significant environmental and economic challenges leading to soil erosion. Chemical fertilizers negatively affect soil, the environment, and humans as they cause several environmental problems, including soil degradation, water pollution, greenhouse gas emissions, accumulation of metals in plants affecting the human health as neuro disorders, disturbance in kidney, liver and lungs leading to cancer (Chandini .., Kumar, Kumar, \u0026amp; Prakash, \u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2019\u003c/span\u003e). These are pressing issues; hence, there is a dire need to find alternative approaches for ensuring crop health and productivity by keeping the environment and human beings safe.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eTo address these issues, Seaweed, a marine bioresource, offers a promising solution. Seaweed, especially brown and green species, are rich in essential nutrients whatever macronutrients (nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium) or micronutrients (Calcium, Magnesium,\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eSulfur and Zincf), growth hormones such as auxins, cytokinin and gibberellins, and bioactive compounds that can contribute to plant growth, improve soil health, stimulate root development and boost crop yields.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eSeaweed is converted by water and microwave-assisted (MAE) extractions, as an alternative for traditional extraction methods which involve large amounts of solvent, into a bio fertilizer which is safe for the environment and humans with a high percentage of nutrients and elements which beneficial to the soil ( Park, Han, \u0026amp; Shin, \u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2023\u003c/span\u003e). During MAE extraction, microwave radiation causes disruption of hydrogen bonds and the migration of dissolved ions. Therefore, the penetration of the solvent into the matrix is increased and the extraction of target compounds is facilitated.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eIn addition, seaweed fertilizer improves soil health by enhancing water retention, developing microbial activity, and mitigating environmental problems such as water pollution and soil degradation. The plants then grow healthier and more quickly, with all the benefits provided by chemical fertilizers, but without any problems caused to the environment. Furthermore, seaweed is an excel lent source of micro and macro-elements required for plant nutrition. They help to enhance the biochemical constituents of carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, fibers, ash, phenol, and dietary fiber in plants. Soil fertilization by seaweeds improves seed germination, shoot and root elongation, water, and nutrient uptake, frost and saline resistance and resistance toward phytopathogenic organisms (Ahmed, Gheda, \u0026amp; Ismail, \u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2020\u003c/span\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eHere is the study works on not only organic fertilizer with advanced extraction methodology of nutrients depending on microwaves to create a fertilizer that is used in irrigation systems to control and optimize the intake of nutrients in the soil as one means of reducing fertilizer use, increasing crop productivity, and protecting soil health all critical for ensuring future food security sustainably.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Methods","content":"\u003cp\u003eThe experiment was conducted to investigate the impact of the extracted seaweed fertilizer on the soil and plant as an alternative for chemical fertilizer.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eFirstly, two seaweeds species were collected: Sargassum lacerifolium seaweed (Phaeophyta) was collected from Hurghada beach (Red Sea), while Ulva fasciata (Chlorophyta), collected from Ras Al Bar beach (Mediterranean Sea). The taxonomical identification of the seaweed samples was confirmed by the help of professors in the Botany Department at Tanta University and by using Algae Base \u003cspan class=\"ExternalRef\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"RefSource\"\u003ehttps://www.algaebase.org/\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan address=\"https://www.algaebase.org/\" targettype=\"URL\" class=\"RefTarget\"\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e website. The seaweed washed and cleaned using tap water to remove sand, debris and gravels then the seaweeds are dried at 40\u0026deg;C. The dried seaweed is grinded to particles with size\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.3 mm using electrical grinder to enhance extraction process and then kept until used in clean glass.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSecondly, the algal powder was mixed with water with a ratio of 15 mL of boiled water/5.0 g of dry biomass and left for 6\u0026ndash;10 hours. Thirdly, the mixture is exposed to microwaves rays which cause disruption of hydrogen bonds and the migration of dissolved ions, so it was put in a microwave reactor with power from 900W and extraction time of 30 minutes at three different temperatures (25, 40, and 60\u0026deg;C). The results showed that the micro and macro-elements release is increased by temperature. After extraction, each sample was centrifuged at 4500 rpm for 15 minutes in the lab of Faculty of Science, Tanta University and then filtered using Whatman filter paper to separate solid particles from liquid. As result, the solution was 100% liquid without suspended materials. To reach the most accurate results and compare between different species of seaweed and their effect on soil and plant, this solution was done for Ulva seaweed alone, Sargassum seaweed alone and mixture of both. The three solutions were experimented on different soil pots. (Michalak, Tuhy, \u0026amp; Chojnacka, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR4\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2015\u003c/span\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eFour pots with mint plant were prepared and the environmental control factors such as soil type, light intensity, extracted solution amount, water supply, pant type and pot volume were maintained consistently across all groups to ensure reliable comparisons and results. The soil chosen was degraded soil which was carried out from degraded field at Kom Hamada, Egypt and the seaweed extracted solution was used to treat the soil.