Efficacy of lavender essential oil against respiratory tract bacteria is influenced by harvesting time

Efficacy of lavender essential oil against respiratory tract bacteria is influenced by harvesting time | Research Square window.SnipcartSettings = { analytics: { enabled: false } }; (function() { var accessVector = localStorage.getItem('access_vector') || ''; window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; if (accessVector) { window.dataLayer.push({ user: { profile: { profileInfo: { snid: accessVector } } } }); } })(); (function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start':new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0],j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src='https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f);})(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-K279D39R'); Browse Preprints In Review Journals COVID-19 Preprints AJE Video Bytes Research Tools Research Promotion AJE Professional Editing AJE Rubriq About Preprint Platform In Review Editorial Policies Our Team Advisory Board Help Center Sign In Submit a Preprint Cite Share Download PDF Article Efficacy of lavender essential oil against respiratory tract bacteria is influenced by harvesting time Viktória Lilla Balázs, Bence Bordás, Lilla Nagy-Radványi, Edit Ormai, and 7 more This is a preprint; it has not been peer reviewed by a journal. https://doi.org/ 10.21203/rs.3.rs-5609384/v1 This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License Status: Posted Version 1 posted You are reading this latest preprint version Abstract Antibiotic resistance can be largely associated with the biofilm-forming properties of bacteria, since in this form pathogens show increased resistance to antibiotics and disinfectants. Pathogens, for example the airway colonizing Pseudomonas aeruginosa , Streptococcus pneumoniae and the members of the genus Haemophilus , are frequently arranged in a biofilm on the mucous membrane. Essential oils are increasingly used both for prevention of diseases and in complementary therapies. This study investigated the composition and antimicrobial activities of Lavandula angustifolia Mill. essential oil (LEO) distilled from flowers collected before, during and after the flowering period. Our results confirm that collection time significantly influences the composition and antibacterial activity of LEO. The most active sample was LEO distilled before flowering period in each experimental setup. The most resistant pathogen was P. aeruginosa (MIC: 2.5 mg/mL), while the most sensitive was S. pneumoniae (MIC: 0.5 mg/mL). In the biofilm experiment, too, LEO from the pre-bloom period was the most effective. Its anti-biofilm activity decreased in parallel with increasing incubation time (4, 6, 8, 12, 24 h). In summary, we demonstrated the antimicrobial effectiveness of LEOs against respiratory pathogens in biofilms of different maturity, and LEO distilled before flowering exhibited the strongest biofilm inhibition. Biological sciences/Microbiology/Biofilms Health sciences/Health care antibiotic resistance Lavandula angustifolia P. aeruginosa S. pneumoniae Haemophilus spp. anti-biofilm effect Figures Figure 1 Figure 2 Figure 3 1. Introduction Bacteria colonize both the upper and the lower respiratory tract, however, the highest number of bacteria is found in the upper respiratory tract [ 1 ]. Upper respiratory tract infections include e.g. laryngitis, pharyngitis/tonsillitis, acute rhinitis, as well as acute rhinosinusitis and acute otitis media. Examples for lower respiratory tract infections are acute bronchitis, bronchiolitis, pneumonia, pneumonitis and tracheitis [ 2 ]. Usually, symptoms are initially caused by viruses and are often followed by bacterial superinfection. In this case, the causes of inflammation are actually members of the naturally present microbiota of the airways and primarily cause disease in an immunosuppressed state. Primary bacterial infection is less common than viral infection [ 2 , 3 ]. Pathogenic species that colonize the upper respiratory tract include Streptococcus spp., Haemophilus spp., Pseudomonas spp., Staphylococcus spp. and Moraxella spp., however, they can be found in the lower respiratory tract as well [ 4 ]. A study conducted in the post-COVID period concluded that the incidence of respiratory tract diseases increased significantly, the background of which may have been the increased occurrence of respiratory pathogens, and the population was also more susceptible to diseases after the easing of measures to prevent COVID-19 infection. Adults aged 55 and older and children younger than 5 were most affected by invasive S. pneumoniae , Streptococcus pyogenes and H. influenzae infections [ 5 ]. In many parts of the world, the leading (infectious) cause of death in children and the elderly is acute lower respiratory tract infection, especially pneumonia [ 2 , 6 ]. Currently, antibiotic therapy is the most effective solution for severe and prolonged respiratory tract bacterial infections. In order to avoid unnecessary antibiotic exposure, it is extremely important to establish an accurate diagnosis of upper respiratory tract infection. The patient's general condition and various laboratory tests help to distinguish between viral and bacterial infections. In the case of targeted antibiotic therapy, microbiological sampling (e.g. bacteriological culture of throat, ear secretions and sputum) is essential before starting treatment [ 7 ]. According to forecasts, the number of people infected with resistant bacteria will be increasing considerably by 2050, posing a serious threat to global health [ 8 ]. In many cases, the treatment of nosocomial infections caused by Gram-negative respiratory bacteria is the biggest challenge. These infections can increase hospitalization time and cost, as well as the probability of death [ 9 , 10 ]. Biofilm-forming H. influenzae , S. pneumoniae , Pseudomonas aeruginosa , Klebsiella pneumoniae , and Acinetobacter baumannii strains were isolated in the largest quantities from hospitalized patients infected with COVID-19 [ 11 , 12 ]. In addition, disease-causing bacteria can colonize other areas of the respiratory tract or even other organs, inducing local inflammation. For example, Neisseria meningitidis , H. influenzae , H. parainfluenzae , and S. pneumoniae colonize the pharynx and nasopharynx, but they usually cause otitis media. When N. meningitidis enters the central nervous system, it is a common cause of meningitis with a much more severe course and in many cases complications, mostly in children under 5 years of age [ 5 , 13 ]. Arrangement in a biofilm provides a great advantage for bacterial cells in terms of survival compared to the planktonic form [ 14 – 16 ]. Biofilms are formed by one or more strains of bacteria that can adhere to biotic/abiotic surfaces or interfaces. Previous studies have also recognized that the adhesion process is not a prerequisite for the creation of a bacterial biofilm [ 17 , 18 ], the connection of microbial cells takes place through the matrix of extracellular polymer materials. In addition, metabolism takes place through the channels of the binder matrix between the cells, but some bacteria also communicate directly through nanotube channels and exchange cytoplasmic components. The gene pool involved in the formation of the biofilm can be different for different bacterial species [ 19 , 20 ]. The life form arranged in a biofilm also enables the exchange of genetic material and the easier absorption of nutrients, protects bacterial cells against UV radiation, extreme pH, nutrient levels and temperature, as well as various toxic chemicals and antibiotics [ 16 , 20 ]. Due to all these parameters, bacterial biofilms on implanted devices and catheters can cause serious symptoms. The importance of bacterial biofilms not attached to surfaces is also recognized. This problem was noticed primarily in patients with cystic fibrosis and bacterial aggregates indicating biofilm in vivo were detected. As a result of the inadequate functioning of the mucociliary clearance system of the lungs, a thick mucus covers the epithelial cells of the lung alveoli, which provides a suitable medium for the proliferation of bacteria. Similarly, non-adherent bacterial colonies have been observed in children with persistent soft tissue infections or serious otitis media. In the latter case, a bacterial biofilm formed not only on the mucous membrane of the middle ear, but also in the fluid of the middle ear [ 17 , 21 ]. The risk prediction model for infections caused by antibiotic-resistant, biofilm-forming bacterial strains is expected to improve, as more and more research is focused on natural antibacterial agents [ 22 , 23 ]. Lavender ( Lavandula angustifolia Mill.) is widely cultivated not only in the Mediterranean region, but also in other areas, because of its valuable essential oil content [ 24 ]. Lavender essential oil (LEO) is primarily used in the perfume and cosmetics industry, as well as in aromatherapy, but its biological activity is increasingly coming to the fore, as many researchers described its antibacterial and anti-inflammatory effects [ 25 – 28 ]. Due to the numerous monoterpenoids found in LEOs (e.g. terpinen-4-ol, linalool, linalyl acetate and 1,8-cineole), in addition to their antibacterial activity, their antimutagenic effect has also been described [ 29 , 30 ]. In aromatherapy, the inhalation of LEO is frequently applied due to its sedative effect [ 31 ]. The inhalation of essential oils is recommended during respiratory tract infections as well. However, the chemical composition of essential oils is influenced by several factors (e.g. harvesting time, radiation, soil type, etc.) and it may influence their biological activities [ 32 ]. Our experiments aimed to investigate the influence of harvest time on the composition of LEO. Furthermore, we aimed to compare the antibacterial and biofilm inhibition effects of LEO distilled from plant materials, which were collected during different phenophases against respiratory pathogens. In addition, we aimed to test the ability of LEO to inhibit the formation of biofilms with different maturity. 2. Results 2.1. Essential oil yield During our investigation, we worked with three LEO samples distilled from lavender ( L. angustifolia ) aerial parts that were collected: (1) before flowering, (2) during flowering, and (3) after flowering period. The yields of the essential oil obtained from different phenophases by water-steam distillation are summarized in Table 1 . Lower amount of plant material could be collected during flowering period, however, in proportion higher amount of oil could be collected after distillation. These oil yields were used for further analytical and microbiological experiments. Table 1 Lavender essential oil yields obtained from different flowering phenophases measured quantity of lavender herb (g) amount of distilled essential oil (mL) before flowering 581.0 6.74 during flowering 379.9 8.12 after flowering 404.3 8.88 2.2. Essential oil composition In order to investigate the chemical components of LEOs, gas chromatography – time-of-flight mass spectrometry (GC-ToF-MS) and gas chromatography – flame ionization detector (GC-FID) methods were performed (Table 2 ). Based on the results, it can be concluded that linalool and linalyl acetate were identified in every sample, regardless of the three different phenophases. The relative content (area normalization) of linalool increased from 31% prior to full bloom to 36% at the end of flowering period, while linalyl acetate proportion reached the highest values in samples collected before the blooming period. Beside the two main components, terpinen-4-ol was also detected in relatively high levels. Similar to linalool, terpinene-4-ol displayed a rising tendency throughout the flowering period, increasing from less than 7% prior to full bloom to more than 10% at the end of flowering time. Our results highlight that harvesting time is important in determining the quantity yields and chemical composition of LEO. Table 2 Terpenes and terpenoids profiling of lavender essential oils (LEOs) distilled from aerial parts collected before flowering, during flowering, and after flowering period. The identification parameters by GC-ToF-MS analysis (MS Match is mass spectral similarity match; LRI exp and LRI ref are experimental and reference linear retention index, respectively) are listed below. The content of compounds in lavender essential oils by GC-FID analysis is expressed in relative abundance (area normalization) as a mean of three replicate analyses. Compounds MS Match LRI exp LRI ref Before flowering During flowering After flowering % RSD % RSD % RSD Tricyclene 902 924 923 0.03 3.70 0.02 10.07 0.02 7.37 α-Thujene 911 924 927 0.14 1.45 0.16 3.52 0.22 0.26 α-Pinene 979 932 933 0.33 1.71 0.32 3.02 0.40 0.66 Camphene 903 949 950 0.40 1.52 0.32 2.94 0.28 0.42 Sabinene 935 971 972 0.05 5.19 0.03 5.80 0.02 9.62 β-Pinene 884 977 978 0.15 3.16 0.10 10.05 0.09 0.65 Vinyl amyl carbinol 977 980 978 0.58 3.69 0.51 1.47 0.40 1.20 Octan-3-one 964 984 986 0.49 2.77 0.61 4.18 0.83 0.64 Myrcene 982 988 991 1.00 2.29 0.84 2.03 0.71 0.77 butyl-Butanoate 958 995 999 0.07 3.53 0.08 3.65 0.11 0.93 Octan-3-ol 846 999 999 nd - 0.05 6.52 0.09 3.47 α-Phellandrene 857 1006 1006 0.02 6.66 0.01 4.56 0.01 0.00 δ3-Carene 986 1009 1009 0.28 1.58 0.21 3.05 0.21 0.55 hexyl-Acetate 912 1012 1012 0.43 1.65 0.32 2.97 0.31 0.49 o -Cymene 821 1019 1024 0.19 0.82 0.15 3.16 0.06 2.57 p -Cymene 972 1024 1025 0.74 1.26 0.81 1.99 0.75 0.63 Limonene 986 1028 1030 1.45 1.54 1.02 3.89 0.73 0.57 Eucalyptol 984 1033 1032 0.38 0.52 0.43 0.61 0.33 0.76 (Z)-β-Ocimene 860 1034 1035 0.32 3.10 0.20 6.54 0.10 1.11 (E)-β-Ocimene 910 1044 1046 0.12 2.96 0.10 2.88 0.10 1.19 (Z)-Linalool oxide 902 1071 1069 0.70 0.52 0.83 2.02 1.02 0.54 (E)-Linalool oxide 920 1088 1086 0.56 0.45 0.62 2.42 0.72 0.28 Linalool 947 1102 1101 31.02 0.38 33.96 0.46 36.33 0.39 3-acetoxy-Octene 972 1107 1109 1.48 0.86 1.17 1.16 1.01 0.15 3-octyl-Acetate 979 1119 1120 0.08 1.30 0.07 2.29 0.07 2.26 hexyl-Isobutyrate 945 1146 1150 0.06 0.00 0.06 4.34 0.06 2.74 Camphor 942 1148 1149 0.37 1.08 0.43 1.10 0.29 1.30 Nerol oxide 882 1153 1152 nd - nd - nd - Lavandulol 955 1165 1165 0.20 8.49 0.50 2.54 0.33 1.54 (Z)-Linalool oxide (pyranoid) 865 1171 1169 nd - nd - 0.10 2.42 Borneol 930 1173 1173 nd - 2.20 1.40 1.35 0.53 (E)-Linalool oxide (pyranoid) 843 1176 1174 nd - nd - 0.07 4.11 Terpinen-4-ol 868 1182 1184 6.44 0.65 9.56 0.19 10.68 0.19 Cryptone 881 1189 1187 1.46 0.99 1.15 2.10 0.73 1.17 hexyl-Butyrate 955 1191 1195 0.28 2.17 0.43 3.26 0.49 0.90 α-Terpineol 973 1197 1195 5.54 0.26 4.85 0.60 4.31 0.24 Verbenone 890 1213 1208 0.06 3.29 tr - tr - (E)-Carveol 916 1221 1223 0.13 10.58 0.13 9.38 0.12 1.43 Nerol 892 1227 1229 0.53 8.31 0.54 4.25 0.48 1.88 Neral 885 1240 1238 0.04 9.63 0.02 7.44 0.02 2.84 Cuminaldehyde 945 1243 1243 0.20 4.50 0.05 10.10 0.03 6.03 Carvone 943 1246 1246 0.13 3.51 0.12 9.59 0.05 6.67 Linalyl acetate 973 1250 1250 23.66 0.32 20.58 0.27 22.13 0.13 Geraniol 957 1252 1255 0.34 5.91 0.14 0.50 0.09 9.46 Geranial 946 1269 1268 0.15 11.96 0.10 4.02 0.10 0.98 Lavandulyl acetate 872 1283 1284 2.30 0.55 2.23 2.36 2.47 0.39 Bornyl acetate 923 1284 1285 0.21 1.43 0.18 5.45 0.13 0.45 Geranyl formate 830 1297 1300 0.13 2.56 0.07 4.81 0.08 10.56 hexyl-Tiglate 921 1328 1329 0.06 9.09 0.05 2.13 0.06 10.31 Neryl acetate 977 1358 1361 1.57 0.41 1.36 0.67 1.19 0.13 Geranyl acetate 977 1377 1380 3.45 0.33 2.85 0.11 2.26 0.12 α-(E)-Bergamotene 838 1412 1416 0.05 14.38 0.13 2.24 0.17 1.02 α-Santalene 874 1418 1418 0.31 0.95 0.23 1.34 0.16 1.85 (E)-Caryophyllene 889 1420 1424 0.45 1.61 0.44 3.29 0.31 1.12 Coumarin 963 1439 1438 0.08 2.09 0.07 8.21 0.03 2.09 (E)-β-Farnesene 898 1451 1452 0.53 0.66 0.59 1.81 0.45 0.46 γ-Cadinene 883 1513 1512 0.43 0.59 0.41 0.28 0.28 0.35 Caryophyllene oxide 911 1584 1587 1.44 2.58 1.47 0.14 1.14 0.94 Humulene epoxide II 903 1617 1613 0.06 5.72 0.05 3.03 0.05 3.16 1-,10-di- epi -Cubenol 896 1620 1614 0.19 2.16 0.17 4.37 0.12 1.80 1.2.3.4.4a.7.8.8a-octahydro-. 4-isopropyl-1.6-dimethyl-Naphth-1-ol 911 1644 1641 2.78 0.57 2.53 0.51 1.69 0.14 Not Identified 5.36 1.16 3.37 4.09 3.06 2.92 Total 100.00 100.00 100.00 Note: nd , not detected; tr , trace amount (< 0.01%) 2.2 Antimicrobial activity of lavender essential oil 2.2.1. Thin layer chromatography – direct bioautography (TLC-DB) The plates obtained with thin layer chromatography (TLC) followed by direct bioautography (DB) clearly demonstrated that the antibacterial activity is related to the main components of LEO, linalool (Rf = 0.3) and linalyl acetate (Rf = 0.75). The inhibitory effect was observed in the case of all investigated pathogens(Fig. 1 ). The TLC-DB confirmed that not only linalool showed inhibitory effect, but linalyl acetate also exerted it (against Haemophilus spp.), so linalyl acetate was also included in our further microbiological tests. The main component linalool was identified by its reference compound, and for the identification of linalyl acetate, literature data were used [ 33 ]. Mobile phase: toluene-ethyl acetate 93:7 (v/v); 0.5 µL of LEOs and linalool reference substance was applied. (A) TLC plate under UV 254 nm, (B) TLC plate after treatment with vanillin-sulfuric acid reagent and documented in visible light, TLC-DB assay: Bioautograms using (C) H. influenzae , (D) H. parainfluenzae , (E) P. aeruginosa , (F) S. pneumoniae (bright zones indicate antibacterial effects); 1- LEO before flowering, 2- LEO during flowering, 3-LEO after flowering, 4 – linalool reference substance. Stock solution concentrations of LEOs were 200 mg/mL, that of linalool 20 mg/mL. 2.2.2. Minimum Inhibitory Concentrations (MIC) The minimum inhibitory concentrations (MIC) were determined by microdilution assay (Table 3 ). The most sensitive pathogen was S. pneumoniae with MIC values 0.50 mg/mL and 0.87 mg/mL when treated with LEOs isolated from plant material collected before flowering, during flowering and after flowering phenophases, respectively; and 0.25 mg/mL when using either linalool or linalyl acetate. P. aeruginosa proved to be the most resistant pathogen, since MIC values were the highest against this bacterium. Comparing representatives of the Haemophilus genus, H. parainfluenzae proved to be more resistant. Lower MIC values were measured when using LEO distilled before flowering against each bacterial strain, compared to the other two phenophases. The antibiotic controls included in our study showed an order of magnitude lower MIC values compared to LEO and its main components. Table 3 MIC values of LEOs and their main components against tested bacteria, expressed in mg/mL. The MIC values of antibiotics were expressed in µg/mL. Minimum Inhibitory Concentrations (MIC) (LEOs and main components: mg/mL; antibiotics: µg/mL) H. influenzae H. parainfluenzae P. aeruginosa S. pneumoniae antibiotics 3.10 1.60 6.30 0.80 lavender essential oils 1 1.75 2.00 2.50 0.50 2 2.00 2.50 3.50 0.87 3 2.00 2.50 3.50 0.87 linalool linalyl acetate 4 0.31 0.43 0.43 0.25 5 0.43 0.43 0.50 0.25 1: Lavender essential oil (LEO) distilled from the herb collected before flowering period, 2: LEO distilled from the herb collected during flowering period, 3: LEO distilled from the herb collected after flowering period, 4: reference substance of linalool, 5: reference substance of linalyl acetate; For P. aeruginosa , gentamicin (Gentamicin Sandoz 80 mg/2mL injection, Sandoz), for S. pneumoniae , imipenem (Imipenem/Cilastatin Kabi 500 mg/500 mg powder solution for infusion; stock solution: 0.4 mg/mL), and for Haemophilus strains amikacin (Likacin 250 mg/mL solution for injection, Lisapharma S.p.A.) antibiotics were used as positive control. 2.2.3. Biofilm degradation assay Crystal violet assay was performed in order to study the biofilm inhibition capacity of LEOs distilled from plant materials collected in three different phenophases and their main components, linalool and linalyl acetate against the four bacteria involved in our study. To inhibit the biofilm-forming capacity of the bacterial strains, MIC/2 concentrations of the samples were applied. The inhibition activity was calculated and demonstrated in terms of inhibition rate. Figure 2 summarizes our results grouped by incubation time. When the incubation time was 4 hours (Fig. 2 A), all three LEOs were active against respiratory pathogens tested in our study. S. pneumoniae reacted the most sensitively to the LEO treatment while P. aeruginosa was the most resistant strain. S. pneumoniae showed 82% inhibition rate against LEO distilled during flowering period (L2). Independently of the phenophase, LEO showed moderate inhibition activity against P. aeruginosa (before flowering: 62%, during flowering: 58% after flowering: 52%). Comparing the antibacterial activity of LEO distilled from different phenophases, the LEO obtained before flowering (L1) proved to be the most effective (Fig. 2 A). In the case of a 6-hour incubation time, LEO samples were effective similarly to the 4-hour incubation result (Fig. 2 B). Treatment with each sample showed a 50% or higher inhibition rate compared to the untreated positive control. However, our results showed that as the incubation time progressed (compared to the 4-hour results), 2 more hours were enough to slightly reduce the biofilm inhibitory potency of LEOs. It should be emphasized that Haemophilus strains showed more than 10% reduction in inhibition rate compared to the 4-hour treatment (L2) (Fig. 2 A, B). After 8-hour incubation, significant differences were detected between the LEO samples (Fig. 3 C). P. aeruginosa continuously proved to be the most resistant bacterium and S. pneumoniae the most sensitive. In the case of S. pneumoniae , the inhibition rate values detected after 4-hour incubation time (above 80%) decreased to 60–72% (L1: 72%, L2: 65%, L3: 60%). In the case of P. aeruginosa significant decrease was observed in the inhibition rate. The most effective LEO (L2) reduced the biofilm formation by 55% compared to the untreated control. The least effective sample was L3, which resulted in decreasing the inhibition rate between 45–60% (Fig. 2 C). After 12-hour incubation time significant reduction was observed in the inhibition rate values compared to the results of the 4-6-8 incubation times. Even in the case of the most sensitive bacterial strain ( S. pneumoniae ) only 42% inhibition rate was detected with L1. The LEO samples were only able to inhibit P. aeruginosa biofilms with an inhibition rate of 26–35%. Haemophilus strains showed also a large reduction (32–40%) in inhibitory rates. Our results showed that the time of incubation is an extremely important factor in stopping and suppressing the biofilm formation ability of these respiratory bacteria. The LEO samples (L1-2-3) were less capable of suppressing the biofilm formation as incubation time increased (Fig. 2 D). The most significant reduction in the inhibition rate was measured after 24 hours of incubation (Fig. 2 E). Compared to the treatment with the 4-hour incubation period, the activity of LEO samples decreased to a high extent (11–21%). The previously established trend regarding the sensitivity of various bacterial strains was also observed here. The most resistant was P. aeruginosa , and the most sensitive was S. pneumoniae . In the case of P. aeruginosa 18% of inhibitory rate was observed with L1, while with S. pneumoniae this value reached 21% (Fig. 2 E). During our biofilm degradation test, the effectiveness of the main components of LEO, linalool and linalyl acetate were also investigated. The most resistant strain was P. aeruginosa , and the most sensitive was S. pneumoniae . Linalool showed higher activity compared to linalyl acetate. Overall, we found that the two main components alone did not result in as high inhibition rate like the three LEO samples. This can be attributed to the fact that an essential oil with numerous volatile components owes its biological activity not only to its main components, but also further ‘minor’ components can contribute to its effect. Linalool was observed to be the most effective after 4 hours of incubation. As the incubation time progressed, its inhibitory capacity decreased and was not able to prevent the biofilm formation of S. pneumoniae (6 h: 65%, 8 h: 64%, 12 h: 30%, 24 h: 27%) (Fig. 2 B,C,D,E). The degradation of the biofilm formed by P. aeruginosa was least affected by the treatment with the linalool component. An inhibition rate of 56% was detected with an incubation time of 4 hours. A similar trend was also observed for linalyl acetate as well. S. pneumoniae responded most sensitively to the treatment (4-hour incubation: 61%). The activity of linalyl acetate decreased with the incubation time progress. The highest decrease was observed between 8 and 12 hour incubation time (Fig. 2 C,D). 