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003ePot 1 was the control sample was not fertilized at all and were exposed to the normal factors and water supply. Pot 2 was fertilized with Ulva (green) Extracted solution for two weeks with 50 ml of extracted solution twice a week. Pot 3 was fertilized with Sargassum (brown) Extracted solution with the same amount of fertilizer. Pot 4 was fertilized with mixture of Ulva and Sargassum Extracted solution.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAll pots were supplied with the same amount of water and the fertilization process is managed after watering the soil to ensure better absorption. Both fertilization and watering processes were done during morning to avoid evaporation and water loss. The temperature during the experiment was between 23\u0026ndash;29\u0026deg;C.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eData collections were done by observing the difference in plant growth in the four pots and documentation by photos. In addition to the analysis of the extracted solution to analyze the concentration of NPK content.\u003c/p\u003e "},{"header":"Results","content":"\u003cp\u003eTable 1 \u0026nbsp;Extracted solution analysis\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\n \u003ctable id=\"Taba\" border=\"1\" style=\"margin-right: calc(72%); width: 28%;\"\u003e\n \u003cthead\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\" style=\"width: 24.6914%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eElements\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\" style=\"width: 25.9259%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAmount (mg/L)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/thead\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" style=\"width: 24.6914%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNitrogen\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" style=\"width: 25.9259%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e82.8\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" style=\"width: 24.6914%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePhosphorus\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" style=\"width: 25.9259%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e13.8\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" style=\"width: 24.6914%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePotassium\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" style=\"width: 25.9259%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e419\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n \u003c/table\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cem\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"LTR\"\u003eResults of NPK analysis for the extracted solution\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eTable 2\u0026nbsp; Soil analysis\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ctable border=\"1\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\" width=\"692\" style=\"margin-right: calc(0%); width: 100%;\"\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 98px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSoil Character\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 118px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eControl\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 162px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eUlva fasciata\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 174px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSargassum lacerifolium\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 141px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSeaweeds Mixture\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 98px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eClay\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 118px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e29.5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 162px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e34.4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 174px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e29.5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 141px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e40.1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 98px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePH\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 118px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e8.2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 162px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7.3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 174px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e8.5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 141px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7.65\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 98px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eN\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 118px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e214.5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 162px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e217.7\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 174px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e219.6\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 141px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e226.4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 98px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eP\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 118px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e180\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 162px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e189.5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 174px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e185.6\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 141px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e195.7\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 98px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eK\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 118px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e440\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 162px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e460.2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 