2.2.5. Scanning electron microscopy As demonstrated above, LEO treatment significantly reduced the biofilms formed during 6 hours by respiratory tract bacteria, thus the scanning electron microscopy (SEM) images were taken after an incubation time of 6 hour, modelling the elimination of a moderately mature biofilm (Fig. 3 ). The most effective L1 sample (distilled from plants harvested before flowering period) was included in the SEM analysis. The control images (Fig. 3 A,C,E) clearly showed the three-dimensional biofilm structure created by the bacteria not treated with LEO. It can be observed that the cells are located close to each other, forming a large unit. The biofilm consists of several layers, where the cells in the lower layers adhere to the surface. The structure of the biofilm is irregular, which makes it difficult to follow the exact location and movement of the cells. This disorder contributes to the adaptive capabilities of the biofilm. On the samples subjected to the treatment, it can be observed that there are places where the process of biofilm adhesion has started, but its recovery has not been realized. As a result of each treatment, it can be observed that the cells are located at a larger distance from each other, in a planktonic form (Fig. 3 B,D,F). 3. Discussion Respiratory infections of bacterial, viral and fungal origin occur in high numbers worldwide, mainly during the period from autumn to spring. Lower (LRI) and upper (URI) respiratory diseases can be separated from each other. URIs occur most often in outpatient care. In 2021, the global number of URIs were estimated at 12.8 billion events (probably COVID was also included), and children un-der 2 years of age were mostly affected. Within these infections, otitis media was registered in 391 million cases worldwide [ 34 ]. Infections, which affect people of all ages, not only represent a huge additional cost for healthcare, but the associated inappropriate therapy, including the inappropriate use of antibiotics, results in a huge health risk. Acute symptoms can easily become chronic due to bacterial superinfection and the appearance of antibiotic resistance affecting more and more bacterial strains. In the development of these processes, a significant role is attributed to bacterial biofilms, which become resistant to external stress effects thanks to complex defence mechanisms [ 35 ]. This health problem creates a new demand for the development of special drugs, especially antibiotics and alternative therapies. In our study, we tested the antibacterial and biofilm-inhibiting effect of lavender essential oil and its components (linalool and linalyl acetate) against pathogens that cause respiratory diseases. The novelty of our study is that the composition and biological activity of essential oil samples that were distilled from L. angustifolia herb collected during different phenophases (before, during and after flowering periods) were compared. GC-ToF-MS and GC-FID analyses revealed that the linalool content increased during the flowering period as the phenophases of the plant progressed, but the amount of linalyl acetate decreased. The most effective antibacterial oil was the LEO distilled from the plant material that was collected before flowering period. The content of both linalool (31.02%) and linalyl acetate (23.66%) was the highest in this sample. Furthermore, some minor components, such as α-terpineol, neryl acetate, geranyl acetate, and limonene were also present in higher percentages in this oil. Based on these, we can assume that the role of minor components plays a key role and may contribute to the biological activity of LEO. Prior to our study, the antibacterial effect of LEO against the Haemophilus genus has not been investigated. Publications are available on the activity of LEO against other pathogens causing problems in the respiratory tract [ 35 – 38 ]. The biofilms formed by the pathogens included in our study show diverse structural characteristics. The extracellular polysaccharides in the biofilm of Streptococcus differ from the classical capsular polysaccharides found in other members of the genus. It is a specific trait of Pneumococcus that large amounts of capsular polysaccharides disrupt biofilm formation, and strains that do not produce capsulars are much more capable of producing biofilms than those that do [ 39 ]. Lipooligosaccharides and the Hap, HMW1 and HMW2 proteins are actively involved in the biofilm formation of H. influenzae . Furthermore, the type IV pilus has also been identified as part of the bacterial matrix. This tubular structure, which is made up of proteins, greatly contributes to biofilm stability, and its DNA-binding role is crucial in the formation of mature biofilms [ 40 ]. In the case of P. aeruginosa , most information is known about the polysaccharides that provide structural stability, including alginate, Psl, and Pel. Alginate is an unbranched polymer chain consisting of D-mannuronic acid and L-glucuronic acid. This polymer is essential for protecting the biofilm structure and contributes to the preservation of the water and nutrient content of the matrix. The other two polysaccharides also play an important role in the initial stage of biofilm formation, as they serve as the primary structural skeleton. Psl is a pentasaccharide consisting of repeating D-mannose, L-rhamnose, and D-glucose residues, while Pel is a glucose-rich polysaccharide, but its exact composition is not yet known [ 41 ]. The synthesis of alginate, Psl, and Pel polysaccharides is regulated by bis-(3–5)-cyclic dimeric guanosine monophosphate (c-di-GMP), which is an intercellular secondary messenger and widely distributed in bacteria. Regarding the biofilm formation of the bacteria we examined, P. aeruginosa produces a larger amount of biofilm per unit of time than the others. Our statement is also supported by the SEM images (Fig. 3 ). Several studies supported the biological activity of LEO. The antibacterial effect of LEO against methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus has been confirmed. A study confirmed that LEO did not show high level of efficiency against MRSA [ 36 ]. In the case of MIC values, the variability of data available to us is quite high. There are studies reporting MIC values of 0.3–2.5 mg/mL, but there are also studies reporting MIC values of 125 mg/mL [ 42 – 45 ]. There are some literature sources available on the biofilm inhibition test against MRSA. Brozyna and his research group investigated the inhibitory effect of LEO emulsified with Tween 20 on biofilm formation using the crystal violet dye method, where an inhibitory effect of 80–90% was detected [ 46 ]. In another study, the viability of bacterial membranes treated with LEOs was evaluated using the LIVE/DEAD BacLight Bacterial Viability kit. The research team confirmed that LEO showed weak anti-biofilm activity, while other oils such as tea tree oil and melissa essential oil showed stronger anti-biofilm activity [ 47 ]. Manzoor and his research team conducted studies on the antibiofilm effect of LEO. They used the crystal violet method similarly to us. In their studies, LEO had a higher biofilm inhibition rate than basil essential oil, but did not reach the efficacy of clove essential oil (concentration used: MIC/2, incubation time: 8 h). It was also observed that MIC/4 concentration was not effective. In addition to S. aureus , E. coli was included in the study. In comparison between the two pathogens, S. aureus was found to be more sensitive (inhibition rate: 59.3%). Compared to our results, similar results were obtained with 8 h incubation time (inhibition rate values of LEO distilled during the flowering period: P. aeruginosa − 47.5%, S. pneumoniae : 71.9%, Haemophilus spp.: 61.9–62.2%) [ 48 ]. Najar and colleagues also confirmed that LEO showed efficacy against S. aureus ATCC 6538, Enterococcus faecalis VAN B V 583 E, Listeria monocytogenes , P. aeruginosa ATCC 27853, E. coli ATCC 15325, and Salmonella enterica ser. typhimurium ATCC 14028. Their studies confirmed that Gram-positive pathogens were more sensitive. We also observed that Gram-positive S. pneumoniae proved to be the most sensitive bacterium. The results presented by Najar's research team showed that the most resistant pathogen was P. aeruginosa , as in our experiment [ 49 ]. In general, Gram-positive bacteria are more sensitive to treatment with essential oil. The explanation is that the structure of the cell wall of Gram-positive bacteria allows hydrophobic molecules to easily penetrate bacterial cells and exert their effects on both the cell wall and the cytoplasm. The components of LEO can interfere with enzymes involved in energy production at low concentrations and denature proteins at higher concentrations [ 50 ]. The antimicrobial activity of most terpenoids (e.g. linalool, linalyl acetate, thymol) is associated with their functional groups, and the hydroxyl group and the presence of delocalized electrons in phenolic terpenoids are important elements for the manifestation of their antimicrobial activity. Essential oils result in alterations in cell membrane permeability, leading to disruption of ion transport processes as well [ 51 – 53 ]. The novelty of our work is that the antimicrobial activity of LEOs distilled from plants harvested in different phenophases was investigated. The harvest period influences the composition of the essential oil, which in turn affects its antimicrobial activity. Previous studies focusing on different harvesting periods were performed with thyme essential oil, where a similar trend was observed [ 54 ]. 4. Materials and Methods 4.1. Collecting plant samples and essential oil distillation To examine the influence of different phenophases on the composition of LEO, the plant materials were collected at three different phenophases: before, during and after flowering period. The lavender plant was gifted from Bolhó village (Somogy county, Hungary, coordinates: 46.03904°N 17.30376°E). The herbarium of Lavandula angustifolia was deposited in the Herbarium and Herbal Drugs Collection of the Department of Pharmacognosy, University of Pécs (number: LAVA01_Bolho). The collection times were 21st June (before flowering), 5th July (during flowering), and 23rd July (after flowering) in 2021. The plant materials were dried at room temperature at the Department of Pharmacognosy and LEOs were obtained by hydrodistillation according to the Hungarian Pharmacopoeia 8th edition (2003). For each sample, 100 g of ground material was placed into a glass flask, followed by the addition of 1 L of distilled water. Hydrodistillation was performed at 175°C for 3 hours. The distilled EOs were then stored in dark glass vials at 4°C. Before analysis, all LEOs (10 µL) were solubilized in 990 µ L of methanol (hypergrade for LC-MS, Merck Life Science, Darmstadt, Germany) (dil. 1:100) and injected in GC-ToF-MS and GC-FID systems for an accurate qualitative and quantitative profiling of terpenes and terpenoids. 4.2. GC-ToF-MS and GC-FID analyses GC-ToF-MS analysis was conducted on a gas chromatograph GC2010 Plus (Shimadzu, Duisburg, Germany) coupled to a time-of-flight mass spectrometer ToF-MS PEGASUS 4D (LECO Corporation, Italy). The injection of LEOs (0.5 µL in split mode 1:10) was performed by using an AOC20i + s auto-injector. An inlet liner, split/splitless type, straight FocusLiner™design (wool packed) (Merck Life Science) of dimensions 95 mm × 5.0 mm OD × 3.4 mm ID (liner volume 810 µL) was installed on the GC system. The separation of compounds was carried out on a SLB-5ms 30m × 0.25mm ID, 0.25µm d f capillary column (Merck Life Science). Helium was utilized as carrier gas at a constant linear velocity of 30 cm s − 1 . The front inlet temperature was 280°C. The oven temperature program was as follows: 50°C to 320°C at 3°C min − 1 . The temperature of the transfer line was 250°C. MS settings were as follows: mass range 40–650 amu; acquisition rate 10 spectra s − 1 . The temperature of ion source was 220°C. ChromaTOF software (version 4.51.6.0 LECO Corporation) was used for the acquisition and handling of data. The identity of compounds was investigated through research of acquired MS spectra into a lab constructed spectral database (minimum MS similarity match 850). To confirm the identity of compounds, the linear retention index (LRI) method was utilized. In such respect, a C 7 -C 30 saturated alkanes (1000 µg mL − 1 ) standard solution (Merck Life Science) has been used for LRIs calculation. Quantification data were determined by GC-FID analysis performed on a gas chromatograph GC-2010 instrument (Shimadzu) equipped with a split-splitless injector, an AOC-20i/s auto-sampler and an FID detector (280°C). The inlet liner, GC column, temperature program, and carrier gas were the same as described for the GC-ToF-MS system. The FID temperature was set at 300°C (sampling rate: 40 ms), while the gas flows were 40 mL min − 1 for hydrogen, 30 mL min − 1 for the make-up gas (nitrogen) and 400 mL min − 1 for air. Data were collected and processed using the LabSolution software (version 5.92, Shimadzu). Each sample was analysed in triplicate. 4.3. Microbiological assays 4.3.1. Cultivation of test bacteria The bacterial cultures were maintained under specific conditions: for H. influenzae (DSM 4690) and H. parainfluenzae (DSM 8978), a specialized medium was prepared by mixing 3750 µL of Mueller-Hinton II Broth (Reanal Laborvegyszer Kereskedelmi Kft., Hungary) with 500 µL of Haemophilus Supplement B (Diagon Ltd., Hungary) and 750 µL of NAD solution (1 mg/mL concentration). For S. pneumoniae (DSM 20566) and P. aeruginosa (ATCC 27853), Brain Heart Infusion Broth (Sigma-Aldrich Ltd., Hungary) was used. 4.3.2. Thin-layer chromatography and direct bioautography (TLC-DB) During our study, we detected the inhibition of LEOs and linalool on bacteria using the direct bioautographic method. As a first step, the samples to be tested were applied to the silica gel layers (TLC Silica gel 60 F254, 10 x 10 cm, Merck) using a Finn-pipette type pipette (Merck). The stock solution of the LEOs was 200 mg/ml, dissolved in absolute ethanol, of which 1 µL were applied to the layer. The main components of the LEOs (linalool, Sigma Aldricht Ltd.) was applied to the layers from a 20 mg/mL stock solution, 0.5 µL for standard. Toluene - ethyl acetate 95:5 (v/v) was used as mobile phase. The layers that were not subjected to microbiological examination were detected at 256 nm (under Camag UV lamp) and evaluated in visible light after derivatization with vanillin-sulfuric acid reagent (Wagner & Blandt, 1996). The first step of the microbiological tests was the accurate determination of the germ count (4 × 10 7 CFU/mL) using optical density measurement at 600 nm. Afterwards, the TLC layers were dipped in the bacterial suspension, and after drying, they were incubated in a chamber (37°C, 3 h). After that, an aqueous solution of MTT dye [3-(4,5-dimethyl-2-thiazolyl)-2,5-diphenyl-2H-tetrazolium bromide] (MTT, 0.05 g/90 mL) (Sigma-Aldricht Ltd.) was applied in order to visualize the inhibition zones. This process is based on the activity of the bacterial dehydrogenase. The metabolically active bacterium converts the tetrazolium salt into a blue formazan dye (2,3,5-triphenyl-2H-tetrazolium chloride) [ 55 ]. 4.3.3. MIC determination The minimum inhibitory concentrations (MIC) were determined using the microdilution method on 96-cell microtiter plates [ 52 ]. After setting the appropriate number of germs (10 5 CFU/mL), 100–100 µL of both the bacterial suspension and the tested LEOs were measured into the wells of the microplate. The test substance was added dissolved in the nutrient solution. Stock solutions from the LEO (3.5 or 4 or 5 mg/mL) were prepared in BHI using 1% Tween40 as emulgent and serial two-fold dilutions were made. The reason for using different starting concentrations during the study was that the dilution factors had to be adjusted to different bacterial species and different test samples, in order to precisely detect the concentration at which 90% of the bacteria were killed. After the addition of the test sample, following incubation (24 hours, 37°C), absorbance at 600 nm was measured (BMG Labtech, Bio-Tek Ltd.). The cell suspension medium without LEOs served as a positive control, and the cell-free medium containing LEOs served as a negative control. In order to eliminate the edge effect, we did not use the outermost holes forming the frame of the microplate. We carried out our tests with the six parallels. The MIC value was considered to be the concentration at which values reduced to ± 10% compared to the absorbance of the positive control were measured. Antibiotics were used as a positive control. For P. aeruginosa , gentamicin (Gentamicin Sandoz 80 mg/2mL injection, Sandoz), for S. pneumoniae , imipenem (Imipenem/Cilastatin Kabi 500 mg/500 mg pow-der solution for infusion; stock solution: 0.4 mg/mL), and Haemophilus strains amikacin (Likacin 250 mg/mL solution for injection, Lisapharma S.p.A.) antibiotics were used. 4.3.4. Biofilm degradation assay All of the bacteria included in our study are capable of biofilm formation. Among the bacteria tested, P. aeruginosa is the most effective biofilm-forming pathogen. Compared to representatives of the Haemophilus genus and S. pneumoniae, P. aeruginosa produced a more complex, three-dimensional, structured, mature biofilm within 4 hours of incubation, which is also supported by our preliminary studies. As the incubation time increases, the production of alginate mucus also increases, thus the biofilm becomes increasingly complex. It is important to highlight that S. pneumoniae biofilm formation is slower compared to P. aeruginosa, so a moderately mature biofilm unit with adhered cells is formed within 4 hours of incubation. Among the pathogens included in the study, representatives of the Haemophilus genus belong to the weaker biofilm-forming pathogens. In this case, only adhesion was detectable at the shortest incubation time, and a biofilm consisting of adhered cells was formed within 6 hours. For biofilm degradation studies, 96-well microtiter plates were used. LEOs derived from different phenophases, as well as the main components of the EOs, linalool (Sigma Aldrich Ltd.) and linalyl acetate (Sigma Aldrich Ltd.), were tested on four bacterial strains: Pseudomonas aeruginosa , Streptococcus pneumoniae , Haemophilus influenzae , and Haemophilus parainfluenzae . To track the time-dependent activity of LEO samples and their major components, a protocol based on Peeters et al. (2008) [ 57 ] was modified to capture temporal changes in biofilm degradation. Treatments were applied following incubation periods of 4, 6, 8, 12, and 24 hours. Initially, the bacterial inoculum was standardized to 10 8 CFU/mL, and 200 µL of the bacterial suspension was added to the wells of the microtiter plate. After incubation at 37°C for 4, 6, 8, 12, and 24 hours, the untreated cells were washed with physiological saline and then treated with the LEO and component samples using MIC/2 concentrations. To ensure solubility of the LEOs in the aqueous nutrient medium (Brain Heart Infusion, BHI; Sigma Aldrich Ltd.), 1% Tween40 (Sigma Aldrich Ltd.) was used as an emulsifier. Following a 24-hour incubation at 37°C and a subsequent wash with physiological saline, 200 µL of 99% methanol was added to each well. After a 15-minute waiting period, 200 µL of 0.1% crystal violet solution was introduced to the wells. The biofilms were stained for 20 minutes, after which the dye, bound to biofilm components, was dissolved with 33% acetic acid solution. Absorbance was measured at 595 nm using a microplate reader (BMG Labtech). The crystal violet dye binds to negatively charged molecules and polysaccharides within the extracellular matrix of biofilms, facilitating the quantification of total biofilm biomass within the microtiter wells, as described by Peeters et al (2008) [ 53 ]. LEOs were applied at a concentration of MIC/2, with untreated biofilms serving as positive controls. The inhibition rate values compared to untreated control biofilms were calculated using the formula below: Inhibitory rate = (1 − S/C) ×100% (C and S were defined as the average absorbance of control and sample groups, respectively) [ 58 ]. 4.3.5. SEM The SEM images were taken with the most effective LEO sample with an incubation time of 6 hours, in order to model the inhibition of LEO against a moderately mature bacterial biofilm. During SEM assay, bacterial biofilms were cultured on degreased gas-sterilized coverslips. The coverslips were incubated for 6 hours at 37°C in a bacterial suspension with a concentration of 10 8 CFU/mL to allow biofilm formation. After this initial adhesion period, the coverslips were washed with physiological saline to remove non-adherent cells, and the LEOs, previously identified as the most effective in earlier experiments, were applied at a concentration of MIC/2. Following a 24-hour treatment, the nutrient solutions were discarded, and unadhered cells were removed by washing with physiological saline. The samples were then prepared for SEM analysis according to the standard protocol. For fixation of the biofilms, the samples were incubated in 2.5% glutaraldehyde (Molar Chemicals Ltd., Halásztelek, Hungary) at room temperature for 2 hours. Following this, dehydration was performed sequentially using 50%, 70%, 80%, 90%, and absolute ethanol, with each concentration applied for two 15-minute intervals. The samples were then transferred into mixtures of tertiary butyl alcohol (Molar Chemicals Ltd., Halásztelek, Hungary) and absolute ethanol (Molar Chemicals Ltd., Halásztelek, Hungary) in ratios of 1:2, 1:1, and 2:1, followed by immersion in 100% tertiary butyl alcohol for 1 hour at room temperature. Finally, the coverslips were frozen in 100% tertiary butyl alcohol at 4°C and subjected to freeze-drying overnight. After lyophilization, the samples were gold-coated to enhance conductivity and imaging quality [ 55 ]. SEM images were captured using a JEOL JSM IT500-HR scanning electron microscope (Jeol Ltd., Tokyo, Japan). 4.4. Statistical analysis Statistical analyses were carried out using Microsoft Excel® 2016 MSO (16.0.4266.1001 version) (Microsoft Corp., Redmond, WA, USA) and the PAST software package version 3.11 [ 59 ]. Pairwise comparisons were performed with Student’s t-tests. The p-values at 5% (p ≤ 0.05) were considered significant. 5. Conclusions In our study, we investigated the effect of harvest time on the chemical composition and biological activity of LEO against biofilm-forming bacteria that cause respiratory tract diseases. Based on our experiments conducted with LEO samples distilled from plant materials collected during different phenophases, it can be concluded that the collection time affects both the composition and the antimicrobial activity of LEO. These support the relevance of harvesting lavender flowers from the early flowering period for the production of essential oil and for antibacterial treatment of mild respiratory tract infections. Due to the hydrophobic character of essential oils, our future studies directed at their therapeutic potential will focus on the nanotechnology formulation of our samples, as well as their anti-biofilm and cytotoxic effects. Declarations Data availability The datasets used and analysed during the current study are available from one of the authors (V.L.B.) upon reasonable request. Acknowledgement, Funding This research was supported by: Fund of National Research, Development and Innovation Office NKFIH PD 147156 (Balázs V.L.), NKFIH PD 142122 (Bencsik-Kerekes E.), NKFIH K 128217 (Horváth Gy.), by GYTK KA-2024- 05 and by University Research Scholarship Program of the Ministry for Culture and Innovation from the Source of the National Research, Development and Innovation Fund (Viktória Lilla Balázs: EKÖP-24-4-II-PTE-114). Author contribution Conceptualization: E.B.K., V.L.B. and G.H.; methodology: V.L.B.; software: M.K., L.M. 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Nazzaro, F.; Fratianni, F.; De Martino, L.; Coppola, R.; De Feo, V. Effect of Essential Oils on Pathogenic Bacteria. Pharmaceuticals. 6, 1451–1474 (2013). Bako, Cs.; Balázs, V.L.; Kerekes, E.;Kocsis, B.; Nagy, D.U; Szabó, P.; Micalizzi, G.; Mondello, L.; Krisch, J.;Pethő, D.; Horváth, Gy. Flowering phenophases influence the antibacterial and anti-biofilm effects of Thymus vulgaris L. essential oil. BMC Complementary Medicine and Therapies. 23,168 (2023). Botz, L.; Nagy, S.; Kocsis, B. Detection of microbiologically active compounds. In Planar Chromatography, A Retrospective View for the Third Millenium; Nyiredy, S., Ed.; Springer: Budapest, Hungary,. 489 – 51 (2001). Kerekes, E.B.; Deák, É.; Takó, M.; Tserennadmid, R.; Petkovits, T.; Vágvölgyi, C.; Krisch, J. Anti-biofilm forming and anti-quorum sensing activity of selected essential oils and their main components on food-related microorganisms. J. Appl. Microbiol. 115, 933–942 (2013). Peeters, E.; Neils, H. J.; Coenye, T. Comparison of multiple methods for quantification of microbial biofilms grown in mi-crotiter plates. J. Microbiol. Meth. 72, 157–165 (2008). Yanwei, S.; Sijia, C.; Chen, Z.; Yali, L.; Li, M.; Xiangyu, Z. Effect of sub-minimum inhibitory concentrations of lemon essential oil on the acid tolerance and biofilm formation of Streptococcus mutans . Arch. Oral Biol. 87, 235–241 (2018). Hammer, Ø.; Harper, D.A.; Ryan, P.D. PAST: Paleontological statistics software package for education and data analysis. Palaeontol. Electron. 4, 1–9 (2001). Additional Declarations No competing interests reported. Supplementary Files GA2024.tif Cite Share Download PDF Status: Posted Version 1 posted You are reading this latest preprint version Research Square lets you share your work early, gain feedback from the community, and start making changes to your manuscript prior to peer review in a journal. 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Also discoverable on Platform About Our Team In Review Editorial Policies Advisory Board Help Center Resources Author Services Accessibility API Access RSS feed Manage Cookie Preferences © Research Square 2026 | ISSN 2693-5015 (online) Privacy Policy Terms of Service Do Not Sell My Personal Information {"props":{"pageProps":{"initialData":{"identity":"rs-5609384","acceptedTermsAndConditions":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"archivedVersions":[],"articleType":"Article","associatedPublications":[],"authors":[{"id":436207167,"identity":"b92f5966-a7f8-4e7c-9561-7f7cdbcb029e","order_by":0,"name":"Viktória Lilla Balázs","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"University of Pécs","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Viktória","middleName":"Lilla","lastName":"Balázs","suffix":""},{"id":436207168,"identity":"a50cf9fb-d6a8-40b1-a14e-e34535502ccb","order_by":1,"name":"Bence Bordás","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"University of Pécs","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Bence","middleName":"","lastName":"Bordás","suffix":""},{"id":436207169,"identity":"c774164d-b205-4ddf-94db-f182aa76c89f","order_by":2,"name":"Lilla Nagy-Radványi","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"University of Pécs","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Lilla","middleName":"","lastName":"Nagy-Radványi","suffix":""},{"id":436207170,"identity":"6e31de85-8c3c-4b79-b3a1-1fb2e8c969da","order_by":3,"name":"Edit Ormai","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"University of Pécs","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Edit","middleName":"","lastName":"Ormai","suffix":""},{"id":436207171,"identity":"7d339e3c-e620-45a2-95ac-a33d53b04d06","order_by":4,"name":"Marianna Kocsis","email":"data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAZAAAAAyAQMAAABI0h/eAAAABlBMVEX///8AAABVwtN+AAAACXBIWXMAAA7EAAAOxAGVKw4bAAAA9UlEQVRIiWNgGAWjYBACCRCRAGYyNoBIORDBTJIWYwY2YrQgg8QGQlok25sff3jwhyGaf/bhxs+FO+zSt8s3H2AubMOtRZrnmJlEYhtD7oxzic3SM88k5+5sY0tgnolHi5xEDhvQMQy5DWcYG6R525hzNxzjMWDmxa+F+UPCH4bc+WcYm3/zttWnGxzj/4BXi7REDoNEAhtD7oYzjG1AWw4nGBzjYcCrRbIH7BeJ3I1ALda8bccNd7alGRzmOYdbi8Tx5scff/yxyZ13hv3xbd62anlz5sMPH/OU4dYC04lgGgDxAYIaUIABacpHwSgYBaNgBAAABTtLp/f8lj0AAAAASUVORK5CYII=","orcid":"","institution":"University of Pécs","correspondingAuthor":true,"prefix":"","firstName":"Marianna","middleName":"","lastName":"Kocsis","suffix":""},{"id":436207172,"identity":"2355c3e1-437a-4154-a327-75ccaad5e125","order_by":5,"name":"Béla Kocsis","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"University of Pécs","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Béla","middleName":"","lastName":"Kocsis","suffix":""},{"id":436207173,"identity":"81836fd2-ff3c-464e-9760-05595d9a2c1a","order_by":6,"name":"Ágnes Farkas","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"University of Pécs","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Ágnes","middleName":"","lastName":"Farkas","suffix":""},{"id":436207174,"identity":"5b0d4c13-2e05-48f7-a1b5-baec838342bc","order_by":7,"name":"Giuseppe Micalizzi","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"University of Messina","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Giuseppe","middleName":"","lastName":"Micalizzi","suffix":""},{"id":436207175,"identity":"097329b0-113f-488a-9dc4-c3d88b77dbfe","order_by":8,"name":"Luigi Mondello","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"University of Messina","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Luigi","middleName":"","lastName":"Mondello","suffix":""},{"id":436207176,"identity":"df15368a-2f17-489b-ba9d-29c98bc5dfc2","order_by":9,"name":"Erika Bencsik-Kerekes","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"University of Szeged","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Erika","middleName":"","lastName":"Bencsik-Kerekes","suffix":""},{"id":436207177,"identity":"5b06948c-0f25-4753-b5b7-bf1a17c8c36a","order_by":10,"name":"Györgyi Horváth","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"University of Pécs","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Györgyi","middleName":"","lastName":"Horváth","suffix":""}],"badges":[],"createdAt":"2024-12-09 13:23:38","currentVersionCode":1,"declarations":"","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-5609384/v1","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-5609384/v1","draftVersion":[],"editorialEvents":[],"editorialNote":"","failedWorkflow":false,"files":[{"id":79804882,"identity":"9840261b-6c57-4801-838d-9e7e739f2906","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-04-03 05:09:04","extension":"png","order_by":1,"title":"Figure 1","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":170288,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eAntibacterial components detected in LEOs after TLC-DB\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"1.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-5609384/v1/3e7dc311cdbbb8c1be929adf.png"},{"id":79804881,"identity":"da636a7f-ef91-47aa-aebd-70caeb635933","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-04-03 05:09:04","extension":"png","order_by":2,"title":"Figure 2","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":170809,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eThe biofilm degradation effect of lavender essential oils (LEOs) distilled from plant material that was collected before flowering (L1), during flowering (L2), after flowering (L3) and the main components of LEO, linalool (L.) and linalyl acetate (L-a.) against the four bacteria. Data were expressed using box plots with minimum to maximum values presented by vertical lines, with the median in the plot as a horizontal line. Different lowercase letters below (in A, B, C graphs) or above (in D, E graphs) the boxes indicate significant differences between the means of inhibitory rates of different LEOs and main components, against the given bacteria, according to the Student’s t-test (p \u0026lt; 0.05), based on results of 8 parallel measurements (n=8). Figures of inhibitory rate after 4 (A), 6 (B), 8 (C), 12 (D), and 24 (E) hour incubation times, respectively. Asterisk and x mean the highest inhibitory rate of L1 essential oil and linalool compound, respectively, compared to the other components against a given bacterium.\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"2.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-5609384/v1/6a0931b4dd7e6de4d01f5fb5.png"},{"id":79804888,"identity":"d7c4fcfd-ecdf-454d-843e-b2aae78d86cc","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-04-03 05:09:04","extension":"png","order_by":3,"title":"Figure 3","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":3603233,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eSEM images. (A) \u003cem\u003eHaemophilus influenzae\u003c/em\u003econtrol (without essential oil treatment), (B) \u003cem\u003eHaemophilus influenzae\u003c/em\u003e treated with LEO, (C) \u003cem\u003eP. aeruginosa\u003c/em\u003e control (without essential oil treatment), (D) \u003cem\u003eP. aeruginosa\u003c/em\u003e treated with LEO, (E) \u003cem\u003eS. pneumoniae\u003c/em\u003e control (without essential oil treatment), (F) \u003cem\u003eS. pneumoniae \u003c/em\u003etreated with LEO (L1); Magnification: 5000x.\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"3.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-5609384/v1/60e53672a71018f24fc8244e.png"},{"id":82158213,"identity":"cd729483-07c1-489b-ac9f-8e9d452ddd95","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-05-07 08:08:39","extension":"pdf","order_by":0,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"manuscript-pdf","size":7584464,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"manuscript.pdf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-5609384/v1/595b005b-964e-4007-a023-81dee04583c3.pdf"},{"id":79806878,"identity":"3c7330c1-b926-4fa5-87e5-3454a62acfc2","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-04-03 05:33:04","extension":"tif","order_by":1,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"supplement","size":395168,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"GA2024.tif","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-5609384/v1/9f22c45e2e1a135596f8b103.tif"}],"financialInterests":"No competing interests reported.","formattedTitle":"Efficacy of lavender essential oil against respiratory tract bacteria is influenced by harvesting time","fulltext":[{"header":"1. Introduction","content":"\u003cp\u003eBacteria colonize both the upper and the lower respiratory tract, however, the highest number of bacteria is found in the upper respiratory tract [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR1\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e]. Upper respiratory tract infections include e.g. laryngitis, pharyngitis/tonsillitis, acute rhinitis, as well as acute rhinosinusitis and acute otitis media. Examples for lower respiratory tract infections are acute bronchitis, bronchiolitis, pneumonia, pneumonitis and tracheitis [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR2\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e]. Usually, symptoms are initially caused by viruses and are often followed by bacterial superinfection. In this case, the causes of inflammation are actually members of the naturally present microbiota of the airways and primarily cause disease in an immunosuppressed state. Primary bacterial infection is less common than viral infection [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR2\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR3\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e]. Pathogenic species that colonize the upper respiratory tract include \u003cem\u003eStreptococcus\u003c/em\u003e spp., \u003cem\u003eHaemophilus\u003c/em\u003e spp., \u003cem\u003ePseudomonas\u003c/em\u003e spp., \u003cem\u003eStaphylococcus\u003c/em\u003e spp. and \u003cem\u003eMoraxella\u003c/em\u003e spp., however, they can be found in the lower respiratory tract as well [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR4\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003e]. A study conducted in the post-COVID period concluded that the incidence of respiratory tract diseases increased significantly, the background of which may have been the increased occurrence of respiratory pathogens, and the population was also more susceptible to diseases after the easing of measures to prevent COVID-19 infection. Adults aged 55 and older and children younger than 5 were most affected by invasive \u003cem\u003eS. pneumoniae\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003eStreptococcus pyogenes\u003c/em\u003e and \u003cem\u003eH. influenzae\u003c/em\u003e infections [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR5\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e5\u003c/span\u003e]. In many parts of the world, the leading (infectious) cause of death in children and the elderly is acute lower respiratory tract infection, especially pneumonia [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR2\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR6\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e6\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eCurrently, antibiotic therapy is the most effective solution for severe and prolonged respiratory tract bacterial infections. In order to avoid unnecessary antibiotic exposure, it is extremely important to establish an accurate diagnosis of upper respiratory tract infection. The patient's general condition and various laboratory tests help to distinguish between viral and bacterial infections. In the case of targeted antibiotic therapy, microbiological sampling (e.g. bacteriological culture of throat, ear secretions and sputum) is essential before starting treatment [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR7\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e7\u003c/span\u003e]. According to forecasts, the number of people infected with resistant bacteria will be increasing considerably by 2050, posing a serious threat to global health [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR8\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e8\u003c/span\u003e]. In many cases, the treatment of nosocomial infections caused by Gram-negative respiratory bacteria is the biggest challenge. These infections can increase hospitalization time and cost, as well as the probability of death [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR9\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e9\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR10\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e10\u003c/span\u003e]. Biofilm-forming \u003cem\u003eH. influenzae\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003eS. pneumoniae\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003ePseudomonas aeruginosa\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003eKlebsiella pneumoniae\u003c/em\u003e, and \u003cem\u003eAcinetobacter baumannii\u003c/em\u003e strains were isolated in the largest quantities from hospitalized patients infected with COVID-19 [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR11\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e11\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR12\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e12\u003c/span\u003e]. In addition, disease-causing bacteria can colonize other areas of the respiratory tract or even other organs, inducing local inflammation. For example, \u003cem\u003eNeisseria meningitidis\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003eH. influenzae\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003eH. parainfluenzae\u003c/em\u003e, and \u003cem\u003eS. pneumoniae\u003c/em\u003e colonize the pharynx and nasopharynx, but they usually cause otitis media. When \u003cem\u003eN. meningitidis\u003c/em\u003e enters the central nervous system, it is a common cause of meningitis with a much more severe course and in many cases complications, mostly in children under 5 years of age [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR5\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e5\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR13\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e13\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eArrangement in a biofilm provides a great advantage for bacterial cells in terms of survival compared to the planktonic form [\u003cspan additionalcitationids=\"CR15\" citationid=\"CR14\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e14\u003c/span\u003e\u0026ndash;\u003cspan citationid=\"CR16\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e16\u003c/span\u003e]. Biofilms are formed by one or more strains of bacteria that can adhere to biotic/abiotic surfaces or interfaces. Previous studies have also recognized that the adhesion process is not a prerequisite for the creation of a bacterial biofilm [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR17\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e17\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR18\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e18\u003c/span\u003e], the connection of microbial cells takes place through the matrix of extracellular polymer materials. In addition, metabolism takes place through the channels of the binder matrix between the cells, but some bacteria also communicate directly through nanotube channels and exchange cytoplasmic components. The gene pool involved in the formation of the biofilm can be different for different bacterial species [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR19\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e19\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR20\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e20\u003c/span\u003e]. The life form arranged in a biofilm also enables the exchange of genetic material and the easier absorption of nutrients, protects bacterial cells against UV radiation, extreme pH, nutrient levels and temperature, as well as various toxic chemicals and antibiotics [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR16\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e16\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR20\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e20\u003c/span\u003e]. Due to all these parameters, bacterial biofilms on implanted devices and catheters can cause serious symptoms. The importance of bacterial biofilms not attached to surfaces is also recognized. This problem was noticed primarily in patients with cystic fibrosis and bacterial aggregates indicating biofilm in vivo were detected. As a result of the inadequate functioning of the mucociliary clearance system of the lungs, a thick mucus covers the epithelial cells of the lung alveoli, which provides a suitable medium for the proliferation of bacteria. Similarly, non-adherent bacterial colonies have been observed in children with persistent soft tissue infections or serious otitis media. In the latter case, a bacterial biofilm formed not only on the mucous membrane of the middle ear, but also in the fluid of the middle ear [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR17\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e17\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR21\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e21\u003c/span\u003e]. The risk prediction model for infections caused by antibiotic-resistant, biofilm-forming bacterial strains is expected to improve, as more and more research is focused on natural antibacterial agents [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR22\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e22\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR23\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e23\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eLavender (\u003cem\u003eLavandula angustifolia\u003c/em\u003e Mill.) is widely cultivated not only in the Mediterranean region, but also in other areas, because of its valuable essential oil content [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR24\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e24\u003c/span\u003e]. Lavender essential oil (LEO) is primarily used in the perfume and cosmetics industry, as well as in aromatherapy, but its biological activity is increasingly coming to the fore, as many researchers described its antibacterial and anti-inflammatory effects [\u003cspan additionalcitationids=\"CR26 CR27\" citationid=\"CR25\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e25\u003c/span\u003e\u0026ndash;\u003cspan citationid=\"CR28\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e28\u003c/span\u003e]. Due to the numerous monoterpenoids found in LEOs (e.g. terpinen-4-ol, linalool, linalyl acetate and 1,8-cineole), in addition to their antibacterial activity, their antimutagenic effect has also been described [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR29\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e29\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR30\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e30\u003c/span\u003e]. In aromatherapy, the inhalation of LEO is frequently applied due to its sedative effect [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR31\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e31\u003c/span\u003e]. The inhalation of essential oils is recommended during respiratory tract infections as well. However, the chemical composition of essential oils is influenced by several factors (e.g. harvesting time, radiation, soil type, etc.) and it may influence their biological activities [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR32\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e32\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eOur experiments aimed to investigate the influence of harvest time on the composition of LEO. Furthermore, we aimed to compare the antibacterial and biofilm inhibition effects of LEO distilled from plant materials, which were collected during different phenophases against respiratory pathogens. In addition, we aimed to test the ability of LEO to inhibit the formation of biofilms with different maturity.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"2. Results","content":"\u003cdiv id=\"Sec3\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e2.1. Essential oil yield\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eDuring our investigation, we worked with three LEO samples distilled from lavender (\u003cem\u003eL. angustifolia\u003c/em\u003e) aerial parts that were collected: (1) before flowering, (2) during flowering, and (3) after flowering period. The yields of the essential oil obtained from different phenophases by water-steam distillation are summarized in Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab1\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e. Lower amount of plant material could be collected during flowering period, however, in proportion higher amount of oil could be collected after distillation. These oil yields were used for further analytical and microbiological experiments.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab1\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 1\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eLavender essential oil yields obtained from different flowering phenophases\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"3\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003emeasured quantity of lavender herb (g)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eamount of distilled essential oil (mL)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ebefore flowering\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e581.0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.74\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eduring flowering\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e379.9\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.12\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eafter flowering\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e404.3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.88\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec4\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e2.2. Essential oil composition\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eIn order to investigate the chemical components of LEOs, gas chromatography \u0026ndash; time-of-flight mass spectrometry (GC-ToF-MS) and gas chromatography \u0026ndash; flame ionization detector (GC-FID) methods were performed (Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab2\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e). Based on the results, it can be concluded that linalool and linalyl acetate were identified in every sample, regardless of the three different phenophases. The relative content (area normalization) of linalool increased from 31% prior to full bloom to 36% at the end of flowering period, while linalyl acetate proportion reached the highest values in samples collected before the blooming period. Beside the two main components, terpinen-4-ol was also detected in relatively high levels. Similar to linalool, terpinene-4-ol displayed a rising tendency throughout the flowering period, increasing from less than 7% prior to full bloom to more than 10% at the end of flowering time. Our results highlight that harvesting time is important in determining the quantity yields and chemical composition of LEO.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab2\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 2\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTerpenes and terpenoids profiling of lavender essential oils (LEOs) distilled from aerial parts collected before flowering, during flowering, and after flowering period. The identification parameters by GC-ToF-MS analysis (MS Match is mass spectral similarity match; LRI exp and LRI ref are experimental and reference linear retention index, respectively) are listed below. The content of compounds in lavender essential oils by GC-FID analysis is expressed in relative abundance (area normalization) as a mean of three replicate analyses.