174px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e452.5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 141px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e485.5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 98px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eCd\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 118px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e11.4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 162px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.74\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 174px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.89\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 141px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.61\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 98px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePb\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 118px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e62.2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 162px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e44\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 174px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e46.7\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 141px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e38.6\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n\u003c/table\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cem\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"LTR\"\u003eResults of analysis for treated soil with the extracted seaweed solution\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cem\u003eComparison of different parameters between control sample and treated sample.\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Discussion","content":"\u003cp\u003eThe research finds that seaweed extracts can be used as an alternative to chemical fertilizers. Microwave assisted extraction (MAE) with concentrations is investigated in the research to extract nutrients and elements in the seaweed to form a solution that can be alternative for chemical fertilizer. The NPK analysis of the extracted solution was done, and the results are 82.8 mg/L, 13.8 mg/L, and 419 mg/L, respectively; all three are needed for soil fertility and plant growth.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe seaweed mixture had the most impact on soil fertilization and nutrient enrichment, compared to the various other seaweed extracts' effects on soil parameters. In the case of Ulva fasciata, soil pH was brought to 7.3, whereas under the effect of Sargassum lacerifolium, near neutrality was established at pH 8.5, both are optimal conditions for plant growth. The higher clay content (40.1%) was also indicative that the seaweed blends improved soil structure and thus water holding capacity and aeration.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe ability of a seaweed mixture to bio absorb heavy metals is a novel finding of this study. The outcomes showed a significant reduction in heavy metals with lead (Pb) going from 62.2 mg/L to 38.6 mg/L and cadmium (Cd) going from 11.4 mg/L (control) to 1.61 mg/L. This indicates that seaweed extracts can be used as organic soil purifiers that mitigate the accumulation of toxic metals detrimental to human and plant health. A volume of 30 milliliters of the seaweed extract solution was used, and the slow-release effect was of great importance as there would be a constant supply of nutrients to the soil, without inducing soil salinity, soil erosion, and environmental pollution which are caused by chemical fertilizers.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe bioactive compounds made up of cytokinin, proteins, polysaccharides, and growth hormones, have likely caused the increase of soil fertility and plant growth. The effectiveness of seaweed.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eextracts were similarly shown in mint germination testing with an increase in nutrient content of plants, an increase in roots, and height growth development.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eA comparison was made between the 4th pot which was fertilized with extracted mixture solution and the control pot to find the impact of the extracted mixture solution on the plant growth. After one week, the control sample shown in Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e was in its early stage of growth producing short shoots and less leaves while the 4th pot shown in Fig.\u0026nbsp;2 shows faster growth with higher shots and more leaves\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAfter another week, the observations were not expected as the more and higher shots grew in the 4th pot shown in Fig.\u0026nbsp;4 making the difference easily and highly observed. Furthermore, the soil shows enhanced water retention compared with the control sample as shown in Fig.\u0026nbsp;3. These results confirmed the positive impact of the extracted solution on the soil and the plants\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Conclusion","content":"\u003cp\u003eThe idea offers a solution for the treatment of the degraded soil to boost its health and continuously increase the agriculture productivity. Using seaweed as an organic matter to increase the percentage of nutrients and required elements in the soil is an alternative solution for chemical fertilizer which pollutes water, soil and causes health problems like kidney damage, liver damage or even cancer. Ulva fasciata and Sargassum lacerifolium seaweeds (as dry matter) offer significant sources for required compounds in the soil without inducing environmental or health problems. Using water extraction and microwave assisted extraction methods show a great absorption of elements in seaweed in a solution to integrate it with an irrigation system. Degraded soil sample which exposed to the aqueous solution extracted from seaweed shows increased percentage of nutrients in both roots and shoots of radish plant, decrease in heavy metals like Pb, Cu, Zn, and Ni in soil, decrease soil PH towards neutral soil conditions. It is worth noting that the seaweed extraction shows an increase in N, p and K percentage in the soil and plant absorption which obviously affect the plant growth, and its rate compared to the control sample. Further studies are still needed using different seaweed concentrations to determine the safe concentration which can be used for soil treatment.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Declarations","content":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cu\u003eAcknowledgement\u0026nbsp;\u003c/u\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eDespite the considerable labor and effort invested, the collaborative support of several individuals significantly influenced the project. The team expresses immense appreciation for the guidance and assistance provided: Botany Department, the Faculty of Science, Tanta University especially Dr. Nasser Sowalem, and Dr.Gehan Ismail.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"References","content":"\u003col\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003ePark JS, Han JM, Shin YN (2023) Exploring Bioactive Compounds in Brown Seaweeds Using Subcritical Water: A Comprehensive Analysis. \u003cem\u003eMDPI\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eAhmed DA-A, Gheda SF, Ismail GA (2020) Efficacy of two seaweeds dry mass in bioremediation of heavy metal. Res Gate\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eKumar C, Kumar R, R., Prakash O (2019) The Impact of Chemical Fertilizers on our Environment and Ecosystem. \u003cem\u003eResearch Gate\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eMichalak I, Tuhy Ł, Chojnacka K (2015) Seaweed extract by microwave assisted extraction as plant growth biostimulant. \u003cem\u003ede Gruyter\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eVives MI, Labandeira SS, Labrada MF, Mosquera ME (2022) SustainableSeaweed Technologies. Agricultural uses of seaweed, 591\u0026ndash;612. \u003cspan class=\"ExternalRef\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"RefSource\"\u003ehttps://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-817943 7.00020-2\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan address=\"10.1016/B978-0-12-817943 7.00020-2\" targettype=\"DOI\" class=\"RefTarget\"\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003c/ol\u003e"}],"fulltextSource":"","fullText":"","funders":[],"hasAdminPriorityOnWorkflow":false,"hasManuscriptDocX":true,"hasOptedInToPreprint":true,"hasPassedJournalQc":"","hasAnyPriority":true,"hideJournal":true,"highlight":"","institution":"Gharbiya STEM School","isAcceptedByJournal":false,"isAuthorSuppliedPdf":false,"isDeskRejected":"","isHiddenFromSearch":false,"isInQc":false,"isInWorkflow":false,"isPdf":false,"isPdfUpToDate":true,"isWithdrawnOrRetracted":false,"journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"researchsquare","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"/submission","title":"Research Square","twitterHandle":"researchsquare","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"","reportingPortfolio":"","inReviewEnabled":false,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true},"keywords":"Seaweeds, Microwave Extraction Methods, Pant Growth, Heavy metal soil pollution","lastPublishedDoi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-6303050/v1","lastPublishedDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-6303050/v1","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"},"manuscriptAbstract":"\u003cp\u003eThe increasing demand of food requires use of fertilizers, but it has led to many Disasters, which will lead to the degradation of agricultural land, especially the soil. So, this research was done to support using bio extracts from seaweed. The study includes the extraction of nutrients from seaweed by microwave-assisted extraction (MAE), to extract the nutritional benefits, essential minerals and active compounds of seaweed. The soil was fertilized with the extracts of each seaweed alone and with mixture. Seaweed extracted solution increased organic matter and nutrients content and induced proteins, polysaccharides, cytokinesis and growth hormones to the soil. The extracted solution of 30 ml amount contained NPK at the concentration 82.8 ppm, 13.28 mEq, 13.8ppm. In addition, the slow release of seaweed enhances soil efficiency and plant health and minimizes environmental pollution which continuously prevents soil erosion and salinity unlike chemical fertilizer. Seaweed mixture shows efficient heavy metal biosorption capacity due to the existence of active functional groups on their cell wall surfaces. This decreased the content of heavy metals (Pb, Cd, Hg, Cr) to tolerable limits which accumulate in the plant and affect the health of human and animals who feed on. The solution was prepared by microwave-assisted extraction (MAE) with conditions of 900 W, liquid/solid ratio 15ml/5g of dry mass, extraction time (30 min) at three different temperatures 25, 40, 60\u0026deg;C. Results show that the content of micro and macro-elements increase by temperature. Germination tests on mint plants show higher height, longer roots, and more nutrients. Results show that algal extracts obtained by MAE have the highest potential applied in agriculture as bio stimulants.\u003c/p\u003e","manuscriptTitle":"Soil Nourishment: Using Seaweed for Soil Fertilization and Soil Removing Heavy Metals from Soil","msid":"","msnumber":"","nonDraftVersions":[{"code":1,"date":"2025-03-26 05:32:26","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-6303050/v1","editorialEvents":[{"type":"communityComments","content":0}],"status":"published","journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"researchsquare","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"/submission","title":"Research Square","twitterHandle":"researchsquare","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"","reportingPortfolio":"","inReviewEnabled":false,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true}}],"origin":"","ownerIdentity":"5702f1b8-4f0c-4036-92f5-3621f3f60530","owner":[],"postedDate":"March 26th, 2025","published":true,"recentEditorialEvents":[],"rejectedJournal":[],"revision":"","amendment":"","status":"posted","subjectAreas":[{"id":46180887,"name":"Agroecology"},{"id":46180888,"name":"Agronomy"},{"id":46180889,"name":"Agroecology"},{"id":46180890,"name":"Agronomy"}],"tags":[],"updatedAt":"2025-03-26T05:32:26+00:00","versionOfRecord":[],"versionCreatedAt":"2025-03-26 05:32:26","video":"","vorDoi":"","vorDoiUrl":"","workflowStages":[]},"version":"v1","identity":"rs-6303050","journalConfig":"researchsquare"},"__N_SSP":true},"page":"/article/[identity]/[[...version]]","query":{"redirect":"/article/rs-6303050","identity":"rs-6303050","version":["v1"]},"buildId":"8U1c8b4HqxoKbykW_rLl7","isFallback":false,"isExperimentalCompile":false,"dynamicIds":[84888],"gssp":true,"scriptLoader":[]}