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"19\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c6\" colnum=\"6\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c7\" colnum=\"7\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c8\" colnum=\"8\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c9\" colnum=\"9\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c10\" colnum=\"10\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c11\" colnum=\"11\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c12\" colnum=\"12\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c13\" colnum=\"13\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c14\" colnum=\"14\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c15\" colnum=\"15\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c16\" colnum=\"16\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c17\" colnum=\"17\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c18\" colnum=\"18\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c19\" colnum=\"19\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCompounds\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" morerows=\"1\" nameend=\"c3\" namest=\"c2\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMS Match\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" morerows=\"1\" nameend=\"c5\" namest=\"c4\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eLRI exp\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eLRI ref\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c9\" namest=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eBefore flowering\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"4\" nameend=\"c13\" namest=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eDuring flowering\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"4\" nameend=\"c17\" namest=\"c14\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAfter\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eflowering\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c19\" namest=\"c18\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c8\" namest=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e%\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c10\" namest=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eRSD\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e%\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c14\" namest=\"c12\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eRSD\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c16\" namest=\"c15\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e%\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c18\" namest=\"c17\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eRSD\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"1\" nameend=\"c19\" namest=\"c19\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTricyclene\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c3\" namest=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e902\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c5\" namest=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e924\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e923\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c8\" namest=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.03\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c10\" namest=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.70\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.02\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c14\" namest=\"c12\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.07\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c16\" namest=\"c15\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.02\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c18\" namest=\"c17\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.37\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"1\" nameend=\"c19\" namest=\"c19\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eα-Thujene\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c3\" namest=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e911\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c5\" namest=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e924\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e927\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c8\" namest=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.14\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c10\" namest=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.45\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.16\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c14\" namest=\"c12\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.52\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c16\" namest=\"c15\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.22\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c18\" namest=\"c17\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.26\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"1\" nameend=\"c19\" namest=\"c19\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eα-Pinene\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c3\" namest=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e979\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c5\" namest=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e932\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e933\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c8\" namest=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.33\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c10\" namest=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.71\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.32\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c14\" namest=\"c12\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.02\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c16\" namest=\"c15\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.40\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c18\" namest=\"c17\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.66\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"1\" nameend=\"c19\" namest=\"c19\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCamphene\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c3\" namest=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e903\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c5\" namest=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e949\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e950\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c8\" namest=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.40\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c10\" namest=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.52\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.32\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c14\" namest=\"c12\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.94\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c16\" namest=\"c15\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.28\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c18\" namest=\"c17\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.42\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"1\" nameend=\"c19\" namest=\"c19\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSabinene\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c3\" namest=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e935\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c5\" namest=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e971\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e972\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c8\" namest=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.05\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c10\" namest=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.19\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.03\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c14\" namest=\"c12\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.80\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c16\" namest=\"c15\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.02\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c18\" namest=\"c17\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.62\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"1\" nameend=\"c19\" namest=\"c19\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eβ-Pinene\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c3\" namest=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e884\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c5\" namest=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e977\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e978\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c8\" namest=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.15\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c10\" namest=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.16\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.10\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c14\" namest=\"c12\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.05\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c16\" namest=\"c15\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.09\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c18\" namest=\"c17\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.65\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"1\" nameend=\"c19\" namest=\"c19\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eVinyl amyl carbinol\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c3\" namest=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e977\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c5\" namest=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e980\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e978\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c8\" namest=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.58\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c10\" namest=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.69\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.51\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c14\" namest=\"c12\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.47\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c16\" namest=\"c15\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.40\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c18\" namest=\"c17\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.20\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"1\" nameend=\"c19\" namest=\"c19\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eOctan-3-one\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c3\" namest=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e964\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c5\" namest=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e984\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e986\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c8\" namest=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.49\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c10\" namest=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.77\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.61\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c14\" namest=\"c12\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.18\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c16\" namest=\"c15\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.83\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c18\" namest=\"c17\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.64\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"1\" nameend=\"c19\" namest=\"c19\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMyrcene\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c3\" namest=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e982\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c5\" namest=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e988\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e991\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c8\" namest=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.00\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c10\" namest=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.29\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.84\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c14\" namest=\"c12\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.03\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c16\" namest=\"c15\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.71\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c18\" namest=\"c17\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.77\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"1\" nameend=\"c19\" namest=\"c19\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ebutyl-Butanoate\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c3\" namest=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e958\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c5\" namest=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e995\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e999\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c8\" namest=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.07\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c10\" namest=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.53\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.08\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c14\" namest=\"c12\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.65\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c16\" namest=\"c15\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.11\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c18\" namest=\"c17\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.93\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"1\" nameend=\"c19\" namest=\"c19\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eOctan-3-ol\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c3\" namest=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e846\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c5\" namest=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e999\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e999\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c8\" namest=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003end\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c10\" namest=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.05\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c14\" namest=\"c12\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.52\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c16\" namest=\"c15\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.09\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c18\" namest=\"c17\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.47\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"1\" nameend=\"c19\" namest=\"c19\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eα-Phellandrene\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c3\" namest=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e857\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c5\" namest=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1006\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1006\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c8\" namest=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.02\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c10\" namest=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.66\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.01\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c14\" namest=\"c12\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.56\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c16\" namest=\"c15\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.01\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c18\" namest=\"c17\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.00\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"1\" nameend=\"c19\" namest=\"c19\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eδ3-Carene\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c3\" namest=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e986\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c5\" namest=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1009\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1009\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c8\" namest=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.28\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c10\" namest=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.58\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.21\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c14\" namest=\"c12\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.05\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c16\" namest=\"c15\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.21\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c18\" namest=\"c17\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.55\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"1\" nameend=\"c19\" namest=\"c19\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ehexyl-Acetate\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c3\" namest=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e912\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c5\" namest=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1012\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1012\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c8\" namest=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.43\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c10\" namest=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.65\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.32\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c14\" namest=\"c12\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.97\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c16\" namest=\"c15\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.31\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c18\" namest=\"c17\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.49\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"1\" nameend=\"c19\" namest=\"c19\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eo\u003c/em\u003e-Cymene\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c3\" namest=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e821\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c5\" namest=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1019\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1024\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c8\" namest=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.19\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c10\" namest=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.82\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.15\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c14\" namest=\"c12\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.16\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c16\" namest=\"c15\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.06\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c18\" namest=\"c17\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.57\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"1\" nameend=\"c19\" namest=\"c19\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003ep\u003c/em\u003e-Cymene\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c3\" namest=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e972\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c5\" namest=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1024\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1025\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c8\" namest=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.74\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c10\" namest=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.26\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.81\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c14\" namest=\"c12\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.99\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c16\" namest=\"c15\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.75\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c18\" namest=\"c17\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.63\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"1\" nameend=\"c19\" namest=\"c19\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eLimonene\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c3\" namest=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e986\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c5\" namest=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1028\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1030\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c8\" namest=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.45\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c10\" namest=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.54\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.02\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c14\" namest=\"c12\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.89\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c16\" namest=\"c15\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.73\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c18\" namest=\"c17\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.57\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"1\" nameend=\"c19\" namest=\"c19\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eEucalyptol\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c3\" namest=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e984\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c5\" namest=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1033\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1032\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c8\" namest=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.38\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c10\" namest=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.52\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.43\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c14\" namest=\"c12\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.61\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c16\" namest=\"c15\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.33\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c18\" namest=\"c17\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.76\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"1\" nameend=\"c19\" namest=\"c19\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e(Z)-β-Ocimene\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c3\" namest=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e860\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c5\" namest=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1034\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1035\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c8\" namest=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.32\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c10\" namest=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.10\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.20\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c14\" namest=\"c12\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.54\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c16\" namest=\"c15\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.10\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c18\" namest=\"c17\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.11\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"1\" nameend=\"c19\" namest=\"c19\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e(E)-β-Ocimene\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c3\" namest=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e910\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c5\" namest=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1044\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1046\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c8\" namest=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.12\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c10\" namest=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.96\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.10\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c14\" namest=\"c12\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.88\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c16\" namest=\"c15\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.10\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c18\" namest=\"c17\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.19\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"1\" nameend=\"c19\" namest=\"c19\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e(Z)-Linalool oxide\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c3\" namest=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e902\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c5\" namest=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1071\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1069\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c8\" namest=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.70\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c10\" namest=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.52\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.83\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c14\" namest=\"c12\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.02\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c16\" namest=\"c15\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.02\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c18\" namest=\"c17\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.54\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"1\" nameend=\"c19\" namest=\"c19\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e(E)-Linalool oxide\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c3\" namest=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e920\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c5\" namest=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1088\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1086\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c8\" namest=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.56\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c10\" namest=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.45\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.62\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c14\" namest=\"c12\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.42\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c16\" namest=\"c15\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.72\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c18\" namest=\"c17\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.28\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"1\" nameend=\"c19\" namest=\"c19\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eLinalool\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c3\" namest=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e947\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c5\" namest=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1102\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1101\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c8\" namest=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e31.02\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c10\" namest=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.38\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e33.96\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c14\" namest=\"c12\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.46\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c16\" namest=\"c15\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e36.33\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c18\" namest=\"c17\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.39\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"1\" nameend=\"c19\" namest=\"c19\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3-acetoxy-Octene\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c3\" namest=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e972\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c5\" namest=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1107\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1109\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c8\" namest=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.48\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c10\" namest=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.86\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.17\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c14\" namest=\"c12\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.16\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c16\" namest=\"c15\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.01\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c18\" namest=\"c17\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.15\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"1\" nameend=\"c19\" namest=\"c19\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3-octyl-Acetate\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c3\" namest=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e979\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c5\" namest=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1119\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1120\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c8\" namest=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.08\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c10\" namest=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.30\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.07\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c14\" namest=\"c12\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.29\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c16\" namest=\"c15\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.07\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c18\" namest=\"c17\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.26\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"1\" nameend=\"c19\" namest=\"c19\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ehexyl-Isobutyrate\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c3\" namest=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e945\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c5\" namest=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1146\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1150\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c8\" namest=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.06\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c10\" namest=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.00\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.06\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c14\" namest=\"c12\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.34\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c16\" namest=\"c15\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.06\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c18\" namest=\"c17\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.74\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"1\" nameend=\"c19\" namest=\"c19\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCamphor\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c3\" namest=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e942\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c5\" namest=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1148\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1149\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c8\" namest=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.37\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c10\" namest=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.08\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.43\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c14\" namest=\"c12\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.10\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c16\" namest=\"c15\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.29\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c18\" namest=\"c17\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.30\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"1\" nameend=\"c19\" namest=\"c19\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNerol oxide\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c3\" namest=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e882\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c5\" namest=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1153\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1152\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c8\" namest=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003end\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c10\" namest=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003end\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c14\" namest=\"c12\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c16\" namest=\"c15\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003end\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c18\" namest=\"c17\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"1\" nameend=\"c19\" namest=\"c19\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eLavandulol\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c3\" namest=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e955\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c5\" namest=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1165\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1165\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c8\" namest=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.20\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c10\" namest=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.49\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.50\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c14\" namest=\"c12\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.54\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c16\" namest=\"c15\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.33\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c18\" namest=\"c17\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.54\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"1\" nameend=\"c19\" namest=\"c19\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e(Z)-Linalool oxide (pyranoid)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c3\" namest=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e865\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c5\" namest=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1171\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1169\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c8\" namest=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003end\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c10\" namest=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003end\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c14\" namest=\"c12\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c16\" namest=\"c15\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.10\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c18\" namest=\"c17\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.42\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"1\" nameend=\"c19\" namest=\"c19\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eBorneol\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c3\" namest=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e930\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c5\" namest=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1173\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1173\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c8\" namest=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003end\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c10\" namest=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.20\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c14\" namest=\"c12\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.40\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c16\" namest=\"c15\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.35\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c18\" namest=\"c17\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.53\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"1\" nameend=\"c19\" namest=\"c19\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e(E)-Linalool oxide (pyranoid)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c3\" namest=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e843\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c5\" namest=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1176\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1174\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c8\" namest=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003end\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c10\" namest=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003end\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c14\" namest=\"c12\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c16\" namest=\"c15\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.07\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c18\" namest=\"c17\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.11\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"1\" nameend=\"c19\" namest=\"c19\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTerpinen-4-ol\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c3\" namest=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e868\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c5\" namest=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1182\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1184\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c8\" namest=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.44\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c10\" namest=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.65\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.56\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c14\" namest=\"c12\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.19\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c16\" namest=\"c15\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.68\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c18\" namest=\"c17\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.19\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"1\" nameend=\"c19\" namest=\"c19\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCryptone\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c3\" namest=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e881\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c5\" namest=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1189\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1187\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c8\" namest=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.46\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c10\" namest=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.99\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.15\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c14\" namest=\"c12\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.10\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c16\" namest=\"c15\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.73\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c18\" namest=\"c17\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.17\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"1\" nameend=\"c19\" namest=\"c19\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ehexyl-Butyrate\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c3\" namest=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e955\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c5\" namest=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1191\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1195\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c8\" namest=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.28\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c10\" namest=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.17\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.43\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c14\" namest=\"c12\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.26\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c16\" namest=\"c15\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.49\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c18\" namest=\"c17\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.90\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"1\" nameend=\"c19\" namest=\"c19\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eα-Terpineol\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c3\" namest=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e973\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c5\" namest=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1197\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1195\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c8\" namest=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.54\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c10\" namest=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.26\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.85\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c14\" namest=\"c12\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.60\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c16\" namest=\"c15\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.31\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c18\" namest=\"c17\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.24\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"1\" nameend=\"c19\" namest=\"c19\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eVerbenone\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c3\" namest=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e890\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c5\" namest=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1213\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1208\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c8\" namest=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.06\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c10\" namest=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.29\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003etr\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c14\" namest=\"c12\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c16\" namest=\"c15\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003etr\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c18\" namest=\"c17\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"1\" nameend=\"c19\" namest=\"c19\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e(E)-Carveol\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c3\" namest=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e916\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c5\" namest=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1221\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1223\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c8\" namest=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.13\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c10\" namest=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.58\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.13\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c14\" namest=\"c12\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.38\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c16\" namest=\"c15\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.12\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c18\" namest=\"c17\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.43\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"1\" nameend=\"c19\" namest=\"c19\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNerol\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c3\" namest=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e892\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c5\" namest=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1227\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1229\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c8\" namest=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.53\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c10\" namest=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.31\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.54\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c14\" namest=\"c12\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.25\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c16\" namest=\"c15\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.48\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c18\" namest=\"c17\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.88\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"1\" nameend=\"c19\" namest=\"c19\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNeral\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c3\" namest=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e885\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c5\" namest=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1240\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1238\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c8\" namest=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.04\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c10\" namest=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.63\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.02\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c14\" namest=\"c12\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.44\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c16\" namest=\"c15\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.02\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c18\" namest=\"c17\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.84\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"1\" nameend=\"c19\" namest=\"c19\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCuminaldehyde\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c3\" namest=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e945\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c5\" namest=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1243\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1243\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c8\" namest=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.20\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c10\" namest=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.50\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.05\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c14\" namest=\"c12\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.10\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c16\" namest=\"c15\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.03\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c18\" namest=\"c17\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.03\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"1\" nameend=\"c19\" namest=\"c19\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCarvone\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c3\" namest=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e943\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c5\" namest=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1246\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1246\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c8\" namest=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.13\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c10\" namest=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.51\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.12\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c14\" namest=\"c12\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.59\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c16\" namest=\"c15\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.05\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c18\" namest=\"c17\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.67\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"1\" nameend=\"c19\" namest=\"c19\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eLinalyl acetate\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c3\" namest=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e973\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c5\" namest=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1250\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1250\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c8\" namest=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e23.66\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c10\" namest=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.32\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e20.58\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c14\" namest=\"c12\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.27\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c16\" namest=\"c15\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e22.13\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c18\" namest=\"c17\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.13\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"1\" nameend=\"c19\" namest=\"c19\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eGeraniol\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c3\" namest=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e957\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c5\" namest=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1252\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1255\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c8\" namest=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.34\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c10\" namest=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.91\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.14\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c14\" namest=\"c12\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.50\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c16\" namest=\"c15\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.09\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c18\" namest=\"c17\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.46\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"1\" nameend=\"c19\" namest=\"c19\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eGeranial\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c3\" namest=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e946\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c5\" namest=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1269\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1268\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c8\" namest=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.15\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c10\" namest=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.96\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.10\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c14\" namest=\"c12\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.02\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c16\" namest=\"c15\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.10\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c18\" namest=\"c17\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.98\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"1\" nameend=\"c19\" namest=\"c19\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eLavandulyl acetate\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c3\" namest=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e872\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c5\" namest=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1283\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1284\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c8\" namest=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.30\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c10\" namest=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.55\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.23\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c14\" namest=\"c12\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.36\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c16\" namest=\"c15\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.47\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c18\" namest=\"c17\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.39\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"1\" nameend=\"c19\" namest=\"c19\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eBornyl acetate\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c3\" namest=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e923\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c5\" namest=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1284\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1285\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c8\" namest=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.21\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c10\" namest=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.43\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.18\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c14\" namest=\"c12\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.45\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c16\" namest=\"c15\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.13\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c18\" namest=\"c17\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.45\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"1\" nameend=\"c19\" namest=\"c19\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eGeranyl formate\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c3\" namest=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e830\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c5\" namest=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1297\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1300\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c8\" namest=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.13\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c10\" namest=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.56\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.07\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c14\" namest=\"c12\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.81\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c16\" namest=\"c15\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.08\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c18\" namest=\"c17\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.56\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"1\" nameend=\"c19\" namest=\"c19\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ehexyl-Tiglate\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c3\" namest=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e921\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c5\" namest=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1328\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1329\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c8\" namest=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.06\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c10\" namest=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.09\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.05\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c14\" namest=\"c12\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.13\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c16\" namest=\"c15\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.06\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c18\" namest=\"c17\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.31\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"1\" nameend=\"c19\" namest=\"c19\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNeryl acetate\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c3\" namest=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e977\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c5\" namest=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1358\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1361\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c8\" namest=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.57\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c10\" namest=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.41\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.36\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c14\" namest=\"c12\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.67\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c16\" namest=\"c15\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.19\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c18\" namest=\"c17\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.13\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"1\" nameend=\"c19\" namest=\"c19\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eGeranyl acetate\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c3\" namest=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e977\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c5\" namest=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1377\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1380\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c8\" namest=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.45\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c10\" namest=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.33\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.85\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c14\" namest=\"c12\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.11\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c16\" namest=\"c15\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.26\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c18\" namest=\"c17\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.12\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"1\" nameend=\"c19\" namest=\"c19\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eα-(E)-Bergamotene\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c3\" namest=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e838\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c5\" namest=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1412\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1416\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c8\" namest=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.05\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c10\" namest=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.38\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.13\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c14\" namest=\"c12\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.24\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c16\" namest=\"c15\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.17\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c18\" namest=\"c17\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.02\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"1\" nameend=\"c19\" namest=\"c19\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eα-Santalene\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c3\" namest=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e874\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c5\" namest=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1418\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1418\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c8\" namest=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.31\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c10\" namest=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.95\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.23\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c14\" namest=\"c12\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.34\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c16\" namest=\"c15\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.16\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c18\" namest=\"c17\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.85\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"1\" nameend=\"c19\" namest=\"c19\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e(E)-Caryophyllene\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c3\" namest=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e889\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c5\" namest=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1420\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1424\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c8\" namest=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.45\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c10\" namest=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.61\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.44\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c14\" namest=\"c12\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.29\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c16\" namest=\"c15\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.31\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c18\" namest=\"c17\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.12\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"1\" nameend=\"c19\" namest=\"c19\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCoumarin\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c3\" namest=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e963\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c5\" namest=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1439\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1438\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c8\" namest=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.08\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c10\" namest=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.09\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.07\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c14\" namest=\"c12\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.21\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c16\" namest=\"c15\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.03\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c18\" namest=\"c17\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.09\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"1\" nameend=\"c19\" namest=\"c19\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e(E)-β-Farnesene\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c3\" namest=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e898\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c5\" namest=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1451\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1452\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c8\" namest=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.53\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c10\" namest=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.66\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.59\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c14\" namest=\"c12\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.81\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c16\" namest=\"c15\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.45\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c18\" namest=\"c17\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.46\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"1\" nameend=\"c19\" namest=\"c19\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eγ-Cadinene\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c3\" namest=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e883\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c5\" namest=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1513\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1512\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c8\" namest=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.43\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c10\" namest=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.59\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.41\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c14\" namest=\"c12\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.28\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c16\" namest=\"c15\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.28\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c18\" namest=\"c17\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.35\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"1\" nameend=\"c19\" namest=\"c19\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCaryophyllene oxide\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c3\" namest=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e911\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c5\" namest=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1584\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1587\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c8\" namest=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.44\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c10\" namest=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.58\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.47\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c14\" namest=\"c12\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.14\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c16\" namest=\"c15\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.14\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c18\" namest=\"c17\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.94\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"1\" nameend=\"c19\" namest=\"c19\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eHumulene epoxide II\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c3\" namest=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e903\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c5\" namest=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1617\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1613\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c8\" namest=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.06\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c10\" namest=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.72\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.05\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c14\" namest=\"c12\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.03\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c16\" namest=\"c15\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.05\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c18\" namest=\"c17\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.16\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"1\" nameend=\"c19\" namest=\"c19\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1-,10-di-\u003cem\u003eepi\u003c/em\u003e-Cubenol\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c3\" namest=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e896\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c5\" namest=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1620\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1614\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c8\" namest=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.19\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c10\" namest=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.16\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.17\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c14\" namest=\"c12\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.37\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c16\" namest=\"c15\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.12\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c18\" namest=\"c17\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.80\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"1\" nameend=\"c19\" namest=\"c19\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.2.3.4.4a.7.8.8a-octahydro-. 4-isopropyl-1.6-dimethyl-Naphth-1-ol\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c3\" namest=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e911\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c5\" namest=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1644\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1641\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c8\" namest=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.78\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c10\" namest=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.57\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.53\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c14\" namest=\"c12\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.51\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c16\" namest=\"c15\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.69\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c18\" namest=\"c17\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.14\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"1\" nameend=\"c19\" namest=\"c19\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNot Identified\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c3\" namest=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c5\" namest=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c8\" namest=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.36\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c10\" namest=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.16\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.37\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c14\" namest=\"c12\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.09\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c16\" namest=\"c15\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.06\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c18\" namest=\"c17\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.92\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"1\" nameend=\"c19\" namest=\"c19\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTotal\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c4\" namest=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c6\" namest=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e100.00\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c9\" namest=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c12\" namest=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e100.00\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c13\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c15\" namest=\"c14\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e100.00\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"4\" nameend=\"c19\" namest=\"c16\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003ctfoot\u003e \u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd colspan=\"19\"\u003eNote: \u003cem\u003end\u003c/em\u003e, not detected; \u003cem\u003etr\u003c/em\u003e, trace amount (\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.01%)\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tfoot\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec5\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e2.2 Antimicrobial activity of lavender essential oil\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec6\" class=\"Section3\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e2.2.1. Thin layer chromatography \u0026ndash; direct bioautography (TLC-DB)\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe plates obtained with thin layer chromatography (TLC) followed by direct bioautography (DB) clearly demonstrated that the antibacterial activity is related to the main components of LEO, linalool (Rf\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.3) and linalyl acetate (Rf\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.75). The inhibitory effect was observed in the case of all investigated pathogens(Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig1\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e). The TLC-DB confirmed that not only linalool showed inhibitory effect, but linalyl acetate also exerted it (against \u003cem\u003eHaemophilus\u003c/em\u003e spp.), so linalyl acetate was also included in our further microbiological tests. The main component linalool was identified by its reference compound, and for the identification of linalyl acetate, literature data were used [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR33\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e33\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eMobile phase: toluene-ethyl acetate 93:7 (v/v); 0.5 \u0026micro;L of LEOs and linalool reference substance was applied. (A) TLC plate under UV 254 nm, (B) TLC plate after treatment with vanillin-sulfuric acid reagent and documented in visible light, TLC-DB assay: Bioautograms using (C) \u003cem\u003eH. influenzae\u003c/em\u003e, (D) \u003cem\u003eH. parainfluenzae\u003c/em\u003e, (E) \u003cem\u003eP. aeruginosa\u003c/em\u003e, (F) \u003cem\u003eS. pneumoniae\u003c/em\u003e (bright zones indicate antibacterial effects); 1- LEO before flowering, 2- LEO during flowering, 3-LEO after flowering, 4 \u0026ndash; linalool reference substance. Stock solution concentrations of LEOs were 200 mg/mL, that of linalool 20 mg/mL.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec7\" class=\"Section3\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e2.2.2. Minimum Inhibitory Concentrations (MIC)\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe minimum inhibitory concentrations (MIC) were determined by microdilution assay (Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab3\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e). The most sensitive pathogen was \u003cem\u003eS. pneumoniae\u003c/em\u003e with MIC values 0.50 mg/mL and 0.87 mg/mL when treated with LEOs isolated from plant material collected before flowering, during flowering and after flowering phenophases, respectively; and 0.25 mg/mL when using either linalool or linalyl acetate. \u003cem\u003eP. aeruginosa\u003c/em\u003e proved to be the most resistant pathogen, since MIC values were the highest against this bacterium. Comparing representatives of the \u003cem\u003eHaemophilus\u003c/em\u003e genus, \u003cem\u003eH. parainfluenzae\u003c/em\u003e proved to be more resistant. Lower MIC values were measured when using LEO distilled before flowering against each bacterial strain, compared to the other two phenophases. The antibiotic controls included in our study showed an order of magnitude lower MIC values compared to LEO and its main components.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab3\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 3\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMIC values of LEOs and their main components against tested bacteria, expressed in mg/mL. The MIC values of antibiotics were expressed in \u0026micro;g/mL.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"7\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c6\" colnum=\"6\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c7\" colnum=\"7\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"7\" nameend=\"c7\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMinimum Inhibitory Concentrations (MIC)\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e(LEOs and main components: mg/mL; antibiotics: \u0026micro;g/mL)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c3\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eH. influenzae\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eH. parainfluenzae\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eP. aeruginosa\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eS. pneumoniae\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eantibiotics\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c3\" namest=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.10\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.60\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.30\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.80\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" morerows=\"2\" nameend=\"c2\" namest=\"c1\" rowspan=\"3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003elavender\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eessential oils\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.75\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.00\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.50\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.50\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.00\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.50\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.50\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.87\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.00\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.50\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.50\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.87\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" morerows=\"1\" nameend=\"c2\" namest=\"c1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003elinalool\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003elinalyl acetate\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.31\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.43\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.43\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.25\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.43\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.43\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.50\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.25\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1: Lavender essential oil (LEO) distilled from the herb collected before flowering period, 2: LEO distilled from the herb collected during flowering period, 3: LEO distilled from the herb collected after flowering period, 4: reference substance of linalool, 5: reference substance of linalyl acetate; For \u003cem\u003eP. aeruginosa\u003c/em\u003e, gentamicin (Gentamicin Sandoz 80 mg/2mL injection, Sandoz), for \u003cem\u003eS. pneumoniae\u003c/em\u003e, imipenem (Imipenem/Cilastatin Kabi 500 mg/500 mg powder solution for infusion; stock solution: 0.4 mg/mL), and for \u003cem\u003eHaemophilus\u003c/em\u003e strains amikacin (Likacin 250 mg/mL solution for injection, Lisapharma S.p.A.) antibiotics were used as positive control.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec8\" class=\"Section3\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e2.2.3. Biofilm degradation assay\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eCrystal violet assay was performed in order to study the biofilm inhibition capacity of LEOs distilled from plant materials collected in three different phenophases and their main components, linalool and linalyl acetate against the four bacteria involved in our study. To inhibit the biofilm-forming capacity of the bacterial strains, MIC/2 concentrations of the samples were applied. The inhibition activity was calculated and demonstrated in terms of inhibition rate. Figure\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig2\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e summarizes our results grouped by incubation time.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eWhen the incubation time was 4 hours (Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig2\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003eA), all three LEOs were active against respiratory pathogens tested in our study. \u003cem\u003eS. pneumoniae\u003c/em\u003e reacted the most sensitively to the LEO treatment while \u003cem\u003eP. aeruginosa\u003c/em\u003e was the most resistant strain. \u003cem\u003eS. pneumoniae\u003c/em\u003e showed 82% inhibition rate against LEO distilled during flowering period (L2). Independently of the phenophase, LEO showed moderate inhibition activity against \u003cem\u003eP. aeruginosa\u003c/em\u003e (before flowering: 62%, during flowering: 58% after flowering: 52%). Comparing the antibacterial activity of LEO distilled from different phenophases, the LEO obtained before flowering (L1) proved to be the most effective (Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig2\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003eA). In the case of a 6-hour incubation time, LEO samples were effective similarly to the 4-hour incubation result (Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig2\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003eB). Treatment with each sample showed a 50% or higher inhibition rate compared to the untreated positive control. However, our results showed that as the incubation time progressed (compared to the 4-hour results), 2 more hours were enough to slightly reduce the biofilm inhibitory potency of LEOs. It should be emphasized that \u003cem\u003eHaemophilus\u003c/em\u003e strains showed more than 10% reduction in inhibition rate compared to the 4-hour treatment (L2) (Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig2\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003eA, B). After 8-hour incubation, significant differences were detected between the LEO samples (Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig3\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003eC). \u003cem\u003eP. aeruginosa\u003c/em\u003e continuously proved to be the most resistant bacterium and \u003cem\u003eS. pneumoniae\u003c/em\u003e the most sensitive. In the case of \u003cem\u003eS. pneumoniae\u003c/em\u003e, the inhibition rate values detected after 4-hour incubation time (above 80%) decreased to 60\u0026ndash;72% (L1: 72%, L2: 65%, L3: 60%). In the case of \u003cem\u003eP. aeruginosa\u003c/em\u003e significant decrease was observed in the inhibition rate. The most effective LEO (L2) reduced the biofilm formation by 55% compared to the untreated control. The least effective sample was L3, which resulted in decreasing the inhibition rate between 45\u0026ndash;60% (Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig2\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003eC). After 12-hour incubation time significant reduction was observed in the inhibition rate values compared to the results of the 4-6-8 incubation times. Even in the case of the most sensitive bacterial strain (\u003cem\u003eS. pneumoniae\u003c/em\u003e) only 42% inhibition rate was detected with L1. The LEO samples were only able to inhibit \u003cem\u003eP. aeruginosa\u003c/em\u003e biofilms with an inhibition rate of 26\u0026ndash;35%. \u003cem\u003eHaemophilus\u003c/em\u003e strains showed also a large reduction (32\u0026ndash;40%) in inhibitory rates. Our results showed that the time of incubation is an extremely important factor in stopping and suppressing the biofilm formation ability of these respiratory bacteria. The LEO samples (L1-2-3) were less capable of suppressing the biofilm formation as incubation time increased (Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig2\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003eD). The most significant reduction in the inhibition rate was measured after 24 hours of incubation (Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig2\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003eE). Compared to the treatment with the 4-hour incubation period, the activity of LEO samples decreased to a high extent (11\u0026ndash;21%). The previously established trend regarding the sensitivity of various bacterial strains was also observed here. The most resistant was \u003cem\u003eP. aeruginosa\u003c/em\u003e, and the most sensitive was \u003cem\u003eS. pneumoniae\u003c/em\u003e. In the case of \u003cem\u003eP. aeruginosa\u003c/em\u003e 18% of inhibitory rate was observed with L1, while with \u003cem\u003eS. pneumoniae\u003c/em\u003e this value reached 21% (Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig2\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003eE).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eDuring our biofilm degradation test, the effectiveness of the main components of LEO, linalool and linalyl acetate were also investigated. The most resistant strain was \u003cem\u003eP. aeruginosa\u003c/em\u003e, and the most sensitive was \u003cem\u003eS. pneumoniae\u003c/em\u003e. Linalool showed higher activity compared to linalyl acetate. Overall, we found that the two main components alone did not result in as high inhibition rate like the three LEO samples. This can be attributed to the fact that an essential oil with numerous volatile components owes its biological activity not only to its main components, but also further \u0026lsquo;minor\u0026rsquo; components can contribute to its effect. Linalool was observed to be the most effective after 4 hours of incubation. As the incubation time progressed, its inhibitory capacity decreased and was not able to prevent the biofilm formation of \u003cem\u003eS. pneumoniae\u003c/em\u003e (6 h: 65%, 8 h: 64%, 12 h: 30%, 24 h: 27%) (Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig2\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003eB,C,D,E). The degradation of the biofilm formed by \u003cem\u003eP. aeruginosa\u003c/em\u003e was least affected by the treatment with the linalool component. An inhibition rate of 56% was detected with an incubation time of 4 hours. A similar trend was also observed for linalyl acetate as well. \u003cem\u003eS. pneumoniae\u003c/em\u003e responded most sensitively to the treatment (4-hour incubation: 61%). The activity of linalyl acetate decreased with the incubation time progress. The highest decrease was observed between 8 and 12 hour incubation time (Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig2\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003eC,D).\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec9\" class=\"Section3\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e2.2.5. Scanning electron microscopy\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eAs demonstrated above, LEO treatment significantly reduced the biofilms formed during 6 hours by respiratory tract bacteria, thus the scanning electron microscopy (SEM) images were taken after an incubation time of 6 hour, modelling the elimination of a moderately mature biofilm (Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig3\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e). The most effective L1 sample (distilled from plants harvested before flowering period) was included in the SEM analysis. The control images (Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig3\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003eA,C,E) clearly showed the three-dimensional biofilm structure created by the bacteria not treated with LEO. It can be observed that the cells are located close to each other, forming a large unit. The biofilm consists of several layers, where the cells in the lower layers adhere to the surface. The structure of the biofilm is irregular, which makes it difficult to follow the exact location and movement of the cells. This disorder contributes to the adaptive capabilities of the biofilm. On the samples subjected to the treatment, it can be observed that there are places where the process of biofilm adhesion has started, but its recovery has not been realized. As a result of each treatment, it can be observed that the cells are located at a larger distance from each other, in a planktonic form (Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig3\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003eB,D,F).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/div\u003e"},{"header":"3. Discussion","content":"\u003cp\u003eRespiratory infections of bacterial, viral and fungal origin occur in high numbers worldwide, mainly during the period from autumn to spring. Lower (LRI) and upper (URI) respiratory diseases can be separated from each other. URIs occur most often in outpatient care. In 2021, the global number of URIs were estimated at 12.8\u0026nbsp;billion events (probably COVID was also included), and children un-der 2 years of age were mostly affected. Within these infections, otitis media was registered in 391\u0026nbsp;million cases worldwide [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR34\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e34\u003c/span\u003e]. Infections, which affect people of all ages, not only represent a huge additional cost for healthcare, but the associated inappropriate therapy, including the inappropriate use of antibiotics, results in a huge health risk. Acute symptoms can easily become chronic due to bacterial superinfection and the appearance of antibiotic resistance affecting more and more bacterial strains. In the development of these processes, a significant role is attributed to bacterial biofilms, which become resistant to external stress effects thanks to complex defence mechanisms [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR35\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e35\u003c/span\u003e]. This health problem creates a new demand for the development of special drugs, especially antibiotics and alternative therapies. In our study, we tested the antibacterial and biofilm-inhibiting effect of lavender essential oil and its components (linalool and linalyl acetate) against pathogens that cause respiratory diseases. The novelty of our study is that the composition and biological activity of essential oil samples that were distilled from \u003cem\u003eL. angustifolia\u003c/em\u003e herb collected during different phenophases (before, during and after flowering periods) were compared. GC-ToF-MS and GC-FID analyses revealed that the linalool content increased during the flowering period as the phenophases of the plant progressed, but the amount of linalyl acetate decreased. The most effective antibacterial oil was the LEO distilled from the plant material that was collected before flowering period. The content of both linalool (31.02%) and linalyl acetate (23.66%) was the highest in this sample. Furthermore, some minor components, such as α-terpineol, neryl acetate, geranyl acetate, and limonene were also present in higher percentages in this oil. Based on these, we can assume that the role of minor components plays a key role and may contribute to the biological activity of LEO. Prior to our study, the antibacterial effect of LEO against the \u003cem\u003eHaemophilus genus\u003c/em\u003e has not been investigated. Publications are available on the activity of LEO against other pathogens causing problems in the respiratory tract [\u003cspan additionalcitationids=\"CR36 CR37\" citationid=\"CR35\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e35\u003c/span\u003e\u0026ndash;\u003cspan citationid=\"CR38\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e38\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe biofilms formed by the pathogens included in our study show diverse structural characteristics. The extracellular polysaccharides in the biofilm of \u003cem\u003eStreptococcus\u003c/em\u003e differ from the classical capsular polysaccharides found in other members of the genus. It is a specific trait of \u003cem\u003ePneumococcus\u003c/em\u003e that large amounts of capsular polysaccharides disrupt biofilm formation, and strains that do not produce capsulars are much more capable of producing biofilms than those that do [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR39\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e39\u003c/span\u003e]. Lipooligosaccharides and the Hap, HMW1 and HMW2 proteins are actively involved in the biofilm formation of \u003cem\u003eH. influenzae\u003c/em\u003e. Furthermore, the type IV pilus has also been identified as part of the bacterial matrix. This tubular structure, which is made up of proteins, greatly contributes to biofilm stability, and its DNA-binding role is crucial in the formation of mature biofilms [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR40\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e40\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIn the case of \u003cem\u003eP. aeruginosa\u003c/em\u003e, most information is known about the polysaccharides that provide structural stability, including alginate, Psl, and Pel. Alginate is an unbranched polymer chain consisting of D-mannuronic acid and L-glucuronic acid. This polymer is essential for protecting the biofilm structure and contributes to the preservation of the water and nutrient content of the matrix. The other two polysaccharides also play an important role in the initial stage of biofilm formation, as they serve as the primary structural skeleton. Psl is a pentasaccharide consisting of repeating D-mannose, L-rhamnose, and D-glucose residues, while Pel is a glucose-rich polysaccharide, but its exact composition is not yet known [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR41\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e41\u003c/span\u003e]. The synthesis of alginate, Psl, and Pel polysaccharides is regulated by bis-(3\u0026ndash;5)-cyclic dimeric guanosine monophosphate (c-di-GMP), which is an intercellular secondary messenger and widely distributed in bacteria. Regarding the biofilm formation of the bacteria we examined, \u003cem\u003eP. aeruginosa\u003c/em\u003e produces a larger amount of biofilm per unit of time than the others. Our statement is also supported by the SEM images (Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig3\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSeveral studies supported the biological activity of LEO. The antibacterial effect of LEO against methicillin-resistant \u003cem\u003eStaphylococcus aureus\u003c/em\u003e has been confirmed. A study confirmed that LEO did not show high level of efficiency against MRSA [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR36\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e36\u003c/span\u003e]. In the case of MIC values, the variability of data available to us is quite high. There are studies reporting MIC values of 0.3\u0026ndash;2.5 mg/mL, but there are also studies reporting MIC values of 125 mg/mL [\u003cspan additionalcitationids=\"CR43 CR44\" citationid=\"CR42\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e42\u003c/span\u003e\u0026ndash;\u003cspan citationid=\"CR45\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e45\u003c/span\u003e]. There are some literature sources available on the biofilm inhibition test against MRSA. Brozyna and his research group investigated the inhibitory effect of LEO emulsified with Tween 20 on biofilm formation using the crystal violet dye method, where an inhibitory effect of 80\u0026ndash;90% was detected [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR46\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e46\u003c/span\u003e]. In another study, the viability of bacterial membranes treated with LEOs was evaluated using the LIVE/DEAD BacLight Bacterial Viability kit. The research team confirmed that LEO showed weak anti-biofilm activity, while other oils such as tea tree oil and melissa essential oil showed stronger anti-biofilm activity [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR47\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e47\u003c/span\u003e]. Manzoor and his research team conducted studies on the antibiofilm effect of LEO. They used the crystal violet method similarly to us. In their studies, LEO had a higher biofilm inhibition rate than basil essential oil, but did not reach the efficacy of clove essential oil (concentration used: MIC/2, incubation time: 8 h). It was also observed that MIC/4 concentration was not effective. In addition to \u003cem\u003eS. aureus\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003eE. coli\u003c/em\u003e was included in the study. In comparison between the two pathogens, \u003cem\u003eS. aureus\u003c/em\u003e was found to be more sensitive (inhibition rate: 59.3%). Compared to our results, similar results were obtained with 8 h incubation time (inhibition rate values of LEO distilled during the flowering period: \u003cem\u003eP. aeruginosa\u003c/em\u003e \u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;47.5%, \u003cem\u003eS. pneumoniae\u003c/em\u003e: 71.9%, \u003cem\u003eHaemophilus\u003c/em\u003e spp.: 61.9\u0026ndash;62.2%) [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR48\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e48\u003c/span\u003e]. Najar and colleagues also confirmed that LEO showed efficacy against \u003cem\u003eS. aureus\u003c/em\u003e ATCC 6538, \u003cem\u003eEnterococcus faecalis\u003c/em\u003e VAN B V 583 E, \u003cem\u003eListeria monocytogenes\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003eP. aeruginosa\u003c/em\u003e ATCC 27853, \u003cem\u003eE. coli\u003c/em\u003e ATCC 15325, and \u003cem\u003eSalmonella enterica\u003c/em\u003e ser. \u003cem\u003etyphimurium\u003c/em\u003e ATCC 14028. Their studies confirmed that Gram-positive pathogens were more sensitive. We also observed that Gram-positive \u003cem\u003eS. pneumoniae\u003c/em\u003e proved to be the most sensitive bacterium. The results presented by Najar's research team showed that the most resistant pathogen was \u003cem\u003eP. aeruginosa\u003c/em\u003e, as in our experiment [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR49\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e49\u003c/span\u003e]. In general, Gram-positive bacteria are more sensitive to treatment with essential oil. The explanation is that the structure of the cell wall of Gram-positive bacteria allows hydrophobic molecules to easily penetrate bacterial cells and exert their effects on both the cell wall and the cytoplasm. The components of LEO can interfere with enzymes involved in energy production at low concentrations and denature proteins at higher concentrations [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR50\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e50\u003c/span\u003e]. The antimicrobial activity of most terpenoids (e.g. linalool, linalyl acetate, thymol) is associated with their functional groups, and the hydroxyl group and the presence of delocalized electrons in phenolic terpenoids are important elements for the manifestation of their antimicrobial activity. Essential oils result in alterations in cell membrane permeability, leading to disruption of ion transport processes as well [\u003cspan additionalcitationids=\"CR52\" citationid=\"CR51\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e51\u003c/span\u003e\u0026ndash;\u003cspan citationid=\"CR53\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e53\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe novelty of our work is that the antimicrobial activity of LEOs distilled from plants harvested in different phenophases was investigated. The harvest period influences the composition of the essential oil, which in turn affects its antimicrobial activity. Previous studies focusing on different harvesting periods were performed with thyme essential oil, where a similar trend was observed [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR54\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e54\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"4. Materials and Methods","content":"\u003cdiv id=\"Sec12\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e4.1. Collecting plant samples and essential oil distillation\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eTo examine the influence of different phenophases on the composition of LEO, the plant materials were collected at three different phenophases: before, during and after flowering period. The lavender plant was gifted from Bolh\u0026oacute; village (Somogy county, Hungary, coordinates: 46.03904\u0026deg;N 17.30376\u0026deg;E). The herbarium \u003cem\u003eof Lavandula angustifolia\u003c/em\u003e was deposited in the Herbarium and Herbal Drugs Collection of the Department of Pharmacognosy, University of P\u0026eacute;cs (number: LAVA01_Bolho).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe collection times were 21st June (before flowering), 5th July (during flowering), and 23rd July (after flowering) in 2021. The plant materials were dried at room temperature at the Department of Pharmacognosy and LEOs were obtained by hydrodistillation according to the Hungarian Pharmacopoeia 8th edition (2003). For each sample, 100 g of ground material was placed into a glass flask, followed by the addition of 1 L of distilled water. Hydrodistillation was performed at 175\u0026deg;C for 3 hours. The distilled EOs were then stored in dark glass vials at 4\u0026deg;C. Before analysis, all LEOs (10 \u0026micro;L) were solubilized in 990 \u003cem\u003e\u0026micro;\u003c/em\u003eL of methanol (hypergrade for LC-MS, Merck Life Science, Darmstadt, Germany) (dil. 1:100) and injected in GC-ToF-MS and GC-FID systems for an accurate qualitative and quantitative profiling of terpenes and terpenoids.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec13\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e4.2. GC-ToF-MS and GC-FID analyses\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eGC-ToF-MS analysis was conducted on a gas chromatograph GC2010 Plus (Shimadzu, Duisburg, Germany) coupled to a time-of-flight mass spectrometer ToF-MS PEGASUS 4D (LECO Corporation, Italy). The injection of LEOs (0.5 \u0026micro;L in split mode 1:10) was performed by using an AOC20i\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;s auto-injector. An inlet liner, split/splitless type, straight FocusLiner\u0026trade;design (wool packed) (Merck Life Science) of dimensions 95 mm \u0026times; 5.0 mm OD \u0026times; 3.4 mm ID (liner volume 810 \u0026micro;L) was installed on the GC system. The separation of compounds was carried out on a SLB-5ms 30m \u0026times; 0.25mm ID, 0.25\u0026micro;m d\u003csub\u003e\u003cem\u003ef\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/sub\u003e capillary column (Merck Life Science). Helium was utilized as carrier gas at a constant linear velocity of 30 cm s\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e. The front inlet temperature was 280\u0026deg;C. The oven temperature program was as follows: 50\u0026deg;C to 320\u0026deg;C at 3\u0026deg;C min\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e. The temperature of the transfer line was 250\u0026deg;C. MS settings were as follows: mass range 40\u0026ndash;650 amu; acquisition rate 10 spectra s\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e. The temperature of ion source was 220\u0026deg;C. ChromaTOF software (version 4.51.6.0 LECO Corporation) was used for the acquisition and handling of data. The identity of compounds was investigated through research of acquired MS spectra into a lab constructed spectral database (minimum MS similarity match 850). To confirm the identity of compounds, the linear retention index (LRI) method was utilized. In such respect, a C\u003csub\u003e7\u003c/sub\u003e-C\u003csub\u003e30\u003c/sub\u003e saturated alkanes (1000 \u0026micro;g mL\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e) standard solution (Merck Life Science) has been used for LRIs calculation.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eQuantification data were determined by GC-FID analysis performed on a gas chromatograph GC-2010 instrument (Shimadzu) equipped with a split-splitless injector, an AOC-20i/s auto-sampler and an FID detector (280\u0026deg;C). The inlet liner, GC column, temperature program, and carrier gas were the same as described for the GC-ToF-MS system. The FID temperature was set at 300\u0026deg;C (sampling rate: 40 ms), while the gas flows were 40 mL min\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e for hydrogen, 30 mL min\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e for the make-up gas (nitrogen) and 400 mL min\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e for air. Data were collected and processed using the LabSolution software (version 5.92, Shimadzu). Each sample was analysed in triplicate.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec14\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e4.3. Microbiological assays\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec15\" class=\"Section3\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e4.3.1. Cultivation of test bacteria\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe bacterial cultures were maintained under specific conditions: for \u003cem\u003eH. influenzae\u003c/em\u003e (DSM 4690) and \u003cem\u003eH. parainfluenzae\u003c/em\u003e (DSM 8978), a specialized medium was prepared by mixing 3750 \u0026micro;L of Mueller-Hinton II Broth (Reanal Laborvegyszer Kereskedelmi Kft., Hungary) with 500 \u0026micro;L of \u003cem\u003eHaemophilus\u003c/em\u003e Supplement B (Diagon Ltd., Hungary) and 750 \u0026micro;L of NAD solution (1 mg/mL concentration). For \u003cem\u003eS. pneumoniae\u003c/em\u003e (DSM 20566) and \u003cem\u003eP. aeruginosa\u003c/em\u003e (ATCC 27853), Brain Heart Infusion Broth (Sigma-Aldrich Ltd., Hungary) was used.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec16\" class=\"Section3\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e4.3.2. Thin-layer chromatography and direct bioautography (TLC-DB)\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eDuring our study, we detected the inhibition of LEOs and linalool on bacteria using the direct bioautographic method. As a first step, the samples to be tested were applied to the silica gel layers (TLC Silica gel 60 F254, 10 x 10 cm, Merck) using a Finn-pipette type pipette (Merck). The stock solution of the LEOs was 200 mg/ml, dissolved in absolute ethanol, of which 1 \u0026micro;L were applied to the layer. The main components of the LEOs (linalool, Sigma Aldricht Ltd.) was applied to the layers from a 20 mg/mL stock solution, 0.5 \u0026micro;L for standard. Toluene - ethyl acetate 95:5 (v/v) was used as mobile phase. The layers that were not subjected to microbiological examination were detected at 256 nm (under Camag UV lamp) and evaluated in visible light after derivatization with vanillin-sulfuric acid reagent (Wagner \u0026amp; Blandt, 1996). The first step of the microbiological tests was the accurate determination of the germ count (4 \u0026times; 10\u003csup\u003e7\u003c/sup\u003e CFU/mL) using optical density measurement at 600 nm. Afterwards, the TLC layers were dipped in the bacterial suspension, and after drying, they were incubated in a chamber (37\u0026deg;C, 3 h). After that, an aqueous solution of MTT dye [3-(4,5-dimethyl-2-thiazolyl)-2,5-diphenyl-2H-tetrazolium bromide] (MTT, 0.05 g/90 mL) (Sigma-Aldricht Ltd.) was applied in order to visualize the inhibition zones. This process is based on the activity of the bacterial dehydrogenase. The metabolically active bacterium converts the tetrazolium salt into a blue formazan dye (2,3,5-triphenyl-2H-tetrazolium chloride) [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR55\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e55\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec17\" class=\"Section3\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e4.3.3. MIC determination\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe minimum inhibitory concentrations (MIC) were determined using the microdilution method on 96-cell microtiter plates [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR52\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e52\u003c/span\u003e]. After setting the appropriate number of germs (10\u003csup\u003e5\u003c/sup\u003e CFU/mL), 100\u0026ndash;100 \u0026micro;L of both the bacterial suspension and the tested LEOs were measured into the wells of the microplate. The test substance was added dissolved in the nutrient solution. Stock solutions from the LEO (3.5 or 4 or 5 mg/mL) were prepared in BHI using 1% Tween40 as emulgent and serial two-fold dilutions were made. The reason for using different starting concentrations during the study was that the dilution factors had to be adjusted to different bacterial species and different test samples, in order to precisely detect the concentration at which 90% of the bacteria were killed. After the addition of the test sample, following incubation (24 hours, 37\u0026deg;C), absorbance at 600 nm was measured (BMG Labtech, Bio-Tek Ltd.). The cell suspension medium without LEOs served as a positive control, and the cell-free medium containing LEOs served as a negative control. In order to eliminate the edge effect, we did not use the outermost holes forming the frame of the microplate. We carried out our tests with the six parallels. The MIC value was considered to be the concentration at which values reduced to \u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;10% compared to the absorbance of the positive control were measured. Antibiotics were used as a positive control. For \u003cem\u003eP. aeruginosa\u003c/em\u003e, gentamicin (Gentamicin Sandoz 80 mg/2mL injection, Sandoz), for \u003cem\u003eS. pneumoniae\u003c/em\u003e, imipenem (Imipenem/Cilastatin Kabi 500 mg/500 mg pow-der solution for infusion; stock solution: 0.4 mg/mL), and \u003cem\u003eHaemophilus\u003c/em\u003e strains amikacin (Likacin 250 mg/mL solution for injection, Lisapharma S.p.A.) antibiotics were used.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec18\" class=\"Section3\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e4.3.4. Biofilm degradation assay\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eAll of the bacteria included in our study are capable of biofilm formation. Among the bacteria tested, P. aeruginosa is the most effective biofilm-forming pathogen. Compared to representatives of the Haemophilus genus and S. pneumoniae, P. aeruginosa produced a more complex, three-dimensional, structured, mature biofilm within 4 hours of incubation, which is also supported by our preliminary studies. As the incubation time increases, the production of alginate mucus also increases, thus the biofilm becomes increasingly complex. It is important to highlight that S. pneumoniae biofilm formation is slower compared to P. aeruginosa, so a moderately mature biofilm unit with adhered cells is formed within 4 hours of incubation. Among the pathogens included in the study, representatives of the Haemophilus genus belong to the weaker biofilm-forming pathogens. In this case, only adhesion was detectable at the shortest incubation time, and a biofilm consisting of adhered cells was formed within 6 hours.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eFor biofilm degradation studies, 96-well microtiter plates were used. LEOs derived from different phenophases, as well as the main components of the EOs, linalool (Sigma Aldrich Ltd.) and linalyl acetate (Sigma Aldrich Ltd.), were tested on four bacterial strains: \u003cem\u003ePseudomonas aeruginosa\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003eStreptococcus pneumoniae\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003eHaemophilus influenzae\u003c/em\u003e, and \u003cem\u003eHaemophilus parainfluenzae\u003c/em\u003e. To track the time-dependent activity of LEO samples and their major components, a protocol based on Peeters et al. (2008) [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR57\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e57\u003c/span\u003e] was modified to capture temporal changes in biofilm degradation. Treatments were applied following incubation periods of 4, 6, 8, 12, and 24 hours. Initially, the bacterial inoculum was standardized to 10\u003csup\u003e8\u003c/sup\u003e CFU/mL, and 200 \u0026micro;L of the bacterial suspension was added to the wells of the microtiter plate. After incubation at 37\u0026deg;C for 4, 6, 8, 12, and 24 hours, the untreated cells were washed with physiological saline and then treated with the LEO and component samples using MIC/2 concentrations. To ensure solubility of the LEOs in the aqueous nutrient medium (Brain Heart Infusion, BHI; Sigma Aldrich Ltd.), 1% Tween40 (Sigma Aldrich Ltd.) was used as an emulsifier. Following a 24-hour incubation at 37\u0026deg;C and a subsequent wash with physiological saline, 200 \u0026micro;L of 99% methanol was added to each well. After a 15-minute waiting period, 200 \u0026micro;L of 0.1% crystal violet solution was introduced to the wells. The biofilms were stained for 20 minutes, after which the dye, bound to biofilm components, was dissolved with 33% acetic acid solution. Absorbance was measured at 595 nm using a microplate reader (BMG Labtech). The crystal violet dye binds to negatively charged molecules and polysaccharides within the extracellular matrix of biofilms, facilitating the quantification of total biofilm biomass within the microtiter wells, as described by Peeters et al (2008) [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR53\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e53\u003c/span\u003e]. LEOs were applied at a concentration of MIC/2, with untreated biofilms serving as positive controls. The inhibition rate values compared to untreated control biofilms were calculated using the formula below: Inhibitory rate = (1\u0026thinsp;\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;S/C) \u0026times;100% (C and S were defined as the average absorbance of control and sample groups, respectively) [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR58\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e58\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec19\" class=\"Section3\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e4.3.5. SEM\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe SEM images were taken with the most effective LEO sample with an incubation time of 6 hours, in order to model the inhibition of LEO against a moderately mature bacterial biofilm. During SEM assay, bacterial biofilms were cultured on degreased gas-sterilized coverslips. The coverslips were incubated for 6 hours at 37\u0026deg;C in a bacterial suspension with a concentration of 10\u003csup\u003e8\u003c/sup\u003e CFU/mL to allow biofilm formation. After this initial adhesion period, the coverslips were washed with physiological saline to remove non-adherent cells, and the LEOs, previously identified as the most effective in earlier experiments, were applied at a concentration of MIC/2. Following a 24-hour treatment, the nutrient solutions were discarded, and unadhered cells were removed by washing with physiological saline. The samples were then prepared for SEM analysis according to the standard protocol. For fixation of the biofilms, the samples were incubated in 2.5% glutaraldehyde (Molar Chemicals Ltd., Hal\u0026aacute;sztelek, Hungary) at room temperature for 2 hours. Following this, dehydration was performed sequentially using 50%, 70%, 80%, 90%, and absolute ethanol, with each concentration applied for two 15-minute intervals. The samples were then transferred into mixtures of tertiary butyl alcohol (Molar Chemicals Ltd., Hal\u0026aacute;sztelek, Hungary) and absolute ethanol (Molar Chemicals Ltd., Hal\u0026aacute;sztelek, Hungary) in ratios of 1:2, 1:1, and 2:1, followed by immersion in 100% tertiary butyl alcohol for 1 hour at room temperature. Finally, the coverslips were frozen in 100% tertiary butyl alcohol at 4\u0026deg;C and subjected to freeze-drying overnight. After lyophilization, the samples were gold-coated to enhance conductivity and imaging quality [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR55\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e55\u003c/span\u003e]. SEM images were captured using a JEOL JSM IT500-HR scanning electron microscope (Jeol Ltd., Tokyo, Japan).\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec20\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e4.4. Statistical analysis\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eStatistical analyses were carried out using Microsoft Excel\u0026reg; 2016 MSO (16.0.4266.1001 version) (Microsoft Corp., Redmond, WA, USA) and the PAST software package version 3.11 [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR59\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e59\u003c/span\u003e]. Pairwise comparisons were performed with Student\u0026rsquo;s t-tests. The p-values at 5% (p\u0026thinsp;\u0026le;\u0026thinsp;0.05) were considered significant.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e"},{"header":"5. Conclusions","content":"\u003cp\u003eIn our study, we investigated the effect of harvest time on the chemical composition and biological activity of LEO against biofilm-forming bacteria that cause respiratory tract diseases. Based on our experiments conducted with LEO samples distilled from plant materials collected during different phenophases, it can be concluded that the collection time affects both the composition and the antimicrobial activity of LEO. These support the relevance of harvesting lavender flowers from the early flowering period for the production of essential oil and for antibacterial treatment of mild respiratory tract infections. Due to the hydrophobic character of essential oils, our future studies directed at their therapeutic potential will focus on the nanotechnology formulation of our samples, as well as their anti-biofilm and cytotoxic effects.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Declarations","content":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eData availability\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe datasets used and analysed during the current study are available from one of the authors (V.L.B.) upon reasonable request.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAcknowledgement, Funding\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThis research was supported by: Fund of National Research, Development and Innovation Office NKFIH PD 147156 (Bal\u0026aacute;zs V.L.), NKFIH PD 142122 (Bencsik-Kerekes E.), NKFIH K 128217 (Horv\u0026aacute;th Gy.), by GYTK KA-2024- 05 and by University Research Scholarship Program of the Ministry for Culture and Innovation from the Source of the National Research, Development and Innovation Fund (Vikt\u0026oacute;ria Lilla Bal\u0026aacute;zs: EK\u0026Ouml;P-24-4-II-PTE-114).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAuthor contribution\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eConceptualization: E.B.K., V.L.B. and G.H.; methodology: V.L.B.; software: M.K., L.M. G.M.; validation: M.K., L.M., G.M.; formal analysis: B.B., E.O.; investigation: V.L.B. L.N.R; L.M.; resources: V.L.B.; L.M.; G.M., G.H; data curation: M.K.; writing-original draft preparation: V.L.B., \u0026Aacute;.F.; writing-review and editing: \u0026Aacute;.F., E.B.K., G.H; visualization: M.K.; supervision: G.H., B.K.; project administration: B.K.; funding acquisition: V.L.B, E.B.K., G.H.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eCompeting interests\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe authors declare no competing interests.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"References","content":"\u003col\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eMan, W.H.; de Steenhuijsen Piters, W.A.A.; Bogaert D. The microbiota of the respiratory tract: gatekeeper to respiratory health. Nat. Rev. Microbiol. 15, 259\u0026ndash;270 (2017).\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003ePaul J. Respiratory Tract Infections. Disease Causing Microbes. Springer, Berlin. 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The antimicrobial and antibiofilm in vitro activity of liquid and vapour phases of selected essential oils against \u003cem\u003eStaphylococcus aureus\u003c/em\u003e. Pathogens. 10, 1207 (2021).\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eBudzynska, A.; Wieckowska-Szakiel, M.; Sadowska, B.; Kalemba, D.; Rozalska, B. Antibiofilm activity of selected plant essential oils and their major components. Pol. J. Microbiol. 60, 35\u0026ndash;41 (2011).\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eManzoor, A.; Asif, M.; Khalid, S.H.; Ullah Khan, I.; Asghar, S. Nanosizing of Lavender, Basil, and Clove Essential Oils into Microemulsions for Enhanced Antioxidant Potential and Antibacterial and Antibiofilm Activities. ACS Omega. 43, 40600\u0026ndash;40612 (2023).\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eNajar, B.; Pistelli, L.; Fratini, F. 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Electron. 4, 1\u0026ndash;9 (2001).\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003c/ol\u003e"}],"fulltextSource":"","fullText":"","funders":[],"hasAdminPriorityOnWorkflow":false,"hasManuscriptDocX":true,"hasOptedInToPreprint":true,"hasPassedJournalQc":"","hasAnyPriority":false,"hideJournal":true,"highlight":"","institution":"","isAcceptedByJournal":false,"isAuthorSuppliedPdf":false,"isDeskRejected":"","isHiddenFromSearch":false,"isInQc":false,"isInWorkflow":false,"isPdf":false,"isPdfUpToDate":true,"isWithdrawnOrRetracted":false,"journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"researchsquare","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"/submission","title":"Research Square","twitterHandle":"researchsquare","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"","reportingPortfolio":"","inReviewEnabled":false,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true},"keywords":"antibiotic resistance, Lavandula angustifolia, P. aeruginosa, S. pneumoniae, Haemophilus spp., anti-biofilm effect","lastPublishedDoi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-5609384/v1","lastPublishedDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-5609384/v1","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"},"manuscriptAbstract":"\u003cp\u003eAntibiotic resistance can be largely associated with the biofilm-forming properties of bacteria, since in this form pathogens show increased resistance to antibiotics and disinfectants. Pathogens, for example the airway colonizing \u003cem\u003ePseudomonas aeruginosa\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003eStreptococcus pneumoniae\u003c/em\u003e and the members of the genus \u003cem\u003eHaemophilus\u003c/em\u003e, are frequently arranged in a biofilm on the mucous membrane. Essential oils are increasingly used both for prevention of diseases and in complementary therapies. This study investigated the composition and antimicrobial activities of \u003cem\u003eLavandula angustifolia\u003c/em\u003e Mill. essential oil (LEO) distilled from flowers collected before, during and after the flowering period. Our results confirm that collection time significantly influences the composition and antibacterial activity of LEO. The most active sample was LEO distilled before flowering period in each experimental setup. The most resistant pathogen was \u003cem\u003eP. aeruginosa\u003c/em\u003e (MIC: 2.5 mg/mL), while the most sensitive was \u003cem\u003eS. pneumoniae\u003c/em\u003e (MIC: 0.5 mg/mL). In the biofilm experiment, too, LEO from the pre-bloom period was the most effective. Its anti-biofilm activity decreased in parallel with increasing incubation time (4, 6, 8, 12, 24 h). In summary, we demonstrated the antimicrobial effectiveness of LEOs against respiratory pathogens in biofilms of different maturity, and LEO distilled before flowering exhibited the strongest biofilm inhibition.\u003c/p\u003e","manuscriptTitle":"Efficacy of lavender essential oil against respiratory tract bacteria is influenced by harvesting time","msid":"","msnumber":"","nonDraftVersions":[{"code":1,"date":"2025-04-03 05:08:59","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-5609384/v1","editorialEvents":[{"type":"communityComments","content":0}],"status":"published","journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"researchsquare","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"/submission","title":"Research Square","twitterHandle":"researchsquare","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"","reportingPortfolio":"","inReviewEnabled":false,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true}}],"origin":"","ownerIdentity":"bb3f3889-6c50-4764-a8a3-898299018297","owner":[],"postedDate":"April 3rd, 2025","published":true,"recentEditorialEvents":[],"rejectedJournal":[],"revision":"","amendment":"","status":"posted","subjectAreas":[{"id":46440392,"name":"Biological sciences/Microbiology/Biofilms"},{"id":46440393,"name":"Health sciences/Health care"}],"tags":[],"updatedAt":"2025-05-07T08:08:16+00:00","versionOfRecord":[],"versionCreatedAt":"2025-04-03 05:08:59","video":"","vorDoi":"","vorDoiUrl":"","workflowStages":[]},"version":"v1","identity":"rs-5609384","journalConfig":"researchsquare"},"__N_SSP":true},"page":"/article/[identity]/[[...version]]","query":{"redirect":"/article/rs-5609384","identity":"rs-5609384","version":["v1"]},"buildId":"8U1c8b4HqxoKbykW_rLl7","isFallback":false,"isExperimentalCompile":false,"dynamicIds":[84888],"gssp":true,"scriptLoader":[]}